Duplex Lease: Fill & Download for Free

A leased-line is a permanent connection by a common carrier between two end-points.A POTS line which connects to other POTS line by way of the common carriers switching equipment.A POTS line has a station battery connection (48 Volts, if memory serves); the leased line does not. Ringing voltage can appear on a POTS line, but not on a leased-line.POTS lines are full-duplex. Leased lines may be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.The audio levels on both types of lines and the impedances are the same.

That's pretty typical, and as a pet owner I think it's fair. They're asking you to make an exception to your lease. The rent might have been higher if pets had been allowed.I had one landlord who required an extra month's security deposit, to cover any possible damage the animal did to the apartment.Pets do increase wear and tear to property, even if they are well behaved. I think it's perfectly reasonable to charge a little bit more to cover the expense from that. But instead of calling it "raising the rent", call it a pet fee. They can choose if they want to pay it to have a dog, and if they cancel the dog plans, they won't have to.

Yes.The whole Net Neutrality issue is about pricing for network bandwidth.When the ARPANET was created in 1968, what the regulated monopoly telephone companies (i.e., AT&T) sold to the universities and research institutions was flat rate priced, full-duplex, leased data line services (a.k.a. Point to Point links), at 56 kilobits per second (or less).Same price every month whether the line was idle, or full of bits (digital data). Once a leased line is in place, its operating cost is always the same.In this kind of a world, developing and deploying new network and application protocols (and the software to make them go) doesn’t change the monthly cost of operating the network, so no one had to go to the accounting department of their organization (or the management) and beg, “Mother, may I?” Neither does high or low usage, because it’s not metered by the bit or byte (by use) - the whole link was bought.So lots of new protocols and applications were developed.The birth of The Internet on January 1, 1983 (when the ARPANET transitioned from using Network Control Protocol (NCP) to Internet Protocol (IP)) did not change the fundamental economic model of the network: Internet Infrastructure was still leased lines bought from the telephone companies for flat-rate per month prices per bandwidth. Those leased lines were connected to Routers, and that whole system of interconnected routers and Local Area Networks was The Internet (still is). So far as the telephone companies were concerned, all they saw was a whole lot of customers buying a whole lot of point-to-point leased lines, though we kept on asking for faster and faster links (T1’s (at 1.5 megabits per second), then T3 (45Mb/s), then OC-3 (155Mb/s) …).The rise of commercial/consumer Internet Service Providers didn’t change the economics fundamentally either: you bought a connection to the Internet for a flat price per month approximately commensurate with the bandwidth you’re buying, and you can send & receive as much or as little data as that link would allow to any and every other connected computer anywhere in the world. If you consistently fill up your data link, buy more at a higher monthly price.What’s changed is that The Internet is no longer a toy research network for academics (that hasn’t been true for decades, actually) - significant percentages of humanity are on the Internet, conducting trillions of dollars of E-Commerce all the time. After the 1995-2000 Dot-Com Bubble the telephone companies bought up pretty much all the independent Internet Service Providers and thereby became ISPs themselves. The Cable TV Companies did the same with the ISPs that were operating on top of the cable TV (coax) networks, and also became ISPs.Now these Internet Service Providers are all butthurt that they have to move all those bits (digital data) around without getting a percentage of the value being transferred over their networks. Worse, they’re forced by the nature and structure of Internet Infrastructure to cost recovery (plus a thin profit margin) for commodity data transportation services, and to the extent that they’re subject to competition, their Product Differentiation is limited to how much faster or how much cheaper they can move bits around.What the ISPs want is to play “gatekeeper” and grab a percentage of all that value moving around. “What’s it worth to ya?” because competition sucks for businesses that are purveyors of commodities (all of the services are more or less the same and easily substitutable), though that’s good for customers because the prices will be just a hair above cost. For a little side-reading into the fundamentals of their business, see How and why is rate limiting done in networks?Unfortunately for the ISPs, the FCC Votes on Net Neutrality (February 2015) which is to say, Internet service has been properly classified as a Common Carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934, which prohibits the ISPs from discriminatory Price by Value.Unfortunately for all of us, Donald Trump’s 2017-appointed FCC Chairman Ajit Pai has undone net neutrality, to the collective detriment of all us users, and the U.S. economy. Of course, being a former Verizon Wireless lobbyist, it is not surprising that he has demonstrated what the phrase Regulatory Capture means, and done things to benefit the telecommunications industry to the detriment of ordinary U.S. citizens & residents & other businesses whose interests he supposed to serve.For a bit more detail, see What is net neutrality? Is it good or bad?