Society Resolution Format Sample: Fill & Download for Free

A2A The Russians, the Germans and the Americans have all attempted this feat, in fact. The Russians persisted longer in their attempts to bore a hole through the mantle."The Kola Superdeep Borehole (1970 - 1994) reached 12,262 metres into the Earth's crust but never reached the mantle. They made it only 0.2% of the way through the Earth"Jules Stoop 7 votes Show“Shouldn't it be around 0.1% (or one thousandth) of the diameter of the Earth and thus 0.2% of the distance from the surface to the center?”Okay, Jules… it was an ambiguous statement without your clarification, as 0.1% is 0.001 times the distance through the Earth - and twice that number isn’t a whole lot closer to successRussia’s goal was to drill to the Moho, not to the center of the Earth, and most definitely not clear through to the other side… perhaps it would have been stated more clearly had the author referred instead to the goal:the Russian’s made it roughly 35% of the distance down to the Moho (that’s based on a very rough average estimate and maybe they were closer than they thought they were - they successfully drilled roughly 75% further than the distance to the Moho if they had only drilled into the sea bed from a drilling platform in the ocean, instead of drilling from on top of a continent)[this is shown as a different percentage in the source documentation referenced later in my answer, due to an apparent error by the author of that publication - as Jules has eloquently pointed out, it is correct to quote that statistic either way]Discoveries included new drilling techniques and sensor instruments, as well as 4 billion year old water manufacturing processes, and 24 species of microbes in unexpected rock formations dating to the dawn of life on Earth."Over forty years ago, researchers in the Soviet Union began an ambitious drilling project whose goal was to penetrate the Earth’s upper crust and sample the warm, mysterious area where the crust and mantle intermingle— the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or “Moho.” So deep is this area that the Russian scientists had to invent new ways of drilling, and some of their new methods proved quite inventive. " - The Deepest Hole by Alan BellowsThey gave up when the materials available for drill bits could no longer survive the heat of the interior. They discovered pre-cambrian fossils and plastic rock, but no route to the Earth's core, sorry.see also:The Deepest Hole - written by Alan Bellows, copyright © 20 June 2006. Last updated 06 June 2016.Drilling to the Mantle: 6 unexpected discoveries from the world's deepest well - December 2015Ask Smithsonian: What's the Deepest Hole Ever Dug? - By Alicia Ault - History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, PlacesWhat's At The Bottom Of The Deepest Hole On Earth? - IFL Science by Kristy Hamilton March 11, 2015Kola Superdeep Borehole - Atlas ObscuraThe world's deepest hole lies hidden beneath this rusty metal cap - Mother Nature Network by Bryan Nelson May 31, 2014, 9:16 p.m.Listening For the Earth's Heartbeat Inside the World's Deepest Hole - by Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan The German Continental Deep Drilling Program January 6, 2014The deepest holes in the world - Fox News by Lauren Kilberg November 18, 2014Top 10 Amazing Holes In The Earth - Listverse by Listverse Staff September 21, 2008Earth's Interior - WordPressOil Drillers Strike World's Deepest Dinosaur - National Geographic April 2006Image credit: World's Deepest Hole Barely Scratches the Surface. - Rosie Research - November 3, 2015 by Erica[this just in, submitted by: Nate Weger "the Krubera Cave is the deepest known cave on Earth. It is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus, in the Gagra district of Abkhazia, a breakaway region of Georgia. It became the deepest-known cave in the world in 2001..." - Wiki. Thanks, Nate]"Ukrainian diver Gennadiy Samokhin extended the cave by diving in the terminal sump to 46 m depth in 2007 and then to 52 m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191 m and 2,197 m respectively." - WikiKrubera Cave Article, Cave Exploration Information, Cave Expedition Facts -- National GeographicEarth's deepest cave mapped - The cave is called Voronya in Russia, which means crow's cave."Krubera remains the only known cave on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres." [Nice one, Nate]Edit: There is a deeper boat hole now too, as mentioned in a comment by Igor Solodovnikov, prompting