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PDF Editor FAQ

What studies and research do the anti-vax movement people rely on for their cause?

Usually they point to a website or a Youtube video, or a book. Occasionally they point to actual peer-reviewed works. Usually these are early inconclusive studies. Sometimes they make claims that aren’t actually supported by the papers.Of course the point to these sparse papers as proof while ignoring the thousands of other studies showing that vaccines are safe. Here are just a few:2018Daley, M. F., Shoup, J. A., Newcomer, S. R., Jackson, M. L., Groom, H. C., Jacobsen, S. J., McLean, H. Q., Klein, N. P., Weintraub, E. S., McNeil, M. M., and Glanz, J. M. Assessing Potential Confounding and Misclassification Bias When Studying the Safety of the Childhood Immunization ScheduleExternal. Acad. Pediatr. 2018 Sept/Oct.Naleway, A. L., Mittendorf, K. F., Irving, S. A., Henninger, M. L., Crane, B., Smith, N., Daley, M. F., and Gee, J. Primary Ovarian Insufficiency and Adolescent VaccinationExternal. Pediatrics 2018 Sept.Jackson, M. L., Yu, O., Nelson, J. C., Nordin, J. D., Tartof, S. Y., Klein, N. P., Donahue, J. G., Irving, S. A., Glanz, J. M., McNeil, M. M., and Jackson, L. A. Safety of repeated doses of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine in adults and adolescentsExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2018 Aug.Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Lipkind, H. S., Sheth, S. S., Zhu, J., Naleway, A. L., Klein, N. P., Hechter, R., Daley, M. F., Donahue, J. G., Jackson, M. L., Kawai, A. T., Sukumaran, L., and Nordin, J. D. Risk of Spontaneous Abortion After Inadvertent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in PregnancyExternal. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:1, 2018 July.Xu, S., Clarke, C. L., Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., and Glanz, J. M. Analyzing self-controlled case series data when case confirmation rates are estimated from an internal validation sampleExternal. Biom. J. 2018 July.Tseng, H. F., Sy, L. S., Qian, L., Liu, I. A., Mercado, C., Lewin, B., Tartof, S. Y., Nelson, J., Jackson, L. A., Daley, M. F., Weintraub, E., Klein, N. P., Belongia, E., Liles, E. G., and Jacobsen, S. J. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Safety in Elderly AdultsExternal. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 5:6, 2018 May.Zerbo, O., Modaressi, S., Goddard, K., Lewis, E., Fireman, B. H., Daley, M. F., Irving, S. A., Jackson, L. A., Donahue, J. G., Qian, L., Getahun, D., DeStefano, F., McNeil, M. M., and Klein, N. P. Vaccination Patterns in Children After Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and in Their Younger SiblingsExternal. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 May.Donahue, J. Response to three Letters to the Editor regarding: Donahue JG, et al. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011-12External. Vaccine 35 (2017) 53145322. Vaccine. 36:17, 2018 April.Li, R., Weintraub, E., McNeil, M. M., Kulldorff, M., Lewis, E. M., Nelson, J., Xu, S., Qian, L., Klein, N. P., and DeStefano, F. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine safety surveillance in the Vaccine Safety Datalink using a tree-temporal scan data mining methodExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2018 April.Miller ER, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT, Su J, Moro P, Woo EJ, Jankosky C, Cano M. Post-licensure safety surveillance of zoster vaccine live (Zostavax®) in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2006-2015External. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018 Mar 26:1-23. [Epub ahead of print]Glanz, J. M., Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., DeStefano, F., Groom, H. C., Jackson, M. L., Lewin, B. J., McCarthy, N. L., McClure, D. L., Narwaney, K. J., Nordin, J. D., and Zerbo, O. Association Between Estimated Cumulative Vaccine Antigen Exposure Through the First 23 Months of Life and Non-Vaccine-Targeted Infections From 24 Through 47 Months of AgeExternal. JAMA. 319:9, 2018 March.Irving, S. A., Groom, H. C., Stokley, S., McNeil, M. M., Gee, J., Smith, N., and Naleway, A. L. Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage and Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination in an Integrated Healthcare SystemExternal. Acad. Pediatr.18:2S, 2018 March.Kuntz, J., Crane, B., Weinmann, S., and Naleway, A. L. Myocarditis and pericarditis are rare following live viral vaccinations in adultsExternal. Vaccine 2018 March.Arana JE, Harrington T, Cano M, Lewis P, Mba-Jonas A, Rongxia L, Stewart B, Markowitz LE, Shimabukuro TT. Post-licensure safety monitoring of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 2009-2015. Vaccine. 2018 Mar 20;36(13):1781-1788. Epub 2018 Feb 21.McNeil, M. M. and DeStefano, F. Vaccine-associated hypersensitivityExternal. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141:2, 2018 Feb.Newcomer, S. R., Kulldorff, M., Xu, S., Daley, M. F., Fireman, B., Lewis, E., and Glanz, J. M. Bias from outcome misclassification in immunization schedule safety researchExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 27:2, 2018 Feb.Sukumaran, L., McCarthy, N. L., Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Lipkind, H. S., Jackson, L., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A. L., McClure, D. L., Hechter, R. C., Kawai, A. T., Glanz, J. M., and Weintraub, E. S. Infant Hospitalizations and Mortality After Maternal VaccinationExternal. Pediatrics 2018 Feb.Daley, M. F., Clarke, C. L., Glanz, J. M., Xu, S., Hambidge, S. J., Donahue, J. G., Nordin, J. D., Klein, N. P., Jacobsen, S. J., Naleway, A. L., Jackson, M. L., Lee, G., Duffy, J., and Weintraub,E.. The safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 2 through 17 years of age: A Vaccine Safety Datalink studyExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf27.1 (2018 Jan): 59-68.Izurieta HS, Moro PL, Chen RT. Hospital-based collaboration for epidemiological investigation of vaccine safety: A potential solution for low and middle-income countries?ExternalVaccine. 