Fs Form 1851: Fill & Download for Free

Definitely a glock come probably either a 17 or 22 but could be close with the 19 and 23. After that I’d say beretta 92 FS is pretty popular in .40 S&W and 9mm para. Beyond that in the 19th century .31 caliber percussion revolvers were common until the colt 1851 Navey caused an increase to the .36 caliber. After that the revolvers continue to be king going from S&W and colt In .38 rimfire/centerfire revolvers to .38 S&W and then onto .38 special and .357 magnum.Take care-Daniel

Photo via WikimediaArthur MacMurrough Kavanagh was born in Ireland 1831, into family that traced its lineage back to the kings of Leinster in south-east Ireland.[1][1][1][1] Making him one of the Five Bloods, the remains of the ancient Irish nobility, he was a Protestant because his father, Thomas Kavanagh had converted to Protestantism to enable him to be an MP, long before the Relief Act.[2][2][2][2] Arthur’s mother, Lady Harriett Margaret Le Poer Trench, was his father’s second wife, married in middle age after the death of his first wife.[3][3][3][3] Lady Harriet was a Protestant and was to have four children, a girl and three boys. All of them were brought up in the knowledge that they were aristocrats and landlords, and as such had a duty to look after those who were less fortunate. That was the way in which the world was ordered, by God.Born with just tiny stumps, no arms below the lower third of his upper arm, nor legs below mid thigh, his father had no interest in him. Lady Har­riet’s attitude was prag­matic from the out­set. She be­lieved Arthur’s dis­ad­van­tage would be his very strength and in­sisted he be raised just like her other chil­dren.[4][4][4][4] The ‘fair-haired, merry-look­ing’ boy was like­wise de­ter­mined to be just like ev­ery­body else.His mother employed a nurse, Anne Fleming, who placed toys just out of his reach so that he had to wriggle to get them.[5][5][5][5] Defying expectations that he would be an invalid, the young Arthur spent his childhood relentlessly training until his stumps were almost as strong and dexterous as fingers, so strong that he could get a tight grip on a cane, pistol, or a fencing foil.[6][6][6][6] One of his favourite games was to hold a six­pence be­tween his stumps and challenge his sib­lings to re­move it; they never suc­ceeded.Fleming showed him the potential of his short arm stumps, and encouraged him to try to get them to meet across his front. When he was at the age when most children would learn to walk, Anne got pads for his leg stumps and taught him how to balance on them and hop.[7][7][7][7] Later he would hop from the floor up the stairs, to a sofa or to a chair.Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish EgyptologyIt was whis­pered in the lo­cal­ity that he was the re­al­i­sa­tion of a peas­ant’s curse placed on his Protes­tant mother, Lady Har­riet Ka­vanagh, when she evicted two iconic stat­ues from the vil­lage’s Catholic chapel.[8][8][8][8] Much more likely was that Arthur’s de­for­mity was sim­ply a con­se­quence of his mother’s im­bib­ing too much lau­danum, a pow­er­ful nerve-steady­ing cock­tail of al­co­hol and opium pop­u­lar with preg­nant women in those times.[9][9][9][9]His par­ents re­cruited the emi­nent Dublin sur­geon Sir Philip Cramp­ton to de­vise a me­chan­i­cal con­trap­tion that would serve as feet and arms.[10][10][10][10] But Arthur re­sisted all such pros­thet­ics and so his par­ents set­tled for a me­chan­i­cal wheel­chair into which he quickly moulded him­self, zip­ping around the rooms of the fam­ily man­sion.[11][11][11][11] He was also able to move about by throw­ing his en­tire body into a rhythm of slalom, twist and hop.At the age of two, he was strapped into a special bucket-like saddle so he could ride on the back of a small pony, becoming one of the finest riders in Ireland. When he was four years old, in 1835, Doctor Francis Boxwell came into his life, with his recently awarded qualification papers from Glasgow University.[12][12][12][12] He visited almost daily, and with keen intelligence realised how important it was to be consistently friendly, but firm. He lectured Lady Harriet on the vital necessity that Arthur should be instinctively self-sufficient if he was to have any hope in life, and how he must be proud of his family heritage – how he must be, limbs or no, a man.[13][13][13][13]Boxwell provided a harness made for Arthur’s torso with straps and buckles, and the reins were attached to these.[14][14][14][14] He also redesigned the bucket in which he sat, turning it more into a sort of saddle chair. So equipped, by turning his shoulders or pressing down on one or both reins with a stump or stumps as required, he could turn his horse Tinker or stop him as well as anyone.[15][15][15][15] It was a brainwave, and combined with the new saddle into which Arthur was firmly strapped, it gave him immense and hitherto undreamed of mobility. Arthur had a natural affinity for horses, perhaps increased by his dependence on them.[16][16][16][16] He would talk to them, and they with a soft whinny would sometimes talk to him, too. And this applied not just to his own stable. Often abroad, forced to ride half trained animals over often precipitous passes he would encourage them just by talking to them in his deep, mellow tones, sympathising with their difficulties and sometimes even with their terrors.[17][17][17][17]Borris House, Borris, in County Carlow (Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord)Grand houses of the wealthy often contained a schoolroom where the children of the family were taught by a resident tutor or Governess, and where they dined – formally – with that same august individual presiding at the head of the table. In Arthur’s case there were obvious difficulties. Holding his book, for example. After various experiments they found that the best solution was for his book to be hung round his neck, he turning the pages with his lips.[18][18][18][18] To write, he sometimes held the end of the pen in his mouth, and guided the nib with the tips of his arm-stumps. Let­ters he wrote from Paris, where he spent two years with his mother be­tween the ages of ten and 12, are early ex­am­ples of his ex­traor­di­nar­ily neat hand­writ­ing. Arthur was educated under private tutors at Celbridge, co. Kildare, and with his mother at St. Germain-en-Laye, and at Rome.[19][19][19][19]In 1841, Har­riet took Arthur on a Grand Tour of France and Italy and so ig­nited the boy’s wanderlust.Five years later, as Ire­land braced it­self for the Great Famine, Lady Har­riet took Arthur, now aged 15, his brother Tom and their tu­tor David Wood on an 18-month ex­pe­di­tion to Egypt, re­turn­ing with a collection of 300 items, most of which are now housed at the Na­tional Mu­seum in Dublin.[20][20][20][20]She negotiated with Bedouin chiefs in Aqaba, hiring camels and Bedouin guides to travel to Hebron.[21][21][21][21] Dur­ing this trip, they jour­neyed over­land on horse­back from the River Nile across the deserts to Si­nai, Jerusalem and Beirut.Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish EgyptologyArthur, his brother Tom, and their tutor Reverend David Wood (who Arthur came to despise) began a long adventure in 1849.[22][22][22][22] When he was 18, Arthur’s mother decided to send him abroad after discovering his relationship with local girls.[23][23][23][23] Given that he subsequently lived briefly in a Persian harem, it may not have been the best decision. He and his companions started their 6,500 km trek in Uppsala with Arthur being transported in a wicker basket through the mountains of the Caucus.