this web-google discovery worthy of note:"Chikyū (地球; ちきゅうwikipedia.org?) is a Japanese scientific drilling ship built for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). The vessel is designed to ultimately drill seven kilometres beneath the seabed, [dated info] where the Earth's crust is much thinner, and into the Earth's mantle, deeper than any other hole drilled in the ocean thus far.While the planned depth of the hole is significantly less than the Russian Kola Superdeep Borehole (which reached 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) depth on land), the scientific results are expected to be much more interesting since the regions targeted by Chikyū include some of the most seismically-active regions of the world.""D/V Chikyū was built by the Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding and launched on January 18, 2002 in Nagasaki, Nagasaki. The ship was outfitted by the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and delivered to JAMSTEC on July 29, 2005.""The ship was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. The ship was moored 300 m off the coast of Hachinohe, Aomori, but was cut loose by the tsunami and collided with a pier of Hachinohe port. One of the six stabilizers was damaged and a 1.5 meter hole was made in the bottom.""Local preliminary school children who were visiting the ship at the time of the earthquake spent one night on board and were rescued by Japan Self-Defense Forces helicopters next day. The ship was repaired at a dock in Shingū, Wakayama and returned to service in June 2011.""The D/V Chikyū is featured and plays a pivotal role in the 2006 film Nihon Chinbotsu.""According to the IODP, on 27 April 2012, Chikyū drilled to a depth of 7,740 meters (25,400 feet) below sea level, setting a new world record for deep-sea drilling." - Wiki(see the links near the end of that Wiki entry (Chikyū) for even more subterranean adventures; following is a short list sampling:)"Project Mohole - USA 1961 (see also Walter Munk who gave the 1986 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on the Acoustic monitoring of ocean gyres. In 1993 Munk was the first recipient of the Walter Munk Award given "in Recognition of Distinguished Research in Oceanography Related to Sound and the Sea." This award is given jointly by the Oceanography Society, the Office of Naval Research and the US Department of Defense Naval Oceanographic Office)"German Continental Deep Drilling Programme - 1987-1995Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) - 2004"IODP was the direct successor to the highly successful Deep Sea Drilling Project initiated in 1968 by the United States. IODP was a truly international effort with contributions of Australia, Germany, France, Japan, the United Kingdom and the ESF Consortium for Ocean Drilling (ECOD) including 12 further countries."San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) - USA (still operational, but not drilling anymore - 3 km deep)"There were two other deep drilling ships operated by the US, one built in Texas, the other in Halifax, NS - which is still in service, named the JOIDES Resolution, nicknamed JR"Edit: Hole Drilled to Bottom of Earth's Crust, Breakthrough to Mantle Looms - (IODP, using the vessel JOIDES Resolution) Live Science April 7, 2005Edit August 31, 2016:Expedition 362 reached 4.9 km below the sea floor (where pressures reach 400 atmospheres) at site U1480F - posted August 19, 2016#exp362 hashtag on Twitter - this twitter feed speaks of a relative depth, comparing Mount Whitney (Sequoia National Park) as viewed from Owen’s Valley in Southern California, in a graphic representation using a photo of that mountain taken by Naomi Barshi in 2012.JOIDES Resolution - Ocean Drilling Research Vessel - 3 weeks at sea - a blog from the shipTrack the location of the Joides Resolution:July 4, 2016 - near Robben Island, just outside of Cape Town, when I checked, but expedition 362 is drilling in the Indian Ocean near Sumatra, IndonesiaOctober 10, 2016 - not far from Singapore and the narrows off Fisherman Bank, perhaps taking a break? No - they left port today to drill off the northwest coast of Australia, then on to Guam.JOIDES Resolution - 5BMM3 - position and weatherThe Deepest Hole in the World, And What We've Learned From It - YouTube by SciShowEdit: I have come to realize that many following this question on Quora may have been expecting to find an answer derived entirely from fantasy. If that was your expectation, please review the hyperlinks above this question [edit: someone has more recently added the hypothetical hyperlink], and follow this link to an answer more in tune with your expectations:https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18857/18857-h/18857-h.htm