2018 Jan 8;36(3):345-346.Zhou, H., Thompson, W. W., Belongia, E. A., Fowlkes, A., Baxter, R., Jacobsen, S. J., Jackson, M. L., Glanz, J. M., Naleway, A. L., Ford, D. C., Weintraub, E., and Shay, D. K. Estimated rates of influenza-associated outpatient visits during 2001-2010 in six US integrated health care delivery organizationsExternal. Influenza. Other Respir. Viruses. 2018 Jan.2017McCarthy, N. L., Sukumaran, L., Newcomer, S., Glanz, J., Daley, M. F., McClure, D., Klein, N. P., Irving, S., Jackson, M. L., Lewin, B., and Weintraub, E. Patterns of childhood immunization and all-cause mortalityExternal. Vaccine 2017 Dec.Storms, A. D., Chen, J., Jackson, L. A., Nordin, J. D., Naleway, A. L., Glanz, J. M., Jacobsen, S. J., Weintraub, E. S., Klein, N. P., Gargiullo, P. M., and Fry, A. M. Rates and risk factors associated with hospitalization for pneumonia with ICU admission among adultsExternal. BMC. Pulm. Med. 17:1 , 2017 Dec.Tamez RL, Tan WV, O’Malley JT, Broder KR, Garzon MC, LaRussa P, Lauren CT. Influenza B virus infection and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.ExternalPediatr Dermatol. 2018 Jan; 35(1):e45-e48. Epub 2017 Dec 28.Hibbs BF, Miller E, Shi J, Smith K, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT. Safety of vaccines that have been kept outside of recommended temperatures: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2008-2012External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 25;36(4):553-558. Epub 2017 Dec 14.Haber P, Moro PL, Ng C, Lewis PW, Hibbs B, Schillie SF, Nelson NP, Li R, Stewart B, Cano MV. Safety of currently licensed hepatitis B surface antigen vaccines in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2005-2015External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 25;36(4):559-564. Epub 2017 Dec 11.Groom, H. C., Irving, S. A., Caldwell, J., Larsen, R., Beaudrault, S., Luther, L. M., and Naleway, A. L. Implementing a Multipartner HPV Vaccination Assessment and Feedback Intervention in an Integrated Health SystemExternal. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 23:6 , 2017 Nov/Dec.Arana J, Mba-Jonas A, Jankosky C, Lewis P, Moro PL, Shimabukuro TT, Cano M. Reports of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting SystemExternal. J Adolesc Health. 2017 Nov;61 (5) :577-582.Duffy, J., Hambidge, S. J., Jackson, L. A., Kharbanda, E. O., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A., Omer, S. B., and Weintraub, E. Febrile Seizure Risk after Vaccination in Children One to Five Months of AgeExternal. Pediatr. Neurol. 2017 Nov.Kemper AR, Barnett ED, Walter EB, Hornik C, Pierre-Joseph N, Broder KR, Silverstein M, Harrington T. Drinking Water to Prevent Postvaccination Presyncope in Adolescents: A Randomized Trial.ExternalPediatrics 2017 Nov; 140(5).Moro PL, Zheteyeva Y, Barash F, Lewis P, Cano M. Assessing the safety of hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2016External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 2;36(1):50-54. Epub 2017 Nov 27.Loharikar A, Suragh TA, MacDonald NE, Balakrishnan MR, Benes O, Lamprianou S, Hyde TB, McNeil MM. Anxiety-related adverse events following immunization (AEFI): A systematic review of published clusters of illnessExternal. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 4;36(2):299-305. Epub 2017 Nov 29.Gee, J., Sukumaran, L., and Weintraub, E. Risk of Guillain-Barre Syndrome following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine. 35:43, 2017 Oct.VanWormer, J. J., Bendixsen, C. G., Vickers, E. R., Stokley, S., McNeil, M. M., Gee, J., Belongia, E. A., and McLean, H. Q. Association between parent attitudes and receipt of human papillomavirus vaccine in adolescentsExternal. BMC. Public Health. 17:1, 2017 OctVickers, E. R., McClure, D. L., Naleway, A. L., Jacobsen, S. J., Klein, N. P., Glanz, J. M., Weintraub, E. S., and Belongia, E. A. Risk of venous thromboembolism following influenza vaccination in adults aged 50years and older in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine 2017 OctStockwell MS, Marchant CD, Wodi AP, Barnett ED, Broder KR, Jakob K, Lewis P, Kattan M, Rezendes AM, Barrett A, Sharma D, Fernandez N, LaRussa P. A multi-site feasibility study to assess fever and wheezing in children after influenza vaccines using text messaging.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Dec 15; 35(50):6941-6948. Epub 2017 Oct 28.Izurieta HS, Moro PL, Chen RT. Hospital-based collaboration for epidemiological investigation of vaccine safety: A potential solution for low and middle-income countries?ExternalVaccine. 2018 Jan 8;36(3):345-346. Epub 2017 Oct 21.Walter EB, Hornik CP, Grohskopf L, McGee CE, Todd CA, Museru OI, Harrington L, Broder KR. The effect of antipyretics on immune response and fever following receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine in young children.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Oct 19.Donahue, J. G., Kieke, B. A., King, J. P., DeStefano, F., Mascola, M. A., Irving, S. A., Cheetham, T. C., Glanz, J. M., Jackson, L. A., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A. L., Weintraub, E., and Belongia, E. A. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011-12External. Vaccine. 35:40, 2017 Sept.Lipkind, H. S., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Nordin, J. D., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Klein, N. P., Hechter, R. C., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., Lee, G. M., Sukumaran, L., and Kharbanda, E. O. Maternal and Infant Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Periconceptional Period or During PregnancyExternal. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017 Sept.Stockwell MS, Cano M, Jakob K, Broder KR, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Castaño PM, Lewis P, Barrett A, Museru OI, Castellanos O, LaRussa PS. Feasibility of Text Message Influenza Vaccine Safety Monitoring During Pregnancy.ExternalAm J Prev Med.2017 Sep; 53(3):282-289.Woo EJ, Moro PL, Cano M, Jankosky C. Postmarketing safety surveillance of trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Oct 9;35(42):5618-5621. Epub 2017 Sep 5.Stockwell MS, Broder KR, Lewis P, Jakob K, Iqbal S, Fernandez N, Sharma D, Barrett A, LaRussa P. Assessing Fever Frequency After Pediatric Live Attenuated Versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccination.ExternalJ Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Sep 1; 6(3):e7-e14.Duffy J, Johnsen 2, Ferris M, Miller M, Leighton K, McGilvray M, McNamara L, Breakwell L, Yu Y, Bhavsar T, Briere E, Patel M. Safety of a meningococcal group B vaccine used in response to two university outbreaksExternal. J Am Coll Health. 2017 Aug-Sep;65(6):380-388Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Cheetham, T. C., Lipkind, H. S., Klein, N. P., Lee, G., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., McCarthy, N., DeStefano, F., and Nordin, J. D. First Trimester Influenza Vaccination and Risks for Major Structural Birth Defects in OffspringExternal. J. Pediatr. 187: 2017 Aug.McLean, H. Q., VanWormer, J. J., Chow, B. D. W., Birchmeier, B., Vickers, E., DeVries, E., Meyer, J., Moore, J., McNeil, M. M., Stokley, S., Gee, J., and Belongia, E. A. Improving Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Use in an Integrated Health System: Impact of a Provider and Staff InterventionExternal. J. Adolesc. Health. 61:2, 2017 AugMoro PL, Cragan J, Lewis P, Sukumaran L. Major Birth Defects after Vaccination Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 1990 to 2014. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jul 17;109(13):1057-1062.Heininger U, Holm K, Caplanusi I, et al. Guide to active vaccine safety surveillance: Report of CIOMS working group on vaccine safety – executive summaryExternal. Vaccine. 2017 Jul 13;35(32):3917-3921.DeSilva, M., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Nordin, J. D., Lipkind, H. S., Klein, N. P., Cheetham, T. C., Naleway, A. L., Hambidge, S. J., Lee, G. M., Jackson, M. L., McCarthy, N. L., and Kharbanda, E. O. Maternal Tdap vaccination and risk of infant morbidityExternal. Vaccine 2017 June .Eaton, A., Lewis, N., Fireman, B., Hansen, J., Baxter, R., Gee, J., and Klein, N. P. Birth outcomes following immunization of pregnant women with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine 2009-2010. Vaccine 2017 MayRay, G. T., Lewis, N., Goddard, K., Ross, P., Duffy, J., DeStefano, F., Baxter, R., and Klein, N. P. Asthma exacerbations among asthmatic children receiving live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccinesExternal. Vaccine 2017 May.Daley, M. F., Glanz, J. M., Newcomer, S. R., Jackson, M. L., Groom, H. C., Lugg, M. M., McLean, H. Q., Klein, N. P., Weintraub, E. S., and McNeil, M. M. Assessing misclassification of vaccination status: Implications for studies of the safety of the childhood immunization scheduleExternal. Vaccine. 35:15, 2017 April.Duffy, J., Lewis, M., Harrington, T., Baxter, R., Belongia, E. A., Jackson, L. A., Jacobsen, S. J., Lee, G. M., Naleway, A. L., Nordin, J., and Daley, M. F. Live attenuated influenza vaccine use and safety in children and adults with asthmaExternal. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 118:4 , 2017 April.Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Cheetham, T. C., Lipkind, H. S., Sivanandam, S., Klein, N. P., Lee, G. M., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., Olsen, A., McCarthy, N., DeStefano, F., and Nordin, J. D. Identifying birth defects in automated data sources in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2017 April.Moro PL, Cragan J, Lewis P, Sukumaran L. Major Birth Defects after Vaccination Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 1990 to 2014. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print]Hambidge, S. J., Ross, C., Shoup, J. A., Wain, K., Narwaney, K., Breslin, K., Weintraub, E. S., and McNeil, M. M. Integration of data from a safety net health care system into the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine 2017 March.Klein, N. P., Lewis, E., McDonald, J., Fireman, B., Naleway, A., Glanz, J., Jackson, L. A., Donahue, J. G., Jacobsen, S. J., Weintraub, E., and Baxter, R. Risk factors and familial clustering for fever 7-10days after the first dose of measles vaccines.ExternalVaccine. 35:12, 2017 March.Narwaney, K. J., Breslin, K., Ross, C. A., Shoup, J. A., Wain, K. F., Weintraub, E. S., McNeil,M. M., and Hambidge, S. J. Vaccine adverse events in a safety net healthcare system and a managed care organizationExternal. Vaccine. 