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The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as a woodchuck, is a rodent of the family ... Monax (Móonack) is an Algonquian name of the woodchuck, which meant "digger" (cf. ... Male groundhogs average slightly larger than females and, like all marmots, they are rodent ... Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69(4), 1040-1047.

If one is looking for a late 5th century King of the Britons who led a corps of knights, was betrayed, fought a great battle against overwhelming forces, then went to Avallon, then yes, he existed. He is recorded in accounts by four Late Antique to Early Medieval historians: his contemporary the eminent jurist and bishop Sidonius Apollinaris (born 5 November in about 430, died in August 489), a mid-6th century bureaucrat named Jordanes, the 6th century statesman Cassiodorus, and the 6th century bishop Gregory of Tours.Sidonius wrote to this British king in person, addressing him as "Riothamus", which means "High-King". Sidonius was writing on behalf of a man who was greatly inconvenienced because his slaves had been freed by the Britons.This battle took place at Déols in central Gaul between 468 and 471. The barbarians who ambushed Riothamus were more formidable than Saxons: they were Visigoths, the same people who were instrumental in the defeat of Attila the Hun. The man who betrayed Riothamus to them wasn't his son, it was Arvandus, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul who, like some of his predecessors, probably had his eye on the Imperial throne. Riothamus's army fought for many hours. When it became clear that the situation was hopeless, he rescued as many men as he could, then escaped with them and raced east to Avallon, a town of the Burgundians who were allied with Rome. There, the Britons made their report. After leaving Avallon, they disappear from Roman records.The leader of the Visigoths was Euric (c. 440 - 484), who'd seized the throne by killing his elder brother Theoderic II (murdered 466), who had done the same to their eldest brother Thorismund (reigned 451 - 453). Their father Theoderic I (reigned 418 - 451) and Thorismund were heroes of the battle against the Huns but Theoderic I had died during the battle, his body found under his horse. (Tolkien was fond of the Goths, and he adapted this scene for the death of Theoden of Rohan. Incidentally, Theoden is the name of three Bavarian kings, ancestors of Charlemagne, whereas Rohan, Meriadoc and Arathorn are Breton names.)Subsequent to defeating Riothamus, an event characterised by the Visigoths as saving the Romans from a British invasion (!), Euric conquered a third of Gaul (modern France) and most of Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal).In fact, the Roman Emperor Anthemius had asked Riothamus to aid him against Euric, so Arvandus was charged with treason. Sidonius was appointed judge, but since he was a friend of Arvandus's, he recused himself and acted as counsel for the defence. Arvandus was found guilty, but Sidonius succeeded in reducing the death penalty to life in exile.According to Breton king lists, Riothamus inherited the principality of Domnonea in northern Brittany and southern Britain on the death of his father Deroch in about 460 and reigned until some time between 500 and 520.The Visigothic ambush gravely weakened both the Britons and Rome's position in Gaul. The last western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed in 476. In 486, Clovis I king of the Franks took the last Roman city, Paris, by defeating general Syagrius. In 496, Clovis defeated a British force at Blois and occupied most of northern Gaul but was unable to take Armorica from the Britons. In 497, Melaine, the Bishop of Rennes, brokered a peace between the Franks and the Armorican Britons, declaring that "Peace must be made between Christians".The dates for Great Britain are interesting in this context. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 456 the Britons were driven from Kent, in 465 Hengist fought the "Welsh" (meaning the British of the south-east), and in 477 Cerdic (the founder of the House of Wessex) was active in southern Britain near Southampton and Winchester.By one estimate, it was in the year 497 (the average of estimates is the year 500) that a British leader (later identified as “Arthur”) allegedly routed Cerdic and killed Octha son of Hengist at the battle of Mount Badon (Caer Vadon, i.e. Wroxeter in Shropshire).Note that the peace treaty between the Franks and Britons in 497 would have freed up many of Riothamus's forces to fight the Saxons.Frank Reno's lunar-corrected dating of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other sources has it that in 518 King Arthur, Medraut (Mordred) and Cerdic all died in the Battle of Camlann.The British monk Gildas (about 500 - 570) wrote in the early to mid 500s that the Battle of Mount Badon occurred in the year of his birth. He named Ambrosius Aurelianus as the leader of the Britons in the resistance against the Saxons, stated that Ambrosius's parents "wore the purple" thus implying status as Roman officials (perhaps even imperial ancestry, as his surname makes that plausible), and remarked that Ambrosius's character was much superior to his successors'. Several writers think