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The question isCan AI write a better book yet?which implies it can already write a book in some wayThe real problem is that people who write programs for AI, don’t see life in the way that a writer doesI am 88, and an ex-professional writerThat is, I once earned my living by writing, but no longer do soand I no longer do so, because I no longer need to do so, as against no longer having the ability to do soBut supposing I was given the skills of an expert programmer, could I get AI to write a book under my guidanceI guess I couldFirst to outline how technology affected my own writingWhen I started writing in 1956, I used a small portable typewriter a bit like thisit cost £18. About three weeks wages at the time.it required carbon paper for copies, and small tabs of dust covered paper to overprint on mistakes, but it was normal to write double-space so that the editor would make comments in spaces between the lines and in the marginsMy first script sale was made on this machineI then got an electric portable typewriter, a bit like this one. I could type faster, and it had better print quality, but due to the fonts hitting the paper harder, there was a tendency for the print heads to fall off, and had to be soldered back on. This could never be done accurately, so had wonky linesThis was followed by an IBM Selectric machine like this oneIt had a beautiful touch, sound, and used carbon ribbons that gave crisp black print. It cost several hundred pounds, but a friend gave it to me. The ribbons cost £6 each though, so I would think more before I wroteHow does this relate to AI?Well, with each machine being easier to use, and my touch typing improving, I transcended the machine itself, and typed automatically while staring into spaceThen the first leap into the futureAfter a successful project I was able to afford another, though second-hand IBM machine. It was less than half price at £3000. It looked like this, and used magnetic cards that could store about two pages of text. It had a ball printhead, and carbon ribbonIt enabled blocks of text to be stored and edited easily, but one day it went wrong, and the IBM engineer said it would cost several hundred pounds to repairIt was a sad for me when I went to its funeralBut technology had moved onThe BBC brought out a computer for schoolsA small step for finger-kind, but a giant step for writersNot only could I write twelve pages before having to save them, I could play games when the muse was taking a breakBut printers were were extremely expensive, so one had to use the computer for drafting out your work, and keeping notes, then back to the typewriter for the final workBut it changed the way one writes. Now I could keep several versions, so more likely to work in a ‘Stream of consciousness’ mode of writing first, and thinking afterwardsTechnology moved aheadI now had an Amiga and a dot matrix printerUnlimited storage, and the ability to run off a hundred page book while making tea and feeding the catBut wonders never cease, and they arrived in the form of a laser printer, a scanner, libraries of fonts, and word processing features beyond dreams of avariceI wondered at what point I could say to my computer“Magic computer on the tablewrite more words than I am able”Of course, these developments improved my output and presentation, but not my actual writing, apart from spelling and grammarBut then the Internet came knocking at my doorNow I can get Character charts and find images to match the descriptionsAlso use profiles on forums. Even do searches on images of people to get a variety of imagescharacter worksheets - Google Search:I can do the same for locations, seasons, events, time periods, fashions, inventions, news items, etc.If I say a want red haired lady riding a horse then she arrives in ten secondsThere is no doubt that AI could find a thousand of them just as quicklyIt could also match up such a lady with places where they ride, the sort of people in that environment, the sort of lady who would own a horse, etc.AI could list stories of ladies suited to this image, from Lady Godivato Ginger Rogers with her horseAfter a few questions, AI would start to suggest images and stories related to the subject, and eventually build up a database and story templates that would act as prompts for the writerAI might even ask a question on Quora ‘What ladies have stories about horses?’, and collate theseWould it work?I think it wouldIf you chose a topic on Quora and printed out all the question and comments, and then all the profiles of those who asked and answered on that topic, and then analysed the common elements of the replies, and had those elements listed and summarized, you would probably have many possible story outlinesSo, where am I now technologically speaking?I now have a three-screen system with scanner and laser printerPrograms that include Word processor, Outliner, Grammer, and libraries of links to writing resourcesImage editing programs, and speech input programsSeveral different search enginesWhereas I used to have ideas for books, and would research when I needed more information, I now search for topics and let them suggest ideas worth following up. In fact, I don’t even search for ideas, I just link into a topic and see what comes up, then use that as a story promptIt would only need an AI program that did the same for it to be one step away from writing its own bookswww.makemoviesdb.net

