Drivers License Form 06 104: Fill & Download for Free

Spanish flu: symptoms and deaths of the biggest pandemic in history,It appeared suddenly in the final stages of the First World War and over the next two years claimed tens of millions of victims worldwide, disappearing in the same way it did.HEALTH 12 JUNE 2017 19:05 by Andrea CentiniWhen we talk about a pandemic, or rather an epidemic capable of affecting several parts of the world with a high number of cases and high mortality, the first thought often falls on the notorious Black Plague, which killed as many as 20 million people in Europe in 1300; however, the one that has claimed the greatest number of victims is the cryptic Spanish flu or great flu, a disease that between 1918 and 1920 exterminated between 25 and 50 million people, after having infected about one billion. Recent estimates even speak of 100 million deaths. The halo of mystery surrounding the appearance, spread and disappearance of the "Spanish" is intimately connected to the period in which it emerged, the final phase of the First World War. For reasons of censorship, in fact, the pandemic was kept hidden by the various regimes from most of the world, at least in the first year since its inception.Spanish flu has been, as its name suggests, a type of influenza - carried by H1N1 strain viruses - extremely virulent and the biggest pandemic in human history. The name "Spanish" derives from the fact that when it first began to spread, it was mainly mentioned in the newspapers of the Iberian country, because Spain was not involved in the First World War and therefore freedom of the press was not subject to the limits of war censorship. On the other hand, announcing that a mysterious epidemic was cutting the population and soldiers could not have a positive impact on the morale of the troops, already worn out by years of hard trench warfare.in photo: The Spanish flu strain reconstructed in the laboratory: credit wikipediaHow it spreadUnderstanding when, where and how exactly the great influence emerged is quite complex, precisely because of the historical context in which it struck, however, the documents indicate that the first recorded cases, in the winter and spring months of 1918, were not lethal, and the pathology presented itself as a form of flu that lasted a few days without consequences of any kind. It was called "three-day flu" and referred to simply as a strange disease. It is believed that the first outbreak was a fort in Kansas or another in Texas, where 1,100 soldiers were affected, but other research indicates a country in France and also Asia. For the reasons already listed, Spain was also considered the scene of the first outbreaks. In the summer of 1918 the influence exploded in all its virulence, accompanied by very serious lung complications that were responsible for most of the deaths. It is believed that it was introduced in Europe by American soldiers who landed in France in April 1917 to take part in the conflict. The Spanish flu struck at every latitude, involving even the Arctic and the remote islands of the Pacific. It disappeared suddenly two years after its onset, probably due to a mutation of the virus into a less lethal form, although some believe it had the most effective treatment for pneumonia.The lethality of the virusAlthough particularly aggressive, influenza was not directly responsible for the mortality rate: deaths were in fact caused by bacterial infections that attacked affected patients, often in extremely poor hygienic and sanitary conditions. Just think of the soldiers who had been barricaded in the trenches for years, a veritable jumble of viruses and bacteria that could thrive among corpses, animal carcasses and open sewers. To avoid such a massacre, antibiotics would have been enough to counteract the complications of bacterial origin, but penicillin was discovered only ten years after the end of the conflict by Alexander Fleming.The situation in ItalyOur country was one of those most affected by the Spanish flu; the mortality rate was second only to that of Russia, where extreme weather conditions further aggravated the situation. It is estimated that in Italy the disease affected over 4 and a half million people, killing between 375 thousand and 650 thousand. An impressive number, if we consider that at the time the Italian population was composed of 36 million citizens. The flu struck mainly in the South, but the mortality rate varied greatly from area to area, with peaks of 70% in some cities. Already tried by the war, Italy was brought to its knees also because among the dead there were many doctors and nurses, but also transport workers, i.e. drivers, tram drivers and railway workers, more exposed because they were in contact with a large number of people.A massacre of young peopleAlthough it may be thought that the greatest number of victims were concentrated in the most vulnerable age groups, i.e. children and the elderly, in reality the most affected were young people between 18 and 30 years of age. There are two opposing theories in this regard. As is well known, virus strains are distinguished by the characteristics of two proteins, hemagglutininin (H) and neuroamidase (N), hence the names H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and so on, which have become