that Ambrosius Aurelianus is the personal name of Riothamus."Arthur" may be from a Celtic root that means "bear", so some authors have suggested that it is an epithet for a powerful warrior rather than a name. However, in 2008, Frank Reno (see O, Ambrosius, Ambrosius! Wherefore art thou Arthur?) supported the case made in 1994 by C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor that "Arthur" is a remembrance of the late second century Roman commander in Britain named Lucius Artorius Castus. He also cited Leon Fleuriot and James Campbell as arguing that Ambrosius Aurelianus is Riothamus.For a general chronology of events in Britain from 360 to 1068, refer to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_conflict_in_Anglo-Saxon_Britain. You will see that the dates for some events, especially the battle of Mount Badon, vary wildly between the local sources: however, most estimates of its date fall within the reign of Riothamus as does Reno's estimate for Camlann. If Riothamus were Arthur, then he was quite old when he died.As to Cerdic, he reputedly first landed in Hampshire, then joined up with the (Saxon?) Gewisse tribe in the Thames valley and made them into a formidable fighting force.Curiously, Cerdic and many of his male-line successors have British names, and in subsequent centuries Hampshire was a frequent landing site for Bretons, so I suggest that the defeat of Riothamus's army by the Visigoths caused a weakening of his government, leading to conflict among the Britons, that Cerdic was a Dumnonean or a Cornovian (Cerdic was a contemporary of Budic I of Kernev), and that he sought his own fortune by crossing the Channel and allying with the Saxons.If kings with British male descent were reigning, why did English become the dominant tongue in Wessex? Cerdic and his heirs may have followed the legendary Vortigern by marrying Saxon wives. Anglo-Saxon would then have been the mother tongue of each successive generation. Whether what was spoken was as pure as the Anglo-Saxon of King Alfred's scholars is an open question: certainly by 1100 the literate among the English were more comfortable writing what we know as Middle English with its simplified grammar.Correction: the language of the Northeast was similar to the Old English of "Beowulf", whereas that of South England was practically Modern English, as I have learnt from reading the English translations that William the Conqueror ordered made for his public edicts in the two regions.Brittany survived Riothamus's death, though its history is an extreme roller-coaster ride of triumphs alternating with disasters. The Bretons who accompanied William the Conqueror were led by his (double-second) cousins Alan Rufus and Brian, who were instrumental in most of William's victories from 1066 to 1069. Here's a depiction of Alan on his favourite black stallion, confronting Earl Gyrth during the battle of Hastings:Alan was the very model of chivalry and remarkable in many respects, not least that he favoured the English and excluded Normans. In 1088, he even allied with the English to defeat an uprising by most of the Norman barons.In 1089, at York, his brother Stephen opened the first English Parliament. Here's a blurry sketch of their father Eudon (also known as Odo of Penthièvre), who looks quite like Stephen:In late January 1091 Alan was with William II at Dover, about two weeks before the sailing of the English fleet carrying the army that invaded Normandy and conquered half the Duchy. Many events in 1088 closely involving Alan with William de St Calais, Bishop of Durham, suggest that Alan had secretly planned for this Reverse Conquest years in advance and that St Calais was his deep-cover agent.Alan Rufus's epitaph calls him "the flower of the Kings of Britain" and "rutilans", hinting at a descent from Roman aristocracy, specifically Julius Caesar's maternal grandmother Rutilia of gens (clan) Rutilius Rufus. Julius Caesar's mother Aurelia Cotta was of gens Aurelia which, although of plebeian origin, produced numerous consuls and emperors. The Breton sovereign house claimed to be related to Julius Caesar, so perhaps Ambrosius Aurelianus was, as his name suggests, of gens Aurelia?Update: the Latin surname Aurelianus, like Octavianus, implies adoption. Specifically, that Ambrosius was born with the surname Aurelius but after his father died, he was adopted into another family - much as Gaius Octavius was adopted by Gaius Julius Caesar and became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. This accords with Gildas’s remark that AA’s parents had been killed in a barbarian onslaught.The 11th century Counts of Anjou, contemporaries of Alan's, collected genealogies, including one of Alan's father Eudon in which they asserted that he was a male-line descendant of Count Ridoredh of Vannes.Now, Ridoredh is a name of Welsh origin; the Britons who settled in Vannes (Breton "Gwened") probably came from Gwent in south-east Wales. Venta Silurum, the "market of the Silures", near the Roman legionary fortress of Caerleon, was the capital of the Silures tribe who twice inflicted defeat on the renowned legion II Augusta. The Dumnoneans of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset had once defeated II Augusta. In the first century BC, these tribes were allies with the Armoricans