After The Storm, Before The Calm - Department Of Politics - New York: Fill & Download for Free

Grover Cleveland: Accused of being a date-rapist.The story has all the makings of a melodramatic Victorian novel. Scandal, betrayal, and an involuntary commitment to an insane asylum ... and it starred a man who would later become president, Grover Cleveland.The other main player in this tale was Maria Crofts Halpin. When our story starts in 1874, Maria was a thirty-eight year old widow with two children. After her husband's death, she moved to Buffalo, New York, where she worked as a cloak room clerk in a prestigious department store. She was a beautiful woman, cultured and educated, and was a respected member of her church community at Saint John's Episcopal.Maria caught the eye of a politician named Grover Cleveland, who pursued her "persistently." Maria finally agreed to a dinner date with Grover.Here is where the two parties' stories sharply diverge.Grover's side of the story was that he'd had a short-term affair with Maria, but so had several of his friends. Being the only unmarried gentleman of the group, Grover gamely took responsibility when Maria became pregnant.But Maria's version of the events was much different, and far more disturbing. According to Maria, Grover escorted her back to her lodgings after their dinner date, and then assaulted her, "[b]y use of force and violence and without my consent."Afterward, Maria said she threatened to go to the authorities, and Grover flew into a rage. He would destroy her if she did that, he threatened. He said "he was determined to ruin me if it cost him $10,000, if he was hanged by the neck for it. I then and there told him that I never wanted to see him again [and] commanded him to leave my room, which he did."She had to contact him when she discovered she was pregnant. It's difficult for modern people to imagine what pressures a Victorian woman would face in that situation. Even if her claims of being raped are true, it wouldn't have absolved her of the "shame" of unwed motherhood in the era. She would be ruined for life, a social pariah, and her other children would also be harmed by the scandal, possibly unable to find work or marry. Though the prospect of a woman having to marry her rapist is horrific, so would be the ostracism and poverty she and her children would have to endure. Marriage was the only possible solution for Maria to save her family from shame.According to Maria, Grover went into another rage, but after he calmed down, he accepted "the consequences of his actions" and promised to marry her.Maria had to quit her job - showing up to work with a bulging belly would have led to her dismissal and made her situation public. She also had to leave the boarding house where she was living, because she would have been evicted if her landlord had known she was an unwed pregnant woman. Maria sent her other children to live with relatives, lest they start noticing their mother's growing waistline before Grover put the ring on her finger.Grover dawdled on the wedding, but he did send her a small stipend to support herself. Maria waited, and her belly grew, but still no marriage was forthcoming. Desperate, she turned to her minister at St. John's for help and confessed what had happened.The minister went to talk to the reluctant groom. That's when Grover first claimed that he wasn't sure he was the child's father. He said it could have been another of her numerous lovers. The shocked preacher left the meeting and told Maria the wedding would be impossible. Maria was in despair. She was a "ruined" woman, and her child would be born soon.The baby arrived on September 14, 1874. Grover named the child Oscar Folsom, after his best friend who had recently died, one of the men he alleged had shared in Maria's favors.After the birth, the tale becomes even stranger, and a recent biographer of Grover Cleveland unraveled the story of what happened to the baby.A woman named Mrs. Minnie Kendall had a brother-in-law who was an obstetrician, Dr. James King. Minnie herself was due to give birth soon. Dr. King arrived at Minnie's home with a newborn infant in his arms, and said he wanted to hire her as the wetnurse for this child. The baby's name, he declared, was Jack. Minnie, understandably, was somewhat alarmed by the oddity of this situation. The child was wrapped in a blanket that was monogrammed "MH." The doctor took the blanket and ordered Minnie to never say anything about this situation to anyone.Some time later, a package arrived for Minnie with a pair of baby booties and a photo of a man who looked like Grover Cleveland. On the back was written "baby's papa."For a year, Minnie cared for the child until one day Dr. King and his wife arrived at her home "in haste." The child had to be returned to his mother. Minnie was taken with the baby to an apartment where Maria Halpin was waiting, in a flood of grateful tears when her child was handed to her. As she smothered the confused boy in kisses, she told Minnie a bizarre tale, her eyes burning with fury.Dr. King, she said, had delivered her child and then stolen him from her. She snapped that Dr. King, and the child's father - whom she did not name - were evil. The bewildered Minnie returned home, and was told by Dr. King it was best if she left town soon. He'd