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Ellen and William Craft (Ellen and William Craft - Wikipedia)Hollywood cannot compete with the true life adventures of William and Ellen Crafts- one of the most imaginative plots to ever come out of the Antebellum South.“For I had much rather starve in England, a free woman, than be a slave for the best man that ever breathed upon the American Continent.”[1]Most runaway slaves fled to freedom in the dead of night, often pursued by barking bloodhounds and bounty hunters. A few fugitives, such as Henry “Box” Brown who mailed himself north in a wooden crate, devised clever ruses or stowed away on ships and wagons.[2] One of the most ingenious escapes was that of a married couple from Georgia, Ellen and William Craft, who traveled in first-class trains, dined with a steamboat captain and stayed in the best hotels during their escape to Philadelphia and freedom in 1848.Ellen, a quadroon with very fair skin, disguised herself as a young white cotton planter traveling with her slave (William). It was William who came up with the scheme to hide in plain sight, but ultimately it was Ellen who convincingly masked her race, her gender and her social status during their four-day trip.[3] Despite the luxury accommodations, the journey was fraught with narrow escapes and heart-in-the-mouth moments that could have led to their discovery and capture. Courage, quick thinking, luck and “our Heavenly Father,” sustained them, the Crafts said in Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom, the book they wrote in 1860 chronicling the escape.[4]Ellen Craft 1846 (Ellen Craft: The Master of Disguise)Ellen and William lived in Macon, Georgia, and were owned by different masters. Born in 1826, as a child, Ellen, the offspring of her first master, Major James Smith and Maria a slave of African descent and European ancestry,[5] had frequently been mistaken for a member of his white family. Much annoyed by the situation, Smith's wife sent 11-year-old Ellen to her daughter in Macon as a wedding present in 1837, where she served as a ladies maid.[6]William Craft was forced to endure an entirely different upbringing. Throughout his childhood, William Craft’s masters regularly ripped his family apart by selling his parents and siblings. One master once sold William and his sister to separate slave owners.[7] William once recalled:“My old master had the reputation of being a very humane and Christian man, but he thought nothing of selling my poor old father, and dear aged mother, at separate times, to different persons, to be dragged off never to behold each other again, till summoned to appear before the great tribunal of heaven.”[8]Put up for auction at age 16 to help settle his master’s debts, William had become the property of a local bank cashier, Ira H. Taylor.[9] A skilled cabinetmaker, William, continued to work at the shop where he had apprenticed, and his new owner collected most of his wages. Craft’s new owner permitted William to hire himself out as a carpenter, and was allowed to keep earnings over $220 annually.[10] In time these meager earnings would prove to come in handy. Minutes before being sold on the auction block, William had witnessed the sale of his frightened, tearful 14-year-old sister.[11] His parents and brother had met the same fate and were scattered throughout the SouthJumping the Broom: 8 Historical Facts You Need to Know About This Wedding TraditionA twist of fate, and his impressive carpentry skills, eventually brought William and Ellen together. Denied the opportunity to marry[12] , in 1838, the couple “jumped the broom,” which was an African ceremony that consecrated the couple’s commitment to one another in secrecy.[13] Having experienced brutal family separations, the couple despaired over having children, fearing they would be torn away from them. “The mere thought,” William later wrote of his wife’s distress, “filled her soul with horror.”[14]Pondering various escape plans to Philadelphia, William, knowing that slaveholders could take their slaves to any state, slave or free, decided upon the idea of fair-complexioned Ellen passing herself off as his master—a wealthy young white man because it was not customary for women to travel with male servants.[15] Initially Ellen panicked at the idea but was gradually won over. Because they were “favourite slaves,”[16] the couple had little trouble obtaining passes from their masters for a few days leave at Christmastime, giving them some days to be missing without raising the alarm.