infamous in association with the risks of avian influenza.Due to the appearance of viruses similar to the Spanish virus (i.e. the H1N1 form) at the beginning of 1900 and before 1890, those born in the "uncovered" time interval were the least protected by the Spanish, since unlike the others they had not developed immune defences. Others suggest that the cause may have been a so-called "cytokine storm", triggered by a disproportionate reaction of the immune system, more efficient in young adults.Spanish:The flu that has made more deaths than warComing from the United States, the "Spanish" was a flu pandemic that devastated the world within two years (1918-20), taking away an entire generation.To date, the precise number of its victims remains difficult to quantify: historians estimate a value between 50 and 100 million, equal to 2.5 - 5% of the population.To understand the enormity of the tragedy, just think that the First World War (1914-18) killed "only" 16 million people.A real carnage, therefore, that the historian:Laura Spinney,author of the recent volume 1918. The Spanish flu. The epidemic that changed the world, does not hesitate to define it as:Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the WorldIt appeared all over the world, sparing no one in remote places like the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.Today we will discover many things about this terrible flu pandemic, such as why it is called "the Spanish", its origin, who was the first infected and many other curiosities. Let's read them together.1. The first infected was an American traveling with soldiersCuriously, what went down in history as the Spanish flu did not begin in the Iberian Peninsula, but in the United States.Patient Zero was in fact a military cook,*Albert Gitchell, stationed at Camp Funston, Kansas.On the morning of March 4, 1918, he arrived at the infirmary complaining of "sore throat, fever, and headache," followed within hours by several comrades suffering from the same symptoms.This was the so-called first wave of the flu, the least lethal: its rapid spread was due to the mode of transmission and contagion, i.e. through coughing or sneezing.It should be kept in mind that, according to various studies, a single sneeze can release about 4,600 drops into the air, up to 4 meters away from the point of origin.These droplets can remain suspended for more than half an hour and each one, if coming from an infected subject, can give rise to about 19,000 new colonies of viruses.Travelling with soldiersThe virus expanded rapidly also thanks to military mobilization and in particular with the entry into war of the United States, where influenza was endemic.Together with the stars and stripes soldiers it crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed on the Old Continent, invading the trenches and nations of the Western Front.Here the second wave of influenza spread, probably due to a mutation of the virus, was more dangerous from the beginning.France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain were the first countries to be overwhelmed.2. Hunting the anointersIt was in Spain that the fearsome virus took the name by which it would go down in history.While the king, the prime minister and almost all members of the government were infected along with a growing number of citizens, the country's newspapers, uncensored because Spain was neutral in the conflict, began to describe the spread of the disease.As Laura Spinney explains, the Iberian media ignored the fact that "in the belligerent countries news about influenza was censored so as not to demoralize the population" (in Germany, for example, doctors were obliged to call it"pseudo-influence" to minimize it).The news was also picked up by the press in the other countries affected, which began to call the deadly Spanish flu disease, as if it were a health problem confined to Spain.Not only that: in an attempt to explain what seemed impossible to understand, many sought a scapegoat: in Brazil the epidemic was called "German", in Senegal it was called "Brazilian flu", in Denmark it was called "southern flu".Only later, when it was understood that the problem was global, was finally adopted the name given to it by the countries that had won the conflict, that is, "Spanish".3. Spread everywhereWhile the newspapers competed to call the enemy peoples: anointed,the lethal flu was marching fast.“*Albert Martin GitchellBirth 17 Feb 1890 Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, USADeath 17 Mar 1968 (aged 78) USABurial State Veterans Home Cemetery Hot Springs, Fall River County, South Dakota, USAMemorial ID 21935798 - View Source“ALBERT GITCHELL GETS SICK“If, in the spring of 1918, three-quarters of the French troops and half of the English troops were infected, it only took a few weeks for the Spaniard to make her tragic entry into Germany, where she decimated 900,000 men in a very short time.Then she arrived in Russia, where she killed, among many others, Jakov Sverdlov, leader of the Bolshevik party, a close collaborator of Lenin's, and crossed the borders of Asia, first scourging China and India (about 18 million dead) and then spreading to Japan, where the first cases were recorded in mid-June.It was followed by Australia and, before the end of the year, South America and Africa, which