even found a job for her husband in their new location, but they must never say anything about the baby.The next day, Minnie returned to her apartment and found it had been burglarized. All of "Jack's" things, including the photo of "baby's papa" had been stolen - but those were the only items taken in the burglary. She and her husband wisely decided that moving was in their best interest after all.Before they left, Minnie visited her brother-in-law and his wife, and heard the wife say the strangest thing about Maria Halpin: that Maria had the baby now, but Mrs. King would get him and Maria would never see him again.Grover appears to have been alarmed to find that Maria had the child back. He spoke to a police officer friend and told them that Maria was a drinker and to please help him "keep an eye" on her. Two detectives were assigned to watch her. When that appears to have not yielded the results he wanted, Grover spoke to a friend who was a judge.The judge talked with Maria and persuaded her that the best thing for little Oscar was to put him into an orphanage. At this point, we also have to try to understand the viewpoint of a Victorian woman, and the difference in power between these two. Maria was a "fallen" woman, barely clinging to respectability because no one knew of her "shame," and this was a judge, a powerful man with society and the law on his side. She had to be terrified and intimidated.The plans had already been worked out, she was told. Grover would give money to the judge, who would pay the orphanage for the child's upkeep to keep Grover's name out of it, and then Grover would give money to Maria to start a business of her own in a new town. A new life for her and her other two children. He likely impressed upon her the impossibility and inevitable social shaming of her situation if she tried to keep Oscar/"Jack." Maria agreed, and signed the papers.Almost immediately, she regretted her decision. She tried to ask the orphanage for the child to be returned to her, but when that was refused, she snatched him and moved to a new address with her son. When Grover found out about this, he went back to his police officer friend. He told the officer that Maria's drinking was wildly out of control and the child was in mortal danger. She had to be tracked down and the boy taken from her.The officer objected, but Grover had the official position of Overseer of the Poor, and taking a law book down from the officer's shelf, he showed him the legal code that allowed him to seize a child if he or she was in "immediate danger." Certainly, a crazed, drunken mother would qualify? (Oddly, neither of her other children needed to be seized from this terrible danger.) Grover himself was the one who discovered where Maria was staying, and he sent the police to get Oscar.Dr. King accompanied the two officers into Maria's apartment in the middle of the night. She - quite understandably - panicked when the men stormed into her home and they had to forcibly yank the boy out of his mother's arms while she screamed and fought. They dragged the struggling Maria down the stairs and pushed her into a carriage. Afterward, they complained about the surprising strength of Maria, and Grover paid them $50 for their trouble.Less than an hour later, Maria found herself arriving at the gates of the Providence Lunatic Asylum. The physicians diagnosed her hysterical state as insanity from alcoholic excess and delirium tremens, and she was booked in as a patient, shuttled off to her new rooms.The next day, she saw a doctor who immediately questioned the diagnosis of alcoholism. Maria was "ladylike" and composed as she told him her story. (It wouldn't be the first time that Maria's manners and apparent respectability would change minds during this bizarre tale.) The doctor was incensed at what had happened to her - which he saw as an intolerable abuse of political power. He told her the asylum had no right to detain her, and she was free to go whenever she wished.He advised her to stay for a few days until she had cleared her head and decided upon her next course of action, and she agreed, which is further proof she wasn't detoxing from a serious alcohol problem (what withdrawing alcoholic would voluntarily agree to stay where they couldn't get alcohol?) Three days after her forcible admittance, Maria Halpin walked free.She had decided it was time to get the law on her side, and damn the consequences of revealing her public shame. She wanted her son back. Her attorney was stunned by her story, and he warned her that her case would be difficult. Proving rape would be almost an impossibility. During the 19th century - even in clear-cut cases like stranger attacks - it was incredibly difficult, because the woman's virtue was always attacked in court, and every action on the woman's part - present and past - and bit of clothing she wore would be scrutinized to show "she was asking for it," which would excuse her attacker's actions. Maria admitted she had gone out on an unchaperoned date with Grover and had let him escort her home, two damaging blows to her respectability, in the view of the day. It was simply her word against his as to whether she was sleeping around with multiple men, and it was doubtful a woman's word would be taken over that of a respected, powerful