Australia contributed in numerous ways, not merely in mobilizing 11% of its population and further contributing to the war industry front of providing materiel and resources. Though arguably it was not merely its soldiery or resources, but its intelligentsia and its unique look at the qualities of its officers that really set the mold apart from other Entente forces.A lot of Australian staff officers towards the end of the war did not come from exclusive bourgeois familial lines, and the high total officer count of the Australian Corps (the largest corps of the Entente on the Western Front) lead to unique battlefield tactics and progressive attitudes to military science.People like General Sir John Monash were not just ‘smart’ people, they brought with them then curious and divergent attitudes to soldiery.Such as tactics like ‘peaceful penetration’ for gathering intelligence and denying the enemy cohesion, and sometimes outright taking forward enemy positions without knowledge of Australian operational strength or presence.Combined arms tactics such as the cohesive amalgamation of up-to-minute battlefield co-ordination of artillery, mortar, machine guns, general infantry, armour, close air support and intelligencers coordinated by a singular battlefield staff officer for operational objectives.This removed a lot of Australian Army Corps branch bureaucracy and provided greater means to provide force multiplication over entire fronts. Focussing on up-to-minute intelligence, and up-to-metre tactical planning, with a focus of collective autonomy to maintain cohesion of its manoeuvres and maintain a natural ‘aggressiveness’ in the field where and when opportunities presented themselves.Or to quote Monash himself; “Feed the troops on victory.”The idea that every advance, every objective, down to the platoon and company level must be treated as a harmonious series of engagements leading to a wider strategic effect.Every soldier needs to know what they’re doing, how to accomplish it, and should be relieved by the understanding they have contributed to the struggle. And thus, every soldier armed with the mindset of honed natural aggression and ‘doing their bit’.A soldier who cannot conceive of their true purpose in the moment, their true role, their true value and meaning to the fight, is a soldier that is frightened, is tired, is nearly broken.The focus on morale and psychology, and the role of arms diversification and specialized combat education for every soldier. This was, by its architect Sir John Monash, detailed in his central thesis as being ‘collective individualism’ and ‘military humanism’ ...The important consideration of why Sir John Monash was such a unique and talented military thinker was the fact that he was a civil engineer. He did not represent European conventions of soldiery or what an officer should be, but rather was uniquely talented at understanding logistics, human engagement, and the role of precise movements of men and materiel.Thus the ideas that he brought to ‘how a soldier should be’ were pivotal and placed an inordinate value on the role of education and information.The idea that military training isn’t about molding the best soldier as if merely a template of criterion, it was taking every individual soldier’s talents and transforming them into a tactical array that every company commander must recognize, and transformed into strategic effect by staff. This ‘collective individualism’ should be further honed and compartmentalized by unique and diverse equipment, to enhance their individual capacities in the feat of arms.As such the Australian Army Corps entertained a unique stratification of its armed forces that looks more like current military organizational charts and force composition of individual companies today.The officers born from the Great War, in this unique environment of the Australian Army that fostered and encouraged concepts of autonomy, precise planning and movement, combined arms tactics, and asymmetrical warfare models would create heroes of future wars…Such as Lt. Gen. Leslie Morshead … who defeated Rommel numerous times in the field in the battle for Libya, despite overwhelming Axis power. Also accredited as the first man to successfully counter the German ‘War of Movement’ doctrine such as ‘Bewegungskrieg’ …Implementing much of the divergent Australian tactics used to great effect by military planners such as Monash. A focus on ‘perpetual’, aggressive combat patrolling even while on the ‘defensive’ to deny the enemy their cohesion in staging areas, and to provide the latest intelligence to artillery so as to break the enemy preparing to advance and isolating its force composition