35:9, 2017 March.Suragh TA, Miller ER, Hibbs BF, Winiecki SK, Zinderman C, Shimabukuro TT. Cognitive testing to evaluate revisions to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reporting formExternal. Vaccine. 2017 Apr 25;35(18):2295-2297. Epub 2017 Mar 25.Myers TR, McNeil MM, Ng CS, Li R, Lewis PW, Cano MV. Adverse events following quadrivalent meningococcal CRM-conjugate vaccine (Menveo®) reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting system (VAERS), 2010-2015External. Vaccine. 2017 Mar 27;35(14):1758-1763. Epub 2017 Mar 3.Moro P, Baumblatt J, Lewis P, Cragan J, Tepper N, Cano M. Surveillance of Adverse Events After Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women and Their Infants in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting SystemExternal, July 2010-May 2016. Drug Saf. 2017 Feb;40(2):145-152.Su JR, Leroy Z, Lewis PW, Haber P, Marin M, Leung J, Woo EJ, Shimabukuro TT. Safety of Second-Dose Single-Antigen Varicella VaccineExternal. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3). Epub 2017 Feb 7.Moro PL, Sukumaran L. Cholera vaccination: pregnant women excluded no moreExternal. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May;17(5):469-470. Epub 2017 Feb 2. No abstract available.Shaw J, Halsey NA, Weinberg A, Scott Schmid D, George KS, Weldon WC, Jordan M, Bryant PW, LaRussa P, Bradshaw DY, Harrington T, Gershon A. Arm Paralysis After Routine Childhood Vaccinations: Application of Advanced Molecular Methods to the Causality Assessment of an Adverse Event After ImmunizationExternal. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Jan 25.2016Moro PL, Cragan J, Lewis P, Sukumaran L. Major Birth Defects after Vaccination Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990 to 2014. Birth Defects Res (2017).doi: 10.1002/bdra.23622Moro PL, Sukumaran L. Cholera vaccination: pregnant women excluded no more. Lancet Infect Dis (2017);17(5):469-470. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30055-5.Bardenheier BH, Duffy J, Duderstadt SK, Higgs JB, Keith MP, Papadopoulos PJ, Gilliland WR, McNeil MM. Anthrax Vaccine and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the U.S. Military: A Case-Control StudyExternal. Mil Med. 2016 Oct;181(10):1348-1356.Chen RT, Moro PL, Bauwens J, Bonhoeffer J. Obstetrical and neonatal case definitions for immunization safety data. Vaccine (2016);34(49):5991-5992. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.026.Moro PL, Woo EJ, Paul W, Lewis P, Petersen BW, Cano M. Post-Marketing Surveillance of Human Rabies Diploid Cell Vaccine (Imovax) in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) in the United States, 1990‒2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016);10(7):e0004846. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004846.Moro PL, Li R, Haber P, Weintraub E, Cano M. Surveillance systems and methods for monitoring the post-marketing safety of influenza vaccines at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Expert Opin Drug Saf (2016);15(9):1175-83. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2016.1194823.Moro PL, Cragan J, Tepper N, Zheteyeva Y, Museru O, Lewis P, Broder K. Enhanced surveillance of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines in pregnancy in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2011-2015. Vaccine (2016);34(20):2349-53. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.049.Lindsey NP, Rabe IB, Miller ER, Fischer M, Staples JE. Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination, 2007-13. J Travel Med. 2016 Jul 4;23(5). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taw045Miller ER, Moro PL, Cano M, Lewis P, Bryant-Genevier M, Shimabukuro TT. Post-licensure safety surveillance of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990–2013. Vaccine 2016, 34 (25): 2841-2846. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.021.Su JR. Miller ER. Duffy J. Baer BM. Cano MV. Notes from the Field:Administration error involving a meningococcal conjugate vaccine-United States, March 1, 2010-Sept. 22, 2015. MMWR 2016 65(06);161-162. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a4.Moro, P., Baumblatt, J., Lewis, P. et al. 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Acute intussusception in infants and children as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition and guidelines of data collection, analysis, and presentationExternal. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):569-74.Bonhoeffer J, Kohl KS, Chen RT, Duclos P, Heijbel H, Heininger U, et al. Standardized case definitions of adverse events following immunization (AEFI)External. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):547-50.Bonhoeffer J, Vermeer P, Halperin S, Kempe A, Music S, Shindman J, et al. Persistent crying in infants and children as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentationExternal. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):586-91.Bonhoeffer J, Gold MS, Heijbel H, Vermeer P, Blumberg D, Braun M, et al. Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episode (HHE) as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentationExternal. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):563-8.Bonhoeffer J, Menkes J, Gold MS, de Souza-Brito G, Fisher MC, Halsey N, et al. Generalized convulsive seizure as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentationExternal. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):557-62.Chen R. Evaluation of vaccine safety after the events of 11 September 2001: Role of cohort and case-control studiesExternal. Vaccine. 