against Julius Caesar and he had great difficulty defeating the naval forces of the Vannetais, so the various ancestors of the Armorican Britons had quite the military record. Caesar wrote that all these tribes had a shared culture and frequently traded with each other across the Channel in ships especially designed for ocean crossings. So these were the ancient origins of Riothamus's cross-Channel kingdom.Interestingly, Alan Rufus and his brother Brian were active in all of the places in England that claim King Arthur, and Alan is particularly closely associated with many of the relevant Roman sites from East Anglia to Hadrian's wall, so he knew his history even if we have forgotten it. There's even a legend that Arthur and his Knights are sleeping under Alan's Richmond castle, which he built in a beautiful and holy location in the very centre of Great Britain.The first literary references to Lancelot's affair with Guinevere occur in the 12th century, a few decades after Alan Rufus's reputed love affair with Gunhild, daughter of King Harold Godwinson: Gunhild herself wrote to Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury that "I loved Alan, and he loved me". Geoffrey Gaimar, an Anglo-Norman chronicler writing in 1136-1137, mentioned Alan's devastatingly effective role at Hastings, so why did Gunhild love a man who so helped to end her father's reign? Well, Gaimar described Alan as “gentil" (meaning kind, considerate and thoughtful) and he was well regarded by women and the oppressed.PS: An early mention of Arthur is in the Mabinogion, the name given in the 1800s for a collection of Welsh texts. The oldest surviving copies of these texts date from well after Alan's time, but scholarly analysis of what seems to be the earliest of the texts indicates that its style is that of the period 1060 to 1100.Alan's most famous deeds occurred between 1066 and 1091. Coincidence? Perhaps not. His epitaph describes him as "stella", a star; combining this with its line "Dux uiguit summus, rutilans a rege secundus" ("Military leader who attained the highest rank, radiant with a red-gold light, second to the king"), one is minded both of Arthur, who was in the earliest texts described as a war leader ("dux"), not as a king, and of the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, red-gold Arcturus, which means the "bear-guardian”, because it appears to drive Ursa Major and Ursa Minor around the North Pole, much as Alan, as commander of the royal bodyguard, protected William I and William II.Arcturus is adjacent to the zodiacal constellation Virgo. Ermine, which Alan wore on his surcoat, represents purity, honour and courage. It is an emblem of both the Virgin Mary and of Brittany. Recall that Arthur was said to have carried an "image" of the Virgin Mary into battle.According to the first century Roman astrologer Marcus Manilius: "To those born under Arcturus, fortune herself makes bold to entrust her treasures, so that the wealth of monarchs and temple finances will be in their keeping; they will be kings under kings and ministers of state, and be charged with the guardianship of the people".That bears a fair resemblance to Alan Rufus. So, on the principle that medieval people treated astrology seriously, it's easy to imagine that his family was deliberately alluding to Arcturus, whether or not that was his birth-star.But wait, there's more! The names of Arthur's family resemble Alan's: fathers Uther Pendragon and Eudon Penteur; mothers Igraine, wife of the king of Cornwall, and Orgwen, daughter of the Count of Cornouaille; paternal uncles Ambrosius Aurelianus, dux of the Britons, and Alan III, dux of the Bretons, both of whom were poisoned.As to the knights of the round table, Alan led the royal household knights as first among equals: a medieval drawing in the British Library depicts Count Alan issuing charters to a gathering of knights, each displaying his own family's noble banner; there are ten knights each side of him.Additional notes from an answer to a differently worded question that got merged and hence caused the one above to be collapsed:A radical notion I entertain is that not only was Arthur (+) not a king (*), but also he didn't live in the early Middle Ages, but rather in the 11th century, less than one generation before the continental enthusiasm for Arthurian romances took hold.(+) That is, the Arthur whose character, capabilities and idealism we are familiar with from the most popular stories.(*) Geoffrey of Monmouth gave Arthur the title of King, but Britons called him “Dux bellorum”, that is, “leader in battles”.Ok, so who was the Arthur of the 11th century?He was Count Alan Rufus (c1040–1093). Let's compare Arthur’s family according to Geoffrey with Alan’s.Father: Uther Pendragon; cf Eudon Penteur.Mother: Igerna (Igraine), widow of the King of Cornwall; cf Orguen, daughter of the Count of Cornouaille.Hoel, King of Brittany and maternal first cousin (variously, maternal nephew) of Arthur; cf Hoel, Duke Consort of Brittany and maternal uncle of Alan.Eldest paternal uncle: Ambrosius Aurelianus, poisoned; cf Alan III of Brittany, poisoned.Wife: Guanhara (Guinevere), Arthur’s wife, retired to a nunnery, died childless; cf Gunhildr, Alan’s lover, left a nunnery to be with him, but returned to the nunnery after his death and died