politician.The lawyer could prove she'd been incarcerated, but Grover was likely to say it was legitimate, and Maria would have to be prepared to be called a drunk and an unfit mother in court. The burden of proof was on Maria, who would have an uphill battle to prove her respectability. But he began to prepare a lawsuit.Perhaps Grover got wind of it. Perhaps Maria's family put pressure on her not to make this scandal public. After all, she had two other children who would be marred by their mother's "shame" in giving birth out of wedlock, much less having been put in an insane asylum. Perhaps she was finally convinced of the extremely small likelihood she would win her case, ruining her own life and her children's lives for nothing.Grover presented Maria with an offer: she would surrender custody of the boy and he would give her the sum of $500. She would never contact him again about this matter. The child would be raised in wealth and comfort, with every social and economic advantage his mother couldn't give him. Facing the choice of misery and ruin versus the wonderful future the offer painted for her child, Maria agreed.The child, Oscar Folsom Halpin, was delivered to Dr. King and his wife, and he got back the name the wetnurse had once called him, "Jack." He was now James E. King, Jr. It was the name he retained for the rest of his life.Ten years passed, and both Maria and Grover went on with their lives. Maria went to live with an elderly aunt, and after the aunt's death, she stayed on to work as her uncle's housekeeper. His name was James Seacord, and he was a retired carpenter, a simple man described as having a kindly face and a pronounced stoop. He lived in a two-story cottage, painted light yellow, set amid a large garden. It sounds like it was a peaceful home, and by all accounts, Maria and her other two children were contented there.Grover Cleveland continued to rise in the political world. Maria never spoke of him, of course, and so no one in her new town had any idea of the storm that was about to break over their heads.The scandal surfaced when Grover Cleveland ran for president. A doctor Maria had seen after her release from the asylum spoke to his minister, and the minister began to investigate the story, tracking down Maria's previous employers and people who had known her to confirm what details he could. The more he found out, the more vile the story became.The press got wind of the story and the first few articles were sympathetic to Maria's plight as a "ruined" and "disgraced" woman who'd had her child forcibly removed from her by a politically powerful man. The Democratic papers at first refused to address it, because, they said, the details were too lurid for family reading, but the Republican papers were all over it. Soon Grover was being harassed at rallies by people chanting, "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?"Grover decided to tell the truth - or his version of the story, in any case. He said Maria's favors had been shared by Grover and several of his friends, and Grover being the only bachelor, he decided to take responsibility for her child to spare them the potential embarrassment. (All of Maria's other lovers being married men was a convenient explanation for why no other man ever came forward and said they'd spent time in Maria's arms.)The press ripped Maria to shreds as a drunken, immoral woman sleeping with three or four married men. It was said she had a strange, bewitching power over men and had a "free and jolly" disposition with her "host of admirers." In Victorian parlance, she was the Whore of Babylon.The press hunted for Maria and finally located her. At first it was just a few, but as the story gained traction, hundreds of them descended on the quiet little town and surrounded her cottage.She was in a state of anguish that her "disgrace" had become national news, and did not want to talk. Seacord took this as gospel and guarded the door of the house. As one article put it,"Night and day he sat in the hall of his home with two rifles and four revolvers in reach, and it really became dangerous to mount the steps leading to his front door, for he had nerved himself up to the idea that it was his duty to shoot the person who sought to gain an entrance to his house. This rather played the game of the Democratic representative [who had tried to speak with her] than otherwise, for, while he could not reach the woman himself, he had the assurance that neither could the Republican, and the next best thing to an authorized denial was the prevention of a signed story which would seem to be an affirmation of the charges."Her son from her first marriage, now twenty-one years of age, was asked to a meeting by one of Grover's political advisers. The son was told that if he could get his mother to sign a statement praising Grover for his "uniform kindness and courtesy" to her, he would be given a high-paying job with the Board of Public Works, and the princely sum of ten thousand dollars. Maria refused - she would not sign something that wasn't true.Her other family was hunted down, as well. Her father, who had known nothing of what happened to Maria in Buffalo, broke down into sobs when confronted with the article that had blown the whole story wide open.Maria's house was literally surrounded by reporters, but