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I’m of the opinion, borne out of observation, that if one is interested in affirming one’s faith, cosmology is pretty much accepted prima facie. If one is looking for a reason to reject one’s faith, then any excuse, including arguments for skepticism, brought about over the study of your religion’s cosmology, will do. The believer will maintain their faith, the apostate will abandon their own, regardless.Dictionary: cos·mol·o·gy/käzˈmäləjē/1 the science of the origin and development of the universe. Modern astronomy is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics.An account or theory of the origin of the universe. plural noun: cosmologies.Cosmology: from History of Cosmologyabyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec01.htmlCosmology is the study of the Universe and its components, how it formed, how its has evolved and what is its future. Modern cosmology grew from ideas before recorded history. Ancient man asked questions such as "What's going on around me?" which then developed into "How does the Universe work?", the key question that cosmology asks.To religious studies, cosmology is about a theistically created world ruled by supernatural forces. To scientists, modern cosmology is about developing the most complete and economical as possible understanding of the Universe that is consistent with observations elucidated by natural forces. We will primarily explore the latter type of cosmology in this course.Many of the earliest recorded scientific observations were about cosmology, and pursue of understanding has continued for over 5000 years. Cosmology has exploded in the last 20 years with radically new information about the structure, origin and evolution of the Universe obtained through recent technological advances in telescopes and space observatories and basically has become a search for the understanding of not only what makes up the Universe (the objects within it) but also its overall architecture.Modern cosmology is on the borderland between science and philosophy, close to philosophy because it asks fundamental questions about the Universe, close to science since it looks for answers in the form of empirical understanding by observation and rational explanation. Thus, theories about cosmology operate with a tension between a philosophical urge for simplicity and a wish to include all the Universe's features versus the total complexity of it all.Neolithic Cosmology:Cosmology is as old as humankind. Once primitive social groups developed language, it was a short step to making their first attempts to understand the world around them. Very early cosmology, from Neolithic times of 20,000 to 100,000 years ago, was extremely local. The Universe was what you immediately interacted with. Cosmological things were weather, earthquakes, sharp changes in your environment, etc. Things outside your daily experience appeared supernatural, and so we call this the time of Magic Cosmology.The earliest physical evidence of astronomical and cosmological thinking is a lunar calendar found on a bone fragment in Sub-Saharan Africa dated at about 20,000 BC. Late megalithic structures with astronomical purpose appear in Africa and Europe around 5,000 BC (primitive versions of the famous Stonehenge complex in Britain). It is important to note that these structures and technologies were constructed by numerous different cultures which had had no contact with each other. In other words, the conclusions they reached about the cosmos were universal and the people of time were willing to commit significant resources to express these ideas.Early people projected their own inner thoughts and feelings into an outer animistic world, a world where everything was alive. Through prayers, sacrifices and gifts to the spirits, human beings gained control of the phenomena of their world. This is an anthropomorphic (magic) worldview, of the living earth, water, wind and fire, into which men and women projected their own emotions and motives as the guiding forces, the kind of world one finds in fantasy and fairy tales.The earliest recorded astronomical observation is the Nebra sky disk from northern Europe dating approximately 1,600 BC (see above). This 30 cm bronze disk depicts the Sun, a lunar crescent and stars (including the Pleiades star cluster). The disk is probably a religious symbol as well as a crude astronomical instrument or calendar. In the Western hemisphere, similar understanding of basic stellar and planetary behavior was developing. For example, Native American culture around the same time were leaving rock drawings, or petroglyphs, of astronomical phenomenon. The clearest example is found below, a petroglyph which depicts the 1,006 AD supernova that resulted in the Crab Nebula.Later in history, 5,000 to 20,000 years ago, humankind begins to organize themselves and develop what we now call culture. A greater sense of permanence in your daily existences leads to the development of myths, particularly creation myths to explain the origin of the Universe.Most myths maintain supernatural themes, with gods, divine and semi-divine figures, but there was usually an internal logical consistence to the narrative. Myths are often attempts at a rational explanation of the everyday world, their goal is to teach. Even if we consider some of the stories to be ridiculous, they were, in some sense, our first scientific theories. They also closely follow a particular religion, and this time is characterized by a close marriage of science and religion. We call this the time of Mythical Cosmology.Egyptian/Mesopotamia Cosmology:In the region now know as the Mideast, about 5,000 years ago humankind begins to organize themselves and develop the great Bronze Age cultures. These first great civilizations (clustered about the Nile and Euphrates rivers) gave the common man a greater sense of permanence to their daily existences. This leads to the development of myths, particularly creation myths, to explain the origin of the Universe. Today, we divide the study of cosmology into cosmogony, the study of the creation of the Universe, versus cosmology, the study of the structure and evolution of the Universe (and its destiny). Many of these early creation myths were first attempts at a logical, consistent cosmogony.Historians tend to exaggerate the capabilities of ancient Egyptians, when, in fact, they were a practical culture. The development of cosmology in ancient Egypt followed practical lines. Early man's impressions of the night sky formulated into various myths which then later became the core of Egyptian religion. Since its principal deities were heavenly bodies, a great deal of effort was made by the priesthood to calculate and predict the time and place of their god's appearances. These skills led to the division of the day and night into twelve sections each, the development of a lunar calendar and the development of a solar calendar of 12 30-day months with a special 5-day unit to bring the total to 365 days.Early Egyptians impressions of the night sky formulated into various myths which then later became the core of Egyptian religion. Since its principal deities were heavenly bodies, a great deal of effort was made by the priesthood to calculate and predict the time and place of their god's appearances. Because the sun god, Ra, was the pre-eminent god, the annual solar motion along the horizon was a key astronomical observation for the Egyptians. The timing and position of the northernmost and southernmost turning points, the solstices, ultimately fixed the mythology of Egyptian cosmology. Egyptian legend declares that the sky goddess Nut gives birth to Ra once a year, catalysing both calendar development and the concept of divine royalty plus the matrilineal inheritance of the throne.Nut is often portrayed as a naked female stretched across the sky. The Sun (Ra) is shown entering her mouth, passing through her star speckled body and emerging from her birth canal nine months later (from the spring equinox to the winter solstice). Thus, Ra becomes a self-creating god, i.e. the Universe is self-creating and eternal.By the Old Kingdom, the astronomical/religious zeal of the pharaohs is reflected in the construction of massive pyramids at Giza. Their shape reflects the manner in which clouds and dust scatter sunlight into broad swaths forming stairways to heaven. These were stone pathways to the gods and were oriented to reach the immortal ones, i.e. the northern circumpolar stars.Perhaps the earliest of the combination of mythical and theological ideas is found in the Mesopotamian civilizations (divided into the Old Babylonian, Assyrian, New Babylonian and Late Babylonian periods). The Babylonian myths centered on plurality of the heavens and earth with a six-level universe consisting of three heavens and three earths: two heavens above the sky, the heaven of the stars, the earth, the underground of the Apsu, and the underworld of the dead. The Earth was created by the god Marduk as a raft floating on fresh water (Apsu) surrounded by a vastly larger body of salt water (Tiamat). The gods were divided into two pantheons, one occupying the heavens and the other in the underworld.Babylonian astronomy is noted for their detailed, and continuous, records of astronomical phenomenon such as eclipses, positions of the planets and rise and setting of the Moon. These records date back to 800 B.C. and are the oldest scientific documents in existence. The purpose of this activity was clearly astrological with the aim of forecasting the fortunes of the country as well as of the king. In addition to records, Babylonian astronomers also developed several arithmetic tools to aid in the prediction of eclipses and planetary motion. However, while their record keeping was a novel technology for the time, and their system of stellar names and measurement system was passed onto later civilizations, the Babylonians never developed a cosmological model in which to interpret their observations. Greek astronomers will achieve this goal using the Babylonian data.Greek Cosmology:Perhaps one of the greatest influences on modern thought are the ideas that arose from Greek philosophy between 600 BC and start of the Roman Empire. The works of scholars from this era will influence philosophers and scientists into the 21st century and many of our modern cosmological frameworks have their root in ancient Greek ideas. While many of our first cosmologies were based on myths and legends, it is the Greek philosophical tradition that introduces an intellectual approach based on evidence, reason and debate. While many of their ideas barely qualify as scientific theories, their reliance on mathematics as a tool to understand the Universe remains to this day.The third stage, what makes up the core of modern cosmology, grew out of ancient Greek, later adopted by the Church. The underlying theme in Greek science is the use of observation and experimentation to search for simple, universal laws. We call this the time of Geometric Cosmology.The struggle to formulation a Geometric Cosmology led to the development of the biggest philosophical achievement of humankind, the philosophy of science. Indirectly, through an examination of our myths and creation stories, we developed the ideas and techniques that later would become the core ideas to this thing we call science.Central to Greek cosmology is the belief that the underlying order of the Universe can be expressed in mathematical form lies at the heart of science and is rarely questioned. But is mathematics a human invention or does it have an independent existence?Idealization of physical phenomenon led Plato to hypothesize that there were two Universes, the physical world and an immaterial world of `forms', perfect aspects of everyday things such as a table, bird, and ideas/emotions, joy, action, etc. The objects and ideas in our material world are `shadows' of the forms (see Plato's Allegory of the Cave). This solves the problem of how objects in the material world are all distinct (no two