[24][24][24][24] They had such a good time, wine and general carousing are mentioned, that they had to send home for more money.It should be pointed out that although was deformed in many ways, Arthur Kavanagh was not deficient in the procreative department. Indeed, it seems he was quite extraordinarily active in that area.At Nizhny Nov­gorod on the River Volga, the Ka­vanagh broth­ers de­cided the time had come to head home. Wood, how­ever, was of the opin­ion that they should carry on south. Their fate was de­cided by a game of bil­liards.[25][25][25][25] Wood won and the trio travelled down the Volga to the Caspian Sea and then on to Persia and Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan and India overland. They spent a year rummaging around in what is now Iran, a region well known for its “bandits, treacherous snow-blocked mountains, snakes and scorpions, ferocious weather and deadly fevers.”[26][26][26][26] On one occasion, for some misdemeanour or other, they were put in a wooden cage and exhibited in a town square.[27][27][27][27] According to Kavanagh’s recollection, they were then “pelted diligently by the hospitable inhabitants with rotten eggs and bad oranges, soft things no doubt, but not the less trying to the temper.”[28][28][28][28]The party turned up in India in January 1851, and ran out of money again. letter of credit from his mother was cancelled when she discovered that he had spent two weeks in a harem in Asterabad.[29][29][29][29] In India, his brother Thomas sickened from a fever in Java and eventually died, prompting Arthur to take a job as a dispatch rider for the East India Company,l a dangerous job that was essentially the local equivalent of the Pony Express.When word arrived that his older brother Charles died of consumption in December 1851, he returned home to take over the family estate, with only 30 shillings to his name.[30][30][30][30] By his 22nd birthday, after the great famine in 1850, his father and his two elder brothers had died, leaving Arthur as the Squire of Borris.[31][31][31][31] However it was a Borris beset by creditors. And debtors, but they were mostly penniless tenants. The Great Famine had been hard on them, though nowhere near as hard as in the west of Ireland, but all the same rents had fallen sadly behind.Saw Mill Bridge & Borris MillMany landlords were simply evicting defaulting tenants, and as often as not ploughing up their smallholdings and planting grain. Before the famine there had been nearly eight million people in Ireland. Many of the lucky but now landless tenants, some two million of them, had emigrated to England or America. The unlucky, at least one and a half million, just died by the roadside. But to evict starving tenants had never been an option for the Kavanaghs. Instead they had fed them.Arthur realised that work was needed urgently. Money was short, but much could be done without money. In India he had learned draftsmanship, and there was timber a-plenty at Borris. What was needed was a sawmill and the other necessaries of building – bricks, mortar, slates. So he designed the houses himself (and won a prize from the Royal Dublin Society for the best designed houses at the lowest cost) and he erected a sawmill.[32][32][32][32] He must have charmed the funds for the building materials and perhaps the mill itself from friends, for within a short time a transformation was taking place. He helped his mother and wife de­velop flori­cul­ture and lace-mak­ing to such an ex­tent that Bor­ris Lace found its way to wed­ding cer­e­monies as far away as Rus­sia.[33][33][33][33]Lace made 1857 by Lady Harriet Kavanagh (Lady Harriet Kavanagh Archives - The Lace Gallery)At Christmas he gave more than advice, he gave presents, usually a parcel of meat and another of clothes, blankets and the like, and for those who lived in a distant part of the estate or in the hills, he would often tie the parcels to his saddle bow and deliver them.[34][34][34][34] In very harsh winters he didn’t wait for Christmas. He enjoyed giving to those in need, and he once wrote that he was “sending portions to them for whom nothing was prepared.”He was also a painter and a draftsman. He was adept at felling trees. And he was famous too as a “sportsman”, which in that era, usually involved shooting things: in his case up to and including tigers.[35][35][35][35] He was as good a shot, witnesses said, as he was a horseman. Oh, and he was also a skilled angler who, on one 10-day expedition, caught 39 salmon with a combined weight of 800lbs.[36][36][36][36]Married at the age of 21, his bride, Frances (whom he always called Fuz) was three years younger than himself, and their union seemed to be that rare thing in upper class society in Ireland in the 19th century, a love match, happily coinciding with the wishes of both sets of parents.[37][37][37][37] Frances must have had some reservations, however, about the possibility that their offspring might suffer from Arthur’s problems. There is a story that, before his marriage, he drove his fiancée around the neighbourhood of Borris and pointed out several fine children of his own as a proof that their offspring were not likely to be deformed. [38][38][38][38] He and his lovely Fuz would have seven children who lived into adulthood.And increasingly his interest in local government seems to have developed. He had been High Sherriff of Kilkenny a year earlier, but had regarded it as more of an honour due to his position than as any sort of obligation.[39][39][39][39] High Sheriffs were only appointed for one year, so when Arthur’s year at Kilkenny expired he accepted the appointment of High Sheriff of Carlow in 1862.[40][40][40][40] The High Sheriff was the representative of the Queen, and wholly independent of the Government. Moreover, it was fast becoming part of a sort of modern day cursus honorum, the target being a seat in the House of Commons and perhaps higher honours. The next step in the cursus was the Poorhouse – it’s management, that is. In the same year as the Carlow appointment he accepted a seat on the Board of Guardians of the New Ross Poorhouse.[41][41][41][41] He had a chapel provided for the benefit of Roman catholic inmates, the first of the kind in Ireland.[42][42][42][42]New Ross Poorhouse 1839 (no remaining structures exist) (New Ross, Co. Wexford)So passed Arthur’s twenties. And he was aware of it. In his diary on March 24th 1861. he wrote:“This is my last of the twenties; to-morrow (D.V.) the thirties begin. What a ten years to review! When I began them, a homeless wanderer in India; what mercies I have had showered upon me! Have I tried to use and not abuse them? Have I cared for the people committed to my charge? Have I tried to make myself useful, and duly to fill the position in which I have been placed? Hard questions to answer. I have tried: but have I looked to God to help me, to give me patience, to encourage me when I have been weary and disgusted, to make me thankful for what I had, and not longing for things I had not?”[43][43][43][43]He was already fully occupied on his own lands, in his saw mill, sitting on the Bench as a JP, and now he spread his wings and got involved in Railways. The first railway had come to Ireland when Arthur was three years old, so they were nothing new. Over the last ten years, railways were spreading to Carlow and Kilkenny with the building of The Great Southern and Western Railway. The first line was from Dublin to Cashel and then on to Cork, which it had reached seven years earlier when Arthur was in Russia.[44][44][44][44] But it had grown since then. Carlow station was now connected to both Waterford and Dublin, while the nearest point of railway line to Borris was at Bagnalstown, on the way to Carlow.Cork & Youghal RailwaySo Arthur donated land to the railway company if the railway ran through Borris. The idea was for the railway to go from Bagenalstown, more or less due south (through Borris of course) towards New Ross until it was past the Leinster hills.