2004 May 7;22(15-16):2047-53.Freed GL, Clark SJ, Hibbs BH, Santoli JM. Parental vaccine safety concerns. The experience of pediatricians and family physiciansExternal. Am J Prev Med. 2004 Jan;26(1):11-4.Haber P, Zanardi LR, Chen RT, Mootrey GT, Pless R, English R, et al. An analysis of rotavirus vaccine reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System: More than intussusception alone?ExternalPediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4):e353-9.Haber P, DeStefano F, Angulo FJ, Iskander J, Shadomy SV, Weintraub E, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome following influenza vaccinationExternal. JAMA. 2004 Nov 24;292(20):2478-81Iskander JK, Miller ER, Chen RT. The role of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting system (VAERS) in monitoring vaccine safetyExternal. Pediatr Ann. 2004;33(9):599-606.Kohl KS, Marcy SM, Blum M, Connell Jones M, Dagan R, et al. Fever After Immunization: Current concepts and improved future scientific understandingExternal. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):389-94.Marcy SM, Kohl KS, Dagan R, Nalin D, Blum M, Connell Jones M, et al. Fever as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition and guidelines of data collection, analysis, and presentationExternal. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 26;22(5-6):551-6.Muetsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, et al. Inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell’s Palsy in SwitzerlandExternal. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):896-903.O’Brien MA, Uyeki TM, Shay DK, Thompson WW, Kleinman K, McAdam A, et al. 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N Engl J Med. 2003 May 1;348(18):1747-55.Jacobson SH, Sewell EC, Allwine DA, Medina EA, Weniger BG. Designing pediatric vaccine formularies and pricing pediatric combination vaccines using operations research models and algorithmsExternal. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 Feb;2(1):15-9.Kelly WN. The quality of published adverse drug event reportsExternal. Ann Pharmacother. 2003:37(12):1774-1778.Kohl K, Bonhoeffer J, Chen R, Duclos P, Heijbel H, Heininger U, et al. The Brighton Collaboration: Enhancing comparability of vaccine safety dataExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003 Jun;12(4):335-40.Lloyd JC, Haber P, Mootrey GT, Braun MM, Chen RT, and VAERS Working Group. Adverse event reporting rates following tetanus-diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations: Data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1991-1997External. Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26):3746-50.Mell L, Davis RL, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Zangwill KM, et al. Polio extra-immunization in children less than two years old following changes in immunization recommendation[PDF – 650 KB]External. Pediatrics. 2003;111:296–301.Naleway AL, Belongia EA, Greenlee, RT, Kieke BA, Chen RT, Shay DK. Eczematous skin disease and recall of past diagnoses: Implications for smallpox vaccinationExternal. Ann Int Med. 2003 Jul 1;139(1):1-7.Tierney BC, Martin SW, Franzke LH, Marano N, Reissman DB, Louchart RD, et al. Serious adverse events among participants in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Anthrax Vaccine and Antimicrobial Availability Program for persons at risk for bioterrorism-related inhalational anthraxExternal. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:905-911.Thompson WW, Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United StatesExternal. JAMA. 2003;289:179-186.Verstraeten T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH, Black SB, et al. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: A two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databasesExternal. Pediatrics 2003;112:1039-48.Verstraeten T, DeStefano F, Chen RT, Miller E. Vaccine safety surveillance using large linked databases: Opportunities, hazards and proposed guidelinesExternal. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 Feb;2(1):21-9.Verstraeten T, Jumaan AO, Mullooly JP, Seward JF, Izurieta HS, DeStefano F, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the association of varicella vaccine failure with asthma, steroid use, age at vaccination, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccinationExternal. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):e98-103.Wharton M, Strikas RA, Harpaz R, Rotz LD, Schwartz B, Casey CG, et al. Recommendations for using smallpox vaccine in a pre-event vaccination program: Supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). 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Lack of association between receipt of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (HBOC) in infancy and risk of type 1 (juvenile onset) diabetes: Long term follow up of the HBOC efficacy trial cohortExternal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Jun;21(6):568-9.Bonhoeffer J, Kohl K, Chen R, Duclos P, Heijbel H, et al. The Brighton Collaboration: Addressing the need for standardized case definitions of adverse events following immunization (AEFI)External. Vaccine. 2002 Dec 13;21(3-4):298-302.CDC. Adverse events associated with 17D-derived yellow fever vaccination—United States, 2001–2002. MMWR 2002;51:989-993.Cetron MS, Marfin AA, Julian KG, Gubler DJ, Sharp DJ, et al. Yellow fever vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2002;51(RR-17):1-10.Chang EJ, Zangwill KM, Lee H, Ward JI. Lack of association between rotavirus infection and intussusception: Implications for use of attenuated rotavirus vaccinesExternal. 