tables are exactly the same) yet they all have `tableness' in common. There are different objects reflecting the `tableness' from the Universe of Forms.Thus, there came into existence two schools of thought. One school is attributed to Plato, and finds that Nature is a structure that is precisely governed by timeless mathematical laws. According to Platonists we do not invent mathematical truths, we discover them. The Platonic world exists and physical world is a shadow of the truths in the Platonic world. This reasoning comes about when we realize (through thought and experimentation) how the behavior of Nature follows mathematics to an extremely high degree of accuracy. The deeper we probe the laws of Nature, the more the physical world disappears and becomes a world of pure math.The other school held that mathematical concepts are mere idealizations of our physical world. The world of absolutes, what is called the Platonic world, has existence only through the physical world. In this case, the mathematical world is the same as the Platonic world and would be thought of as emerging from the world of physical objects.Note that mathematics plays a key role in both worldviews. Mathematics transcends the physical reality that confronts our senses. The fact that mathematical theorems are discovered by several investigators indicates some objective element to mathematical systems (supporting Plato's view). But, since our brains have evolved to reflect the properties of the physical world, it is of no surprise that we discover mathematical relationships in Nature.Anthropocentric Universe:Both Plato and Pythagoras influenced the first logically consistent cosmological worldview, developed by the Greeks in the 4th century B.C. This early cosmology was an extrapolation of the Greek theory of matter proposed by Empedocles. This theory states that all matter in the Universe is composed of some combination of four elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Air. These four elements arise from the working of the two properties of hotness (and its contrary coldness) and dryness (and its contrary wetness) upon an original unqualified or primitive matter. The possible combinations of these two properties of primitive matter give rise to the four elements or elemental forms.Perhaps only a culture whose leaders were involved with logic and geometry would put the concepts of chemistry in such a logical and geometric form. Fire and Water are obvious opposites, and so are Earth and Air. These opposites share no common properties. There are four properties, each shared by two non-opposite elements: fire and air share the property of hotness, water and air the property of wetness, and so on. Since the four elements are two pairs of opposite elements, so also are the four properties - hotness being the opposite of coldness and wetness the opposite of dryness. Each of the four elements was held to exist in an ideal pure form, which could not actually be found on earth. The real things around us were considered impure, or mixed, forms of these four ideal elements. Thus the different airs, or gases, were the form of air mixed with different proportions of the forms of fire or water; smoke was a mixture of the forms of air and earth with some of the form of fire added. But there was an ideal or pure form of earth, air, fire, and water, and the real ones which we see and use were not ideal but of lesser purity. In other words, the real or observed different kinds of the same element are due to different degrees of the same properties. The elements could be changed into one another by removal of one property and addition of another.In a seemingly unrelated discovery, Euclid, a Greek mathematician, proved that there are only five solid shapes that can be made from simple polygons (the triangle, square and pentagon). Plato, strongly influenced by this pure mathematical discovery, revised the four element theory with the proposition that there were five elements to the Universe (earth, water, air, fire and quintessence) in correspondence with the five regular solids.Elements had a natural tendency to separate in space; fire moved outwards, away from the earth, and earth moved inwards, with air and water being intermediate. Thus, each of these five elements occupied a unique place in the heavens (earth elements were heavy and, therefore, low; fire elements were light and located up high). Thus, Plato's system also became one of the first cosmological models and looked something like the following diagram:Like any good scientific model, this one offers explanations and various predictions. For example, hot air rises to reach the sphere of Fire, so heated balloons go up. Note that this model also predicts some incorrect things, such as all the planets revolve around the Earth, called the geocentric theory. The geocentric cosmology becomes the first of many anthropocentric universes, ones where humankind's special nature in the animal world leads to the idea that the Universe is designed for us, or by us.CosmologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) was completed in September 2012 and shows the farthest galaxies ever photographed. Except for the few stars in the foreground (which are bright and easily recognizable because only they have diffraction spikes), every speck of light in the photo is an individual galaxy, some of them as old as 13.2 billion years; the observable universe is estimated to contain more than 2 trillion galaxies.Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is a branch of astronomy concerned with the studies of the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. It is the scientific study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe. Physical cosmology is the scientific study of the universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and its ultimate fate, as well as the laws of science that govern these areas.The term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's Glossographia, and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in Cosmologia Generalis.Religious or mythological cosmology is a body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation myths and eschatology.Physical cosmology is studied by scientists, such as astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and time. Because of this shared scope with philosophy, theories in physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions, and may depend upon assumptions that cannot be tested. Cosmology differs from astronomy in that the former is concerned with the Universe as a whole while the latter deals with individual celestial objects. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics; more specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model.Theoretical astrophysicist David N. Spergel has described cosmology as a "historical science" because "when we look out in space, we look back in time" due to the finite nature of the speed of lightBiblical cosmologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaBiblical cosmology is the biblical writers' conception of the cosmos as an organised, structured entity, including its origin, order, meaning and destiny.The Bible was formed over many centuries, involving many authors, and reflects shifting patterns of religious belief; consequently, its cosmology is not always consistent. Nor do the biblical texts necessarily represent the beliefs of all Jews or Christians at the time they were put into writing: the majority of those making up Hebrew Bible or Old Testament in particular represent the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient Israelite community, the members of a late Judean religious tradition centered in Jerusalem and devoted to the exclusive worship of Yahweh.The ancient Israelites envisaged a universe made up of a flat disc-shaped Earth floating on water, heaven above, underworld below. Humans inhabited Earth during life and the underworld after death, and the underworld was morally neutral; only in Hellenistic times (after c.330 BCE) did Jews begin to adopt the Greek idea that it would be a place of punishment for misdeeds, and that the righteous would enjoy an afterlife in heaven. In this period too the older three-level cosmology in large measure gave way to the Greek concept of a spherical earth suspended in space at the center of a number of concentric heavens. The opening words of the Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1:1-26) sum up a view of how the cosmos originated: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"; Yahweh, the God of Israel, was solely responsible for creation and had no rivals. Later Jewish thinkers, adopting ideas from Greek philosophy, concluded that God's Wisdom, Word and Spirit penetrated all things and gave them unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and identified Jesus with the Logos (Word): "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God"Ex nihilo : Around the time of Jesus or a little earlier, the Greek idea that God had actually created matter replaced the older idea that matter had always existed, but in a chaotic state. This concept, called creatio ex nihilo, is now the accepted orthodoxy of most denominations of Judaism and Christianity. Most denominations of Christianity and Judaism believe that a single, uncreated God was responsible for the creation of the cosmos.Great chain of beingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from Didacus Valades, Rhetorica ChristianaThe Great Chain of Being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought in medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain starts with God and progresses downward to angels, demons (fallen/renegade angels), stars, moon, kings, princes, nobles, commoners, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, other plants, precious stones, precious metals and other minerals.The Great Chain of Being (Latin: scala naturae, "Ladder of Being") is a concept derived from Plato, Aristotle (in his Historia Animalium), Plotinus and Proclus. Further developed during the Middle Ages, it reached full expression in early modern Neoplatonism.CosmologyThe ChainSt Thomas Aquinas classified all beings by rank.GodGod is at the top of the chain and is also external to creation. God exists outside the physical limitations of time and space. He possesses the spiritual attributes of reason, love, and imagination, like all spiritual beings, but he alone possesses the divine attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence. God serves as the model of authority for the strongest, most virtuous, most excellent type of being within any category.Angelic beings( Christian angelology)Angels are beings of pure spirit who have no physical bodies of their own. In order to affect the physical world, angels build temporary bodies for themselves out of particles of earthly elements.Medieval and Renaissance theologians believed angels to possess reason, love, imagination, and, like God, to stand outside the physical limitations of time.They possess sensory awareness unbound by physical organs, and they possess language. They lacked, however, the divine attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence of God, and they simultaneously lacked the physical passions experienced by humans and animals. Depending upon the author, the class of angels is further subdivided into three, seven, nine, or ten ranks, variously known as triads, orders, or choirs. Each rank has greater power and responsibility than the entities below them. The most common classification is that of Pseudo-Dionysios adopted for example by St. Thomas Aquinas.Seraphim (seraph is the primate, or superior type of angel)CherubimThrones (Ophanim)DominionsVirtuesPowersPrincipalitiesArchangelsAngelsHumanityFor Medieval and Renaissance thinkers, humans occupy a unique position on the Chain of Being, straddling the world of spiritual beings and the world of physical creation. Humans possess divine powers such as reason, love, and imagination. Like angels, humans are spiritual beings, but unlike angels, human souls are "knotted" to a physical body. As such, they are subject to passions and physical sensations—pain, hunger, thirst, sexual desire—just like other animals lower on the Chain of Being. They also possess the powers of reproduction unlike the minerals and rocks lowest on the Chain of Being. Humans have a particularly difficult position, balancing the divine and the animalistic parts of their nature. For instance, an angel is only capable of intellectual sin such as pride (as evidenced by Lucifer's fall from heaven in Christian belief). Humans, however, are capable of both intellectual sin and physical sins such as lust and gluttony if they let their animal appetites overrule their divine reason. Humans also possess sensory attributes: sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell. Unlike angels, however, their sensory attributes are limited by physical organs (they could only know things discerned through the five senses). The highest-ranking human being is the king.AnimalsCharles Bonnet's chain of being from Traité d'insectologie, 1745Animals, like humans higher on the chain, are animated (capable of independent motion). They possess physical appetites and sensory attributes, the number depending upon their position within the Chain of Being. They have limited intelligence and awareness of their surroundings. Unlike humans, they lack spiritual and mental attributes such as immortal souls and the ability to use logic and language. The primate of all animals (the "king of beasts") was variously thought to be either the lion or the elephant. However, each subgroup of animals also has its own primate, an avatar superior in qualities of its type.