[45][45][45][45] A spur would go to New Ross, while the main line turned eastwards to Wexford. The railway was designed by William le Fanu, a noted Dublin engineer who was working on the main Cork line, and was grandly named the B&WR for “Bagenalstown and Wexford Railway”.[46][46][46][46]By 1866 Confrontation between Landlord and Tenant, between Protestant and Catholic, now seemed no longer merely possible, but probable. So when, in November, the Member for Wexford, a well known and much respected Dublin barrister named John George, had to resign having been appointed a Judge of the Irish Court of the Queen’s Bench, Arthur contested for, and won the seat, with a majority 759.[47][47][47][47]The election was noted as far away as Australia, where the Brisbane Courier of January 18th 1867 noted:On Monday, Mr. Arthur Kavanagh was elected member for Wexford county, beating Mr. Pope Hennessy, the young Tory Catholic barrister, who used to be the link between the Conservatives and the Pope’s brass band, by a large majority.Mr. Kavanagh is descended from an ancient Irish family, and has a good patrimony, but it was his misfortune to be born without feet or hands-indeed he has but very short stumps in the place of either of his four limbs. He has a handsome face and robust body, with what is still more to the purpose, he has a quick and powerful mind, which has enabled him in a most wonderful manner to triumph over his sad physical disadvantages. He writes beautifully with his pen in his mouth, he is a good shot, a fair draftsman, and a dashing huntsman. He sits on horseback in a kind of saddle basket, and rides with great fearlessness. He lately wrote and published a lively and smart book called “The Cruise of the Eva.” He has married a lady of beauty, and has a large family of handsome children. He is about forty years of age, exceedingly popular in all the country round, and has now been elected a member of Parliament by the acclaim of his neighbours. He will make a sensation in the House of Commons; but how much better this than the doings of the Irish over the water. In New York they have just returned one John Morissey to Congress, a ruffianly gambler and blackleg, who has been in prison repeatedly – a convict, punished for all manner of offences.”[48][48][48][48]Getting to and from Parliament was a great deal of trouble for most Irish MP’s, and one would have thought that for Arthur it would be even more so, his railway line notwithstanding. The usual way would have been to take a train to Cork, and from there take the steamer to Bristol, whence it was 5 hours by train to London, although increasingly as the railways developed people were going by Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire) and Holyhead.[49][49][49][49]Arthur however usually combined his love of sailing with the business of Parliament by sailing there in his Lady Eva, 130ft schooner built on his own, which (exercising a long disused privilege) he then moored under the Houses of Parliament for as long as he remained.[50][50][50][50] He would be rowed to the Speaker’s Steps, whence he went in his wheel chair to the Members’ Lobby, then was carried by his servant into the Chamber by a side entrance behind the Speaker’s Chair and not easily seen. He would be placed in his chair, where, covered with his fashionable and voluminous cloak and wearing his top hat there was little visible to distinguish him from other members, while by special dispensation his servant remained beside him lifting him up and down his bench.[51][51][51][51] Only when it came to a vote was there a problem, and then the tellers would come to him.The History Press | The Manchester Martyrs of 1867Arthur’s initial exposure to Parliament came at a time of flux. When he arrived at the beginning of 1867, rebellion was in the air in Ireland. The Fenians or Irish Republican Brotherhood were becoming active but at this stage rather inefficient. “The Manchester Martyrs” were martyred.[52][52][52][52] An American arms shipment to the rebels went back to America because nobody met the ship. An attempted gaol break using explosives, in Clerkenwell London, did so much damage and killed so many local residents that it merely achieved a huge increase in the strain between the Irish in London and the locals. And finally the Fenians found themselves opposed by the Church, the Roman Catholic Church, which was a major setback. Terminal, in the short term anyhow.Dublin’s Archbishop Paul Cullen was passionately devoted to the concept of freedom for Ireland, but equally passionately, he was a man of peace.[53][53][53][53] He felt, and strongly asserted, that the aims and ambitions of all the Irish could best be achieved by negotiation. He had long since condemned the activities of the Young Irelanders, and he was now highly alarmed at the activities of the Fenians and the IRB, which were overtly violent.[54][54][54][54] So much so, in fact, that he was moved to recommend to the Pope their excommunication, and in due course that deed was done.Typical of most of Arthur’s speeches in the House was that he never talked about things he knew nothing of. When he spoke, it tended to be on local, Irish, issues, on Landlords good and bad, their rights and their duties, or on things to do with the sea.[55][55][55][55] Then in 1868 a General Election resulted in a Liberal victory, and so the very Conservative Arthur found himself in opposition for the first time. Ireland, which returned a majority of Liberal members, 65 seats to the Conservatives 40, because the Irish vote was strongly influenced by the twin issues of land and disestablishment, on both of which the liberal Gladstone had promised reform if elected.[56][56][56][56]London 1870Arthur believed passionately, as had his ancestors before him back to King Dermot MacMurrough and beyond, in the right, the Divine Right he might have said, of Landlords to their position in Society. But equally he believed in the obligation of Landlords to look after their Tenants, the Tenantry in the phrase of the day, in sickness and in health.[57][57][57][57] It was a very paternalistic outlook, but it had worked well. And Arthur did his level best to emphasise, again and again and again, the obligations of the Landlords. Immediately after the ‒ lost ‒ election, he had voted with the Conservatives against the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland ‒ he had been elected as a Conservative and had always deplored the religious strife in Ireland so cared too little to make a stand of any sort.