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Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2002 Apr-May;11(3):185-7; discussion 203-4.Jackson LA, Yu O, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM, Malais D, Barlow WE, Thompson WW, and the Vaccine Safety Datalink Study Group. Influenza vaccination is not associated with a reduction in the risk of recurrent coronary eventsExternal. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156 (7): 634-640.Kohl K, Bonhoeffer J, Chen R, Duclos P, Heijbel H, et al. The Brighton Collaboration: Enhancing comparability of vaccine safety dataExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003 Jun;12(4):335-40.Lathrop S, Ball R, Haber P, Mootrey G, Braun M, et al. Adverse event reports following vaccination for Lyme disease: December 1998-July 2000External. Vaccine. 2002 Feb 22;20(11-12):1603-8.Mullooly, J, Pearson J, Drew L, Schuler R, Maher J, et al. Wheezing lower respiratory disease and vaccination of full-term infantsExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2002 Jan-Feb;11(1):21-30.Pool V, Braun MM, Kelso JM, Mootrey G, Chen RT, et al. 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What are the best Medical Schools for Anesthesiology?

There is no medical school for Anesthesiology. There are schools for certified nurse anesthetists (CRNA). There are residency programs for Anesthesiology. The following are three separate rankings.I would go with the first list, with ten programs.The second is a listing of all programs, by reputation.The third is a list of best Anesthesia schools. This list is dubious, with many errors.Residency Navigator: Program Rankings 2015-2016Anesthesia1. Massachusetts General Hospital Anesthesia Residency ProgramPocket bible2. UCSF Department of Anesthesia Residency Program3. Residency Program in Anesthesiology at Brigham and Women's Hospital4. Stanford University Residency InformationA Day in the Life of Stanford Anesthesia: Dr. Jesse Hill stanfordanesthesia Uploaded on Nov 24, 2009CA-2 anesthesia resident Dr. Jesse Hill on Obstetric anesthesia rotation. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine | Stanford Medicine5. Johns Hopkins Anesthesiology & Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins Residency | An Inside PerspectiveJohns Hopkins Medicine Published on Nov 19, 2015Four residents have to say and get an inside perspective of residency life at Johns Hopkins.6. Duke Anesthesiology Program Director's WelcomeDuke Anesthesiology: Residency Program 2015Duke Anesthesiology7. University of Pennsylvania Anesthesiology Residency8. Columbia University Department of AnesthesiologyDepartment of Anesthesiology, NewYork - Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical CenterVirtual Tour | CUMC9. Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education Anesthesiology Residency10. Washington University Residency ProgramDoximity Residency NavigatorSpecialty (Ranked by reputation)AnesthesiologyUniversity of California (San Francisco) San Francisco, CA Program Size: 96 33% Subspecialize 100% Board CertifiedMassachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA Program Size: 116 46% Subspecialize 95% Board CertifiedStanford University Stanford, CA Program Size: 96 31% Subspecialize 98% Board CertifiedBrigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA Program Size: 128 37% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedDuke University Hospital Durham, NC Program Size: 56 46% Subspecialize 98% Board CertifiedJohns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD Program Size: 75 34% Subspecialize 96% Board CertifiedUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Program Size: 96 37% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedNew York Presbyterian Hospital (Columbia Campus) New York, NY Program Size: 104 45% Subspecialize 93% Board CertifiedUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Program Size: 120 41% Subspecialize 93% Board CertifiedMayo Clinic College of Medicine (Rochester) Rochester, MN Program Size: 57 34% Subspecialize 99% Board CertifiedWashington University/B-JH/SLCH Consortium Saint Louis, MO Program Size: 72 47% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedUniversity of Washington Seattle, WA Program Size: 112 17% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedUPMC Medical Education Pittsburgh, PA Program Size: 80 46% Subspecialize 91% Board CertifiedVanderbilt University Nashville, TN Program Size: 72 39% Subspecialize 96% Board CertifiedCleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH Program Size: 120 47% Subspecialize 89% Board CertifiedUniversity of Florida Gainesville, FL Program Size: 88 26% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedUCLA Medical Center Los Angeles, CA Program Size: 100 24% Subspecialize 98% Board CertifiedNYU School of Medicine New York, NY Program Size: 66 31% Subspecialize 97% Board CertifiedMcGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University Chicago, IL Program Size: 84 36% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedUniversity of California (San Diego) San Diego, CA Program Size: 42 43% Subspecialize 97% Board CertifiedWake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC Program Size: 64 31% Subspecialize 91% Board CertifiedNew York Presbyterian Hospital (Cornell Campus) New York, NY Program Size: 80 38% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, AL Program Size: 84 24% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY Program Size: 96 23% Subspecialize 91% Board CertifiedEmory University Atlanta, GA Program Size: 48 33% Subspecialize 95% Board CertifiedUniversity of Chicago Chicago, IL