Seacord wasn't budging. Unable to reach her, one journalist flat-out lied and said he'd met with her and she had the glassy eyes and twitchy disposition of an epileptic with "sudden starts peculiar to insane persons." She went on to say - the journalist claimed - she hoped Grover Cleveland was elected because he was a nice man who always treated her kindly.Finally, Maria could take it no longer and October 30, 1884 she gave two sworn affidavits as to her moral character prior to her "ruin" by Grover.The affidavits did her no service in some people's opinions:"The woman in this case can claim no sympathy from the public, since in violation of all sense of decency, she has prowled herself about the affair with looseness of tongue. This fully justifies the allegation that before she met Mr. Cleveland, she had been quite liberal with her favors."But not everyone saw it the same way. A friend wrote to Mark Twain that it was contemptible and hypocritical that a woman should have to suffer shame for being unchaste, but a man would not.Many dismissed the case as the "foolish peccadilloes" of a young bachelor. Some praised Grover for "playing the man" and gamely supporting a child he wasn't sure was his own to save his friends from possible embarrassment. Maria was dismissed as a scarlet woman. In the Victorian era, having accusations made against a lady's character was enough to tarnish her permanently, and so it was "true" just by virtue of having been stated in the papers. Sympathy drifted in Grover's direction.The scandal eventually faded, as all scandals do. Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency. The rejoinder to "Ma, Ma where's my Pa?" became "Gone to the White House, Ha Ha Ha!" In 1886, he married Frances Folsom, her generation's Jackie Kennedy, and the nation went into ecstatics over the graceful, lovely First Lady. Frances was the daughter of the friend after whom he'd named Maria's son, and Grover had long said he was waiting for his future wife to grow up when he was asked why he was not married.Maria married James Seacord. Likely, she now felt uncomfortable living with an unmarried man after the accusations of immorality that had been heaped against her. Seacord was over twenty years her senior, and had been the husband of her aunt, so it probably wasn't a love match, but hopefully, they were content together. After his death in the 1890s, she married again to a hardware store owner. She died of pneumonia in 1902. She asked in her will that her funeral not be public, because she feared that strangers would come to gawk at her. "Let me rest," she begged.Oscar Folsom Halpin, A.K.A James E. King, Jr., became a successful physician and professor of gynecology. He never had any children of his own. He may have never known about his true parentage - at least, he never discussed it. He died in 1947 and was buried with his adoptive parents.———————-This answer originally appeared as an article I wrote for The History Geeks

How about four? (References below)Iran sanctions. Sec. Clinton accomplished the nearly impossible mission of getting China, Russia, the European Union and the civilized world on board with crippling sanctions against Iran. This is what brought Iran to the negotiating table.Clinton understands the importance of strengthening ties with friends and allies while simultaneously engaging adversaries. Through intensive personal interaction, she deftly built new relationships and managed old ones in a way that advance U.S. interests. She endeavored to ensure that the U.S. has “…a seat at every table that has the potential for being a partnership to solve problems.” For example, she expertly led efforts to rescue Chen Guangcheng, the dissident who took refuge in the U.S. Embassy in Beijing in May 2012, without crippling U.S.-China relations. Clinton was the most active secretary of state in history, as a result. She traveled more frequently and visited more countries than any of her predecessors, her travels have spanned nearly 1 million miles and 112 countries.Clinton articulated a new vision of Economic Statecraft that made domestic economic growth – e.g. helping U.S. companies win business overseas – a key pillar of U.S. foreign policy. She made foreign policy relevant to the broader economic conversation, taking place in the U.S. in a show of political savvy few previous secretaries could match. And Clinton appointed the State Department’s first ever-chief economist to help implement her vision. She also supported the more traditional economic aspects of foreign policy – such as sanctions – including those that crippled the Iranian government – and free trade – including Free Trade Agreements with allies Panama, Colombia, and South Korea.The now iconic picture of senior officials gathered in the Situation Room during the Osama Bin Laden raid will forever memorialize one of the principal national security achievements of the first Obama administration. Clinton supported the raid and was a key player in adjusting U.S.-Pakistan relations afterwards. She was also a strong proponent of NATO airstrikes in Libya that eventually led to Muammar Gaddafi’s ouster. Her active diplomacy was critical to securing United Nations Security Council authorization of the Libya mission and maintaining strong European and regional support for it. Without such robust diplomatic effort, the use of military force – in Pakistan and Libya – would not have been nearly as effective. 