-Mammalian primate: lion or elephant Wild animals (large cats, etc.)"Useful" domesticated animals (horse, dog, etc.)"Tame" domesticated animals (housecat, etc.)-Avian primate: eagleBirds of prey (hawks, owls, etc.)Carrion birds (vultures, crows)"Worm-eating" birds (robin, etc.)"Seed-eating" birds (sparrow, etc.)Note that avian creatures, linked to the element of air, are considered superior to aquatic creatures linked to the element of water. Air naturally tends to rise and soar above the surface of water, and analogously, aerial creatures are placed higher in the chain.-Piscine primate: whale Aquatic mammals Sharks Fish of various sizes and attributesThe chart would continue to descend through various reptiles, amphibians, and insects. The higher up the chart one went, the more noble, mobile, strong, and intelligent the creature in Renaissance belief. At the very bottom of the animal section, we find sessile creatures like the oysters, clams, and barnacles. Like the plants below them, these creatures lack mobility, and are thought to lack various sensory organs such as sight and hearing. However, they are still superior to plants because they have tactile and gustatory senses (touch and taste).PlantsPlants, like other living creatures, possess the ability to grow in size and reproduce. However, they lack mental attributes and possess no sensory organs. Instead, their gifts include the ability to eat soil, air, and "heat." Plants did have greater tolerances for heat and cold, and immunity to the pain that afflicts most animals. At the very bottom of the botanical hierarchy, fungi and mosses, lacking leaf and blossom, are so limited in form that Renaissance thinkers thought them scarcely above the level of minerals. However, each plant was also thought to be gifted with various edible or medicinal virtues unique to its own type.Trees, with the primate: the oak treeShrubsBushes"Crops" (such as wheat)HerbsFernsWeedsMossesFungiMineralsCreations of the earth, the lowest of elements, all minerals lack the plant's basic ability to grow and reproduce. They also lack mental attributes and sensory organs found in beings higher on the chain. Their unique gifts, however, are typically their unusual solidity and strength. Many minerals, in fact, were thought to possess magical powers, particularly gems. The mineral primate is the diamond.-Lapidarical primate: diamond Diamonds Rubies Emeralds Sapphires, etc.-Metallic primate: gold Gold Silver Iron (and steel)Bronze Copper, etc--Geological primate: marble Marble Granite Sandstone Limestone, etc.-Minute particles (gravel, sand, soil, etc.)Other religions developed their own cosmologies.Religious cosmologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaReligious cosmology is an explanation of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe, from a religious perspective. This may include beliefs on origin in the form of a creation myth, subsequent evolution, current organizational form and nature, and eventual fate or destiny. There are various traditions in religion or religious mythology asserting how and why everything is the way it is and the significance of it all. Religious cosmologies describe the spatial lay-out of the universe in terms of the world in which people typically dwell as well as other dimensions, such as the seven dimensions of religion; these are ritual, experience and emotional, narrative and mythical, doctrinal, ethical, social, and material. Religious mythologies may include descriptions of an act or process of creation by a creator deity or a larger pantheon of deities, explanations of the transformation of chaos into order, or the assertion that existence is a matter of endless cyclical transformations. Religious cosmology differs from a strictly scientific cosmology informed by the results of the study of astronomy and similar fields, and may differ in conceptualizations of the world's physical structure and place in the universe, its creation, and forecasts or predictions on its future. The scope of religious cosmology is more inclusive than a strictly scientific cosmology (physical cosmology) in that religious cosmology is not limited to experiential observation, testing of hypotheses, and proposals of theories; for example, religious cosmology may explain why everything is the way it is or seems to be the way it is and prescribing what humans should do in context. Variations in religious cosmology include those of Indian origin, such as Buddhism, Hindu, and Jain; the religious beliefs of China; and, the beliefs of the Abrahamic faiths, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Religious cosmologies have often developed into the formal logics of metaphysical systems, such as Platonism, Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, Daoism, Kabbalah, or the great chain of being.Abrahamic :Judaism and Christianity: See Above.IslamCosmology according to Zakariya al-Qazwini. The Earth is considered flat and surrounded by a series of mountains—including Mount Qaf. Earth is supported by an ox that stands on Bahamut dwelling in a cosmic ocean; the ocean is inside a bowl that sits on top of an angel or jinn.Islam teaches that God created the universe, including Earth's physical environment and human beings. The highest goal is to visualize the cosmos as a book of symbols for meditation and contemplation for spiritual upliftment or as a prison from which the human soul must escape to attain true freedom in the spiritual journey to God.Below here there are some other citations from the Quran on cosmology."And the heavens We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander." 51:47 Sahih International"Do not the unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" 21:30 Yusuf Ali translation"The day that We roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books (completed),- even as We produced the first creation, so shall We produce a new one: a promise We have undertaken: truly shall We fulfil it." 21:104 Yusuf Ali translationIndianBuddhismIn Buddhism, like other Indian religions, there is no ultimate beginning nor final end to the universe. It considers all existence as eternal, and believes there is no creator god.Buddhism views the universe as impermanent and always in flux. This cosmology is the foundation of its Samsara theory, that evolved over time the mechanistic details on how the wheel of mundane existence works over the endless cycles of rebirth and redeath. In early Buddhist traditions, Saṃsāra cosmology consisted of five realms through which wheel of existence recycled. This included hells (niraya), hungry ghosts (pretas), animals (tiryak), humans (manushya), and gods (devas, heavenly).In latter traditions, this list grew to a list of six realms of rebirth, adding demi-gods (asuras). The "hungry ghost, heavenly, hellish realms" respectively formulate the ritual, literary and moral spheres of many contemporary Buddhist traditions.According to Akira Sadakata, the Buddhist cosmology is far more complex and uses extraordinarily larger numbers than those found in Vedic and post-Vedic Hindu traditions. It also shares many ideas and concepts, such as those about Mount Meru. The Buddhist thought holds that the six cosmological realms are interconnected, and everyone cycles life after life, through these realms, because of a combination of ignorance, desires and purposeful karma, or ethical and unethical actions.HinduThe Hindu cosmology, like the Buddhist and Jain cosmology, considers all existence as cyclic. With its ancient roots, Hindu texts propose and discuss numerous cosmological theories. Hindu culture accepts this diversity in cosmological ideas and has lacked a single mandatory view point even in its oldest known Vedic scripture, the Rigveda. Alternate theories include a universe cyclically created and destroyed by god, or goddess, or no creator at all, or a golden egg or womb (Hiranyagarbha), or self-created multitude of universes with enormous lengths and time scales.The Vedic literature includes a number of cosmology speculations, one of which questions the origin of the cosmos and is called the Nasadiya sukta:Neither being (sat) nor non-being was as yet. What was concealed?And where? And in whose protection?…Who really knows?Who can declare it? Whence was it born, and whence came this creation?The devas (gods) were born later than this world's creation,so who knows from where it came into existence? None can know from wherecreation has arisen, and whether he has or has not produced it.He who surveys it in the highest heavens,He alone knows or perhaps He does not know."—Rig Veda 10. 129Time is conceptualized as a cyclic Yuga with trillions of years. In some models, Mount Meru plays a central role. Beyond its creation, Hindu cosmology posits divergent theories on the structure of the universe, from being 3 lokas to 12 lokas (worlds) which play a part in its theories about rebirth, samsara and karma. The complex cosmological speculations found in Hinduism and other Indian religions, states Bolton, is not unique and are also found in Greek, Roman, Irish and Babylonian mythologies, where each age becomes more sinful and of suffering.JainJain cosmology considers the loka, or universe, as an uncreated entity, existing since infinity, having no beginning or an end.Jain texts describe the shape of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arm resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is narrow at the top, broad at the middle and once again becomes broad at the bottom.Mahāpurāṇa of Ācārya Jinasena is famous for this quote:Some foolish men declare that a creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill advised and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before the creation? If you say he was transcendent then and needed no support, where is he now? How could God have made this world without any raw material? If you say that he made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression.ChineseThere is a "primordial universe" Wuji (philosophy), and Hongjun Laozu, water or qi. It transformed into Taiji and multiplied into everything. The Pangu legend tells a formless chaos coalesced into a cosmic egg. Pangu emerged (or woke up) and separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the Earth (murky Yin) and the Sky (clear Yang). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. After Pangu died, he became everything.Esoteric cosmologyEsoteric cosmology is cosmology that is an intrinsic part of an esoteric or occult system of thought. Esoteric cosmology maps out the universe with planes of existence and consciousness according to a specific worldview usually from a doctrine.GnosticismGnostic teachings were contemporary with those of Neoplatonism. Gnosticism is an imprecise label, covering monistic as well as dualistic conceptions. Usually the higher worlds of Light, called the Pleroma or "fullness", are radically distinct from the lower world of Matter. The emanation of the Pleroma and its godheads (called Aeons) is described in detail in the various Gnostic tracts, as is the pre-creation crisis (a cosmic equivalent to the "fall" in Christian thought) from which the material world comes about, and the way that the divine spark can attain salvation.Serer religionYoonir, symbol of the Universe in Serer religion.Serer religion posits that, Roog, the creator deity, is the point of departure and conclusion. As farming people, trees play an important role in Serer religious cosmology and creation mythology. The Serer high priests and priestesses (the Saltigues) chart the Star of Sirius known as Yoonir in the Serer language and some of the Cangin languages. This star enables them to give accurate information as to when Serer farmers should start planting seeds among other things relevant to Serer lives and Serer country. The Star of Yoonir is the symbol of the universe in Serer cosmology and creation mythology.A similar set of beliefs related also to Sirius, has been observed among Dogon people of Mali.In my own view, Jungian psychology offers an understanding of this inner, or spiritual landscape with it’s Archetypal beings as psychic forms in it, but the Jungian view is not religious, it is a tool of psychology and doesn’t fill the role of religion, neither should it.Jungian archetypesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCarl Jung understood archetypes as universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious and are the psychic counterpart of instinct. They are inherited potentials which are actualized when they enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world. They are autonomous and hidden forms which are transformed once they enter consciousness and are given particular expression by individuals and their cultures. In Jungian psychology, archetypes are highly developed elements of the collective unconscious. The existence of archetypes can only be deduced indirectly by using story, art, myths, religions, or dreams.In theory, Jungian archetypes refer to unclear underlying forms or the archetypes-as-such from which emerge images and motifs such as the mother, the child, the trickster, and the flood among others. History, culture and personal context shape these manifest representations thereby giving them their specific content. These images and motifs are more precisely called archetypal images. However it is common for the term archetype to be used interchangeably to refer to both archetypes-as-such and archetypal images.

MAYBE THIS IS WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING FORThey say X is Y.But Y is just messed up X.They say Y is about X, they say Y is a more advanced X, but it turns out Y is better translated as Z.Z is part of X, but better translated as X than Y.You say Y is complex, but isn't it really Z, and Z is really X?We know X is not Y, so Z must be X not Y, because Z is like X, and X is not like Y.Of course if Y hss advantage Q, X could be too R, but then it would be too R, and why think that R is important if Y is Z which is X?If Z is the nature of Y, it seems that Z would be more R, suggesting that X would be more Q. If Y does not realize Z, Y still looks messed up.There could also be X that is perfectly Q, after all we already know Y is too Z, Z is like X, and X is important.—Brilliant Strategy…MORE ADVICEFirst of all a priceless tip: Very often those who do the very best simply follow their own good judgment. Situations can be different, the below advice is only if you’ve already decided you stand to benefit.Let’s say your goal is something like being historically great, or taking a course at Yale. Not necessarily literally 200 IQ… let’s say, closer to that than normal. Not everyone at Yale has 200 IQ, as far as I know.I don't define your IQ, YOU DO.I’ll give you a little folio, dictionary actually.DietFirst of all, if you have brain damage or trouble thinking, eating fish can be an important step. Not just one time, but a lot of times. It doesn’t matter if the fish is raw, or cooked, as long as it isn’t rotten. However, most people who eat fish like fish cooked, or from a can. To eat fish from a can you will need to buy a can opener or buy cans of fish that have an easy-open tab (but don’t buy pet food).One of the most important things after fish is to drink / eat dairy products like milk, chocolate milk, milkshakes, yogurt, and ice cream. Dairy can be an important part of being able to think normally.The third most significant factor may be to eat bread. Bread, also called carbohydrates, includes things like sandwich bread, whole wheat bread, crackers, potato chips, pretzels, pizza, and sometimes sweeter things. Eating bread can increase your average mental energy and prevent you from becoming malnourished. If your diet is very poor, you may need to eat a lot of bread before you really get to the milk.StimulationFor long-term happiness, try a mixture of tea, sprite, and occasional chocolate. It can also help to adopt a philosophical mentality and avoid extremes of pleasure and hardship.If you try caffeine, err on the side of tea and milk.For high productivity in the short term, some people drink coffee, but this can become a lifelong habit, so delay coffee as long as possible if you still have control of your caffeine habit. However, you may find you get zero results until you at least eat some sugary things.Avoid hard drugs if the goal is wisdom and survival. Serious drugs can also result in persecution by the legal system, which can result in the dangers of prison-time. Avoid risk, because it can be too distracting.Avoid dependence on weird drugs. One exception is Jiagulan recently marketed from China and Vietnam. Jiaogulan tea (if you know how to make tea from tealeaves using a tea filter) can improve memory and cognitive function allowing you to focus on just what you want to work on. However, it sometimes creates slight vision problems, irregular sleep cycles, and is bad for pregnant mothers.RelationshipsIf your goal is genius in relationships, relationships are unavoidable. However, that might not always be the case unless you are an extrovert.See if you can choose between being an extreme extrovert and an extreme introvert. As you begin to solve problems, try becoming more moderate. Or if your problems are already solved, you may already be moderate.Avoid relationships which kill your inspiration. But try not to be hard on people.Develop diplomatic relationships where possible.Create strategy, avoid adversity.Roughly, become either a philosopher, or develop a career, or be a leader.Sadly, once you assume there is a struggle, being thought of as a genius is more about ambition than it is about human relationships.People will generally think you're not a genius unless you overperform in some way.…GreatnessBasically, no one has more than 2.5 / 3 properties of Wealth, Popularity, and Originality. And 0.5 above two actually requires cheating.Jesus cheated by being famous and obscure. Henry Ford cheated by being a poor rich boy. Nathan Coppedge cheated by being a stupid genius. Basically everyone who reaches 2.5 points has at least one primary method of cheating using contradiction.Greatness can be complicated to master, but very basically you want to either be artistic or famous.If you are not at least a little bit famous at some point, the chances that you are extremely artistic are small. You need to see this logically.It also helps to maximize money, but this is not common with artistic people.You may need to be unique. But if you change your actual name people will not trust you enough to make you famous.The biggest cheat remaining if you assume an average life is to work hard, using the best available information. However, the ironic truth here is you will probably benefit most from using results already suggested from Nathan Coppedge’s work. If you do this, don’t feel guilty, just make sure you use the material legally. The major benefit here is for computer programmers and engineers.…Great Philosophy, ShortcutGREAT PHILOSOPHY HISTORICAL MODEL BY NATHAN COPPEDGEWhat is obvious? [input]Opposite of obvious? [input]What is trivial in this time? [input]Pathetic argument that might win? [input]What is the better 2-step of [trivial]?WISE ANSWER? [input]What is most required for [trivial]???You will find it is [WISE ANSWER]PRIMARY INVENTION [WISE ANSWER]That wishes for [trivial]Philosopher is remembered as studying [Opposite of obvious]MAJOR WORK 1: [Opposite of obvious] application of [WISE ANSWER].MAJOR WORK 2: Theory missing [trivial]MAJOR WORK 3: In more than one way [trivial] is [obvious]MAJOR WORK 4: [trivial] is also [opposite of obvious]MAJOR WORK 5: [obvious] IT IS… BUT IT IS ALSO [opposite of obvious]MAJOR WORK 6: Variations on concepts of [trivial]Higher Art Form: [opposite of obvious] WITH [trivial]…Inventing, ShortcutCome up with your own unique ideas!Major categories: Practical, Abstract, Logic, Combinations, Languages.Then apply each major category to the following list:[biggest idea] super useful[biggest idea] applied everywhere[biggest idea] working with it’s opposite[biggest idea] applied to a big problem[biggest idea] involving applied communication—Credit: Brian Coppedge…Inventing, Harder-working method:Inventing, Research method:1 IMPOSSIBILITY, 2 ACCOUNTING, 3 MATHEMATICS, 4 ABILITY TESTING, 5 ANTIMATTER, 6 AOPPOSITES, 7 AARCHITECTURE, 8 ALOGIC, 9 SEMANTICS, 10 ART, 11 UNIVERSAL GOVERNMENT, 12 EXTREME EXCEPTIONS, 13 TOTALLY ROMANTIC, 14 IMPOSSIBLE RIDDLES AND QUESTS, 15 THE PERFECT CRITICAL OBSERVER, 16 DELICIOUS REALIZATION, 17 HUMBLE SERENITY, 18 GREATNESS, LARGELY AMBIGUOSITY, 19 IMPISH VIRTUES, 20 BIG EXPLOSION, 21 SUPREME EXALTATION, HUMBLE MASTERY, 22 TOUR OF THE KINGDOM, 23 SIMPLE LANGUAGE, 24 FLYING FLYING A KITE, 25 GNOSTIC SPECULATION, 26 CONJURY STRANGE CONJURATIONS, 27 PARADE OF YOUR DREAMS, 28 BIG FETISH, 29 IM GONNA TAKE A BIG VACATION, 30 OBSCENE CLEVERNESS, FABRICATION, 31 THE GRAND WORK, 32 SAVING IT FOR A RAINY DAY, 33 PERVERSITY, 34 TO INNOCULATE ONESELF AGAINST THE WORLD, 35 ISOLATION, 36 COMEUPPANCE, 37 GEOMETRY, 38 FIGURES, 39 DRAMAS, 40 FRIENDSHIP, 41 A QUIZ, 42 GETTING TECHNICAL / EASY TRICK / (EVERYONE GETS SERIOUS), 43 GOOD HYGIENE / GOOD HI / CHECK UP / MAINTAINING CONDITIONS, 44 REWARDING BEHAVIOR / TREASURE HUNT / MATTERING MORE, 45 TRIVIALITIES, 46 DEVILISH TEA PARTY / DEVILICIOUS / DEVIL-I.G.S.H.S., 47 YARDWORK / OCCUPATION / GARDENING / SKETCHING, 48 SIMULATION / SIMULATING GOD, 49 MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE / HEAVEN ON EARTH / PLENTIFUL OPTIMISM / LYING THE LIE / DIFFICULT SAVE, 50 TELLING THE LIE / MAKE UP / ESTRANGEMENT / PECULIARITY, 51 BON VOYAGE / GOOD VOYAGE, 52 VAIN CONTRAPTION / UTILITARIAN / FREE INCOME, 53 IN A DIFFICULT WAY / THE DIFFICULT WAY / IN HARM'S WAY / TESTING THE LIMITS / PRODIGY / EMANCIPATION / TRAPWORK / LIMITS / CALCULUS / IN DANGER OF BURNING UP / INFLECTION (NOT REALLY / SERIOUSLY), 54 SACRIFICE / WAR / MASTURBATION / WIPING THE DECK / TRAGIC CHARACTER, 55 REQUISITIONING / THE CHASE / FOOL'S ERRAND / FIND ME ON EASY STREET / PICKETING / COLLECT TAXES / A PROCEDURAL, 56 THROW A PARTY / HOST HONORARIES / DEMAND REPARATIONS / APPLAUD BEHAVIOR, 57 EXTREME PUZZLEMENT / SELECTIVITY / SHOT IN THE FOOT, 58 IMPOSSIBLE STANDARDS, 59 ROLL OUT THE RED CARPET / GOD THE CELIBRITY / ALONE WITH TIME / BIG LIE, 60 PLAY DEAD, PLAY GHOST, KEEP HOUSE, ORDER OUT, MAKE MATTERS MEET, BE CAREFUL WITH THE INSTRUMENTS, DAY AT THE PARK, 61 MAKING THE WORLD MY CANVAS, HISTORIOLOGY, PHOTOGENICS, BOLD