[17]Figures of Ellen and William Craft presented at the University of Pittsburgh’s Free At Last?: Slavery in Pittsburgh in the 18th and 19th Centuries Exhibition, October 25, 2008-April 5, 2009.Before setting out on December 21, 1848, William cut Ellen’s hair to neck length. She improved on the deception by putting her right arm in a sling, which would prevent hotel clerks and others from expecting “him” to sign a registry or other papers.[18] Georgia law prohibited teaching slaves to read or write, so neither Ellen nor William could do either.[19] Refining the invalid disguise, Ellen asked William to wrap bandages around much of her face, hiding her smooth skin and beardless chin, giving her a reason to limit conversation with strangers.[20] She wore a pair of men’s trousers that she herself had sewed, completing her disguise with a pair of green-tinted spectacles to hide her eyes and a top hat[21] They knelt and prayed and took “a desperate leap for liberty.”[22]Woodcutting of Ellen Craft in disguise as a white, male plantation owner (Ellen and William Craft - Wikipedia)At the Macon train station, Ellen purchased tickets to Savannah, 200 miles away. As William took a place in the “negro car,” he spotted the owner of the cabinetmaking shop on the platform.[23] After questioning the ticket seller, the man began peering through the windows of the cars. William turned his face from the window and shrank in his seat, expecting the worst. The man searched the car Ellen was in but never gave the bandaged invalid a second glance.[24] Just as he approached William’s car, the bell clanged and the train lurched off.Ellen, who had been staring out the window, discovered that her seat mate was a dear friend of her master, a recent dinner guest who had known Ellen for years.[25] Her first thought was that he had been sent to retrieve her, but the wave of fear soon passed when he greeted her with “It is a very fine morning, sir.”[26] To avoid talking to him, Ellen feigned deafness for the next several hours.The Charleston Hotel 1840 (Former hotels of Charleston | CHStoday)In Savannah, the fugitives boarded a steamer for Charleston, South Carolina.[27] Over breakfast the next morning, the friendly captain marveled at the young master’s “very attentive boy” and warned him to beware “cut-throat abolitionists” in the North who would encourage William to run away.[28] A slave trader on board offered to buy William and take him to the Deep South, and a military officer scolded the invalid for saying “thank you” to his slave.[29] In an overnight stay at the best hotel in Charleston, the solicitous staff treated the ailing traveler with upmost care, giving him a fine room and a good table in the dining room.Trying to buy steamer tickets from South Carolina to Philadelphia, Ellen and William hit a snag when the ticket seller objected to signing the names of the young gentleman and his slave even after seeing the injured arm.[30] In an effort to prevent white abolitionists from taking slaves out of the South, slaveholders had to prove that the slaves traveling with them were indeed their property. Sometimes travelers were detained for days trying to prove ownership. As the surly ticket seller reiterated his refusal to sign by jamming his hands in his pockets, providence prevailed: The genial captain happened by, vouched for the planter and his slave and signed their names.[31]Baltimore, the last major stop before Pennsylvania, a free state, had a particularly vigilant border patrol.[32] Ellen and William were again detained, asked to leave the train and report to the authorities for verification of ownership.“We shan’t let you go,” an officer said with finality. “We felt as though we had come into deep waters and were about being overwhelmed,” William recounted, and returned “to the dark and horrible pit of misery.” Ellen and William silently prayed as the officer stood his ground. Suddenly the jangling of the departure bell shattered the quiet. The officer, clearly agitated, scratched his head. Surveying the sick traveler’s bandages, he said to a clerk, “he is not well, it is a pity to stop him.” Tell the conductor to “let this gentleman and slave pass.”[33]Philadelphia, Pennslyvania (1840's pictures)The Crafts arrived in Philadelphia the next morning—Christmas Day 1848. As they left the station, Ellen burst into tears, crying out, “Thank God, William, we’re safe!”[34]The comfortable coaches and cabins notwithstanding, it had been an emotionally harrowing journey, especially for Ellen as she kept up the multilayered deception. From making excuses for not partaking of brandy and cigars with the other gentleman to worrying that slavers had kidnapped William, her nerves were frayed to the point of exhaustion.