childless.Alan’s battlefield prowess was devastating to the Saxons: just when they thought they had won the battle of Hastings, with the Normans in disarray and under heavy pressure, Earl Gyrth about to administer the death-blow to the unhorsed Duke William, Alan’s cavalry charged into the fray and it was Gyrth who died, as did his brother Earl Leofwine. (There's a section of the Bayeux Tapestry that shows this event.)Alan quickly followed this by coordinating a feint with the Breton left wing of the army and encircling the pursuing English. The Norman author Wace of Jersey (who also translated Arthur’s tale into French and added the Round Table) later wrote of the battle, "Alan and his men did the English great damage”.Nonetheless, Alan sought peace with the English and promoted them over Normans. Indeed, in 1091 he was recorded with William II at Dover just days before an army comprising many Englishmen successfully invaded Normandy - to the cheers of its inhabitants!Alan was very considerate of his tenants and employees: he early got them an England-wide exemption from tolls, cartage and portage fees, customs charges, etc. This domestic free trade agreement still held during Charles I’s reign, over 500 years later!High-walled Richmond castle, which he built in the heart of Britain on a steep cliff above the holy river Swale, was modelled primarily on Caen castle in Normandy but Alan introduced defensive features for archers that were a century ahead of their time. He also saw fit to incorporate aesthetics otherwise seen only in abbeys.He also alleviated the taxes and reformed the law courts in Richmondshire, where he had been given that authority.When monks sought refuge from persecution by another northern baron, Alan built them St Mary’s Abbey York, a masterpiece of graceful and innovative design.In 1089 Alan gave his youngest brother and eventual heir Count Stephen (c1058–1136) the privilege of opening England's first Parliament, at York.If that's not enough evidence of his Arthurian credentials, Alan’s epitaph makes much of his royal British ancestry, and identifies him with a bright golden-red star (“stella … rutilans”). Aside from having Alan’s (and his family’s) hair colour, this apparently refers to Arcturus, on account of the Guardian of the Bears (Ursa Major and Minor) paralleling Alan’s role as chief bodyguard to William I and II. Moreover, Arcturus neighbours the zodiac constellation Virgo, while Alan’s banner and other insignia bore Brittany’s emblem, ermine, which also signifies the Virgin Mary.Alan was descended in the male-line from the mid-ninth century Ridoredh, Count of Vannes, whose name is Welsh.It was claimed in Welsh sources that Arthur bore a representation of the Virgin on his shoulders (or shield, depending on the spelling of the Welsh word).Alan is known to have visited Monmouth around the time the Priory was founded by a fellow Breton, and Geoffrey wrote his story during the latter years of Count Stephen.What about the Welsh tales of Arthur, for example those in the Historia Brittonum (in which Arthur is a Dux, just as Alan’s epitaph styles him) and the Mabinogion?It's just possible that they postdate Alan. In fact, all the surviving manuscripts were written centuries after Alan, and the oldest tale in the Mabinogion, Culwch and Olwen, is written in a style dating from 1060–1100, just the right time to be influenced by Alan’s fame.Three of Stephen’s descendants, Dukes of Brittany, had the name Arthur: Arthur I, the rightful king of England, murdered by King John; Arthur II, who was a parliamentary reformer; and Arthur III, Comte de Richemont, a step-brother of Henry V but who fought against him at Agincourt, rode with Joan of Arc at Patay, and avenged her death by reforming the French financial and military systems and driving the English out of Paris and Normandy, thus causing the recriminations that precipitated the War of the Roses.It was in the wake of Arthur III’s achievements that Thomas Malory wrote the Morte d’Arthur. The text was edited and named for the Caxton printing by a son and daughter of Jacquetta de Luxembourg, who was another of Stephen's descendants and Arthur III’s sister-in-law.That’s a great historic “irony”, because Jacquetta was the widow of the Duke of Bedford, who had been English governor of France for Henry VI, king of both England and France, until Arthur tore all that down.One of Jacquetta’s grandsons was Edward IV’s bastard son Arthur Plantagenet, Lord Lisle, whose numerous letters provide us with much of the detail of the early Tudor governments.PS: There's much, much more to Alan’s biography, but a full summary is nearly book length, and that’s without mentioning his remarkable brothers, cousins, in-laws and the great men and women who worked with him.PPS: Eudon was an elder maternal cousin to Edward the Confessor. Had Alan not reached William in time to save him, the Normans would have won the battle but under Alan’s leadership, and thus Eudon would have become king of England, succeeded by Alan in January 1079.PPPS: As coincidences go, this is a whopper: Alan’s estimated birth date, 1040, is, in the traditional Chinese calendar, a very auspicious year, those born in it supposedly possessing great wisdom, compassion, wealth and honour, and the trust of kings: a year of the Metal Dragon.