Because a number of studies —Neve 1992Theiss and Hawksford 1997Yamamoto 1996Yoshikawa et al. 1995,1997Japan Audio Society 1999— have shown that, even though the human ear can’t consciously perceive sound above 20KHz — (15–16KHz in most cases), brain activity is still affected by the presence of bandwidth extended as far as 32KHz or more. It could have to do with phase relationships between audible frequencies, which become more exact at higher resolutions, or the mere fact that the natural world imposes no 20KHz limit on frequencies transmitted through the air — (indeed there are ultrasonic frequencies present all around us) — and that we’re aware of them without “hearing” them, but in tests where the same material was presented with and without extended frequency response, listeners, without being aware which one was being listened to, preferred the extended frequency-response versions of the recordings well above statistical random.There has also been a study —There's life above 20 kilohertz! A survey of musical instrument spectra to 102.4 kHz— showing that (acoustic) musical performances have content above the audible spectrum.We may yet find the same to be true of light and images; experiments in video transmission are being conducted to try and see if the inclusion of ultraviolet light spectra leads to more realistic images.

‘Why 536 was ‘the worst year to be alive’, a share from the Science archive.There are excellent answers to this question pointing to political, social, and economic factors. What was also the case is that the ‘Dark ages” more or less literally started with a darkening sky courtesy of volcanic eruptions leading to extreme cold and crop failures.“An 72-meter ice core drilled in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in the Swiss Alps entombs more than 2000 years of fallout from volcanoes, storms, and human pollution.NICOLE SPAULDING/CCI FROM C. P. LOVELUCK ET AL., ANTIQUITY 10.15184, 4, 2018Why 536 was ‘the worst year to be alive’By Ann GibbonsNov. 15, 2018, 2:00 PMAsk medieval historian Michael McCormick what year was the worst to be alive, and he's got an answer: "536." Not 1349, when the Black Death wiped out half of Europe. Not 1918, when the flu killed 50 million to 100 million people, mostly young adults. But 536. In Europe, "It was the beginning of one of the worst periods to be alive, if not the worst year," says McCormick, a historian and archaeologist who chairs the Harvard University Initiative for the Science of the Human Past.A mysterious fog plunged Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia into darkness, day and night—for 18 months. "For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon, during the whole year," wrote Byzantine historian Procopius. Temperatures in the summer of 536 fell 1.5°C to 2.5°C, initiating the coldest decade in the past 2300 years. Snow fell that summer in China; crops failed; people starved. The Irish chronicles record "a failure of bread from the years 536–539." Then, in 541, bubonic plague struck the Roman port of Pelusium, in Egypt. What came to be called the Plague of Justinian spread rapidly, wiping out one-third to one-half of the population of the eastern Roman Empire and hastening its collapse, McCormick says.Historians have long known that the middle of the sixth century was a dark hour in what used to be called the Dark Ages, but the source of the mysterious clouds has long been a puzzle. Now, an ultraprecise analysis of ice from a Swiss glacier by a team led by McCormick and glaciologist Paul Mayewski at the Climate Change Institute of The University of Maine (UM) in Orono has fingered a culprit. At a workshop at Harvard this week, the team reported that a cataclysmic volcanic eruption in Iceland spewed ash across the Northern Hemisphere early in 536. Two other massive eruptions followed, in 540 and 547. The repeated blows, followed by plague, plunged Europe into economic stagnation that lasted until 640, when another signal in the ice—a spike in airborne lead—marks a resurgence of silver mining, as the team reports in Antiquity.To Kyle Harper, provost and a medieval and Roman historian at The University of Oklahoma in Norman, the detailed log of natural disasters and human pollution frozen into the ice "give us a new