[35] At a Virginia railway station, a woman had even mistaken William for her runaway slave and demanded that he come with her.[36]Abolitionists approached William at various stops, advising him to “leave that cripple and have your liberty”.[37] Another free African American man on the train to Philadelphia urged him to take refuge in a boarding house run by abolitionists.[38] Through it all Ellen and William maintained their roles, never revealing anything of themselves to the strangers except a loyal slave and kind master.Upon their arrival in Philadelphia, Ellen and William were quickly given assistance and lodging by the underground abolitionist network. They received a reading lesson their very first day in the city.[39] Three weeks later, they moved to Boston,[40] where William resumed work as a cabinetmaker and Ellen became a seamstress.After two years, in 1850, slave hunters arrived in Boston intent on returning them to Georgia.[41] Legally, both William and Ellen were still fugitives, and were in great danger when the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, part of the Compromise of 1850, law enforcement in non-slave states had an obligation to apprehend escaped slaves, including the Crafts.[42]U.S. Marshal's Return of Writ to Apprehend William CraftA civil case began in 1850 concerning the Craft's escape from slavery. A man named John Knight swore in affidavits that he knew William Craft as Ira H. Taylor's slave and Ellen Craft as Robert Collin's slave in Georgia.[43] The Massachusetts law enforcement and courts would have to send William and Ellen back to Macon.The court issued this warrant to find and capture William Craft, a “fugitive from labor,” with the intention of returning him to Georgia.[44] The Census of 1850 shows the Crafts living in freedom at the home of Lewis Hayden in Massachusetts.In 1850, a deputy U.S. Marshall sought them out at Hayden’s home. William and fellow black activist Lewis Hayden met them at the door of Hayden’s house, threatening to blow them all up with dynamite if they crossed the threshold.[45] It goes without comment, the U.S. Marshall departed.According to the warrant issued following this incident, “the complaintant [in the case] didn’t want the [original] warrant returned as he was “informed that the said Crafts [were still] in…this city.” However, within a few weeks the U.S. Marshall of Massachusetts reported: “I have made diligent search for…William Craft, and cannot find him…”[46]U.S. Marshal's Return of Writ to Apprehend William CraftThe Crafts fled once again, this time to England. They traveled from Portland Maine to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they boarded the Cambria, bound for Liverpool. As William later recounted in their memoir, "It was not until we stepped ashore at Liverpool that we were free from every slavish fear".[47] Upon arrival, they were aided in England by a group of prominent abolitionists, including Harriet Martineau. She arranged for their intensive schooling at the village school in Ockham, Surrey.[48]The Crafts eventually gave birth to five children, [49] while residing in Hammersmith, England.[50] Throughout the next twenty years, Ellen participated in reform organizations such as the London Emancipation Committee, the Women's Suffrage Organization, and the British and Foreign Freedmen's Society.[51] The couple supported themselves by presenting public lectures about slave conditions in the United States and their subsequent escape. William attempted to set up a carpentry business again, but they still struggled financially.[52]Ellen Craft 1874 (Ellen Craft: The Master of Disguise)After the end of the Civil War and the emancipation of slaves, Ellen located her mother Maria in Georgia, paying her passage to England.[53] In 1868, William, Ellen, Maria and three of their children returned to the states.With funds raised from supporters, in 1870 the Craft's purchased 1800 acres of land in near Savannah in Bryan County, Georgia.[54] There they founded the Woodville Co-operative Farm School in 1873 for the education and employment of freedmen.[55] In 1876, William Craft was charged with misuse of funds, and he lost a libel case in 1878 in which he tried to clear his name.[56] The school closed soon after. Although the Crafts tried to keep the farm running, dropping cotton prices and post-Reconstruction era violence contributed to its failure.[57]Charleston, South Carolina: The grave of abolitionist William Craft - Sacred Ground, Sacred HistoryIn 1890, the Crafts returned to Charleston, South Carolina to live with their daughter Ellen, married at the time to Dr. William D. Crum, appointed Collector of the Port of Charleston by President Theodore Roosevelt.