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ABC News.Mohammed, Arshad (June 7, 2013). "Clinton Defends Drone Strikes After Al Qaeda Leader Abu Yahya al-Libi Killed". Huffington Post. Reuters."Clinton faces Pakistani ire at drone attacks". NBC News. 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2015.Miller, Greg (December 27, 2011). "Under Obama, an emerging global apparatus for drone killing". The Washington Post.Lee, Matthew (June 28, 2012). "Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100-country mark". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press."US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on historic Laos visit". BBC News. July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.Saleh, Heba (July 15, 2012). "Clinton in talks with Egypt military head". Financial Times. Retrieved April 13, 2015."Protests as Clinton holds meetings in Egypt". CNN. July 16, 2012."For Us or Against Us: Egyptians Confront Clinton with Conspiracy Theories". Time. July 15, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2013."Clinton threatens sanctions for undermining Somali political transition". The Hill. February 23, 2012. 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The Washington Post.^ Jump up to:a b Packer, George (February 11, 2013). "Long Engagements". The New Yorker.Dwoskin, Elizabeth (January 10, 2013). "Hillary Clinton's Business Legacy at the State Department". Bloomberg Businessweek.Goldberg, Jeffrey. "The Obama Doctrine". The Atlantic.Ghattas, Kim (April 14, 2016). "Hillary Clinton Has No Regrets About Libya". Foreign Policy.Zenko, Micah (June 24, 2015). "Book Review – 'The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy'". Council on Foreign Relations. Also published in Newsweek as "Did Hillary Implement a Women's-Issues Foreign Policy?", June 26, 2015.Hudson and Leidl, The Hillary Doctrine, pp. 52–53.Hudson and Leidl, The Hillary Doctrine, pp. 57–60."Pakistani Opinion Ever More Critical of the U.S.". Pew Research. June 27, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013.Parnass, Sarah; Hughes, Dana (December 23, 2012). "Departing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Leaves Behind a Legacy of Firsts". ABC News."Clintons personally paid State Department staffer to maintain server", The Washington Post, September 5, 2015. Retrieved 2015BibliographyHeilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-173363-6.Hudson, Valerie M.; Leidl, Patricia (2015). The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-16492-0.Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown Books. ISBN 0-307-46425-3.Libert, Barry; Faulk, Rick (2009). Barack, Inc.: Winning Business Lessons of the Obama Campaign. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press. ISBN 0-13-702207-7.Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-307-46312-5.Further readingAllen, Jonathan; Parnes, Amie (2014). HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-8041-3675-0.Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2014). Hard Choices. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4767-5144-7.Ghattas, Kim (2013). The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-9511-X.

Weimar Germany, and Berlin in particular, was fertile ground for intellectuals, artists, and innovators from many fields. The social environment was chaotic, and politics were passionate. German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in 1918. Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist Albert Einstein; sociologists Karl Mannheim, Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl; sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld; political theorists Arthur Rosenberg and Gustav Meyer; and many others. Nine German citizens were awarded Nobel prizes during the Weimar Republic, five of whom were Jewish scientists, including two in medicine.Weimar culture, the arts and sciences was flourishing in Germany during the Weimar Republic period from 1918 until Austrian corporal Adolf Hitler usurped power in 1933. The Golden Twenties, also known as The Happy Twenties, is the decade of the 1920s in Germany. The era began with the end of World War I and ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929.The German term Goldene Zwanziger is often applied to that country's experience of healthy economic growth, expansion of liberal values in society, and spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the field of art. Before this period, the Weimar Republic had experienced record-breaking levels of inflation of one trillion percent between January 1919 and November 1923. The inflation was so severe that printed currency was often used as domestic fuel and everyday requirements such as food, soap, and electricity cost a wheelbarrow full of banknotes. It was only after radical economic reform measures initiated by the Weimar Republic, such as introduction of a new currency, the Rentenmark, tighter fiscal control, and a reduction in bureaucratic hurdles led to an environment of economic stability and prosperity in Germany. The Golden Twenties in Germany is often referred to as a borrowed time, meaning that this time of exploring the