parts to annihilate the enemy’s means to consolidate any territory. Such as the management of Morshead’s defence of Tobruk.The unconventionality of Australian Corps tactics and doctrine gave British and French officers a strange impression of Australians, calling them ‘fierce, wild men’ by generals such as Foch, Haig and Rawlinson… and generals such as Morshead the nickname ‘Ming the Merciless’ after the Flash Gordon villain in WW2.In truth, there is nothing ‘wild’ about it beyond the consideration of a holistic bridging between the continuum of attrition combat and manoeuvre warfare. Namely that there is no objective reason why defence or offence should look any different from actions designed to consolidate formerly enemy territory, destroying the enemy’s capacity for decision-making, and dominate any forward position of the enemy to dictate the flow of battle by forcing the enemy to fight on your terms.It would be these types of actions and over-arching philosophy of war of aggressive activity regardless of overall posture that shaped the confrontation wherever the Australian Corps fought, and to great effect. Both in bolstering the morale and gains by Allied forces and to the diminishment of men, material and morale of the enemy.Such as Australian actions at the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Beersheba.These were tactics honed in officers in the Great War, to be later recycled by the time of WW2. Finding equivalency of success in both wars.All too often does this get remarked as Australians being used as ‘shock troops’ in the journals and textbooks, and while many Australians fit the then contemporary dialogue of being ‘shock troops’ it’s a misapprehension. A supreme disconnection to understanding Australian military doctrine of the second half of the Great War.Indeed, all Australians at the Front were technically ‘shock troops’ due to their focus of dominating no man’s land, surprise offensives, surgical counter-attacks, and assailing directly the key decision-making capacities of the Central Powers’ formations to paralyze retaliation.Or simply how the infantry should operate, regardless.If the infantry lacks intelligence, mobility and naked aggression, then it’s infantry in name only. Caskets waiting to be filled and their funerals attended only by the cowed, dazed or routed.There are direct non-military science and philosophy of war contributions the Australian Army provided to the Great War, being pivotal fighting formations at the Battle of Amiens. It was Australian staff officers and key operational forces that provided both planning and execution factors to the success of the Battle of Amiens and it would be Sir John Monash himself who would plan the final battle leading to decisive victory over the Central Powers and their capitulation after the Battle of St. Quentin Canal...A place once considered impregnable by German authorities, but its fall and capture by the Entente meant tanks could progress towards Germany, and the infantry could no longer be hypothetically repulsed from their steady consolidation of territory.Monash’s plan ultimately signalled the death knell for the Central Powers once put into praxis. That the war would be over, one way or another.For these achievements and truly transforming a long-term stalemate into a steady march towards victory for the Entente, Australian staff officers like General Sir John Monash and the Australian Corps are widely considered the best generals and most successful force composition of the Great War, and certainly both the most innovative of staff officers and fighting forces of the war.There is a certain level of disagreement (particularly in terms of historiography) whether how much Monash is owed to himself, and rather to the unique force composition and qualities of the Australian Imperial Forces that predate him. But regardless of whatever way you look at it, Australia’s involvement in the Great War was pivotal in both strategic planning and operational performance.Fun fact, however… the charge of the Australian Light Horse at the Battle of Megiddo helped trigger a worldwide religious movement as it was interpreted as one of the signs of the coming apocalypse in Bahá'í …‘Red skinned devils breathing sulphur on horseback’ as a Biblical literalist or Christian mystic might say… or sunburnt Anglos from Australia speaking a foreign tongue, waving around bloody sabres and smelling like gunpowder after charging machine gun nests and prevailing. Leading towards the inexorable end of an old empire.So the direct cultural impact of Australians during the Great War were long-lasting at the very least.