[58] The elder Ellen Craft died in 1891, and, at her request, was buried under her favorite tree on their land.[59] William passed nine years later on January 29, 1900.[60]Footnotes[1] Ellen Craft: The Master of Disguise[2] The Narrative of Henry Box Brown (1849)[3] ellen craft quadroon - Google Search[4] RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM[5] How Ellen Craft and Her Husband William Escaped Enslavement[6] Ellen Craft: The Master of Disguise[7] Meet The Slave Who Disguised Herself As A White Man To Flee To Freedom[8] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/DetalheObraDownload.do%3Fselect_action%3D%26co_obra%3D11883%26co_midia%3D2&ved=2ahUKEwjai_Tgp5XnAhVIbs0KHQjYB38QFjABegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw150uuGpgcK-XGpAmKL4Bfa&cshid=1579630942741[9] I Was Born a Slave[10] Craft, William (1824-1900), runaway slave and abolitionist lecturer | American National Biography[11] Craft, William (1824-1900), runaway slave and abolitionist lecturer | American National Biography[12] Opinion | Slavery Denied Legal Marriage to Blacks[13] Here's the tangled history behind why some couples jump over a broom at their wedding[14] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/DetalheObraDownload.do%3Fselect_action%3D%26co_obra%3D11883%26co_midia%3D2&ved=2ahUKEwjai_Tgp5XnAhVIbs0KHQjYB38QFjABegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw150uuGpgcK-XGpAmKL4Bfa&cshid=1579630942741 [15] The Great Escape From Slavery of Ellen and William Craft[16] Disguise Leads To Freedom For Former Slaves[17] Q&A With Barbara McCaskill About Ellen and William Craft[18] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/Daring-Escape-Ellen-Craft-History/dp/0876147872&ved=2ahUKEwia7prjqpXnAhX4Ap0JHYRHBTAQFjASegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3FeS_uKvg77vkzXXx7cbRx&cshid=1579631999012[19] This Day in Georgia History[20] Ellen's Disguise - History by the Slice[21] Ellen's Disguise - History by the Slice[22] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[23] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.scadmoa.org/sites/moa/files/2019-07/The-Crafts-lesson-plan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwia7prjqpXnAhX4Ap0JHYRHBTAQFjARegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw0ZpcuvyfmMqZGUSfMIf5Eh&cshid=1579631999012[24] Ellen and William Craft, slaves who escaped to freedom - African American Registry[25] Aboard the Underground Railroad--William Ingersoll Bowditch House[26] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[27] Craft and Crum Family Papers Link Charleston and England[28] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[29] Avery Research Center acquired 1860 first-edition slave escape narrative[30] One of the most remarkable escapes from slavery: The story of Ellen and William Craft[31] The Great Escape From Slavery of Ellen and William Craft[32] A bitter Inner Harbor legacy: the slave trade[33] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[34] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[35] "A Complication of Complaints": Untangling Disability, Race, and Gender in William and Ellen Craft's Running A Thousand Miles for Freedom[36] Fascinating life of escaped slave Ellen Craft at James Library in Norwell[37] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[38] How the Abolitionist Movement Became a Force In America[39] How Ellen Craft learned how to read and write[40] William and Ellen Craft[41] Fascinating life of escaped slave Ellen Craft at James Library in Norwell[42] Fugitive Slave Act 1850[43] John Knight's Affidavit Confirming He Knew William Craft as Ira H. Taylor's Slave[44] U.S. Marshal's Return of Writ to Apprehend William Craft[45] Oh Freedom! William and Ellen Craft’s Escape from Slavery and Continued Search for Freedom[46] U.S. Marshal's Return of Writ to Apprehend William Craft[47] William Craft. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[48] Lakeland Meetings: the Crafts and Harriet Martineau[49] Georgia Women[50] William and Ellen Craft[51] The Profits and the Perils of Partnership in the "Thrilling" Saga of William and Ellen Craft[52] http://Magnusson, Magnus (2006), Fakers, Forgers & Phoneys, Mainstream Publishing,[53] One of the most remarkable escapes from slavery: The story of Ellen and William Craft[54] Ellen Butler Craft (1826-1891) - Find A Grave...[55] https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-and-ellen-craft-1824-1900-1826-1891%3famp[56] The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison[57] People and Politics After the Civil War[58] William Demosthenes Crum: Caused an Uproar When Appointed Collector of Customs in Charleston, SC[59] Ellen and William Craft Make a “Crafty” Escape from Slavery[60] One of the most remarkable escapes from slavery: The story of Ellen and William Craft