arts, humanities, freedom and financial stability would soon end. America was the only country to come out of World War I without debt or reparations to pay. Germany owed a gross sum and had to take a loan from the US just to survive. No one had any hint that there would be a stock market crash with worldwide repercussions and that this crash would ruin Germany and set the ground for Hitler to come into power. Thus, the expression of a "borrowed time" came to being. It was the calm before the storm. German-speaking Austria and particularly Vienna is often included as part of Weimar culture.WEIMAR CABARET CULTURECabaret dancing was the first form of "strip tease". Customers often sat at a table in a night club or pub and waited to be entertained by the performances of nearly naked girls. These were much like the productions of the Moulin Rouge in Paris, France, during this time.Anita Berber was a famous, even infamous, cabaret dancer during this so-called borrow time. She was known to have danced naked on top of her customers' tables, often while peeing on them and the table and/or hitting them with champagne bottles. Berber's dances – which had names such as "Cocaine" and "Morphium" – broke boundaries with their androgyny and total nudity, but it was her public appearances that really challenged social taboos.The movie Cabaret is a classic movie that won Oscars. It captured the atmosphere of the forgotten era in magnificent way:Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey starred in the film Cabaret in 1972:The plot of the movie had a place in 1931 Berlin where young American singer Sally (Lisa Minnelli) performs at the Kit Kat Klub. A British academic and bisexuale Brian moves into the boarding house where Sally lives. Sally tries to seduce Brian, but he refused , he tells her that all three previous occasions he has tried to have sexual relationships with women had failed. They become friends. Much later in the movie, Sally and Brian become lovers, concluding that his previous failures with women were because they were "the wrong three girls". German playboy Maximilian von Heune befriends Sally and takes her and Brian to his country estate where they are both spoiled and courted. After an experience with Brian, Max drops his pursuit of the pair in anger. During an argument, Sally tells Brian that she has been having sex with Max, and Brian reveals that he has as well. Brian and Sally later reconcile, and Sally reveals that Max left them 300 marks and mockingly compares the sum with what a professional prostitute gets. Sally learns that she is pregnant but is unsure of the father. (Cabaret (1972 film) - Wikipedia)THE FASHIONGermany shared many similar social trends with France and America at this time, such as the famous women's haircut called "the Bob", exploring clothing fashions, cabaret dancers, and performances, and dancing "the Charleston".The art movement known as New Objectivity originated in Germany during this time.JAZZIn the 1920s, jazz in Weimar Germany was almost as popular as in America. It started very early, as early as the end of the WW1 when many African American musicians who had fought in WWI chose to stay in Europe and work there. Europe was then discovering jazz and the social environment was more favourable to them.As jazz became more and more popular, many famous jazz players and singers came over to Europe to perform, and most of them passed – as it was obvious – from Berlin, the hotbed of European jazz.Later in the decade, many German bands were born. The first school of jazz in the world opened in Berlin while in the US, the cradle of jazz, the first school only opened in the mid-1940s. While America seemed to consider jazz a lesser form of music, many German composers incorporated it into their music, maybe because of its affinity with the expressionist movement. Many kabarett authors – including Bertold Brecht – used it in their plays.WEIMAR ARCHITECTUREBauhaus-style designs are distinctive, and synonymous with modern design.Bauhaus Dessau, built from 1925 to 1926 to a design by Walter Gropius who founded modern architecture:Bauhaus was literally a school, an institution that combined a school of industrial design with a school of arts and crafts. The founders intended to fuse the arts and crafts with the practical demands of industrial design, to create works reflecting the New Objectivity aesthetic in Weimar Germany. Walter Gropius, a founder of the Bauhaus school, stated "we want an architecture adapted to our world of machines, radios and fast cars." Berlin and other parts of Germany still have many survived landmarks of the architectural style at the Bauhaus.NARCOTICSA person in Weimar era Berlin could get cocaine almost anywhere. Cafes sold cocaine to their patrons, who sniffed it off tables (they also sold marijuana and opium). Open the lid on Weimar Germany and you're bound to be shocked. The level of narcotics abuse was devastating.Cocaine, along with morphine, was peddled in the streets. The sausage seller sells not only his sausage treats but offers his customers the chance for other, forbidden pleasures as well. For on the side he also does a booming retail trade in cocaine, the poisonous white powder, and in this connection his clientele might well be much more extensive and loyal. One has no idea