[58][58][58][58] But here was something he did care about, the Poor Laws in Ireland, and he knew about them. So now for the first time he felt moved to make his view known. The paper reported it thus:“ When the House had been for some two hours listening rather lazily to the familiar and combative utterances of some three or four representatives from Ireland, one of the latter sat down, after delivering himself upon Union chargeability, and half a dozen other Irish members started to their legs, straining their necks to catch the eye of Mr. Speaker. But the right hon. gentleman in the chair, quietly nodding towards the Opposition benches said, Mr. Kavanagh.’The effect of the words was electrical, and in an instant every eye in the House was turned towards the back seat, almost under the gallery, where the hon. member for Carlow sat, cool and collected, his papers arranged before him on his hat, and his face turned towards the chair.Opening his views in clear, well-chosen language, the hon. gentleman dived into his subject, and, in the course of a speech of some twelve minutes’ duration, exhibited an intimate knowledge of the question under discussion which, as an extensive Irish landowner, he would naturally possess, placing before the House his own experiences of the working of the Poor Law electoral system, and taking this comprehensive view of the Bill before the House : that it was only a fractional part of that larger and more important question which the Government should deal with, viz. national taxation.To his remarks the Speaker and the Premier [Mr. Gladstone], especially the latter, paid great attention, and as the hon. member took off the upper sheet of his notes of reference from his hat and applied himself to the next slip, encouraging cheers came from every part of the House.At the conclusion of his speech Mr. Kavanagh was loudly cheered. Judging by the matter of his first address, and the manner in which it was received, it may reasonably be predicted that Mr. Kavanagh, who belongs constitutionally to that type of men which wins in public life, the men with the large heads, deep chests, and faces full of force, will be often heard with advantage in the House of Commons.“[59][59][59][59]Irish Home Rule movement - WikipediaThe next years saw the pressure for change in Ireland growing, and before long it would become irresistible. An Irish barrister named Isaac Butt. MP for Youghal, had founded the Irish Home Government Association.[60][60][60][60] Before long this Home Rule League as it had been renamed took 59 seats and became overnight a force to be reckoned with.[61][61][61][61] Charles Stewart Parnell now appeared on the scene, and a horrified Arthur had to watch him take over the Home Rulers where Isaac Butt had left off.[62][62][62][62] For Parnell was an Irish Landlord.By 1877 all that was some years in the past when the potato crop in the west failed again. For three years in succession. So the associated evil of evictions began again, too. There were 1,238 evictions in 1879 and 2,110 in 1880, and these had resulted in 863 and 2,950 ‘incidents’ in the same periods. [63][63][63][63] The damage had been done, and throughout Ireland Landlord and Tenant were firmly established on the road to confrontation. And Arthur, well meaning though he was, was like all of us a child of his background. In a sad speech about his own record Arthur commented;“For twenty-two years I have occupied the position of an Irish landlord and for ten years out of that period I have been my own agent over the largest part of my property. I have spent considerably over £20,000 in helping tenants to improve their holdings, to roof their dwelling houses and offices, for which I charge no interest.During that time I have not had more than six cases of ejectment on title—that is, for other causes than non-payment of rent—and in those cases for non-payment of rent, there has seldom been less than three years’ rent, with no prospect of the tenant ever being able to pay anything, had I left him in his holding. This statement applies to a rental comprising over 1,200 holdings, with a small average rent of not £14 per holding.”[64][64][64][64]But they were very much the minority, these good landlords, and anyhow it didn’t really matter now, because landlords were being attacked not because of their individual failings, but because they represented Landlordism.[65][65][65][65] The people were restless, starving and restless, and starvation made them desperate.The Magrath family home, after having its walls smashed in with a battering ram. Moyasta. 1888.(When Poor Irish Farmers Stood Up Against The British Landlords Taking Their Homes)This was the beginning of what history would call “the Land War”, and it was to last, on and off, for twenty years.[66][66][66][66] It was fuelled by the fact that now everyone could read, thanks to the National Schools, and to do it in English. Charles Bianconi’s car network supplementing the new trains meant that newspapers reached every corner of Ireland, every day, and radical new newspapers like the Freeman’s Journal were among them.[67][67][67][67] Confrontation was no longer a possibility, it was a fact, and an increasingly bloody one.The next General Election was called for April 1880. By now Arthur was being described as the Leader of the Irish Tories.[68][68][68][68] But not for long. The result in Ireland was a predictable walkover for the Liberals. For Arthur, it was a disaster, for he lost his seat. More than a disaster, he saw it as a personal disgrace, for as he put it “the majority of my own men broke their promises to me…. the sting that rankles is the treachery and deceit of my own men, my own familiar friends in whom I trusted but that feeling must be choked.”The election was lost and won, and, in recognition of his extraordinary personal courage perhaps as much as anything else, Arthur was appointed Lord Lieutenant of County Carlow, and was invited to sit on the Bessborough Commission.[69][69][69][69] Gladstone paid him a remarkable compliment in the House, saying:“He is one of the ablest, if not the ablest, gentlemen coming from Ireland among the party opposite. Besides his ability he is a man of independent mind, and I do not scruple to call him – making allowances for his starting point – a man of liberal and enlightened feelings”. Arthur, surprised, wrote to Gladstone thanking him for the compliment, one “which I never expected and it is on that account more valued”. Gladstone, in sending his thanks for the note, said his opinion was ”not of recent formation.”[70][70][70][70]The Hardiman Hotel, meeting place of the Bessborough (4 Star The Hardiman Hotel Galway )The Bessborough Commission had been appointed to inquire into the working of the Landlord and Tenant Acts with a view to improving the relations between landlord and tenant.[71][71][71][71] There were five members altogether, including the Chairman Frederick Ponsonby, Earl of Bessborough, hence the name. The members of the Commission travelled all over Ireland collecting their evidence, and finally sat to consider it in 1881 in a hotel in Galway.[72][72][72][72] Whatever the motives of the others, the Commission concluded that tenant farmers were exploited, and it supported the Land League’s demands for “the three Fs” – Fair rent, Free sale and Fixity of tenure.[73][73][73][73] It was a majority decision, with one unsurprising dissenting vote, Arthur’s.“I cannot agree in the draft report submitted by the Chairman, as I dissent from some of its propositions and the manner in which they are presented. I have therefore endeavoured to draw out a short statement of my views upon the evidence we have heard, as a more satisfactory mode of proceeding than by attempting to move amendments to those portions of their report with which I do not agree” he wrote, and then proceeded to write another 7,600 or so words. All, it must not be forgotten, written by himself, in longhand.[74][74][74][74]Arthur Kavanagh, The Limbless AdventurerHis thrust was to propose an extension of the so called “Bright Clauses” of the 1870 Act, which allowed tenants to borrow from the government two-thirds of the cost of buying their holding, at 5% interest repayable over 35 years, provided the landlord was willing to sell.[75][75][75][75] It didn’t work, the resulting Land Act, and it’s objective was not achieved until after Gladstone’s fall from power and his opponent Lord Salisbury’s surprising The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885, also known as the Ashbourne Act was passed.[76][76][76][76] That set up a five million pound sterling fund, worth about $830 million today, and any tenant who wanted to buy land, had access to these funds. They took a loan from the government and could pay it back in monthly instalments at 4% per annum over 48 years.