It’s more a case - at least in Europe - of:Were the Yanks completely incompetent in World War Two, losing every battle until the Brits intervened?The early US actions in the Europe/Mediterranean theatre involved:• Kasserine Pass: General Fredendal• Salerno: Generals Dawley and Clark• Anzio: General LucasAnd all were disastrous failures. Three of the Generals - Fredendal, Dawley and Lucas - were relieved of command, and sent home to training duties. Clark, for inexplicable reasons, was kept on. Though Stalin - when asked about Clark’s later disobedience in heading to capture Rome, and failing to cut off the retreating German armies - said that, in Russia, he would have been shot.My father explained why, post-War, the US Occupation Zone was in the south of Germany, the British one in the north. He was in the British 1st Army in North Africa, and was at the crossroads outside Constantine on the main east-west road, in the days after Kasserine. It was nearly 200 miles back from the front line. But there was a steady stream of US Army tanks and vehicles fleeing westwards.A joint patrol of US and British Military Police was there, stopping them, turning them round, and sending them back to their units. They had orders that anyone who refused was to be given an instant drumhead Court Martial, and shot on the spot, for Cowardice.For the Normandy Landings, it was clear that the shorter route was on the left [east] end of the beaches, but it would involve hard fighting to overcome the German defences at Caen. There was no such ‘strong point’ behind the western end of the beaches; but the distances would be much longer, and require better transport.These were the dispositions made by the Allied High Command under Eisenhower:And they continued like that, US on the right, Brits on the left, right up to Torgau.You can see why . . . .UpdateI have been reminded that the US landings on Omaha Beach were barely a display of military genius:• The presence, by the beach, of the entire German 352nd Infantry Division, with its Artillery Regiment. Known about beforehand, but ignored.• Refusal to use any of the specially modified beach assault tanks “Hobart’s Funnies” offered to them by the British – and found extremely useful on the British and Canadian beaches• Refusal to use British-developed Sherman Firefly tanks, with 17-pounder guns• Inaccurate paratroop drops, with only 25% to 50% landing within a mile of target• Inadequate naval bombardment, with just 2 battleships, 3 cruisers and some destroyers to cover over 5 miles of coastline• Inaccurate bombardment. Soldiers in the landing reported shells and bombs being directed between 2 and 5 miles inland• Landing craft consistently missing their target beaches. Only one company, out of nine, landed where intended• DD swimming tanks launched too far out, so 27 out of 29 sank• 12 out 13 DUKWs of the 115th Field Artillery sank. Just one gun landed.• In the absence of beach assault tanks, combat engineers had to destroy defences by handThe result was over 2,000 D-Day casualties, compared with 1,000 or less at the other four beaches.

Sea Trials are one of the most dangerous missions, especially because the enemy (merchants and the general public) are less calculated, automated, curious, blatantly ignoring the Rules of the Road and low visibility of our ship even at surface. Worst part is, no one ever knows what system is going to fail (99% of sea trial phases, something will fail, which is normal and expected)The lost USS Thresher (SSN 593) was also on sea trials. God bless their eternal patrol.The USS Cole (DDG 67) small craft bombing prompted the establishment of the Naval Vessel Protection Zone (NVPZ). NVPZ is a 500-yard regulated area of water surrounding large U.S. naval vessels that is necessary to provide safety or security of U.S. Naval Vessels. No ship is allowed to operate within 100 yards without exclusive permission.