Da Form 1248: Fill & Download for Free

Image sourceSee these teeth? These recurved, serrated, pointed teeth? You’re probably wondering, “What theropod did these teeth belong to?”.Well, none, actually. Because this is an early sauropod relative.Meet Buriolestes schultzi.Life reconstruction by Audrey M. Horn.This small, agile, early dinosaur looks a lot like a theropod. But phylogenetic analyses have found it to be within the Sauropodomorpha.[1][2] Not only does this make it one of the few confirmed non-theropod carnivorous dinosaurs, but it also has some interesting implications for the evolution of sauropods, and dinosaurs as a whole. The fact that it is a basal sauropodomorph, but a carnivorous one, suggests that the ancestors of sauropods were originally small predators, probably of small vertebrates. In fact, it would appear likely that dinosaurs ancestrally were carnivorous (i.e. the first dinosaur was a carnivore, and several different groups independently evolved herbivory or omnivory later on).[1]In other words, we went from that small steak knife-toothed flesh eater above.Skeletal reconstruction by DeviantArt user randomdinos.To these colossal, highly specialized, bulk-feeding herbivores – and easily the largest land animals ever to walk the Earth – above.References:[1] Cabreira, S. F., Kellner, A. W. A., Dias-da-Silva, S., da Silva, L. R., Bronzati, M., de Almeida Marsola, J. C., ... & Carrilho, R. (2016). A unique Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage reveals dinosaur ancestral anatomy and diet. Current Biology, 26(22), 3090-3095.[2] Müller, R. T., Langer, M. C., Bronzati, M., Pacheco, C. P., Cabreira, S. F., & Dias-Da-Silva, S. (2018). Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184(4), 1187-1248.

Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–94:We must first any impression that Russia was then a state; it was not, but as others here state, the term covers numerous city states and principalities.This is a good Question and I am unsure than I can answer it properly.The Mongols invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus', before invading Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, and others. Over the course of three years (1237–1240), the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.[20]Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:“They [the Mongols] attacked Rus, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev, the capital of Rus; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery.”[21]None of that answers the Question. Let’s try again.Mongol invasion of EuropeThe route of the first Mongol expedition in Russia, 1223:The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. c. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde.We are no closer. We try again.Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev.[4][5]The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus' principalities. The Mongols nevertheless retreated. A full-scale invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan followed, from 1237 to 1242. The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan. All Rus' principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480.And still no explanation. What is more, I have never heard of one, either. We are left to speculate.We are given excuses for the earliest Mongol attacks, but none for the invasions of Russia and Eastern Europe.We must take these at face value: Mongols invaded and occupied, as they could, because they wanted to. As simple as.

Not really.The Lombards, under King Liutprand, occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to the Byzantines.However, in 751 the Lombard king, Aistulf, succeeded in conquering Ravenna, thus ending Byzantine rule in northern Italy.King Pepin of the Franks attacked the Lombards under orders of Pope Stephen II. Ravenna then gradually came under the direct authority of the popes, although this was contested by the archbishops at various times. Pope Adrian I authorized Charlemagne to take away anything from Ravenna that he liked, and an unknown quantity of Roman columns, mosaics, statues, and other portable items were taken north to enrich his capital of Aachen.In 1198 Ravenna led a league of Romagna cities against the Emperor, and the Pope was able to subdue it. After the war of 1218 the Traversari family was able to impose its rule in the city, which lasted until 1240. After a short period under an Imperial vicar, Ravenna was returned to the Papal States in 1248 and again to the Traversari until, in 1275, the Da Polenta established their long-lasting seigniory. One of the most illustrious residents of Ravenna at this time was the exiled poet Dante. The last of the Da Polenta, Ostasio III, was ousted by the Republic of Venice in 1440, and the city was annexed to the Venetian territories.Ravenna was ruled by Venice until 1509, when the area was invaded in the course of the Italian Wars. In 1512, during the Holy League wars, Ravenna was sacked by the French.After the Venetian withdrawal, Ravenna was again ruled by legates of the Pope as part of the Papal States. The city was damaged in a tremendous flood in May 1636. Over the next 300 years, a network of canals diverted nearby rivers and drained nearby swamps, thus reducing the possibility of flooding and creating a large belt of agricultural land around the city.Ravenna - Wikipedia