recorded the highest number of deaths in Kenya and South Africa. Not even the most remote corners of the planet were spared: in Bristol Bay, Alaska, 40% of the population perished in a very short time.After the annus horribilis 1918, the virulence of the Spanish woman slowly began to decline: the number of new infections and deaths progressively decreased until the last death, in March 1920.There are two main theories that explain the reasons for this slow disappearance: according to the first, the virus would have undergone a mutation reducing its aggressiveness; according to the other hypothesis, instead, both the prevention and the treatment of complications, actual causes of death, would have been improved.Over the years, science has tried to understand the origin of the Spanish virus.The symptoms were those of a normal flu - cough, lumbar pains, fever - followed however by very serious lung complications that inevitably led the sick to death within a few days.4. In Italy more than 4 million sick people and why the "Spanish" was more lethal than many other influences?In Italy more than 4 million patientsIn Italy: more than 4 million sick peopleIn Italy the Spanish woman infected about 4.5 million people, or 12% of the population, with one of the highest mortality rates ever, second only to the Russian one.It hit hard especially in the southern regions, where almost 70% of those infected did not survive.At a certain point, the government, worried that the difficult situation would undermine the already low morale of the nation, forbade the tolling of bells, as well as death announcements, parades and funerals.In the meantime, at the front and in the Italian trenches, the virus was claiming more and more victims undisturbed, with 3,000 new cases a day.In the 1st Army, in the last quarter of 1918, there were 32,482 cases of contagion with 2,703 deaths.To those of the soldiers were added the many deaths recorded among the health personnel and transport workers, who came into contact with the sick.Milan Pre-safeguardsWhy was "Spanish" more lethal than many other influences?Many have wondered why the Spanish flu caused so many deaths.According to some research carried out on medical reports at the time, the virus was aggressive, but no more than others, underlying previous influences that had done "less damage".According to science, a partial explanation lies in the fact that the youngest infected subjects, i.e. between 18 and 29 years of age, had never been exposed to a similar flu, even in childhood, and therefore had not developed adequate immune defences.To this must be added other risk factors such as malnutrition and poor hygiene, to which the population was exposed, which reached a negative peak in the years and in wartime contexts: in particular, in the trenches where the spread of influenza was practically unhindered.5. Even the VIPs were infectedPoets, painters, politicians: even the VIPs were infected.The long list of lives cut by the Spanish also includes some of the most illustrious names in the culture of the time.- Such as, for example, the poet and writer Guillaume Apollinaire, who was found dead by his friend Giuseppe Ungaretti on 9 November 1918 in his Parisian penthouse. He was 38 years old.Guillaume Apollinaire- Only twenty-eight years old was the painter Egon Schiele, a prominent name in early Viennese Expressionism, who died on October 31, 1918, followed three days later by his wife Edith, six months pregnant.Egon Schiele- Another illustrious victim was the writer Edmond Rostand, the brilliant creator of Cyrano de Bergerac, who died in Paris on December 2, 1918.Edmond Rostand- Two years later it was sociology that lost one of its top representatives, the German Max Weber: he was probably infected in Versailles, where he was among the delegates of Germany for the signing of the peace treaty. He spy in Munich on June 14, 1920.Max WeberAlvaro y Ballano, bishop of Zamora, a city in northeastern Spain, said that "the illness was due to our sins, to our ingratitude, because of which the avenging arm of eternal justice fell upon us".So, while the Iberian public authorities began to prohibit mass gatherings, sensing that crowded places could be lethal flywheels for the spread of influence, the bishop of Zamora became convinced that in reality those restrictions concealed an anticlerical will and that the only correct way to react was to organize a large and crowded Mass, demonstrating the strength of Catholicism.Never was a decision more inappropriate: following that Mass, the rate of contagion in the city grew rapidly and the number of deaths increased disproportionately. The spread of the epidemic became unstoppable.Did you like this article? Share it with your friends on FacebookHow did the Camp Funston Patient Zero story get started?HOW DID THE CAMP FUNSTON PATIENT ZERO STORY GET STARTED?SPANISH INFLUENZA IN VICTORIA, CANADA, 1918-1920The search continues for the origin of the Spanish Flu Patient Zero narrative. Every time I read the story — and it’s ubiquitous — there’s the same cluster of details with nary a citation of the source. Albert Gitchell, or in some accounts Mitchell, was a cook at Camp Funston (or Fort Riley), Kansas, who fell ill on March 11, 1918 (in some accounts March 4) and reported to the infirmary first