STATEMENTS, LOUSY DAY AT THE FAIR, 62 EXPLORING, ASSESSING THE LANDSCAPE, CHECKING THE CURVES, EATING UP TIME, MAKING MY SIGNATURE ON THE WORLD, 63 SHOWING OFF, MAKING A GRAND AFFAIR, BREAKNECK SPEED, TIME IN THE SANDBOX, RESILIENT STATEMENTS, MASTER MAN, 64 HARD WORK, BIG ORGASM, FRESH PRODUCE, DIFFICULT LIFE, FIRST DIBS, ITERATION, WINDOWS, 65 PICKING UP THE PIECES, KIGORI, WINDOW REPAIR, THERE IS GOLD IN THE DETAILS, DECORATION, 66 COMMONNESS, SATISFACTION, STRENGTH, STAMINA, CONSTITUTION, VERVE, PANACHE, 67 SPOOKY HOUSE, CAREFUL ARRANGEMENTS, BIG SURPRISE, APOLOGIES, 68 KARYGMA, SPECIAL TOUGHNESS, STICK-TOITIVENESS, DINT, EN MAJORE, REVOLUTION, ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE, ESPIONAGE 2, 69 DO A LITTLE TIDYING, SERIOUS WORKMANSHIP, UTILITIES, HOPOVER / HELICOPTER, WISHING FOR GOLD AT THE END OF THE RAINBOW, SENTIMENTALITY, SAD AND GLAD, PEACHES AND CREAM, DELICIOUS REWARDS, KIND WORDS, 70 BIG CONTRAPTION, BRINGING ON THE GUNS, IN THE WORKS, HEAVY INDUSTRY, SHADOW OF A DOUBT, HARD-HITTING, CONTRABAND, REGULARITIES, HISTORIC ANOMALIES, GHOST OF HISTORY, 71 INDRA'S NET /NET OF IN-GRID, TEST-TABLE, REAL VIRTUES, HELPER OUT, RUDE PREDICAMENT, RISING FROM THE DEAD, SUMMONS-SUMMONING, CROSSFIRE, DEAD WISHES, SENTRYMAN, GHOST OF CHANCE, 72 VIBRATOR, OBLIGATION, COMMITMENT, TURN THE TABLES, PHYSICAL PRECEDENT, MOVIE, ABILITY, TENT FORT, TALKING TO THIN AIR, HALLUCINATION, 73 SUPERFICIAL, SEE INVISIBLE, (INFRAVISION), 74 TRY IT ON, POSSIBLY TRY IT, POSSIBLY YOULL LIKE IT, HALF-OFF, PRICETAG, NICELY WORN, SCARF, BAG, HANDKERCHIEF, BRACELET, NICE SHOES, DOLL UP, 75 THOUGHTS OF SUICIDE, GATOR HUNTING, TROUBLE IN THE BREECH, HARMS WAY, CALLING IT QUITS, CERTAIN DEATH, UNCERTAIN EXISTENCE, 76 PLAIN NOODLES, (SPAGHETTI NOODLES), UNCLE SAM, (AMERICA], HUNGRY DAD, (ZOMBIES), MARGARINE, (BUTTER), BUTTERED CRESCENTS, (CROISSANTS), ENTITLEMENT, (PRIVILEGES), 77 THE EMBARGO, PLAY IT AGAIN SAM, (JAPANESE), HOODIES, PERISHABLES, WITNESSING CHANGE, TEMPERATE ART, (SHAKESPEARE), 78 SHUCKS, STUPIDITY, CROSSING MYSELF, THE IRON ROAD TO WHATSIT, CANDY CORNS, (CANDYLAND), HALLOWEEN, 79 SECOND REGRETS, PILGRAMAGES, LATENT POSSIBILITY, HEAVY CRUMB, 80 DOORLATCH, LATCH KEY, HISTORY MUSEUM, PSYCHIC INFERENCE, LOGICAL RATIOCITATION, TURN THE KEY, OPEN THE LOCK, IT IS A GREAT MYSTERY, BLINDFOLDED, 81 SMALL VICTORIES, CALMING DOWN, ASSESSING THE GAUGE, AWAKENING IN THE MORNING, TURNING THE DIAL, SWIFT EXIT, CHANGING THE ORDER, PARENTOIA PARETONIUM, 82 BUSY TOY, BUSINESS TOY, HIT A BRICK WALL, 83 LIGHTLY TOUSSLED, HETEROGENEOUS, MIXED UP, QUIT LINE, FED UP, BRICKLAYERS GILT (BRICKLAYERS GUILD), 84 THE LABYRINTH (MAZES), QUEST ITEMS (MAGIC ITEMS), FABULOUS (WONDER), A TALL ORDER (HIGH QUALIFICATIONS), SACRILEGE (BLASPHEMY), MEN ON MARS (MARS MISSION), LAWS OF LOVE (RATIONALISM 2), TREANT (ANIMISM), 85 LETS HAVE A QUICK CHAT, 86 DAYDREAMING, 87 SOUR CREAM, DENSE VEGETATION, CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS, 88 SMALL DIFFERENCES AND LIMITS, CALCULUS, PROPERTIES ENTRY, DESPERATE CASE, PSYCHOLOGY, MACRO, CATCH IT WHILE YOU CAN, 89 DEATH, SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, THE GRUELING ENCOUNTER, COMING TO A BLANK WALL, DEAD END, 90 DENIAL, SICK FEELING (Flip of 89), 91 SIMPLE TRICK, EXPLAINING HOW IT WORKS, TEST SUBJECT, TOUGH NOOGIES, 92 SELECTING A VICTIM, MAKE THEM DISAPPEAR, WHO WILL BE WISER, WHAT DO YOU KNOW, SHES GONE, 93 STARSTRUCK, SECOND DENIAL, TYING UP BUSINESS, GETTING OUT OF JOHNSON CITY, 94 SINCERE THOUGHTS, POSSIBLE PROBLEM, TALL TALES, HE GOT A WHATSIT, 95 NEXT WINDCUMJIG, HORRIBLY BIG WONDERFUL IDEA, KEEPING HOPE ALIVE, 96 WIND BLADDER, HORSESHOE MAGNET, THIS IS A TYPICAL IDEA, GOD GAVE ME THIS SOLUTION, PIPEDREAM, 97 LETS FIGURE THIS OUT, LONG-TERM PLANNING, NEXT ITEM ON OUR AGENDA, THE PRESSING CONCERN IS, 98 A WORKING WINDCOMEJIG, ITS DIFFICULT, TRY OUTS, DONT QUESTION MY METHODS, ITS GOD, DOOR TO DOOR SALESMAN, 99 EYES ON THE PRIZE, PRACTICAL MAN, EVERYDAY JOE, THE DEVIL TELLS IT LIKE IT IS, HISTORYS WAITING, 100 THE ARTIST, WISE MANS DREAM, COMING UP TO A STATUE, A PIECE OF LANDSCAPE, IM NOT AN IDOLATER, BEWARE OF WHATS INSIDE, WERE IN A PICKLE, ITS A METAPHOR, REAL TRUTHS ARE COMMON PLACE, THATS THE DREAM, 101 THE OVERWHELMING, THE UNDERWHELMING, MODUS PONENS, EQUATIONS AND EQUALITY, EQUAVERACITY, THE PELTLAND, 102 THE HEADLANDS, BLARNEY, DIFFICULT METER, CROOKED THINGS, FOMENTATION, MAGIC WORD OF OZ (WIZARD OF OZ), 103 UNDERTAKER: AHEAD OF THE CREEPS, UNDERTONES: REASSURING SOUNDS (?), UNDERWENT: UNDER THE WORLD, UNDREMPT: ANGELS, DEADLY FALLS: ARCHETYPES, TERRIBLE TURNS: TARRY IN A TURNING, TAKING A NIGHTY: NIHILISM, BLIND DREAM: THE DREAM WITH THE MASTER, HARROW'S TURN: WITCHERY, DEATHLY HORRORS: BOGUS SUMS, DEADLY CREEPS, DAWN OF REALIZATION, 104 ATOM BOMB, BIG SECRET, TERRIBLE EFFORT, CONFUSING WINE, DOUBLE DUTY, BIG PICKLE, DEVILED EGGS, BREEZY NIGHT, PLAYING IT QUICK, LOOSE SKIPPER, FINAL DESTINATION, 105 BATON ROUGE, COMPUTER DEPARTMENT, FILM GUIDE, PICTURE CHART, DIVING, GOING OUT TO DINNER: REALISM, 106 FADE AWAY, HOLSTERS, DICKENS, DICKENSON, CALLING YOU OUT, PICKING UP THE GOODS AT THE GREEN GROCER, LITERALITY, BIRMINGHAM, 107 COVER YOUR EYES, WHAT DO YOU SEE?, THE GREAT ECLIPSE, FAMILIARITY, RECOGNITION, JUST AS WISE, 108 THE OL' THING, OLD PROGRAM, COINCIDENCE, MOTHER CULTURE, PHARMAKON, 109 WHATSIT CALLED, NOT FAMILIAR WITH THAT ONE, SENSING SOME NEGATIVITY, WHAT IN TARNATION, DOING A DOUBLE, STRANGE CREATURES LIVE ABOUT THESE PARTS, COURAGE TAKE HIM, 110 WIZARD SPELL, 111 NOTA BENE, NOTE FOR LATER, STIPULATION, SWEET IDEA, CHINESE, 112 ERECTION, MOSSY ROCK, PET PROJECT, MUSICAL ENSEMBLE, EASY LISTENING, RETARDED IDEA, 113 CLASSICAL ARTISAN, STAPLER, HOLEPUNCHER, BINDER, RIVETING MACHINE, ARCHER, WELDER, FRAMER, PIXIE, TEACHER, TYPER, MORTIMER, FAMOUS PERSON, HARLOT, GRINDER, SCULPTOR 2, 114 DIVING BELL, SHANK, PICCOLO, DERVISH 2, AURORA, HASPBURG, MIXTURE OF, PUT ON THE HEAT, TEMPERATURE, GRADIENT, MOISTURE, COLLECTION, WHIPS, RAISSONEMENT, PASTURE, FLAVOR, PASTOR, MITERING, CORNICE, BEVELING, ORNAMENT 2, GRAVATO, CRENULATIONS, WORCESTER SAUCE, 115 SUICIDE, SELF-EMOLATION, INTENTIONAL PROBLEMS, AESTHETIC TRAP (GOD TRAP 2), 116 GETTING THE CREEPS, IMMOLATION, WHAT A LOVELY WATERFALL, PAN-DIMENSIONAL, GODS CONSPIRING, BROKEN ROOF, NOT ALL IS WELL IN PLEASANTVILLE, 117 AESTHETIC PUZZLE, BLOCKHEAD, METAL PIECES, LITTLE SCREW-HOLES, TENUOUS CONNECTIONS, LITTLE PINS, FIGURE-IT-OUTER, WHAT A DILEMMA, CUT IT DOWN TO SIZE, MARBLE AND PLASTER (IF YOU GET MARRIED YOU NEED A BLASTER), CUTTING THE GORDIAN KNOT (BIG COMEDY), YOU CAN MASTURBATE TOO, 118 BALANCE, HAZY GUESSES, PURE THEORY, TRAINING WHEELS, 3RD WHEEL (AKHENATON), ESCAPE INTO NIGHT, ECLIPSE, APOCALYPSE, ELLIPSIS, DAQUERY, QUERY, COMMAND LINE, DEAFNESS, CLIMBING ALTITUDE, 119 PERFECT PUZZLE, 120 NEWTON'S CRADLE, KNICK-KNACKS, APPORTIONATE NUMBERS, GLUER'S GLUE, MONTEPELIER, ATTENTION-GRABBER, ORCHESTRATION 2, DIFFIDENCE, CROP ROTATOR, 121 JUST DREAMING, ROBOTS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP, CYBORG SEX, PERFECT CARTEL, TAKE-DOWN, TALK ABOUT TOWN, EXTREME CONDITIONS, NERVOUS BREAKDOWN, 122 ARC OF THE COVENANT, TITANIC SHIP, BULL MARKET, GREEDY PROFESSOR, TECH BUILDUP, CASTOR AND POLLOX, FIGURING OUT THE FUTURE, DIRE TEMPTATION, ELICITATION, SOLICITATION, ELLICIT BEHAVIOR, TACIT CONSENT, ROBOTIC EMOTIONS, ENTIRE IDEA, 123 WHAT IN TARNATION, CONSTERNATED GLADNESS, EFFEMINISM, ARE YOU SURE?, LUMP OF SUGGA, MARIGOLDS, CRESCENT CAKE, DIVERTING BEHAVYA, SEXY ATTRACTION, NO MISBEHAVIN', BUCK BOARD, ABOVE BOARD, LAY OF THE LAND, 124 PLANTING SEEDS OF SHAME, INCREDIBLY LUCKY, FORTUNATE MAN, WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS, TOLLERAND, HIS COMEUPPANCE IS MOOT, PICTURE ME LUCKY, THE SAME MAN WITH THE SAME SUN, LUCKY LUNATIC, ARMAGGEDON'S A-COMIN', IMPOSSIBLE NOTIONS, RISING OCEANS, TROUBLE AFOOT, DEEM ME LUCKY, A REDEEMED MAN, TENDERFOOT 1 OR 2, DEEP TRAGEDY, HISTORY'S LESSON, LESS IS MORE, FIGURE IT OUTER 2, 125 HELLSA COMIN', SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC, SPECIAL CALENDAR, YOUR CHRISTIAN, PICTURE ME LIKE THIS IN A MILLION YEARS, GODFORSAKEN UNCLE HENRY, REASONS A SHIP, PILOT CAREFULLY, GOLDEN'S THE DAWN, REASON IS WINNIN, BIGGER FISH TO FRY, PLEASURE IS A WOMAN, ONUS, FEAR FACTORS, DIFFICULTY TEST, 126 BAD ATTEMPT AT MC ESCHER, WATERFALL TRICK, RUDE AWAKENING, BAD FIGURES, FORTUNATE LADIES FORTUNATE LADDIES, HOT CROSSED BUNS, DIFFICULT PREDICAMENTS, RICE PUDDING, HOT PORRIDGE, FIRE-SIDE CHAT 2, WHISTLE WHILE WE WORK, MAN OF OXBRIDGE HORSE IS IN TOWN, SPIN ME OVER AND POUR ME OUT, DEVIL IS A COMIN' DEMON ON THE RUN, HISTORY IS A DEVIL'S WISH SOMETHING'S GOT TO GIVE, 127 ODD CORNERS, BUSTED RHYMES, BUSTA RHYMES, BUST-, BROKEN LION, BITTER-, BITING-, BES-, BUT, UNFINISHED PROBLEMS, BROKEN WALL, THE BOY WHO KEPT THE OCEAN FROM POURING OUT, THE GOLDEN LION, THE GREAT WALL, BY PROXY, POLITICAL GLYPHS, POLITICAL CARTOONS, POLITICAL MYTHS, POLYMANDERING, POLYAMORY, POLYGONY, POLYLAUNDERING, POLY-, 128 PENSEES, PLAGIARISM, PORTIONS OF RUM, BAD DAY FOR PIRACY, DANGEROUS HANG-OUT, MILITARY HANGAR, FIT FOR DUTY, DECKED OUT, CRUMBLE CAKE (CRUMBBLE CAKE), HISTORY'S LESSON, LEARNING TO READ, MYSTERIOUS FIGURE, CROSS GAME, 129 BAD PROMO, BAD PROM, BAD PROMOTION, MEAGER PORTIONS 2, PROFIT FROM LOSS, MAROONED 2, DEBT FILLABUSTER, CRAZY CRAY-ONS, CREON, BURDEN OF CREATION, 130 PAPIER MACHE, INGLORIOUS DAY, SH**STORM, FANCY MUSTARD, DIFFICULT PAYOUT, DIRTY PLAY, DIRT BIKE, BUTTON UP, STORMS WINDIN THIS WAY, SAD DAY FOR PABLO, PICADILLY, PICADDILION CURSES, 131 BIG BERTHA 2, SH***Y STATEMENT, ROGUES, WE ARE THE PEOPLE, COME WHAT MAY, KEEP THE PEACE, RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, FOR GOD AND CHRISTENDOM, 132 PHONY, PHONY LIES, PHONY STORIES ABOUT THE POLICE, FOAM CUSHIONS, MAKESHIFT BACON, VEGAN BACON, TEST SUBJECTS, BAD DAY FOR TELEMETRY, 133 FOOD CART, EASY GAMBLING, PICTURESQUE SCENE, DILL PICKLES, RELISH, SPAGHETTI NOODLES FIT FOR A KING, DELICATESSEN 2, FLIP FLOPS, HUGE WAGER, DESPERATE MOVEMENTS, CITY IN PERIL, JULIES FRUITNESS (Flip of 132), 134 PHOSPHOROUS, PHOSPHORESCENT, LUMINOUS ILLUMINATION, GRAVEL PATH, HAND-PICKED, IRONIC GUESSWORK, PICTURE ME IN THIRTY YEARS, GROWING RIPER AND RIPER, FORTUNATE MAN 3, 135 EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED, THE BIGGEST DUMPLINGS, HEAPS AND HEAPS OF CASH, BETTER UNDERWEAR, A HUNDRED ROSARIES, FINE FINE FINE, LOOKING FOR A DUCKLING, 136 BAD HABIT, HUMPING, HUMPALOT, HUMPBACK, HISTORY IN THE RUNNING, DIRTY OLD WOMAN, HYSTERICAL HISTRIONICS, LAUGH AT IT OUT LOUD, DEGENERACY, 137 KEEPING APPOINTMENTS, SMALL MATTERS, INHIBITIONS, INHIBITED THINKING, DEW-RAG, DIRGE, DERRIGIBLE, DERRINGER, BAD DUNK, LOW DUNK, TOO-HIGH DUNK, CRYSTALLIZATION, PREMIUM STOCK, 138 PIN, BULLETIN, BULLET PIN, PENETANT, RADICAL PENDANT, INDIGENT, PERTINENT, LITTANY 2, MERRIMACK 2, PIGGYBACK , 139 HANDY WARDROBE, MACHINAW, GRADE A DRUGS, THIN MISSILE, DREADED PATTERN, GORGEOUS BUT DEADLY, FREAKATHON, FREAKONOMICS, BAD PORRIDGE, 140 BETTER BEER, ILLUSION OF TASTE, SNEAKY DEALINGS, 141 THE MYSTERIOUS CUP, THE MISSING ISLE, THE FORBIDDEN FOREST, THE LONG-HAUNTED VALE, THE CORNROWS, THE MISSING, 142 GENUINE PROMPTNESS, PROMPT GENUINENESS, FINE WORDINESS, ILLICIT LEADERSHIP, THE FURTHER VOYAGE, INCARNATION OF JESUS, SARDINES ON THE MENU, 143 DOMINO HOUSES, MARBLE MACHINES, SECRET DEPOT, SLEAZY BANKING, 144 PICASSO, OWNING FORT KNOX, WINNING THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, 145 HANGOVER, FLYOVER, OVER-PREPARED, OVERDONE, EVENTUAL WITHDRAWAL, EVIDENCE OF SHAMEFUL ACTIVITY, POSSIBLE COURTMARSHAL, 146 MEXICAN PARADISE, FANTASY VACATION, EGGS DEVILISHOUS, 147 LONE ACT OF BRAVERY, BRAVING LONELINESS, INTROVERTED BEHAVIOR, PERSONAL STATEMENT, NOTA BENE, FEELING PROUD ONE MORNING, HISTORY HAS ITS WINNERS, IDENTICAL SOCKS, 148 METAPHYSICS, MACRO PHILOSOPHY, OBJECTIVE JUDGMENT, PRECEDING ANALYSIS, IDENTITY LAW, 149 SLINKY 2, BIG MESS, BABYLON TOWERS, LONG DRIVE, LEFT WITH THE DIRTY CRUMBS, PIG STY, STILL SPEAKING WITH MR GILE, 150 CREATION PROBLEM, GREAT POSSIBILITY, ENTIRE NOTION, IDEA COMPLETE, THE EEDES, 151 HOT TAMALE, SPICY