Program Size: 72 38% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedVirginia Mason Medical Center Seattle, WA Program Size: 27 23% Subspecialize 97% Board CertifiedBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA Program Size: 72 41% Subspecialize 95% Board CertifiedUniversity of North Carolina Hospitals Chapel Hill, NC Program Size: 56 39% Subspecialize 96% Board CertifiedUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX Program Size: 80 34% Subspecialize 91% Board CertifiedOregon Health & Science University Portland, OR Program Size: 48 31% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Program Size: 42 20% Subspecialize 94% Board CertifiedUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA Program Size: 64 25% Subspecialize 96% Board CertifiedBaylor College of Medicine Houston, TX Program Size: 80 29% Subspecialize 91% Board CertifiedUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX Program Size: 108 17% Subspecialize 90% Board CertifiedUniversity of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, IA Program Size: 60 25% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedUniversity of Colorado Aurora, CO Program Size: 49 23% Subspecialize 96% Board CertifiedYale-New Haven Medical Center New Haven, CT Program Size: 76 27% Subspecialize 92% Board CertifiedUniversity of Wisconsin Madison, WI Program Size: 64 24% 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Why is immigration a problem in the US but gun violence is not?

This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.Gun violence isn’t all that much of a problem here. Let’s talk numbers.Amount of guns in the USA: Upwards of 350 million.Number of legal gun owners: 80 million - 150 million depending on who you read.Amount of murder involving guns: 9,616 in 2015.Let’s do some math now. 9,616 murders over the number of guns (I use 375 million as an estimate for 2015). Divide that out and you get .00002564. Now this math that we just did assumes that each murder used a unique firearm and once a firearm had been used, it was discarded to not be used again for murder. .00002564% is the number of guns used in murder in 2015. That’s less than a ten-thousandth of a percent.Let’s keep going with the math. Now let’s say that every single violent crime from rape, to murder, to assault, etc. used a unique firearm in 2015. 1,197,704 violent crimes over 375,000,000 guns. Doing that math gives you .00319388. That’s the percentage of all guns used in violent crime if you say that every single violent crime used a gun and that gun was only used once. While the hypothetical isn’t a real situation, I’m using it to show how little gun violence there actually is. Less than one hundredth of a percent of all guns in the US were used for crime. It’s even easy to make the correct guess that less than a thousandth of a percent were used.Now let’s go over how hard it actually is to get a gun. Legally in Indiana all you must do to acquire a firearm is meet the minimum federal age for your gun (18 for long gun; 21 for handgun) and not fall into one of the prohibited categories set by the ATF. If someone fits any of the following, under federal law they are barred from even POSSESSING a firearm.convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;who is a fugitive from justice;who is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act, codified at 21 U.S.C. § 802);who has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution;who is an illegal alien;who has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions;who has renounced his or her United States citizenship;who is subject to a court order restraining the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of the intimate partner; orwho has been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence.Other states make it harder by adding tests and registrations (supposed to be unconstitutional) as well as giving the state the ability to turn down anyone that applies for a wide berth of reasons. The laws here in Indiana are fairly pro gun unlike the laws of neighboring Illinois. In Chicago, IL last year there were over 700 murders that involved a firearm. In Indianapolis, IN there were just 140 murders involving a firearm. While Chicago is a bit bigger than Indy, the real difference between them is gun control. As I said earlier, there is little gun control in Indiana however by contrast, the noose around gun rights in Chicago is ever tightening. You weren’t even allowed to legally carry your gun until 2014 in Chicago and right after concealed carry permits became a thing and were issued, crime dropped off fairly quick.Look at states like Vermont and New Hampshire. NH is considered to be the most gun friendly state in the country with very little laws on the books involving gun control yet they have the lowest rates of murder in the entire country.Contrast the pretended problem of gun violence with the problems in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Those are the two most murdery countries in the world and are riddled with crime. They have rates murder rates exceeding all other nations in the world (at least in 2014) even though guns are pretty much illegal in both countries.Back to the US. The most popular platform for rifles across the country is the AR-15.What’s so scary about these? I’m asking a serious question. What’s scary about these? That you can be killed with it? Sweetie, you’re more likely to get your head caved in with a hammer, die from falling out of bed, die in a car crash, choke on your food, die of alcohol poisoning, etc. than you are