thing, followed shortly by others named, and then a hundred, all with the same complaints of fever, lassitude and headaches.Seeking the earliest mention of Patient Zero Albert Gitchell, I have in hand what I believe to be the first general history of the pandemic, The Great Epidemic: When the Spanish Influenza Struck by A. A. Hoehling (Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1961).It gives a detailed account of the March 11 outbreak at Camp Funston, though with not the clearest paper trail. The sources appear to include the admission book from the hospital, or some other list with comments, or actual medical charts (much less likely). Elizabeth Harding, RN, ANC (Ret.), at the time a 2nd Lieutenant and the head nurse at the Fort Riley hospital, is a possible source — but not, I think, “Surgeon Schreiner,” that is, Colonel Edward R. Schreiner, MD, AMC, officer in charge of Fort Riley hospital. More on them in a moment. Here’s the whole story as told on pp. 14-15 in The Great Epidemic:On Monday morning, March 11, before breakfast time, the duty sergeant at Hospital Building 91, once host to the sickened backwash of the Spanish-American War, had a caller. Albert Gitchell, a company cook, complained of a “bad cold.” He was feverish, suffered from a sore throat, headache and muscular pains. Gitchell was quickly banished to a contagious ward. Hardly had a corpsman put a thermometer in the soldier’s mouth when Corporal Lee W. Drake from the First Battalion, Headquarters Transportation Detachment, reported to the same admitting desk in Building 91. His symptoms, even to a 103° fever, were identical with Gitchell’s.Two cases with a rubber stamp similarity could have been coincidence. However, when Sergeant Adolph Hurby came coughing in moments later, the duty corpsman called for the chief nurse. By the time Lieutenant Harding had arrived at Building 91 two other sick soldiers were awaiting admission. Miss Harding knew she was confronted with a potentially grave situation. She cranked the wall phone. ‘Colonel,’ she commenced with concern.Surgeon Schreiner, a sober, meticulous officer, did not wait to shave, comb his mustache, or even snap the hooks and eyes of his uniform’s choker collar. He hurried out of his quarters and shook the nodding driver of his motorcycle and sidecar, which was always standing by. Soon he was examining his first patient, shortly, his second, his third, and so on. By breakfast time, the telltale medical manifestations were as obvious to [15] Colonel Schreiner as the inscriptions in a family Bible. With the aid of his assistants, he was noting on chart after chart, except for minor variations:Fever 104°. Low pulse, drowsiness and photophobia. Conjunctivae reddened and mucous membranes of nose, throat and bronchi, evidence of inflammation.There was little doubt in Dr. Schreiner’s mind that the Army post had been hit with influenza. By noon, 107 patients had been admitted to the hospital.Surgeon Schreiner figures nowhere in the Acknowledgements or Bibliography sections of the book. Yet how boldly he is drawn! including the workings of his mind! Is that what is called creative non-fiction? But there is nothing there that could not be realized with the aid of Col. Schreiner’s picture and someone’s description of his behaviour; likely also his correspondence on the state of the camp. Nurse Harding does show up in the “indebted to the following people” section at the back of The Great Epidemic. Even though there’s no mention of hospital admission documents, I conclude that the writer engaged his flair for drama to work up some hospital admissions document. Thus far I haven’t been able to get anywhere near such a document. Or to Dr. Schreiner.A history of Fort Riley hospital published in the 1950s(1) relates that Elizabeth Harding attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. In a letter extensively quoted,(2) Harding related that she arrived at Fort Riley in a snowstorm in October 1917 and suffered the utmost privation that winter, along with thousands of doughboys. She was there when the spring wave of epidemic influenza struck but, tellingly, doesn’t mention it — meningitis was of the greatest concern. Which suggests to me that she was not the source of the Gitchell story that The Great Epidemic recounted three years later.(1) “An Army Hospital: From Horses to Helicopters: Fort Riley, 1904-1957” by George E. Omer Jr., in Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, Spring 1958, pp. 57-78. Accessed via the Kansas Historical Society website. ❡ (2) “Letter to Major Judd, chief nurse, U. S. A. H., Fort Riley, from Elizabeth Harding, 30 Park Ave., Apt. 3-D, New York 16, N. Y.”Incidentally, Lieut. Harding was there as the deadly “second wave” of influenza rolled over Kansas later in 1918:I left Fort Riley in October of 1918, for duty in the Office of the Surgeon General. The flu epidemic had just struck, and the day I left there were over 5,000 patients. Barracks were opened at Camp Funston to accommodate the sick. Several nurses died, I am not certain, but it seems to me at least sixteen. The nurses who had been on duty at Fort Riley stood up very well, but nurses who were rushed in for the emergency were hard hit, and arrived sick.