FOOD, 152 FALLING IN LOVE, 153 SUICIDE GUN, EVIL PLOT, DANGEROUS MOVE, BITTER END, JUST THE JUICE WAS LEFT, 154 PUZZLED DISAPPOINTMENT, SNAFOOS, BIG BAD NEWS, A CHANGE CAME OVER HER, PICTURE ME THEN WHAT HAPPENED, THE APPLES HERE AINT ALWAYS RIPE, GARDENER OF GLOOM, MOTION OVERTURNED, 155 DOWN IN THE MUD, FUNK, MYSOGENISM, FIGURATIVELY DRAGGED BEHIND THE BUS, PUMPED OUT AND DUMPED OUT, DIGERIDOO, STRANGE FAIRY MUSIC IS PLAYING, BRILLIANT HALLUCINATION, FAME FALLS SWIFT, 156 TABS, BODS, BABES, WORDS, LEADS, COURSES, TETHERS, HOODS, FULL FRONTAL, BUYING BOOKS, INFORMASHUN CENTRAL IS NOT A LOBOTAMY, 157 FLIPSIDE OF EXISTENCE, EXCELLENT CRITIQUE, WHOLE HOG, ORIGINAL FRAPPUCCINO RECIPE, 158 PLAIN ORDINARINESS, EXTREME BOREDOM, UNFORTUNATE CLAIMS, EMPTY PROMISES, 159 TYPICAL DAY TYPICAL ANSWERS, HUMDRUM, BEATING THE OLD KETTLE TOP, RAP MUSIC, PLENTY TO SING ABOUT, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, ANXIOUS PRONE, WIZENING THE STORM, 160 INFINITE WATER FOUNTAIN, CORNUCOPIA, CHEAT MODE, EXTRA DEXTERITY, TURN IT AROUND, ROTATING BOOKSHELF, SECRET KINGDOM, AUTHENTIC MADNESS, MAKE A DEAL WITH YOURSELF, PARADOXICAL BUSINESS, 161 CONFUSING RESEARCH, LOOPY STUDIES, ADVANCED NAVEL-GAZING, PROTEAN WORKLOAD, EMBARRASSING SCHEDULE, FINE MOTOR SKILLS, IMPROVING THE ALGORITHM, MAKING BUNNIES HOP, 162 THE BEST OF PSEUDOSCIENCE, THE BEST TOASTER-TESTER, THE BEST BOASTER-BLASTER, THE BEST SLOWER-STARTER, THE BEST FLAN LEAVENER, 163 DIRTY JOB, CLEAN HANDS, BIG WASTE, USING THE JOHN, 164 BIG SUPER BIG PROMISES, BIG SUPER BIG HOPES UP, BIG EYES FULL OF BIG BIG TEARS, GIVING UP HOPE FOR THE LOST, 165 EXTREME HYPOCRISY 2, WHATS THE BIG IDEA, CAN YOU MAKE IT IN A WEEK, MAKE WHAT, SOMETHING BIG, I DONT HAVE TIME FOR THIS MALARKY BUSINESS, 166 CONCEPTUALISM 2, GETTING AN IDEA OF THE PROBLEM, WHAT DO YOU THINK, BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME, SAVE IT FOR A RAINY DAY, IMPOSSIBLE DIFFICULTY, TRY IT AGAIN SAM, READING THE JAPANESE, 167 LAWS OF PHYSICS, PHYSICAL PRECEDENT, FOR YOUR ETERNAL CONSIDERATION, THE GREATEST MISSION, IMMORTAL LOVE, IMPOSSIBLE INSIGHT, THAT IMPOSSIBILITY IS IMPOSSIBLE AGAIN, 168 PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINES, STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY, CLEVER MACHINES, PLAIN AS TRUTH, INTRIGUING PROPERTIES, DIABOLICAL PROBLEMS, INTRIGUING ANSWERS, POSSIBLISM, IDEA MANCY, IMPOSSIBLE MAGIC, 169 IMPOSSIBLE IMMUNITY, IMPOSSIBLE GUESSES, NEWNESS FIELD, MAGIC HANDSHAKE, DIFFICULT DIFFICULTY, TRY YOUR BEST GODS WITH YOU, HISTORYS ON OUR SIDE, THE DEVIL MADE THE DEAL THIS TIME, 170 MYSTERY INVENTION, THE DEVIL'S IN THE DETAILS 2, 171 THE BIG PROJECT, LATE ARRIVALS AGAIN, IDEA OF MAGIC, 172 THE WHOLE THING, UNFATHOMABILITY, WIPE OUT, PEOPLE GOT TO KNOW, 173 PIECE OF JUNK, WHY NOT I THOUGHT, WHY NOT DUMP IT ALL ON SOME BIG DUMB WASTE OF TIME, 174 ULTIMATE FUNNEL CAKE MACHINE, LEARNED MY LESSON, PEACE ON EARTH GOOD WILL TO MANSON S, 175 DIVINE DIVINATION, 176 ACCESSORY ENTERTAINMENT, 177 THE EXPERIENCE MACHINE, 178 THE DIFFICULTY, 179 THE SALIENCY, 180 CONTINUITY PROBLEM, 181 ENDLESS FEAST, 182 GREAT ACCEPTANCE, 183 TIME OF PLEASURE, 184 ENDLESS OPTIMISM, 185 DIABOLICAL MACHINES / ARCHANIC AGE, 186 ANGELIC MACHINES / MACHINES IN HEAVEN, 187 MULTIPLE ORGASMS / PLEASURE CENTRAL, 188 ARCHAIC AGE, 189 EXTENSIONS OF HUMANITY, 190 POSTPOSTMODERNISM, METAMODERNISM, 191 HOMEMADE WHIPPED CREAM, CONFECTIONERS SUGAR, REDOUBLED EFFORT, COOKING LIKE A MAD WOMAN, duplicate somehow don't delete, 192 “DAD'S DEAD IN THE TREE HOUSE CALL THE POLICE”, CAUSE OF DEATH: ARSENIC, WHAT'S MAKING YOU SO ANTSY, PORN, 193 MOMMAS FRYING UP SOME EGGS, WANT TO COME, THIS WAY IM RICH THAT WAY IM POOR, WHATS THE REAL DIFFERENCE, FOR SHAME: duplicate somehow don't delete, 194 JEW-HATING, MONGREL CRY, FAKE PRESENTS, DIFFICULT DREAM, THE HUMANITY OF IT ALL, 195 CHAMPIONSHIP TROPHY, OLD DAYS PLAYING CHUMP TO THE BASTARDS, FAITH DUMP, MANAGERIAL ANXIETY, 196 BASEBALL, THE BIG GAME, WINNER TAKE ALL, ODD MANNERISMS, DEFYING THE ODDS, BLEACHERS, PITCHERS MOUND, CONCESSIONS STALLS, RIDE A PONY UP TO TOWN UP TO TOWN WHOA PONY, BREAKING INTO A CRY, 197 MASTER GUESSER, GAMES UP, TAKE YOUR WINNINGS, WE WERE HOG TIED, CAR WASH, REGULAR SERVICE, 198 TOUGH GAME BASKETBALL, HOPING FOR SECOND, TEAM SPORT, HOPE IS AWAITING, PICTURES OF HEROES, THROWAWAY GAME, I DON'T CARE I CAME IN SECOND, PSYCHIC PREDICTION METHODS, HES GOT A METHOD, GET HIM HES QUICK, FASTEST GAME IN TOWN, FASTING, STARVING ON THE STREET, THE STREET, THE STREET KEEPS ITS OWN, 199 STREET LITTER, RICKSHAW, CARIVANSERIE, STREET CARRIAGE, AMALUMENT, CITY TRACERY, OUTSKIRTS, TIMBUKTU, CHEAP ADVANCED CITY, 200 CHANGING IN A PHONEBOOTH, ORDINARY HEROES, LONG KISS GOODNIGHT, AVERAGE JOES DOING WHAT ORDINARY JOES DO, 201 TEDDY BEA, 202 Encounters of the Supernatural Kind, Praeternatural Things, Things, Encounters, Supernatural, Supernatural and Superstitious (Added to vary previous), 203? Small Matters, The Matter at Hand, Making the Perfect Flaky Crust, Minor Accomplishment, Minor Accomplishment En Majore, In F Major, Accomplished Aesthete, Fauxfarraux, Small Deal, Symbol of Veracity (Added to vary previous also), 204 DEMONIC POSSESSION, TELEKINESIS, SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOR, CERTAINTY OF A PSYCHIC, INCREASING CONCERN, 205 LOST ARCHIVES, DIFFICULT DIVE, STRANGER LESSONS, HARD SOAP, REASON IT CURES WARTS, DUMPSTER DIVING, PRETTY GOOD CREDENTIALS, 206 CAREFUL EXPLORATION, ASSESSING PARAMETERS, CAREFUL FORENSIC ANALYSIS, FORENSIC TESTING, POTABLE WATER, 207 PROPERTY DAMAGE, WHOS THE BIG IDIOT THIS TIME, DARE YOU TO REPEAT THAT, BAD IMAGE, ILL TAKE YOU TO COURT, 208 ARE YOU SURE ABOUT THAT, CASH ME OUT, FIGURE ME OUT, PICTURE ME DIFFERENT, WHATS THE REAL DIFFERENCE, SOMEBODY SCHOOLED YA, 209 BIG SHOW, BIG AND FAKE, SEE HOW YOU LIKE IT, DEEP AS IT GOES, LONELY AND WAITING, SEEDS AND HOES, GERMINATION OF AN IDEA, LOVE OF THE EARTH, TENDER SEED, NOBLE SHOOTS, GREEN GRASS, FIRST BLUSH, GREATNESS DREAM, 210 BEAUTIFICATION, ANNUAL SHOW, FLOWER-ARRANGING, 211 CITY DUMP, DUMPING GROUND, COLLECTING DEAD FLOWERS, TRAGIC SLUMP, FIGURE-IT-OUTER 2, MEAN STREETS, GIVING YOU A HARD TIME, MISCELLÉ, MELANGE, FLEURS, SPREAD, TOUR D, ALLIANCE, TRADING CARDS, AVERÀGE, GARAGE, GARROT 2, MIRÁGE, CLÚSTRE, VID-A-VIS, 212 MARMELÀDE, COVER-UP, HISTÓIRE, DEBÁUCHE, LE DRUG STOIR, FEISTEI, GRIMOIRE, 213 SECOND SKIN, BIOSKIN, PUDDLE BOAT, TRASH CITY, GREEN MONSTER, 214 ANTI-WASTE COLLECTIVE, BURNING GARBAGE, SAVE ALL THE FISH, TEACHING THE MONKEYS TO WRITE, SOCIAL COLLECTIVISM, COLLECTIVE ANXIETY, 215 THE EARTH HAS RIGHTS, REASONABLY GOOD PICTURE, THE ENTIRE IDEA IS MOOT, DIFFERENT TACTICS CALL FOR DIFFERENT METHODS, 216 NOT FEELING GUILTY, NOT TRYING MY HARDEST, NOT DOING MY BEST, NOT CARING ABOUT ANYTHING, 217 HANGING OUT AT THE PIER, FEELING WACKO, TRADING CLOTHES, MOVING AROUND, PLAYING CARDS, LETTING IT FLOW, ADMITTING WE MIGHT BE FRIGGED, IGNORENTIA EN ABSTENTIA, 218 TAKE A LONG LOOK AT THE RIVER OR WHATS LEFT OF IT, IT LOOKS PICTURESQUE, IT USED TO BE PRETTIER, WHERE HAVE ALL THE OLD DAYS GONE, 219 CENTRAL WORKS, PRECEDENTIAL ANALYSIS, OUT-DEVIL THE DEVIL, ARDUOUS PROCESS, THE PLIGHT OF SISYPHUS, 220 NINJA MOP, CATSPUR SHOES, FOOLS SILVERWARE, PHILOSOPHERS FURNITURE, BROKEN TOYS, FIRST GREAT INVENTION, 221 PARTY BLOWERS, CHAMELEON-COLORED, CHAMELEON WITH A PARTY BLOWER, EIFFEL TOWER, PARTY AT EIFFEL, LOSING TRACK OF TIME, 222 EXTREME DISAPPOINTMENT, BIG FAILURE, BIG HOPE, BIG HYPE, BIG DOG, BIG TRIP, JUST BIG, BIGGIE, FEELING BIG, REAL BIG OF YOU, 223 DILDO, FINE BROOM, BIG PILLOW, OLD UGLY A** HIERLOOM, 224 IMPOSSIBLE IDEA, GLIMMERING, TROPHY WEAPON, A+, DIFFICULT CHOICE, MISTER ESTER EATER, THE EASTER BUNNY, SECRET ELVES, 225 PICKER-UPPER VEGGIE-WRAPPER UNDERWEAR-CLEANER FISH-DESCALER PILL-TAKER SUIT-IRONER BUG-ZAPPER, 226 ADVANCED CALLIGRAPHY, 227 POISONOUS MUSHROOMS, HALLUCINOGENS, 228 trip 1, duplicate do not delete, 229 trip 2, duplicate do not delete, 230 TRY IT OUT MIGHT BE ‘FUN’, PICTURE ME ON MIRACLE DRUGS, 231 BASICALLY ITS JUNK FOOD, NOW YOURE HAPPY, 232 ITS YOUR MISSION IN LIFE, YOU HAVE TO DO IT, NECESSITY CALLS, ITS FATE AT YOUR DOOR, DONT MISS YOUR FATEFUL CALLING, CALL HIM LUCKY, HE WAS ON A WINNING STREAK, 233 REFRIGERATOR ART, ALERTS, STICK-Y NOTES, 234 GOD TRAP, THORNY PROBLEM, HYPERDYNAMICS, LOOK AT HISTORY, 235 UGLY DECORATION, 236 UNCOMMON SENSE, 237 SHARPENED CORNER, SHAPE OF COLOR, MINOR DETAIL WORK, MAGNETIC FLOATATION, 238 POLE-VAULTING / ALTERATION / EXCHANGEABLE OPERATION / HIGH ACHIEVEMENT 239 THE SECOND REAL MCCOY, 240 HIDING BEHIND A ROCK / ACTING PRIMITIVE / WATCHING REAL TELEVISION, 241 ANSWERING THE CALL / PURE COURAGE / COURAGE UNDEFEATED / TACKLING THE PROBLEM, 242 LEVITATION / WALKING ON AIR / WALKING ON WATER / CROWD SURFING / DOING THE WAVE, 243 MARRY A GRAMATICIAN / SOLVE A BASIC PROBLEM / EAT YOUR HEART OUT / SMALL DIFFERENCES, 244 UMBRELLA / OUTWARD PERSPECTIVE / RAIN OF PLEASURE, 245 —-flip of previous. CHANGING YOUR MIND / FUTILE DECISION / ONGOING EFFORT, 246 MAKING A GIZMODO / ENGINEERING WONDERS / PICKING WHEN RIPE, 247 —-flip of previous. MAGICALLY GROWING UP / ARBITRARILY TRYING HARD / TOUGHING IT / PICKING CLOSE TO THE TREE, 248 MAKING THE CURVE / ASTONISHING REALIZATION / BETTER IDEA, 249 —-flip of previous. ATTEMPTING TO DO IT, TRY BEING DIFFICULT / ORDER OF THE DAY, 250 DEVIL COMMITS SUICIDE, 251 —-flip of previous. FALLING A LITTLE BIT IN LOVE / LOVE OBSESSION / PERFECT ECSTASY, 252 TURNING AROUND / COMPLETION / PERFECT RIDE, 253 REAL AUTHENTIC ANTIQUES, 254 -—(flip of previous) NIRVANA ENLIGHTENMENT IDEA ETC., 255 A WINNEBAGO ILLUSION, 256 EPIPHANY SAVES THE DAY.Inventing, Research Method Continued…COMPARE TO INVENTIONS IN THE “PERFECT BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE”:ENERGY: Arcadian Apparata, Stygian Automata, Compati-Volition, Standard Volition, Natural Torque, Natural Momentum, Coincidental Motion, Volitional Momentum, Real Windows, Impossible Magic, Volitional Equations, Volitional Energy, Ubiquitous Mobility, Mobile Channels, Rube Goldberg Pieces, Immortal Aesthetic, Conducion meaning hyper-compatible energy systems, Exponential Energy, Master Angle, Vescension / Devescension.MAGIC: Soul, God, Wish-Blessings, Immortality, Spells-Enchantments, Magical Character, Enchanted Memory, Enchanted Warding, Summon an Evil Element, Summon a Good Element, Possess Person, Charm Person, Fortitude, Circle-of-Protection, Magical Channeling, The Power, The Sorceror, The Psychical, Wizardry, Satrapy.PHILOSOPHY: The Meaning of Life, Philosophy, Perception, Transcendence, Knowledge of Absolutes, Psychology, Character, Greatness, Extremity, Neutrality, Paradoxical Paradoxes, The Problem of Evil, Justice, Contradiction, Illumination, Consciousness, Complexity, Incompleteness, Patience, Satisfaction.MATH: Power, Equation, Desirability, Advantageousness, Law of Identity, Law of Proportion, The Supernatural, The Natural, Law of Inherency, Law of Correlation, Mathematical Trickery, Mathematical Law, Mathematical Derivatives, Mathematical Integrals, Material Forms, Universals, Law of Sufficiency, Law of Sequences, Law of Joined Identicals, Law of Complete Completeness.PREFERENCES: Pleasurable Orgasm, Guilty Pleasures, Amazing Grace, Alien Emotion, Extreme Loyalty, Growing Attraction, Sensory Awareness, Perceptive Acquisition, Nether Intuition, Inner Meaning, Idyll Pleasures, Great Passions, Indulgent Good Taste, Reserved Good Taste, The Great Synthesis, Metaphysical Reality, True Meaning, Coherent Meaning, Truth Truism, Real Reality.—A Coherent List of Inventions (…)