Out of three questions, first two questions are answered here Surbhi Tripathi's answer to What is the Nipah virus, and how is it transmitted?The last question which is most important one to answer is about government's measures on NiV. As India is one of the member state of World Health Organisation so the preparedness for NiV is recommended by WHO will be apt to apply in India:Surveillance, Prevention and Control ofNipah Virus Infection: A Practical HandbookPage No. 18–354. OUTBREAK OR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR NiV4.1. PreparednessPreparedness in terms of technical and logistical management of a Nipah outbreak is essential in countries with recurrent outbreaks. The best response to a Nipah outbreak is being able to detect cases as early as possible and prevent further infections.4.1.1. Enhancing surveillance during the NiV transmission seasonSurveillance should be intensified during the Nipah season from January through May, when most Nipah outbreaks have been identified. This will increase the possibility of identifying NiV infection and understanding the characteristics of the virus. Blood, CSF, urine and throat swabs are collected from suspected patients and sent to the reference laboratories.4.1.2. Awareness building in hospitals and raising community awareness• Encourage and train health-care workers to maintain standard infection control precautions, e.g., personal hygiene, use of personal protective equipment(PPE), and manage encephalitis or neurological patients appropriately.• Disseminate information to communities through multimedia, leaflets, posters and meetings (group, community and market) encouraging people:o to stop consumption of raw date palm sap;o not to eat fruit partially eaten by bats;o cover the mouth and nose while caring for unconscious patients;o wash hands with soap and water before and after feeding and taking care of patients.4.1.3. Infection control in health-care settings should be in place• Implement standard infection control precautions.• Acquire and maintain PPE stock and other equipment needed in epidemiological investigations and outbreak response.4.1.4. Planning for outbreak response: some major components4.1.4.1. Formation of a multisectoral team 20Since NiV infection is a zoonosis and outbreaks may be associated with multiple factors such as animal reservoirs, sociocultural practices, food habits and possible human-to-human transmission, a multidisciplinary team is needed, and preparation should be done for pre-outbreak, outbreak and post-outbreak phases.A multisectoral team should be built up at national and local levels for the monitoring, evaluation and response to unusual acute public health events and outbreak response, including Nipah outbreaks. The team should have a holistic, multidisciplinary approach consisting of public health personnel, clinicians and laboratory personnel. The multisectoral team may consist of the following professionals (depending on the evolving and country-specific situation) who would bring relevant expertise in outbreak investigation and response:• epidemiologist• microbiologist• anthropologist and/or social scientist• veterinarian• ecologist.National or subnational level – Rapid Response Team (NRRT): The NRRT should be assigned from institutes at the national/provincial level and partner institutes.District/provincial level – District Rapid Response Team (DRRT): The DRRT consists of the head of health services at the district/provincial level and clinical and laboratory expertise, and other expertise from the public health department.4.1.4.2. Evaluate and ensure the supplies for sample collection, storage and shipment of samples:• Assess PPE in stock;• Assess sample collection instruments;• Assess sample storage capacity in the laboratory;• Evaluate laboratory capacity for NiV testing (e.g., biosafety, quality, skills, human resources and consumables for NiV virus testing);• Evaluate hospital capacities for isolation facilities and ability to treat Nipah patients in Nipah-prone areas.4.2. Alert and outbreak investigationThe outbreak investigation should lead to formulation of an appropriate public health intervention as soon as the source and mode of transmission are known. In the meantime, control measures mitigating known risk factors should be implemented as soon as NiV transmission is suspected.4.2.1. Investigation of a suspected case or cluster of suspect cases:4.2.1.1. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for sample collection and transportation in place:• Surveillance physician will take verbal consent from patient or patient’s family member;• Collect 5 ml venous blood;• If possible, collect 3 ml extra-CSF when appropriate;• Aliquot 1 ml serum and 1 ml CSF samples in 1.8 ml cryovial tube. Try to aliquot serum and CSF samples in three cryovial tubes;• Label the cryovial tube with: type of samples (serum/CSF), patient name and identification number, and date of sample collection;• Store the serum and CSF samples in liquid nitrogen if possible, or −20°C freezer for short-term storage if liquid nitrogen is not available;• Ship samples in liquid nitrogen tank or ice pack to assigned centre for laboratory diagnosis;• Store samples in −70°C freezer for longer-term storage;• A list of potential national or international reference laboratories should be pre-established. There can be several for different purposes: a frontline laboratory would be the WHO Collaborating Centre for laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases with BSL 3 or BSL 4 facilities (see list of WHO Collaborating Centres and other institutions for laboratory diagnosis, surveillance and response in Appendix 4).4.2.1.2. Templates of data collection instruments pre-developed and in place for quick useThese templates should include the following:• line listing of all cases;• case reporting form;• questionnaire for case-control studies or other relevant studies;• forms for sample collection.4.2.1.3. SOP for activating and conducting outbreak investigation teamsThis SOP is commonly country-specific as the process relies on the administrative structures and capacity or resources of a given country. Therefore a country-based manual or protocol for outbreak investigations should be in place in at-risk countries forNipah outbreaks. A more generalized national SOP manual for all emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases of international concern could be developed focusing on a mechanism of response and roles and responsibilities of different parties.The following are some of the key components to prepare a team for outbreak investigation:1) National or Subnational Rapid Response Team (RRT) Should an outbreak of NiV virus disease be suspected and/or reported, the National RRT should be activated and should meet together to:(1) Plan and conduct the investigation;(2) Request further technical support if needed (e.g., further analysis and interpretation, risk communication, initiate control).2) Administrative SOP for field work in place: administrative clearance, organize supplies, travel arrangements:• approval/permission from competent authority;• arrangement for accommodation;• arrangement for security, if needed;• arrange vehicle;• supplies:o medicineso sample collection instrumentso PPEo disinfectants, hand sanitizero basic medical and investigation equipment, e.g., stethoscope, thermometer, GPS instrument, etc.3) SOP for rapid mobilization of additional or experts teamsIf the NiV outbreak is confirmed, an experienced Nipah outbreak investigation team comprising an epidemiologist, clinician, veterinarian and anthropologist or social scientist can move to the field within 24 hours of outbreak reporting.4.2. 1.4. Nipah outbreak investigationThe overall objective of investigating Nipah outbreaks is to control the outbreak and prevent future outbreaks. Any Nipah (or suspicion of) outbreaks should be investigated as the disease is of public health concern with potentially devastating consequences.The specific objectives include the following:• to determine the extent of the outbreak;• to characterize the populations at greatest risk and to identify specific risk factors;• to provide practical recommendations to strengthen control and prevention measures.Key steps when conducting Nipah outbreak investigationStep 1: Activate preparation plan for outbreak investigation (details above).Step 2: Confirm the outbreak.One of the first tasks of the initial investigation team is to verify that a suspected cluster of cases is indeed a real outbreak with common cause. Some will be unrelated cases of the same disease, and others will turn out to be real cases of AES or ALRI but of unrelated diseases. This step consists of confirming the diagnosis through visiting the outbreak affected areas to (1) examine the patients and/or review the medical charts to describe and understand the clinical presentation; (2) collect blood, CSF and throat swab samples at the time of admission/ first contact, and follow-up serum samples 2 weeks after the onset of illness for testing.A Nipah outbreak is defined as the identification of at least one laboratory-confirmed case.Step 3: Define and identify cases.The investigators should develop or adapt standardized case definitions appropriate to the outbreak context (see details in standard case definitions). Testing for NiV infection should be performed when there are: (i) clusters of AES due to an unknown agent or (ii) patients with AES due to an unknown agent living in or near NiV zones.Patients with AES should also be tested for NiV infection when they are exposed to a cluster of unexplained neurological/pulmonary illness in animals, such as horses and pigs.Step 4: Case-findingIn many outbreaks, including Nipah outbreaks, the first cases that are recognized are usually a small proportion of the total number. Retrospective and prospective case-findings are crucial to determine the true magnitude and geographical extent of the outbreak.Active case-finding should be conducted:Among close contacts:• A close contact is defined as “a patient or the person who came in contact with a Nipah case (confirmed or probable cases) AND stayed in the room or veranda or vehicle for at least 15 minutes”.