The best: PanasonicThe most popular: ThinkPad of Lenovo.Panasonic, they were born for business on the go. They only offer 12.1in, 12in, 14in and 10in laptops. No low end machine, no workstation. All mainstream performance, barely not follow any thiness fashion. They only favored by a niche market. But their machines were the best for on to go business.Take an example here: Panasonic CF-SV7Their 2018 updated Business on the go machine.Specs: You can get higher screen but not that high like 3:2, narrow bland lines as you watch video and enough space for keyboard. 1920*1200, 125% DPI would best fit for it, not that high to make you feel tired or that low cannot display high pixel stuff. Your traveling load is only 3 pounds. Super light and all ports included, even onboard 4G-LTE. Thunderbolt3.0, USB-A(Still the mainstream),VGA(Actually used a lot in firms), HDMI, for new companies, they would opt to HDMI over DP in presentation. DP is more common in firm’s daily work. 21hours battery life is exaggerated but their 70Wh battery would give you about 8–9hours seriously usage. Much better than today’s ThinkPad X280(X2 Series, May Rest in Peace, now X2 is a trash).12.1in body would not cramp you even if your company only give you economy-class ticket.In USA, they have corporation with Shop conics. I would recommend their mainstream edition. Cost like $2200–2500. Comparatively cheap in its lineup. Do not go for high-end unless you must have a black-color machine, some people think only matt black means business. well, then you need to pay like 3900–4500USD.BESIDES, I know many Americans want a strong machine due to their harsh life.(Not racist, some people just have bad habit upon things usage, some asian do so, but more amerian act this way). Today’s slim machine is not your choice, even though many said they have Military test or ADP plan. You would not want to go to repair center often neither you would have a great experience with their marketing durability. I care about fact,logics, physics only. I am learning MKT in college and I know clear the Gap between actual fact and MKT propaganda. Aside CF-SV7, you should go for Panasonic CF-54. A Semi-Rugged machine, they have old-school durability but not that old school like its older brother Fully-rugged(That would be too heavy, business travel always prefer light and convenient).About 2kg, 14inches, fully-loaded, you can expect VGA, HDMI, USB-A,Discrete Raedon Pro Graphic card, dual-battery, like 8–9hours seriously usage. Basic water resist functionality and SUPER BRIGHT DISPLAY. Yes, I mean 1000–1100nit display with touch, support gloves. If you worked as a field engieer, this machine can be your good friend. For finance, it could be an overkill, indoors usaged do not require such high brightness, I would give other option later on.It would come with a handle, Really carry to go…..THEN, WE TALK ABOUT OTHER OPTIONS.ThinkPad P52sHP Elitebook 1040 G4/840 G5If your company give you option to take first-class/Business class flight, you need not to bother to use a small machine. A 15inches proper powered laptop would be a better choice. As for why not P1 but P52s. Well, the biggest drawback of Ps series was weak performance. Now 8th Gen changed everything, 8350U can be as powerful as 7440HQ. Firmly enough for on the go computing, you would expect many ports, though not that many like Panasonic, but good enough, you have extend battery life. Like 11hours seriously usage. Enough to sustain you fly from NJ to Beijing. Basic Edition Quadro would give you good performance for little games on the go, it support 4 displays output. A mechanic dock or USB-C TB3 dock both work.(For myself, I am using a mechanical dock at dorm but a USB-C Dock on the go). NumberPad would be super useful in finance related area. Or accounting, you would love it and hate all other machines do not come with a fully loaded 105Keys.As for HP, 1040 G4 or 840 G5 are comparable machines, you could choose either as you want. 700nit display brightness for 840 G5. Gorgeous keyboard and alloy case. A fashion edition ThinkPad. Also, many ports.Above