Night clubs and bars: There are several high end bars and night clubs within the city center and in the suburbs where you can go a party after a hard day of work or during the weekend. You can check out Havoc Nightspot or High Spirit for the best wines and music. If you want to catch the latest soccer matches on giant screens, you should look no further than Slow Leopard. They have a variety of imported beers that you can sip as you wait for the game to begin. If you are looking for the best music bar, then check out O’Donovan’s Reggae Bar or Jollies Club. Walking at night in Dar es Salaam is very risky. Ensure that you move with a trusted person or in car.Go Shopping: The Slipway (located along Yacht Club Road) offers one of the best shopping experiences in Dar es Salaam. This enclave is a collection of shops and boutiques selling high quality andstylish clothing from within and outside the country. There is also a large supermarket, a hotel and a bookshop within the facility. The Slipway is a favorite hangout for expatriates and those looking for rare ingredients that cannot be easily found in the city. After shopping, you can then go to the open-air restaurant and bar known as The Waterfront for international cuisines and beautiful views of the Msasani Bay. If you are interested in fishing or visiting the islands outside the city, you will find several boats and departure points close to The Slipway.Ride on a Tuk-Tuk Ride: Like in Mombasa Kenya, a trip to Dar es Salaam is incomplete without taking a ride on one of these intriguing bikes. They are similar to the ones used in many Asian countries. Tuk-Tuks are very suited for navigating though crowded streets and reaching to areas where vehicles would have a problem. They are not expensive and can be got on short notice. Prepare to bargain for a good price depending on where you are heading to. You can also hire it for a city tour or just for the fun of it.Kariakoo Market: In order to understand the culture and lifestyle of people in a new place, one needs to visit their main markets. Kariakoo market is one of the most interesting markets in Dar es Salaam.The market is characterized by blocks of small shops, hawkers and roadside vendors. It is the place to go to if you want to buy home stuff (fish, fruits, meat, vegetables, hardware and clothes), get the best bargains or have a glimpse of everyday life in Dar es Salaam. In Kariakoo bargaining is important to get the best deals. Do not take your valuables because there are several cases of pick pocketing. Also remember to dress appropriately to avoid unnecessary attention, stares and even whistles. By the end of your visit to the market, you would have experienced the kind of life lived by the ordinary city resident.Kivukoni Fish Market: This is the place where fresh fish from the ocean is bought. It is located in a suburb known as Kivukoni. The best time to go is early in the morning(7:00am) when the fishermenhave just returned from a night of fishing to auction their catches. It is also the time when you will get the freshest fish and catch most of the action as fishermen bargain with retailers and consumers. The main species are squid, snappers and crabs. One of the great things about going to this fish market is the impressive collection of fish species from the Indian ocean. For a bird eyes view of the market, one needs to climb one of the flight stairs leading to the offices in the market. If you cannot take home fish for one reason or another, you can make an order and have it fried for you from one of the restaurants.Support the Hawksbill turtle breeding program: Hawksbill turtles are critically endangered but the good news is that there are several organizations helping protect and save the remaining individuals – Sea Sense is one such organization. They have taken the lead in organizing expeditions to protect the reptiles right from the breeding ground. They ensure that the turtle eggs hatch successfully and that most of the young find their way back into the ocean. Tourists are led by a Guide to the hatching ground in Masaki after some time on a boat. Most of the proceeds go into the Hawksbill conservation program.Get the best views of Dar Es Salaam: For the best views of the harbor and city of Dar es Salaam, you need to go to the Sawasdee restaurant of the New Africa Hotel. This restaurant is special not only for the Thai food but because it revolves and an in the process offers you amazing views of the city.Visit the colonial architectural buildings: In the 19thcentury, Dar es Salaam was a major city under the rule of the Sultan of Zanzibar. When the Germans and later the British took over control, it became the main commercial and administrative center of Tanzania. The Arabs, British and Germans all left a mark in the city with pieces of architecture, monuments and buildings like the St. Joseph’s Cathedral, the Azania Front Lutheran Church, several mosques and other great buildings. The State house was rebuilt by the British in 1922 with a blend of African, European and Arabian architectural style. We shall discuss some of these architectural wonders as separate attractions on their own sooner or later.Askari Monument: Tanzania was one of the African countries that supplied troops to Britain during World War 1. The Tanzania soldiers fought as Carrier Corps. The Askari monument was built to remember these brave soldiers. The bronze stature depicts a soldier in a World War 1 army uniform carrying a bayonet which points towards the harbor. There is an inscription in praise of the brave soldiers written by the famous British poet and writer Rudyard Kiling. Askari monument is found in the middle of a roundabout that separates Maktaba street and Samora Avenue.Azania Lutheran Church: This iconic structure was built at the harbor by a group of German missionaries in 1898. Its red-tile roof is a prominent feature at the harbor. The cathedral sits close to many of the major tourist attractions in the city. Once you reach the church, you will always find a Guide who is eager to take you around the church. Apart from the interior architecture, one other place to visit within the church premises is the bell tower. You can rest from the beautiful church gardens or go and attend prayers with the city residents. You may be requested to make a donation to the church.St. Joseph Cathedral: This striking cathedral was also built by the German catholic missionaries between 1897 and 1902. It’s also a prominent building within the harbor and acts as the main cathedral for the archdiocese of Dar es Salaam. The Cathedral is built with some interesting architectural works including shingled spire, stained-glass windows and a vaulted interior. Most of inscriptions and art works are in German including the structure above the altar.Visit the National Museum and house of culture: This facility is arguably the best place to go to if you wish to learn about culture and history of the people of Tanzania. It was built in 1940 and in memory of King George V. The Museum attempts to describe and illustrate all that there is to knowabout Tanzania through art, biology, archaeology and ethnography. The Museum takes you through the different phases of the country’s past including insights into the lives of the early Islamic traders. On display are fossils of the earliest humans that where dug up from Olduvai Gorge by the famous archaeologists Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey. The skull of the Nutcracker man which was unearthed in 1959 is a key attraction. You can also learn about the country’s slave history, the different tribes and the era of colonialism. Other items of interest are the musical instruments, ornaments, traditional crafts and vintage cars used by the former president Julius Nyerere. Entering the museum costs 6500 Tanzanian shillings and it is opened from 9am to 6pm.Visit Temple Road: This is the road where most of the Hindu temples are found. If you want to see their unique architecture or are of the Hindu faith and just want to meditate, then you should go here.Go kite surfing: Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar offer some of the best kite surfing experience in Tanzania. The country receives more and more tourists who are interested in kite surfing especially during the winter season in Europe and The United states. The warm breeze from the Indian ocean can be a good relief from the cold winters. The best spot for kite surfing is in Paje village on the island of Zanzibar but there are several other spots where the activity is organized. Kunduchi Kite School rents out equipment and also offers kite surfing lessons to those who are inexperienced. The lessons are only carried out when the tides and wind are ideal.Learn how to sail at the Dar es Salaam Yacht Club: If you are a seasoned water-sport enthusiastic or have interest in sailing but are inexperienced, you should become a member of this Club. Apart from the training for beginners, the club also organizes sport fishing, diving and kayaking. You can take the whole family with you and have a great time in sections of the ocean that are only open to a few. You will also get to meet many influential people at the club and make important connections.Pugu Hills Nature Reserve: This reserve is locating outside the city – about 25 kilometers from the city center. The reserve has remarkable biodiversity and is an excellent place for cave exploration, nature walks, birding and relaxation away from the city chaos. It receives many visitors during the weekends. If you want a more private tour, then you should go during the weekdays.Take the kids to Kunduchi Water Park: If you are wondering where to take the kids over the weekend, then you should try Kunduchi Water Park. The theme/water park is believed to be the largest in East Africa. The park is built in the northern part of the city and is excellent for families interested in swimming. You can float down the river or go up a raised platform and jump straight into one of the pools. Apart from the swimming facilities, the park also has a go kart circuit and several play grounds to entertain children throughout the day. Drinks and snacks are in plenty and can be bought from on one the bars and restaurants at the facility.Attend the city’s Festivals and shows: Like largest cities, Dar es Salaam hosts several cultural and religious shows that are held during certain days/months of the year. The Charity Goat Race is organizedevery September on specially built tracks to raise money for local charities and schools. Expect to find many tourists showing up to witness the race. The Mzalendo Halisi Music Festival is all about music and culture. The festival brings together over 100 traditional artists at Posta Grounds. If you are interested in fashion, then don’t miss the fashion week in November. The Swahili fashion week attracts regional designers to the National Museum to show the latest designs. The fashion week offers good networking opportunities if you are a designer or looking at a career in fashion. Last but not list is the Diwali Hindu festival. This festival is organized throughout the world to celebrate the triumph of good over evil. Residents of Dar es Salaam join the large Hindu community to party and commemorate the event.Explore the Botanical Gardens: The Botanical gardens are home to the Dar es Salaam Horticultural Society. Established in 1893 by the first Director of Agriculture, the gardens were used as a plot for carrying out experiments on new species of trees/crops. Nature lovers now go to the place for its serenity but also to discover rare plants like blue jacaranda, purple bougainvillea, red hibiscus and scarlet flame trees. The overall size of the gardens has shrunk due to encroachments but it is still the only other place where one can see the rare coco-de-mer palm tree apart from the Seychelles islands.Visit the Coco Beach: Sometime referred to as Oyster bay, this beach is found in the Msasani peninsula – an area where most of the affluent class live. It is the most popular beach in the city and a favorite hangout for expatriates, middle calls and affluent locals. The beach is characterized by golden sand, palm trees, street food, restaurants, clubs and bars. The Oyster Bay Shopping Centre is also found here and is a popular shopping ground. The best time to go to this beach is over the weekend. This is when you get to see many of the city’s residents partying with loud music, booze and food. Coco beach is also where many of the top concerts are held. The waters are not 100% clean and swimming is generally discouraged although you will