how quickly the vice of cocaine has made its home in Germany; broad groups of the population including pregnant women have fallen hopelessly into its clutches .This explains the psychopathology and savage brutality of the Wehrmacht soldiers with which they genocided 50 millions of their neighbours 20 years later, during the war. Cocaine use went hand-in-hand with the sexual hedonism and experimentation happening in clubs.Writers, poets, artists from London, Moscow, France, the United States arrived in German cities to witness and experience the wild erotic sexual freedom along with curiosity seekers, voyeurs, and homosexuals. Prostitution was decriminalized in 1927, leading to the proliferation of highly specialized sex work. Prostitution was like a candy shop – whatever you wanted, you could find on the streets of Berlin and in the city’s cabaret bars.Brits, Americans, Russians, French, Poles and Scandinavians all came to indulge their sexual appetites in the hedonistic nightlife and party culture of the German capital – or they came to witness the ‘luridly licentious Berlin’, spiking their own voyeuristic impulses. ‘The pervasive prostitution (both male and female), the public cross-dressing, and the easy access to bars and clubs that catered to homosexual men and lesbians were just a few of the features that supported Berlin’s sex industry’.WEIMAR LIBERALISMBerlin was a liberal hotbed of homosexuality and a mecca for cross dressers and transsexuals where the first male-to-female surgery was performed - until the Nazis came to power.They are nothing like the uninhibited urban gay sexual scene and vast homosexual subculture that flourished in Berlin under Germany's Weimar Republic. Sexual experimentation between the same sexes and medical advances of helping genders ‘trapped within the wrong body’ in Germany more than one hundred years ago shaped our understanding of gay identity today. The city's liberal years - before the rise of Hitler - are detailed in a book “Gay Berlin”. The science of ‘transsexuality’ was founded in Berlin at the Institute of Sexual Science where the first male-to-female surgery was performed.The words ‘homosexual’ or ‘transvestite’ were Weimar innovations.Police mugshots of Berlin prostitute Johann Scheff, arrested in July 1932. Youths dressed in women's clothing who successfully passed for women, descended on department stores en masse stealing large quantities of merchandise.The cover of Die Insel, December 1930, advertising a serialized installment of Men for Sale (Manner zu verkaufen):German gay magazines also offered gay and lesbian friendly services to the gay subculture including medical doctors specializing in 'sexual disturbances', detective agencies offering to investigate blackmail threats, as well as dressmakers and restaurants. Male prostitution, homosexual bars and nightclubs, cabarets populated by gay men, lesbians and transsexuals flourished in a wild, incomparable sexual subculture that was exciting dangerous.It was in Berlin where scientists concluded that ‘same sex love was a natural, inborn characteristic and not merely the perversion of a ‘normal’ sexual tendency’, author Robert Beachy writes in his compelling book, Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity. The Weimar Republic emerged out of the wreckage of Germany's war. The Kaiser was gone, the 1919 Versailles Treaty saw the abolition of the German Empire and the loss of significant amounts of its territory. It was a troubled and tortured time for Germany, but Berlin, the old imperial capital became its most liberal city. High living, a vibrant urban life and relaxed social attitudes, along with the influx of American money defined the Golden Twenties in Berlin that was the most creative period in German history.Transvestite prostitutes sitting on the laps of gay men in the popular Berlin gay bar Marienkasin. There were 25 separate homosexual German-language periodicals that were appearing in Berlin. There were no other journals published anywhere else in the world until after 1945. Openly nudist and homosexual titles were displayed in the kiosks. Same-sex bars, clubs and cafes advertised as well as the professional services of doctors, dentists, lawyers, stationers…all with the implied ‘friends patronize friends’. The Nazi Party’ predecessor DAP was founded in Munich in the Bratwurstgloeckl, which just happened to be what today is known as a "gay bar." Members of the National Socialist party have grown in the atmosphere of oversexuality, drugs and the excessive liberalism of night clubs.In those magazines, anyone facing blackmail found private detectives to track down extortion threats. Cross-dressers found dressmakers who tailored for large sizes.American Architect Philip Johnson often considered the dean of American architects, ‘availed himself of Berlin’s male prostitution’. ‘Paris was never that hospitable’, Johnson said. He became fluent in German later saying, ‘I learned it the best way, using "the horizontal method".'The American modernist artist, poet and essayist Marsden Hartley, a habitué of 1920s Berlin, ‘attended large transvestite balls and patronized homosexual bars frequented by male hustlers. He later recalled, ‘Life in Berlin then was at the height of heights – that is to the highest pitch of sophistication and