• Record contacts for potential follow-up if need be. They are to be followed up in case of occurrence of illness (up to 18 days). Serum specimens should be collected in case of symptom onseto in high-risk groups or in groups exposed to the sourceo through enhancing surveillance in the outbreak area and the at-risk areas for case-finding in the communityStep 5: Evaluate the outbreak in relation to ‘time, place and person’• establish a line-list of current and previous cases;• draw an epidemic curve;• analyse and interpret the data to identify potential sources of transmission.Step 6: Develop and evaluate hypothesesOnce step 5 has been done, investigators should have some hypotheses regarding the source and/or mode of transmission and the exposures that caused the disease. These hypotheses should be compared with established facts.Step 7: Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studiesIf step 6 is not conclusive, these hypotheses can be refined to look for new modes or vehicles of transmission and be evaluated through conducting case–control studies.Step 8: Implement control and prevention measures (see response section below)Step 9: Communicate findings and information about risks (i.e., outbreak report)• Develop an outbreak report and disseminate to concerned authorities.• Learning from the outbreak includes detailing:o new findingso major limitations during outbreak investigation• Resume the activities of pre-outbreak phase.4.3. Additional considerations with respect to Nipah outbreaksWhen the Nipah outbreak is confirmed, the investigation team needs to:• Immediately inform the local, regional and national authorities.• Inform the partners/stakeholders (notably those involved at local level): treating hospitals, patients’ relatives.• Declare the Nipah outbreak to WHO under the International HealthRegulation 2005 (IHR) via National IHR focal points (see detail below in the response section).Notification and assessment of Nipah outbreak and/or cases to WHO should be based on the following four criteria described in Annex II of IHR 2005. A "yes" to any of the four criteria would lead to notifying WHO under Article 6 of the IHR.• Is the public health impact of the Nipah outbreak and/or cases serious?• Are the Nipah outbreak and/or cases unusual or unexpected?• Is there a significant risk of international spread?• Is there a significant risk of international travel or trade restrictions?4.3.1. Conduct rapid risk assessmentSome of the major risk assessment questions should include the following:• What is the risk of occurrence of further cases from the detected outbreak?• What is the risk of spread of the infection?• What is the risk of major impact of the current outbreak on the health-care system?4.3.2. Evaluate the impact of control measuresEach outbreak should be thoroughly investigated, and lessons learnt from each outbreak should be evaluated and documented so that control measures can be reviewed and modified as required.4.3. 3. Develop further research with the objective of identifying determinants of infection or severity and determining modes and dynamics of infectionThe populations to be investigated would be those exposed to NiV:4.3.3.1. Health-care workers (HCWs)There is evidence of nosocomial transmission in India and Bangladesh, and one nurse was positive to Nipah IgM antibody in Malaysia (3, 4). HCWs are to be trained for infection control and prevention (see below). Surveillance should be in place to detect any suspected cases among HCWs. In addition, a study should be conducted to identify asymptomaticcases among HCWs who provided service to Nipah patients. Among these, positive cases should be subsequently compared with negative ones to determine risk factors for infection and understand the dynamics of transmission. Some components of the study could include:• Make a list of HCWs who provided care to Nipah patients.• Take consent from HCWs.• Interview at-risk HCWs using an exposure questionnaire, about 3 weeks after the last exposure to NiV-infected patients.• Collect 5 ml of blood for serology testing about 3 weeks after the last exposure to NiV-infected patients.4.3.3.2. Communities potentially exposed to NiVThe investigation should encourage involvement of multidisciplinary and multisectoral team using a one-health approach. For instance, investigators should have the support of microbiologists and their laboratories to conduct community-based seroprevalence surveys (detection of recent antibody response) to determine the extent of the outbreak via detecting subclinical and/or asymptomatic cases. Asymptomatic cases could be further compared with controls to identify risk factors for infection.Anthropologists or other social scientists with extensive community-based experience could help propose additional behaviour risk factors to be tested in a case–control study. Anthropologists should work with communication/health promotion specialists to develop communication messages combining both local explanatory models and biomedical models using local terms and languages, and deliver the message in such a way that it is meaningful to the community.Veterinarians and eco-health specialists should join the investigation to conduct studies collecting specimens from animals and the environment in the outbreak settings.Zoonotic and environmental investigations during an NiV outbreak primarily aim to determine the primary