kind of record for understanding the concatenation of human and natural causes that led to the fall of the Roman Empire—and the earliest stirrings of this new medieval economy."Slivers from a Swiss ice core held chemical clues to natural and humanmade event. NICOLE SPAULDING/CCI FROM C. P. LOVELUCK ET AL., ANTIQUITY 10.15184, 4, 2018Ever since tree ring studies in the 1990s suggested the summers around the year 540 were unusually cold, researchers have hunted for the cause. Three years ago polar ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica yielded a clue. When a volcano erupts, it spews sulfur, bismuth, and other substances high into the atmosphere, where they form an aerosol veil that reflects the sun's light back into space, cooling the planet. By matching the ice record of these chemical traces with tree ring records of climate, a team led by Michael Sigl, now of the University of Bern, found that nearly every unusually cold summer over the past 2500 years was preceded by a volcanic eruption. A massive eruption—perhaps in North America, the team suggested—stood out in late 535 or early 536; another followed in 540. Sigl's team concluded that the double blow explained the prolonged dark and cold.Mayewski and his interdisciplinary team decided to look for the same eruptions in an ice core drilled in 2013 in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in the Swiss Alps. The 72-meter-long core entombs more than 2000 years of fallout from volcanoes, Saharan dust storms, and human activities smack in the center of Europe. The team deciphered this record using a new ultra–high-resolution method, in which a laser carves 120-micron slivers of ice, representing just a few days or weeks of snowfall, along the length of the core. Each of the samples—some 50,000 from each meter of the core—is analyzed for about a dozen elements. The approach enabled the team to pinpoint storms, volcanic eruptions, and lead pollution down to the month or even less, going back 2000 years, says UM volcanologist Andrei Kurbatov.Darkest hours and then a dawnA high-resolution ice core record combined with historical texts chronicles the impact of natural disasters on European society.(GRAPHIC) A. CUADRA/SCIENCE; (DATA) C. P. LOVELUCK ET AL., ANTIQUITY 2018; M. SIGL ET AL., NATURE 2015; M. MCCORMICKIn ice from the spring of 536, UM graduate student Laura Hartman found two microscopic particles of volcanic glass. By bombarding the shards with x-rays to determine their chemical fingerprint, she and Kurbatov found that they closely matched glass particles found earlier in lakes and peat bogs in Europe and in a Greenland ice core. Those particles in turn resembled volcanic rocks from Iceland. The chemical similarities convince geoscientist David Lowe of The University of Waikato in Hamilton, New Zealand, who says the particles in the Swiss ice core likely came from the same Icelandic volcano. But Sigl says more evidence is needed to convince him that the eruption was in Iceland rather than North America.Either way, the winds and weather systems in 536 must have been just right to guide the eruption plume southeast across Europe and, later, into Asia, casting a chilly pall as the volcanic fog "rolled through," Kurbatov says. The next step is to try to find more particles from this volcano in lakes in Europe and Iceland, in order to confirm its location in Iceland and tease out why it was so devastating.A century later, after several more eruptions, the ice record signals better news: the lead spike in 640. Silver was smelted from lead ore, so the lead is a sign that the precious metal was in demand in an economy rebounding from the blow a century before, says archaeologist Christopher Loveluck of the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. A second lead peak, in 660, marks a major infusion of silver into the emergent medieval economy. It suggests gold had become scarce as trade increased, forcing a shift to silver as the monetary standard, Loveluck and his colleagues write in Antiquity "It shows the rise of the merchant class for the first time," he says.Still later, the ice is a window into another dark period. Lead vanished from the air during the Black Death from 1349 to 1353, revealing an economy that had again ground to a halt. "We've entered a new era with this ability to integrate ultra–high-resolution environmental records with similarly high resolution historical records," Loveluck says. "It's a real game changer."Posted in: Archaeologydoi:10.1126/science.aaw0632″