find some people in the water. For the best swimming opportunities, you need to go to the nearby islands and beaches.Visit the town of Bagamoyo: This historical town was once the capital of the German East Africa colony which included Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. Bagamoyo has the same beautiful setting that is seen in Lamu and Mombasa is Kenya. The Swahili culture thrives here as a result of intermarriages between the first Arabs to the island and the local population. While in Bagamoyo, you can visit the pristine beaches, ancient mosques and old churches. The town also has the only university specializing in arts known Chuo Cha Sanaa. If you are lucky to visit at the right time, you could take part in the Bagamoyo Festival of Arts and culture. This festival is organized annually hence attracting large crowds and bringing life to a usually quiet town.Bongoyo Island: This is a small marine reserve and uninhabited island found close to the city of Dar Es Salaam. It is the nearest place to go if you want to discover the Indian ocean, the marine life and takepart in all the amazing water activities that the East African coast is famous for. The waters are clean and suitable for swimming and other water sports. You can spend the whole day snorkeling, lazing in the sand beaches or eating fries and fish. Do not forget to search the coral reefs for angelfish, clownfish, starfish, sea urchins and other sea creatures. Alternatively, you can go for a nature walk alone the trails behind the beach and the baobab trees. To get to the island, you would need to take a boat which costs about $20 for a 30-minute trip. The island has a limited number of self-contained roofed huts for rent hence planning in advance may be necessary.Jangwani and Mbudya Islands: If you are done with visiting Bongoyo Island, you can also spend a few days at the beaches of Janwani and Mbudya. These islands are uninhabited and considered marine reserves. Like all the other beaches in the Indian ocean, the scenery is amazing (blue waters, palm trees and long stretches of white sand) hence offering a perfect escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. They are also better preserved compared to many others in the area and one can swim or go snorkeling knowing that the waters are clean. While on the Island, you can order for freshly caught fish, barbecue, cold drinks and other sea foods. To get to these two islands, you need to hire a boat. Accommodation is in form of self-contained thatched huts.Swim with whale sharks: Between the months of October and March, large numbers of whale sharks storm the cost of Mafia to feast on the plankton rich waters. If you are lucky enough to be in Dar es Salaam and you are the adventurous type, then swimming with these amazing creatures would make for a very memorable holiday. Short excursions are organized by all the resorts in Mafia.Kigamboni beach: This beach is located in the Southern part of Dar es Salaam. To get to the place, you need to use the main ferry. The ferry carries heavy loads including cars and motorcycles. Kigamboni beach is remarkable because its peaceful and generally quiet compared to the noisy city center. Several hotels and lodges have been established close to the beach which you can use as a base to explore the area, enjoy the cool breeze/waves from the Indian ocean, swim or dine.Visit Zanzibar: After visiting all of the best beaches and islands in Dar es Salaam, you might have a few more days to spare. We highly recommend visiting the island of Zanzibar. Visiting this amazing island is one of the highlights for any tourist in Tanzania. A combination of crystal clear blue waters, white sand beaches, a multicultural environment and beautiful scenery makes this one of the best islands to visit in Africa. You will get a chance to take part in amazing water sports, swim, relax, visit the old town, monuments and spice plantations. We are coming up with an article about the tourist attractions in Zanzibar.The Village Museum: Also known as Makumbusho (‘reminders’ in English) Village Museum. The Village museum is built ten kilometers away from the city center. This Museum offers tourists an opportunity to experience the culture and way of living of the many tribes in Tanzania. It offers something different from the National Museum and attempts to recreate the way traditional homes are organized in the rural villages of Tanzania. The facility is large and covers about 15 acres. As you move to the different sections, you will learn about the costumes and tools used by the different tribes of Tanzania. You will also learn how the huts are constructed, attend the traditional dances and admire the work of local craftsmen (pottery, weaving and carving). Entrance to the facility is about 6500 Tanzanian shillings.Mwenge Wood Carvers’ Village: If you are wondering where to get the best local souvenir while in Dar es Salaam, look no further than this place. The village (Also known as Makonde locally) is located outside town and brings together some of the best artists in the country. These artisans specialize in African sculptures that are carved out from timber. There is a lot to see at the exhibition rooms but if you take your time, you will find something special to buy among the locally made bags, masks, kitchenware, shoes and clothes. If you are interested in supporting disabled artists, you can visit Wonder Workshop. The artists at Wonder Workshop produce world class jewelry, stationary, candles, car parts, metal, glass and sculptures from recycled materials.Tingatinga Art Center and Nafasi Art Space: After visiting the Mwenge Wood Carver’s Village, you should also check out this famous Art Centre. Tingatinga painting is unique to this part of Africa and is aworth possessing if you are interested in unique art. Tingatinga art became popular in the 1960s and is characterized by colorful imaginative figures (animals, plants and people) which are drawn in bright colors. It is gaining popularity in many African countries. Tingatinga Arts Cooperative Society is found close to Oyster Bay and is home to over one hundred local artists. If Tingatinga art isn’t your thing, you can checkout Nafasi Art Space. They strive to be the best contemporary Centre of arts in the country. The Centre attracts the best in the country as well as regional and international artisans.Buy Tanzanian Jewelry: If you are looking for fine local jewelry that competes well internationally, then you should acquire tanzanite jewelry. Tanzanite is a rare gemstone that is unique to Tanzania. It is one of the most beautiful blue gemstones in the world and is only found at the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. Tanzanite changes color when it gets into contact with light offering an amazing spectacle. Tanzanite was first discovered in 1967. It is rare compared to diamonds yet cheaper. You can visit The Tanzanite Dream along Mataka Road to see the stones or buy some.Do some Kanga Shopping at Uhuru Street: Kangas are brightly colored fabric that are used to wrap around the body. They are rectangular in shape with complex patterns and messages in the local language. Kangas are very popular among the locals with almost every woman owning one in Dar es Salaam. They wear them, use them for carrying babies or using them to carry items on their heads. The best quality fabrics and design are bought from Uhuru street.Try out Continental and local cuisines: As a city of diverse culture, there are countless restaurants offering both local and international cuisines to residents of the city. Nyama Choma (roasted goat’s meat) and Mishkaki (skewered or grilled meat) are very popular with the locals. Mishkaki is very tasty especially when ordered with chips, tomatoes or chili sauce. Where can you find the best local and international dishes?Grace Shop specializes in local dishes like mchicha and ugali while Mamboz Corner BBQ is known for the best grilled chicken (African style). The best Swahili dishes are made at Chef’s Pride but you can also order for masala chips, chapatti, roasted/fried chicken, mishkaki and nyama choma. Other restaurants specializing in local food include Barbecue House, Gembros Eatery and Ali’s.There are also Chinese, Italian, French and Indian restaurants in different parts of the city. Addis in Dar is thought to serve the best Ethiopian dishes. If you are wondering where to get the best Indian food, then you should go to the Upanga area (center of the city). You will find several Indian restaurants including Bawarchi, Chapan Bhog, Delhi Dar Bar and Patel Grounds. If you want to mingle with the expat community in Tanzania, then you should visit Zuane Trattoria (Pizzas) or the bakery Epi d’Or. If you want an even more classy place to eat out, you can go to Serena Hotel and check out their popular buffets. Street food is also very popular among the ordinary peasant and the working class. The food sold on the streets are chapattis, roasted maize, roasted chicken, groundnuts and snacks. Street food is usually sold in busy sections of the city.Go on a safari: Although Tanzania is well known for the amazing wildlife experience in the Serengeti, Tangire and Ngorongoro Crater. There are other lesser known national parks and reserves that are located close to the Dar es Salaam. They include Ruaha, Selous and Mikumi National Park. Ruaha and Selous are special because they are one of the few last remaining habitats for wild dogs. Mikumi is one of the leading tourist attractions in Tanzania. You can spot many of Africa’s famous creatures like wildebeest, lions, zebra, giraffe, elephants, impala and several species of birds. The fewer number of visitors ensures that you have the wilderness and facilities all to yourself making up for a truly memorable private safari.Mountain Climbing: Udzungwa Mountains National Park offers one of the best mountain climbing experiences in Tanzania. It takes only one hour of driving to reach the park from Dar es Salaam. Hiking to the top of the mountain involves walking through thick forests and waterfalls. You will encounter unique species of birds, butterflies and primates along the trial. Climbing to the top of the mountain takes about half a day. It is important to pack snacks and water to avoid getting hungry and dehydrated.Information about visiting Dar es Salaam – Facts about Dar es SalaamDar es Salaam can be visited throughout the year given that it lies close to the equator (relatively stable weather). The best time to visit Dar es Salaam depends on what one is planning to do. Why? Because the country has two rainy and dry seasons. The months between March and May comes with heavy rains. Heavy rains are also received between November and early December. In between, we have what is known as the dry season. If you are targeting the beaches, islands and the wildlife in the countryside, then the best times to visit are during the months of January to March and June to October. The skies are clear during these months and ocean water blue.Dar es Salaam has an interesting combination of people and cultures from many parts of the world because of its trading history. The Arabs, Indian and Europeans settled here over 2 centuries ago resulting in intermarriages with the local population. There is a sizeable number of people with Omani, Indian and European descent. The main language spoken is Swahili.The chief currency in Dar es Salaam is the Tanzanian shilling although US Dollars are generally accepted. Try to have some hard cash with you while in the city because credit cards may not be accepted everywhere. There is no shortage of accommodation facilities in Dar es Salaam. Everything depends on your budget. You can find luxury, mid-range and budget hotels offering high quality services.Previous PostConservation Of Cross River Gorillas - Characteristics And Threats - Nigeria And CameroonNext PostWhere To See Wild Gorillas In Africa - Where To See Mountain Gorillas - Where Are Gorillas Found?Leave a ReplyYour email address will not be published. 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