Eform 16: Fill & Download for Free

Our entire atmosphere corresponds to very roughly 34 inches of various ices in the following order (from bottom to top - all numbers approximate and assuming time for the snow to compress to ice):1 inch of water ice (bluish white)0.14 inches of dry ice (white)0.31 inches of argon ice (white)27.5 inches of nitrogen ice (white)5.5 inches of oxygen ice (blue)Trace amounts of frozen Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Helium, Hydrogen, etc.Total depth: nearly 3 feet of frozen air.Math below:First, how much atmosphere do we have:Atmosphere of Earth - WikipediaAbout 5.15 E 18 kg of air surrounds our planet. So, as we start to cool it, the water vapor would come out first:How much water is in the atmosphere?This says we have about 37.5 “million billion” gallons. That’s 3.75 E 16 gallons. This will cover the whole Earth in about an inch of rain, or 12 inches of snow. However, this snow will eventually compact to around an inch of ice.This ice would be slightly bluish white.But this gives us a reasonable estimation tool for the depth of the layers we’re making. 3.75E16 gallons is about one Earth-inch.Next up? Carbon dioxide.Since air has a molar mass of around .029 kg/mol, there are about 1.78 E 20 moles of air. That means there are around 7.1 E 15 moles of CO2. This weighs in at around 3.13 E 16 grams, which has a volume of around 2 E 16 mL, or about 5.28 E 15 gallons, or about .14 Earth inches. This dry ice snow is pure white.After that? Argon.Since Argon makes up around 1% of our air, we can say that 1.78 E 18 moles of the gas in our air is Argon. This translates to 7.1 E 19 grams of argon. Solid argon has a density of around 1.62 g/mL, so our volume of air is around 4.39 E 19 mL or 1.16 E 16 gallons. That’s around .31 inches. This snow is also pure white.Next up? Nitrogen. At around 78%, nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere. However, at just around 1 g/mL, nitrogen is less dense than Argon. 78% of the atmosphere corresponds to about 1.39 E 20 moles, which is 3.89 E 21 grams, or 3.89 E 21 mL. This is 1.03 E 18 gallons. That’s around 27.5 inches, or over 2 feet of nitrogen snow. This snow is also pure white.Last is Oxygen. Oxygen is around 21% of the air, and a density of around 1.54 g/mL. This is 3.74 E 19 moles, or around 1.20 grams E 21 grams, 7.77 E 20 mL, or 2.05 E 17 gallons. That’s around 5.5 inches. This snow is a blue color.I’ve neglected the other gases as their contributions are in the millimeters (at most).

It will cool a little.Venus is enormously reflective - it actually absorbs less heat than the Earth does, despite receiving about double the incoming radiation.Now, Venus is in thermal equilibrium (it’s staying the same temperature). If you remove the incoming heat from the sun, it will lose heat at the same rate it currently loses heat. That rate will decrease over time as the planet cools, but it can give you a reasonable idea of how much cooler the planet will get.http://lasp.colorado.edu/~espoclass/ASTR_5835_2015_Readings_Notes/Titov_Et_Al-EVTP.pdf (page 6) states that the outgoing heat flow from Venus is about 160 W/m². The area of Venus is about 460 trillion square meters, which means that Venus is losing heat at a rate of about 7.36 E 16 W.Now, how much heat does Venus have to lose?Venus’s atmosphere has a mass of 4.8E20 kgAtmosphere of Venus - Wikipediaand its atmosphere has a specific heat capacity of roughly 1000 J / kg / Khttps://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~griffith/PTYS517/venus.pdf (page 4).Let’s assume Venus loses heat at a constant rate (it doesn’t cool much, so this is close enough. So 7.36 E 16 W × 3.154 E 8 seconds (ten years) = 2.32 E 25 J.[math]q = mc\Delta T[/math]Solving for [math]\Delta T[/math] gives us:[math]\Delta T = \frac{q}{mc}[/math][math]\Delta T[/math] = 48KVenus will cool roughly 48 Kelvins, which might cool the surface temp from 467 °C to say 420 °C - still so hot you’d vaporize if you were placed on the surface, but perhaps you’d vaporize a bit slower.This question does point to something rather interesting, though - you’d only have to shade Venus for a few centuries to get its temperature down to something reasonable on the surface. Now, a few centuries sounds like an enormously long time. But, in the scheme of things, it’s not really that long. It might be possible for people to walk on the surface of Venus before the end of this millennium. Fascinating.

Oooh! MOOO!!!Let’s look at this from several angles:Climate ChangeCrush deathCombustionCollapse into a black holeFirst, some data:Do Cow Farts Actually Contribute to Global Warming?There are about 1.5 billion cows.Are cows the cause of global warming?Each produces about 100 kg of methane annually, for a total of 150 billion kg of Cow Methane.Climate ChangeIf we keep going as we are, we might not need any extra cows. Their carbonaceous flatus are slowly altering Earth’s atmosphere in such a way as to make Earth less and less habitable. However, I think it’s unclear that Earth will become uninhabitable as a result of the current degree of climate change. But a tenfold increase in cow populations would likely roast us in an Earthy, manure-scented cloud of warm death.Cows required: 15 billionCrush DeathTo ensure that every human is crushed by a cow, we’re going to need to cover the Earth in a uniform thin layer of cow. We’ve got to cover the oceans, too, as humans might take to boats to escape the cowpacolyspe (bovaggedon? cattle crush?)The surface area of the Earth is 5.101 E 14 square meters. An average cow at rest:is perhaps 80 inches by 50 inches (about 2 m by 1.25 m). This gives a surface area of about 2.5 square meters.Simple division gives us 5.101 E 14 / 2.5 = 200 trillion cows.CombustionBut perhaps humans burrow underground, or rely on towers to rise above the cow-tastrophe below. Maybe we could explode ourselves to death. To do that, we’ll need to exceed the Flammability limit of Methane, which is about 5% in air. The mass of the atmosphere is about 5 E 18 kg, so we’ll need perhaps 2.5 E 16 kg of cow farts. (I know it’s by volume, but we’re going with the flatulent flow here). Methane is reacted out of the atmosphere pretty quickly, so we want all of those farts more or less all at once. To get all of our Methane at once, we’ll need perhaps 100,000 to 200,000 times as many cows as we have now. It’s unlikely we’d be able to feed that many, but if we could, methane levels would rise so quickly as to make the atmosphere explosive within a year or two. We’ll clearly need an enormous number of multi-story cow barns and cow barges (carges?) to house our enormous herd of farting farm friends.Cows required: 25 quintillion (2.5 E 16)Collapse into a black holeCattle - Wikipedia a cow has a mass of about 500 kg. We’ll need roughly 2100 solar masses of cow to make a mass that will collapse (cowlapse?) into a black hole with the Schwarzschild radius equivalent to the Earth. That’s 4.2 E 33 kg / 500 kg = 8.4 E 30 cows (or, if you prefer, 8400 billion billion billion cows).Be it climate change, crush death, combustion or compression, death by cow is a steamy, stinky pile of…Everyone Dies™