“Mariners who violate a Naval Vessel Protection Zone will be perceived as a threat, and will face an appropriate level of response, up to and including deadly force. Violators are subject to arrest, felony prosecution, and, if convicted, imprisonment for up to six years and a fine of up to $250,000.” - 33 U.S.C. § 1232.So there I was:During sea trials I was sitting RADAR operator tracking all these bastards with the Contact Manager (CM). They’re usually an inexperienced non submarine qualified Junior Officer in training doing rounds on the periscope.A small craft started to slowly maneuver and change her course heading straight towards our boat and now on a collision course. We all had been tracking this guy for awhile but this was unusual behavior. Continuing to approach, he was at a slow speed of 5 knots. We repeatedly tried to establish a bridge-to-bridge connection the small crafts but got no reply.Still no answer, he was now at 400 yards. We had to assume his radio was off.We have special tools to help us warn off other crafts. OOD was the Executive Officer (XO) He ultimately makes every order and so he decided to use the megaphone to warn the approaching vessel.No reply. 350 yards and now his speed was 7 knots.After multiple failed warnings on the radio and megaphone, OOD called the Captain, who was asleep at this time, to inform him of the situation. Huge mistake because Captain should have been informed a long time ago of the situation. Any vessel making threatening course changes like that, Captain needs to be informed immediately.300 yards and maneuvering to continue their approach, even after OOD ordered a course change.The captain slams his stateroom door open *THUD* (It’s right next to the control room on our boat and also a few feet from my RADAR terminal.) Shirtless and in his underwear he sprints like a mad bull through control room and towards the bridge ladder screaming at everyone, “WHERE THE FUCK IS THE GUNNER!?!?!”250 yards and approaching.I’ve never seen a more pissed off Captain in my life. He was terrified and finally all of control had a heightened sense of urgency. The Contact Manager is now on the headset taking commands from the Captain on the bridge who relieved XO of OOD.200 yards and still approaching. We’re all still waiting for the gunner.The small craft continues to approach on a collision course even after CM continues to urgently make calls to this guy. Still no response. No other identifiable electronics or even garbled attempts of communication from this craft. Just silence. Captain orders CM to sound the collision alarm.150 yards and closing.We can’t simply pull out a M240 out of our ass. On sea trials, we’re going up and down so many times, it’s nothing like normal surface operation where a gunner is in crews mess or already stationed on the bridge. Normally, a gunner absolutely would be ready but not always on sea trials surfaced operations. We need to make sure the engineers get all the data they need so they know what deficiencies to correct so it’s: Surface submerge, Surface submerge, Surface submerge and more Surface submerge!The guns and ammo need to be accounted for and signed out from the weapons locker. Not everyone is qualified on the M240 so those who are either need to be woken up or relieved from another watch station by someone not on watch.125 yards now reducing speed.Finally the small craft slows to 3 knots and exposes only her port side. More officers and higher enlisted are in control and angry as hell.Out walks this dude on the small craft. He casually pulls out a camera and starts taking pictures. Navigation officer orders someone to start writing a message to record the events as they take place and hull number. That small craft’s owner will be reported and probably receive a hefty fine or much worse. Never approach a US Warship.Just outside of 100 yards, the craft is now almost in parallel and this guy is just standing there continuing to take pictures while ignoring the warnings.Finally, sprinting through control here comes the gunner. He scurries through control to the bridge ladder with all his gear smashing anything or anyone in the way. As soon as the gunner is on the bridge, Captain is about to issue warning shots. We gave numerous warnings but now, seeing the gunner mounted, the guy quickly gets back into his boat and speeds away in the opposite direction.We were literally a sitting duck and we are lucky as hell that guy wasn’t trying to kill us. Down comes half naked Captain and slams his stateroom door shut behind him. A minute later and now in uniform, out comes Captain. He orders diving preparations to submerge the ship and also orders everyone in control on watch, including myself, to be relieved for a critique in the wardroom in 15 minutes.Through a series of long critiques, it was determined we all had failed. He couldn’t fire all of us or send any 1 person to Captains Mast because we all had fucked up. We all failed because at ANY point, anyone of us could have and should have recommended a gunner to the bridge long before the captain was called.From that point on for the remainder of sea trials, a gunner was stationed at the base of the bridge.