reservoir, likely source of the virus, route of transmission and the extent of the spread of the virus in animals. Georeferenced positive specimens could be analysed with positive human cases to better understand the dynamics of transmission.4.4. ResponseAs soon as a Nipah outbreak is confirmed, national authorities should implement control measures based on known risk factors. The interventions should be based on a multisectoral approach and include/understand the following strategic objectives:1. Establishment of a coordination committee for outbreak prevention, and control activities and resources mobilization; the role of this committee is to ensure the general coordination of operations. It must clearly define the responsibilities of the various teams and the route of information during outbreak response operations.2. Setting up partnerships with the media to ensure media monitoring and better risk communication.3. Formation of a referral system with the principal objective of easing transfer of cases to the appropriate case-management health-care settings.a. Active detection for new Nipah cases and their transfer to the case-management ward.b. Follow up all contacts during 18 days after their last unprotected exposure to Nipah patient(s) or infected animal or tissue (e.g., laboratory) and their transfer to the case-management ward if they fall sick.4. Set up a social mobilization and medical education programme whose principal role is to inform the public and promote practices that decrease community transmission of the disease.5. At the foci zone, the medical team should ensure safe case management of Nipah patients by complying with the following guidelines:a. Respect patients and their families’ dignity and rights, in particular their right for information on disease and treatment,b. Set up a specific Nipah case-management ward that ensures biosafety of in-patient care,c. Set up infection prevention and control measures for safe patient care,d. Organize the safe transport of patients from their residence to the ward,e. The express consent of patients is necessary for any hospitalization. In the event of patient’s refusal to be hospitalized, the medical team should organize, temporarily, a patient’s care at home with his/her family support.f. Organize safe burials while respecting the funeral ceremony,g. Set up psychosocial support (patients, family, HCWs).6. Outside the foci zone, to prevent secondary foci, the medical team should reinforce standard infection prevention and control measures in health care in all health centres of the affected district and all hospitals catering to the outbreak zone.7. Establishment of links with the animal health sector to:a. Continue monitoring the cause of disease and death in domestic animals and wildlife.b. Test samples and alert public health authorities as needed.c. Control slaughtering/butchering activities of domestic animals and wildlife, at home, and in markets and slaughterhouses.8. Media and communicationa. Designate a spokesperson in the outbreak team.b. Designate a spokesperson at the national level who communicates with national media.c. Regularly update reports to be sent to assigned authority.d. Conduct regular meetings with press and community.e. Distribute information, education and communication material.4.5. In the aftermath of the outbreak (evaluation)4.5.1. Declare the end of the outbreakThe health ministry declares the end of the outbreak. The date of outbreak end is equal to twice the mean incubation period for Nipah counted from the last infectious contact with a confirmed or probable case.The national authorities should use the announcement of the end of the outbreak to acknowledge national and international field teams as well as the media. They should also formally present their solidarity and their empathy to the victims, their families and the affected populations.4.5.2. Writing a final report of the outbreak control activitiesThe report objective is to describe the activities undertaken during the epidemic as well as constraints and difficulties encountered. It should include technical aspects (final epidemiological analysis, clinical investigations, etc.), as well as administrative and financial aspects. The report should be published to achieve wider dissemination of findings and lessons learnt.4.5.3. Archive outbreak documents and files• Gather all the reports, files, photographs, videos and other documents related to the outbreak management.• Store all the documents in a place accessible for their later use.4.5.4. Evaluate the management of the outbreakThe evaluation of the management of the outbreak response will review the performance of the various components of the strategy: coordination, relationship to the media, surveillance system, social mobilization programme, clinical management and logistics.The aim of the evaluation is to determine lessons learnt to improve the future management of epidemics. This evaluation should be led by a team comprising national and technical partners.4.5.5. To resume activities of the pre-outbreak period