[77][77][77][77] Anyone could now buy land, if the owner wished to sell it.Arthur, no longer in Parliament, followed events from a distance. He re­mained a vig­or­ous mem­ber of the Prop­erty De­fence As­so­ci­a­tion and, in 1883, founded the Land Cor­po­ra­tion, which was the only body es­tab­lished that would com­pete against the Na­tion­al­ists.[78][78][78][78] The Catholic tenants were now forming a new prosperous rural population which Arthur seems to have neither recognised nor understood, and Irish politics had become polarised between Protestant Unionism and Catholic Nationalism. No longer did that mantra “What matters that at different shrines We pray unto one God?”apply.[79][79][79][79] It now seemed to matter very much. His fears expressed in that diary entry so long ago:“worse than all, the curse of this wretched country — Bigotry — displaying itself at every turn, and from every side; everyone convinced that everyone else wants to convert the whole community to his plan of going to heaven or — elsewhere” were being bloodily realised.[80][80][80][80]He was asked to join the Privy Council of Ireland by Salisbury’s new Government in 1886, which must have pleased him[81][81][81][81] . Itwas a great honour and entitled him to be called “the Right Honourable”. [82][82][82][82] Although it had little remaining power, he would have thought it an indication of approval for his ideas from quarters he valued. As Justice of the Peace, he convened beneath an old oak tree in the courtyard at Borris to listen to the people’s ‘tales of perplexity or grievance’ and administer justice and counsel accordingly. He often had his pet bear in attendance.[83][83][83][83]19 Tedworth Square, London (Tedworth Square, Chelsea)But then he developed diabetes and became seriously ill.[84][84][84][84] And as autumn faded into winter Arthur developed pneumonia and his health began to deteriorate further. He stayed mostly in his London house at this time, now in the new Tedworth Square in Chelsea, perhaps because of the better medical attention there, but it was a losing battle.[85][85][85][85] He kept his diary up, though.“ He had a good night notwithstanding the Liquorice powder. Then Felt much better on being told by his doctor that his chest pains were indigestion.[86][86][86][86] On November 12th, he went to his Club (and was weighed, 6 stone and a few ounces, down from 7 stone 5 lbs in March. Then a last entry, on December 4th, simply Lord de Vesci called.[87][87][87][87] On Christmas morning that year Arthur asked that Christmas music be sung round his bed where he could hear it better. There, quietly, listening to the singing, Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh slipped away from complications due to pneu­mo­nia , exactly three months short of his 58th birthday.[88][88][88][88] It was December 25th, 1889.Arthur’s obituary in The Times said he had given ‘the world a wholesome lesson of how far courage and perseverance can compensate for physical defects’.[89][89][89][89] By his indomitable resolve, he triumphed over his physical defects to become one of the most skilful men of his generation. It was said of him on his death: “He did not equal any man but few men equalled him".[90][90][90][90]Footnotes[1] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[1] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[1] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[1] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[2] KAVANAGH, Thomas (1767-1837), of Borris House, co. Carlow[2] KAVANAGH, Thomas (1767-1837), of Borris House, co. Carlow[2] KAVANAGH, Thomas (1767-1837), of Borris House, co. Carlow[2] KAVANAGH, Thomas (1767-1837), of Borris House, co. Carlow[3] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[3] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[3] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[3] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[4] The truly remarkable Kavanagh MP[4] The truly remarkable Kavanagh MP[4] The truly remarkable Kavanagh MP[4] The truly remarkable Kavanagh MP[5] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[5] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[5] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[5] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[6] Arthur Kavanagh, The Limbless Adventurer[6] Arthur Kavanagh, The Limbless Adventurer[6] Arthur Kavanagh, The Limbless Adventurer[6] Arthur Kavanagh, The Limbless Adventurer[7] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[7] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[7] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[7] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[8] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[8] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[8] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[8] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[9] Laudanum: The Opioid Epidemic of the 19th Century? | The Fix[9] Laudanum: The Opioid Epidemic of the 19th Century? | The Fix[9] Laudanum: The Opioid Epidemic of the 19th Century? | The Fix[9] Laudanum: The Opioid Epidemic of the 19th Century? | The Fix[10] Sir Philip Crampton[10] Sir Philip Crampton[10] Sir Philip Crampton[10] Sir Philip Crampton[11] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[11] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[11] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[11] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[12] About Francis Boxwell: (1872-1950) (1872 - 1950) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life[12] About Francis Boxwell: (1872-1950) (1872 - 1950) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life[12] About Francis Boxwell: (1872-1950) (1872 - 1950) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life[12] About Francis Boxwell: (1872-1950) (1872 - 1950) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life[13] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[13] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[13] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[13] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[14] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[14] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[14] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[14] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[15] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[15] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[15] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[15] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[16] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[16] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[16] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[16] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[17] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[17] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[17] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[17] Arthur Kavanagh - The Limbless Lord[18] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[18] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[18] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[18] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[19] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[19] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[19] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[19] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[20] http://Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish Egyptology [20] http://Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish Egyptology [20] http://Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish Egyptology [20] http://Lady Harriet Kavanagh — Irish Egyptology [21] Person Page[21] Person Page[21] Person Page[21] Person Page[22] The Athen�um[22] The Athen�um[22] The Athen�um[22] The Athen�um[23] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[23] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[23] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[23] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[24] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[24] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[24] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[24] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[25] The Athen�um[25] The Athen�um[25] The Athen�um[25] The Athen�um[26] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[26] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[26] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[26] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[27] Persian women through the eyes of a-19th-century Englishman[27] Persian women through the eyes of a-19th-century Englishman[27] Persian women through the eyes of a-19th-century Englishman[27] Persian women through the eyes of a-19th-century Englishman[28] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[28] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[28] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[28] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[29] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[29] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[29] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[29] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[30] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[30] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[30] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[30] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[31] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[31] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[31] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[31] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh -The Limbless Landlord[32] Making His Mark[32] Making His Mark[32] Making His Mark[32] Making His Mark[33] Lady Harriet Kavanagh Archives - The Lace Gallery[33] Lady Harriet Kavanagh Archives - The Lace Gallery[33] Lady Harriet Kavanagh Archives - The Lace Gallery[33] Lady Harriet Kavanagh Archives - The Lace Gallery[34] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[34] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[34] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[34] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[35] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[35] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[35] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[35] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[36] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[36] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[36] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[36] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh[37] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[37] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[37] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[37] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh - Wikipedia[38] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[38] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[38] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[38] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[39] High Sheriff of County Kilkenny - Wikipedia[39] High Sheriff of County Kilkenny - Wikipedia[39] High Sheriff of County Kilkenny - Wikipedia[39] High Sheriff of County Kilkenny - Wikipedia[40] High Sheriffs of County Carlow 1583[40] High Sheriffs of County Carlow 1583[40] High Sheriffs of County Carlow 1583[40] High Sheriffs of County Carlow 1583[41] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600825[41] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600825[41] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600825[41] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600825[42] Poor Law and Workhouse Administration and Staff[42] Poor Law and Workhouse Administration and Staff[42] Poor Law and Workhouse Administration and Staff[42] Poor Law and Workhouse Administration and Staff[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_085076&ved=2ahUKEwintZLIjNXrAhUBWs0KHe4xCMUQFjANegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3TPXJCm_7rvYYOgajW1hpn[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_085076&ved=2ahUKEwintZLIjNXrAhUBWs0KHe4xCMUQFjANegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3TPXJCm_7rvYYOgajW1hpn[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_085076&ved=2ahUKEwintZLIjNXrAhUBWs0KHe4xCMUQFjANegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3TPXJCm_7rvYYOgajW1hpn[43] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_085076&ved=2ahUKEwintZLIjNXrAhUBWs0KHe4xCMUQFjANegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw3TPXJCm_7rvYYOgajW1hpn[44] Cork & Youghal Railway[44] Cork & Youghal Railway[44] Cork & Youghal Railway[44] Cork & Youghal Railway[45] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[45] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[45] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[45] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[46] Tracking Wexford's railway history[46] Tracking Wexford's railway history[46] Tracking Wexford's railway history[46] Tracking Wexford's railway history[47] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[47] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[47] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[47] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[48] The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933) - 18 Jan 1867 - p1[48] The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933) - 18 Jan 1867 - p1[48] The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933) - 18 Jan 1867 - p1[48] The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933) - 18 Jan 1867 - p1[49] Parliament and Ireland[49] Parliament and Ireland[49] Parliament and Ireland[49] Parliament and Ireland[50] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[50] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[50] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[50] viaLibri ~ The Cruise of R.Y.S. Eva[51] An Irishman's Diary[51] An Irishman's Diary[51] An Irishman's Diary[51] An Irishman's Diary[52] The History Press | The Manchester Martyrs of 1867[52] The History Press | The Manchester Martyrs of 1867[52] The History Press | The Manchester Martyrs of 1867[52] The History Press | The Manchester Martyrs of 1867[53] Paul Cullen (1852 - 1878)[53] Paul Cullen (1852 - 1878)[53] Paul Cullen (1852 - 1878)[53] Paul Cullen (1852 - 1878)[54] Cardinal Paul Cullen and his world[54] Cardinal Paul Cullen and his world[54] Cardinal Paul Cullen and his world[54] Cardinal Paul Cullen and his world[55] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[55] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[55] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[55] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[56] https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338721[56] https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338721[56] https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338721[56] https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338721[57] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[57] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[57] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[57] Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh MP - Naked History[58] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[58] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[58] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[58] Full text of "The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh, a biography"[59] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[59] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[59] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[59] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[60] Isaac Butt and the Home Rule Party[60] Isaac Butt and the Home Rule Party[60] Isaac Butt and the Home Rule Party[60] Isaac Butt and the Home Rule Party[61] Home Rule Movement and the Irish Parliamentary Party: 1870 to 1891[61] Home Rule Movement and the Irish Parliamentary Party: 1870 to 1891[61] Home Rule Movement and the Irish Parliamentary Party: 1870 to 1891[61] Home Rule Movement and the Irish Parliamentary Party: 1870 to 1891[62] History of Ireland 1877[62] History of Ireland 1877[62] History of Ireland 1877[62] History of Ireland 1877[63] In forgotten famine of 1879 Irish Americans aided relief efforts | IrishCentral.com[63] In forgotten famine of 1879 Irish Americans aided relief efforts | IrishCentral.com[63] In forgotten famine of 1879 Irish Americans aided relief efforts | IrishCentral.com[63] In forgotten famine of 1879 Irish Americans aided relief efforts | IrishCentral.com[64] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[64] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[64] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[64] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[65] Henry George Biblioteket[65] Henry George Biblioteket[65] Henry George Biblioteket[65] Henry George Biblioteket[66] When Poor Irish Farmers Stood Up Against The British Landlords Taking Their Homes[66] When Poor Irish Farmers Stood Up Against The British Landlords Taking Their Homes[66] When Poor Irish Farmers Stood Up Against The British Landlords Taking Their Homes[66] When Poor Irish Farmers Stood Up Against The British Landlords Taking Their Homes[67] Charles Bianconi and The Transport Revolution, 1800 - 1875[67] Charles Bianconi and The Transport Revolution, 1800 - 1875[67] Charles Bianconi and The Transport Revolution, 1800 - 1875[67] Charles Bianconi and The Transport Revolution, 1800 - 1875[68] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[68] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[68] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[68] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[69] LORD LIEUTENANTS OF COUNTIES (IRELAND).[69] LORD LIEUTENANTS OF COUNTIES (IRELAND).[69] LORD LIEUTENANTS OF COUNTIES (IRELAND).[69] LORD LIEUTENANTS OF COUNTIES (IRELAND).[70] Arthur Kavanagh[70] Arthur Kavanagh[70] Arthur Kavanagh[70] Arthur Kavanagh[71] LANDLORD AND TENANT (IRELAND) ACT, 1870-THE BESSBOROUGH COMMISSION.[71] LANDLORD AND TENANT (IRELAND) ACT, 1870-THE BESSBOROUGH COMMISSION.[71] LANDLORD AND TENANT (IRELAND) ACT, 1870-THE BESSBOROUGH COMMISSION.[71] LANDLORD AND TENANT (IRELAND) ACT, 1870-THE BESSBOROUGH COMMISSION.[72] Foregone Conclusions: The Bessborough Commission...: Committee, Irish Land: 9781272235857: Amazon.com: Books[72] Foregone Conclusions: The Bessborough Commission...: Committee, Irish Land: 9781272235857: Amazon.com: Books[72] Foregone Conclusions: The Bessborough Commission...: Committee, Irish Land: 9781272235857: Amazon.com: Books[72] Foregone Conclusions: The Bessborough Commission...: Committee, Irish Land: 9781272235857: Amazon.com: Books[73] Three Fs – seamus dubhghaill[73] Three Fs – seamus dubhghaill[73] Three Fs – seamus dubhghaill[73] Three Fs – seamus dubhghaill[74] https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742639[74] https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742639[74] https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742639[74] https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742639[75] IRISH LAND ACT, 1870.-RESOLUTION.[75] IRISH LAND ACT, 1870.-RESOLUTION.[75] IRISH LAND ACT, 1870.-RESOLUTION.[75] IRISH LAND ACT, 1870.-RESOLUTION.[76] The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1885, generally known as Lord Ashbourne's Act[76] The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1885, generally known as Lord Ashbourne's Act[76] The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1885, generally known as Lord Ashbourne's Act[76] The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act, 1885, generally known as Lord Ashbourne's Act[77] https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2f8c4f48-185c-4f39-b968-866736b0777b[77] https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2f8c4f48-185c-4f39-b968-866736b0777b[77] https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2f8c4f48-185c-4f39-b968-866736b0777b[77] https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/2f8c4f48-185c-4f39-b968-866736b0777b[78] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_083326&ved=2ahUKEwjYyqCru9XrAhVaGs0KHVjEDYwQFjAJegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw3fcsJ_YXD0TAUwmnXhUfIi&cshid=1599427441972[78] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_083326&ved=2ahUKEwjYyqCru9XrAhVaGs0KHVjEDYwQFjAJegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw3fcsJ_YXD0TAUwmnXhUfIi&cshid=1599427441972[78] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_083326&ved=2ahUKEwjYyqCru9XrAhVaGs0KHVjEDYwQFjAJegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw3fcsJ_YXD0TAUwmnXhUfIi&cshid=1599427441972[78] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_083326&ved=2ahUKEwjYyqCru9XrAhVaGs0KHVjEDYwQFjAJegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw3fcsJ_YXD0TAUwmnXhUfIi&cshid=1599427441972[79] Thomas Davis (1814 - 1845): A life and message still significant? [79] Thomas Davis (1814 - 1845): A life and message still significant? [79] Thomas Davis (1814 - 1845): A life and message still significant? [79] Thomas Davis (1814 - 1845): A life and message still significant? [80] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[80] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[80] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[80] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[81] The Liberals and the National Question: Irish Home Rule, Nationalism, and their Relationship to Nineteenth‐Century Liberalism*[81] The Liberals and the National Question: Irish Home Rule, Nationalism, and their Relationship to Nineteenth‐Century Liberalism*[81] The Liberals and the National Question: Irish Home Rule, Nationalism, and their Relationship to Nineteenth‐Century Liberalism*[81] The Liberals and the National Question: Irish Home Rule, Nationalism, and their Relationship to Nineteenth‐Century Liberalism*[82] The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh: A Biography (Classic Reprint): Steele, Sarah L.: 9781333589684: Amazon.com: Books[82] The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh: A Biography (Classic Reprint): Steele, Sarah L.: 9781333589684: Amazon.com: Books[82] The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh: A Biography (Classic Reprint): Steele, Sarah L.: 9781333589684: Amazon.com: Books[82] The Right Honourable Arthur Macmurrough Kavanagh: A Biography (Classic Reprint): Steele, Sarah L.: 9781333589684: Amazon.com: Books[83] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[83] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[83] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[83] Arthur Ka­vanagh, the in­domitable ex­plorer who was born with­out arms or legs (and fathered seven