to be shot to death by an AR platform.Granted the AR pattern rifles look like a military gun. Here’s the catch though, they aren’t. The M-4 and M-16 platforms used by the military are actually based on the AR-10. The pattern is one of the easiest to modify without changing the look dramatically.What do these all have in common?Which of those weapons is scariest? Better yet, what if I told you that all of those weapons originally looked like thisThe Ruger 10/22. America’s most popular 22 lr rifle.The pictures and comparisons are nice and all, but the fact of the matter is that more people are beaten to death with hammers than rifles are used to kill.What about all of the shootings where people don’t die? Yeah that’s a problem however it’s not a really concerning problem. Those all fall under that category of violent crime that I mentioned a bit ago. Still less than a hundredth of a percent of all firearms are used in violent crime. Beyond that, every year except for 2015 (Which is to be expected) has seen a reduction in crime across the board. What about all of those accidents where people get hurt? Accidents are just accidents. You’re more likely to get zapped in a thunderstorm than you are to be injured on accident with a firearm.Let’s look again at gun control. Mass shootings are horrible things that should never happen but there is a common theme among them, gun free zones (GFZ). I being 21 going on 22 can’t think of a single actual mass shooting that didn’t occur in a gun free zone. The Pulse? Yeah that was a GFZ. Dylan Roof’s killing spree? Occurred in a GFZ. Aurora, Colorado with James Holmes? GFZ. Virginia Tech? GFZ. Colombine? GFZ. San Bernardino, CA? GFZ. I’m having trouble finding one in recent memory that wasn’t in a GFZ. You don’t see someone walking into Shot Show (A MAJOR gun show) and shooting up the place, but you see soft targets like churches, malls, offices, nightclubs, etc. that are being shot up because they don’t have a way to resist and fight back. Do note that the FBI defines a mass shooting as an incident where 4 or more people are killed (not including the shooter(s)) by firearm. The media defines pretty much any gun related incident where there was a death as a mass shooting. So no there haven’t been over 700 or whatever the number is now in the past 20 years. There’s been like 5 or 6.What about those automatics that everyone loves to accuse of being used in a violent crime? Since 1934 there’s only been one proven crime that involved a legal automatic weapon and that was a police officer who would have normally had access to the weapon. There was another incident I think back in the 80s however it’s unknown whether or not the weapon was actually a legal automatic or if it was an illegally modified weapon.You’ll notice that I haven’t mentioned suicide as part of this, that’s due to the fact that suicide is not illegal and not counted as a crime. Sorry guys.Defensive gun uses. I haven’t mentioned these yet because these are extremely important to save. There’s anywhere from 50,000 to 750,000 DGUs per year depending on who you read. How many of those were women fighting off rapists? How many were elderly fighting off home invaders? How many were children defending their families? How many of those could have been murders had the good guy not had their gun? If you don’t think these happen, I suggest you start watching local state news as well as just googling. You can find about 8–10 of these each month in American Rifleman’s Armed Citizen section. Here’s 20 examples.14-Year-Old Boy Shoots Mom’s Abusive Boyfriend with Shotgun After Police Removed Man from Property"He Started Crying Like A Little Baby." 11-Year-Old Shoots BurglarTeen Shoots Intruder With Mom’s HandgunPhoenix boy, 14, shoots armed intruder while watching three younger siblingsBoy, 14, fatally shoots intruder at grandmother’s N.C. homeWoman Shoots Teenager Robbing Her Home… Robber’s Family Asks Surprising & SICK QuestionGlendale police: Woman kills armed man after attempted robberyWoman shoots at would-be robber in Little RockWoman shoots, kills armed robbery suspect to ‘protect herself’Woman leaves would-be attacker wounded after shooting him in the neckWoman Killed Would-Be Rapist in Self-DefenseMan, 71, Shoots at Alleged Cafe Robbers80-year-old Armed WV Man Stops Three Armed RobbersPolice: Man, 91, shoots suspected robber in Eastpointe85-year-old El Cerrito man shoots intruder during break inhttps://www.learnaboutguns.com/2016/01/05/65-year-old-manchester-nh-woman-shoots-robber-in-self-defense/65-year-old Woman Shoots 5 Robbershttp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-teen-not-guilty-shooting-father-1.3244653I just don’t see the gun violence problem that the anti gun crowd appears to see. Looking at all of the positives such as defensive gun uses and sporting purposes, it’s hard to even understand why there’s people attempting to ban guns.NUMBER OF GUNShttp://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2015/07/dean-weingarten/how-many-guns-are-there-in-america/MURDERS #https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expanded_homicide_data_table_8_murder_victims_by_weapon_2008-2012.xlsVIOLENT CRIMEShttps://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-1http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/02/19/researcher-reaffirms-at-least-760000-defensive-gun-uses-a-year/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/cdc-study-use-firearms-self-defense-important-crime-deterrentPutting Gun Death Statistics in Perspective

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