abandon. None of us had seen anything quite like the spectacle’.Photo: Transvestites having drinks in the Eldorado club that was not hidden away but celebrated in the golden age of the gay bar and club scene in Weimar Berlin. It was a hot spot for high society and partying until dawn was the norm.SEXUAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATIONPrussian sexologists Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld opened the Institute for Sexual Science in March 1919, the first such facility in the world to offer medical and psychological counseling on sexual issues to heterosexual men and women, homosexuals, cross-dressers and intersex individuals also known as hermaphrodites or individuals caught between male and female. ‘The institute represented the first attempt to establish "sexology", or sexual science, as a topic of legitimate academic study and research. Nowhere else in the world was there so much as a university department or chair devoted to the subject, much less an entire institute.The Institute also emphasized public education and had a museum of sexuality, the Hirschfeld Museum, with not only wall charts and photographs but also cases filled with phalluses and fetishes from around the globe. Photographs of homosexuals dressed in huge hats, earrings and makeup adored the walls as well as women in men’s clothing and top hats. When Dr William Robinson, a New York physician and prominent activist for birth control, visited the institute in 1925, he stated: ‘It is an institution absolutely unique in the whole world…which I hoped to establish in the United States but which I felt would not thrive on account of our prudish, hypocritical attitude to all questions of sex.’ It was at this institute that Hirschfeld and his colleagues pioneered some of the first sex-reassignment surgeries as well as primitive hormone treatments .Dr Hirschfeld studied cross-dressing, men and women who wore the clothing of the opposite sex. Previously interpreted as a symptom of homosexuality by psychiatrists and sexologists, and associated with prostitution and criminal activity, Hirschfeld believed cross-dressers were often heterosexual. Male and female impersonators drew huge crowds at cabarets, circuses and variety theatres – as well as providing entertainment at the big transvestite balls and homosexual clubs, but they faced the possibility of being arrested by the police and harassed. Dr Hirschfeld helped reform the practices of the Berlin police and convinced them to issue ‘transvestite passes’ so that performers could work without fear of harassment although there was no law prohibiting public cross-dressing.But dressing like the opposite sex sometimes inspired the desire for a physical metamorphosis. So the doctor performed one of the first (primitive) male-to-female sex-reassignment surgeries on a WW1 officer. From childhood on, he felt he was trapped in the wrong body and only went into the military to demonstrate his masculinity. But that didn’t subdue his feminine feelings and when the war was over, he felt suicidal. Hirschfeld’s colleague, Dr. Arthur Kronfeld removed the man’s testicles and the effect was quite successful leading to a ‘psychic relaxation and a permanent feeling of harmony and balance’. His facial hair disappeared and now he passed for a woman. He visited a Dresden gynecologist, Dr. Richard Muhsam, who made a ‘vagina-like structure’ and tucked his member up in there in what was the first attempt to construct a vagina for a man. Five months later, the former officer was back and reported having erections. He also had fallen in love with a woman, abandoned his cross-dressing and was now masculine.The doctor successfully undid the surgery and restored his masculinity.Afternoon teas and large costume balls were held at the Institute as another venue for flamboyant cross-dressers. The balls attracted young male prostitutes along with the cross-dressers and prominent, open homosexuals. Hirschfeld wanted homosexual men and lesbians to experience greater erotic fulfillment that wasn’t connected to procreation.THE END OF WEIMAR REPUBLICNazi officials sort through materials in the debris of the Institute for Social Science, that was ransacked on May 6, 1933, for a book burning event they staged four days later:Perhaps one of the reason of burning files was there a presence of files of many open homosexuals who were members of National Socialist party and who had participated in the Nazi movement at least in the early years and then up until the Night of Long Knives - up until the assassination of Ernst Röhm. Hitler emerged the burning of Sexual Institut archives as the cover up to eliminate all possible blackmailing, suspicions and rumours about national socialist movement as a homosexual movement in the light of the upcoming agreement between Vatican and the German Reich. ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich" is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany was signed on 20 July 1933) .The purged Oberster SA-Führer Nazi leader Ernst Röhm advocated the repeal of German anti-gay law Paragraph 175.Also Jewish sexologist dr. Magnus Hirschfeld advocated the repeal of German anti-gay law Paragraph 175.Sources :(German Resistance Memorial Center)(Weimar culture)(Institut für Sexualwissenschaft)(Golden Twenties)