chil­dren)[84] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[84] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[84] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[84] Ireland Under Coercion, Revisited: Meeting Kavanagh[85] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (DNB00)[85] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (DNB00)[85] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (DNB00)[85] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (DNB00)[86] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[86] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[86] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[86] Kavanagh, Arthur Macmorrough (1831-1889) MP[87] St. Stephen's Review[87] St. Stephen's Review[87] St. Stephen's Review[87] St. Stephen's Review[88] Public Life and Death[88] Public Life and Death[88] Public Life and Death[88] Public Life and Death[89] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[89] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[89] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[89] Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland[90] Borris, Co. Carlow: The Best Little Town in Ireland[90] Borris, Co. Carlow: The Best Little Town in Ireland[90] Borris, Co. Carlow: The Best Little Town in Ireland[90] Borris, Co. Carlow: The Best Little Town in Ireland

4000 miles of telegraph system was connected by 1856. How? It’s an interesting story; India’s telegraph was invented in India by William Brooke O'Shaughnessy - Wikipedia in 1839.(*1)When Lord Dalhousie took over in 1847 he started to build all sorts of things and when it was presented to him, he supported the Telegraph. After an initial trial in Calcutta, it was rolled out all over India in 1851 Indian Telegraph.For the first experimental line in May 1839; O'Shaughnessy just hung the wires on trees for 11 miles, he even used the Hoogly for 2 miles to connect the circuit.These were early days, in 1845 England only had 18 miles of commercial telegram along with a signalling line for the railways. India was a real pioneer here.O'Shaughnessy appealed to the Court of Directors of the East India Company and was supported by Dalhousie to build a 27 mile long line from Alipore to Diamond Harbour. It was designed to replace the semaphores which showed the passage of ships up to Calcutta. The line was place under the edge of the road 2 feet deep and it was made of welded iron rods, joined and insultated in tar soaked cloth, melted roisin and sand. Further from Diamond Harbour the line was strung up on bamboo poles. The challenges of disease, swamps and angry villagers were considerable.Shipping information was communicated and the line was open to businessmen to use.The next extension in March 1852 was from Diamond Harbour to Kedgeree, 50 miles further south. This was where ships identified themselves before sailing up the Hoogly. Most of this section was on Bamboo poles which swayed in the tropical wind without breaking. Sometimes the rod would fall, but despite being trampled it didn’t break. Monkeys played on it and it worked fine.Dalhousie wanted to roll out the system for 3000 miles immediately and in almost unprecedented speed, for the EIC bureaucracy, the Telegraph was approved by June of that year. O’Shaugnessy purchased 5,600 miles of galvinised iron rod, 700 miles of copper wire and 96,000 insulators. He trained 60 men to supervise the erection of the lines and stations and wrote a full manual of instructions.Dalhouse chose the route. Northwest from Calcutta to Agra, then south to Bombay before crossing to Madras with a tangent through Delhi to Punjab. Work started briskly on a temporary line strung on bamboo poles, simultaneously starting at 20 different points. From Bombay, Calcutta and Madras; water steamers, boats, bullocks and elephants carried the materials inland.The bamboo poles were usually spaced every 50 feet. Sometimes they would use ironwood, or whatever else they could find. The spans varied in length, with the max being 3300 feet up a mountain. Sometimes posts were screwed into the ground. Sometimes stone columns were used for hundreds of miles. For example between Bombay and Madras there was 322 miles of support by single slab stone obelisks.In the towns the line was made of copper wire buried undeground. Lines were buried in insulated cables beneath rivers. Sometimes masts spanned rivers, like the Palar, or obelisks like the Nerbudda river.The transmitters were designed by O’Shaugnesssy and manufactured in Calcutta. The receivers were also designed by him and used an all Indian materials. A brass fitting sat on insulated natural silk made by Indian lace artisans. The brass fitting on the fulcrum was attatched to the needle by Indian jewellers and the mahogany box was made by Indian carpenters.There were 60 stations manner by a supervisor with clerks, battery men, messengers and signallers. Mostly Indian, starting off at the age of 13 as probationers.For a message to travel from Bombay to Calcutta - 1600 miles would take 40 minutes in good weather. But much longer in bad weather.The whole system was completed by December 31, 1854 and the Superintendent of the Telegraphs headed an all new department directly responsible to the Governor alone.O’Shaugnessy oversaw the system for 5 years, making detailed reports and fought to impose discipline over his staff to make a first class system for India. He made important innovations; like Telegraph Stamps which let people send a letter to the nearest station for transmission elsewhere.Back in 1854 there were no railways, few good roads, variable river service. The post was limited and expensive. The telegraph had an amazing effect on the minds of the people. Messages used to take weeks. Now they took hours.When a decision had to be made, involving a back and forth of messages - it could now be made in only a single day instead of a whole month!The Indian merchants jumped on this astounding new technology. Indians of all sorts were using this for their social affairs, marriages, births, betrothals - all their domestic affairs. In the first year Indians sent one third of the messages.The newspapers like the Delhi Gazette, jumped on the Telegraph to make news really fresh.Of course, it was also used for military purposed. When the dread news came of the Sepoy Mutiny(*2) and the terrible massacres of Christians in Delhi occured, the news was flashed out to all points.When the mutineers cut the line Calcutta was cut off from Bombay and Madras, so the Acting Superintendent - Patrick Stewart - rushed to Madras and began making a new line north to Calcutta to bring the capital back into connection. The line was built under fire from the insurgents, but the engineers perservered.For the first time the telegraph was used in integrated military strategy. The British sent thousands of messages and credited the telegraph with their victory and saving the lives of thousands of civilians being hunted down by insurgents as they fled across Hindustan.A mutineer on the way to the gallows famously pointed to the telegraph line and said “the accursed string that strangles us!” . A Governor-General said “the Telegraph saved India”.What was needed for the telegraph? A visionary, with enthusiasm, perserverence, persuassion, confidence, competence and commitment. And he needed the full backing of a utilitarian leader.William Brooke O'Shaughnessy - WikipediaJames Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie - WikipediaSir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India Mel Gorman Technology and Culture Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 581-601(*1 It had also been invented by FS Morse in the USA two years before, but that was unknown.*2 aka the First war of Indepence, Indian Mutiny, Devil’s Wind, etc)