*Sixteen nurses down in one camp. The brutality of the epidemic is inconceivable.Strange to relate, in Albert Gitchell’s personal and family history in online records, there is not the merest mention of the Patient Zero narrative.* Nor, to be candid, could I find anything that directly links the person I found online to Camp Funston. I do find an Albert Martin Gitchell working in food-and-drink-related occupations before and after the war, and I believe that man to be the Albert Gitchell, a cook at Camp Funston who famously got sick on March 11, 1918.* Documents accessed via Genealogy, Family Trees & Family History Records; news articles with the Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s search engine.The draft registration card for Albert Martin Gitchell reveals he was born in Chicago in 1890 and was in 1917 a self-employed butcher living in Ree Heights, South Dakota. His father, Albert W., was a plumber (1910 census), and his grandfather William, a carpenter; Albert’s mother Ellen was from Norway. On his military gravestone are carved Albert’s rank, Sergeant; his unit, 9 Co[mpany] 3 B[attalion], 164 Depot Brigade; and his service in World War I. A 1919 record memorialized Albert’s marriage to Emma Van Gorp, a widow; both residents of Ree Heights. The 1920 census for Ree Heights Township identifies him as a restaurant proprietor and Emma as the daughter of immigrants (elsewhere named Puffer) from Bohemia (now Czech Republic). The Gitchells apparently lived in a Bohemian enclave. For a time they lived in Binghampton, New York. In 1930 Albert was a commercial traveler for a gas and electric company there, and Emma worked at film casting in a factory. A 1935 issue of the Huron, SD Daily Plainsman reported that A. Gitchell of Ree Heights was issued a high point beer license. In 1945 the Gitchells moved to Sturgis, SD, where they operated a neighbourhood store until 1951. The Gitchells evidently did not have children.A spread in the Rapid City [SD] Journal of November 30, 1958 featured the South Dakota State Soldiers’ Home, where Mr. and Mrs. Albert Gitchell were depicted in their suite.Albert died in 1968. Emma lived at the State Home until her death in 1977.After The Great Epidemic was published in 1961, a syndicated review of the book by William R. Lansberg appeared in small-town New York newspapers; it mentioned Patient Zero Albert Gitchell. After that the earliest newspaper account I could find was an article in the September 6, 1976 Dayton, Ohio Journal Herald, “20 million died in 1918-’19 outbreak. Swine flu resurrects fear of pandemic.” The writer of that, Hugh McCann, of the Detroit News, demonized Gitchell, claiming he “won immortality as the man whose sneeze went around the world, causing the worst plague in the history of man.” The next mention of Patient Zero Gitchell I could find was in March 1998, in a staff-written story in The Manhattan [Kansas] Mercury. Since then, the floodgates have definitely opened. Albert Gitchell has had way more than his fifteen minutes of fame. But immortality? C’mon. Anyway, doesn’t membership in the Patient Zero club have the same high bar as a Darwin Award, namely you have to be dead?If one thing is clear in all this, it’s that the origin of the Spanish Flu virus and the identity of Patient Zero will always be mysterious.PS: Albert Gitchell had no inkling, I am sure, that he was Patient Zero. Anyway, he was not Patient Zero. Because Patient Zero was a construction. And because Albert just wasn’t Patient Zero. The Opie medical commission the army sent to Camp Funston in July 1918 reported that the same disease had been endemic at the camp since it opened the previous September.** “Pneumonia at Camp Funston. Report to the Surgeon-General,” by Eugene L. Opie, Allen W. Freeman, Francis G. Blake, James C. Small and Thomas M. Rivers. [All M.D.] Journal of the American Medical Association 72(2), January 1919, pp. 108-116. Downloaded from JAMA Network.In their report is a chart showing day-by-day admissions to the Fort Riley hospitals for influenza. Admissions for influenza were on the rise a week before Mr. Gitchell showed up.ANDREA CIONCIPUBLISHED ON 23 January 2018LAST MODIFICATION 16 June 20199:06The mystery of the Spanish flu in 1918: the pandemic killed 10 million people in two years...The first cases in the Iberian peninsula and hence the name with which it was baptized. It soon spread to the United States and all over Europe, especially among soldiers aged 18 to 40.*Egon SchieleBorn: June 12, 1890, Tulln, AustriaDied: October 31, 1918, Vienna, AustriaPeriods: Expressionism, Modern art, Vienna Secession, Art Nouveau, Impressionism, Symbolism, ModernismSpouse: Edith Harms (m. 1915–1918)Known for: Painting, Drawing, Printmaking*A great innovator of modern figure painting, Egon Schiele is known for creating erotic and deeply psychological portraits, on many occasions using himself as the subject. Schiele often used color sparingly, his work identifiable instead by his characteristic sinuous black line. In his many self-portraits, Schiele is typically nude and staring directly towards the viewer, making the works both revealing and confrontational. Schiele’s female subjects are often nude as well, their bodies portrayed in various contorted positions. Whether representing himself or others, Schiele’s pictures are strikingly raw and direct. A student of the famous Symbolist artist Gustav Klimt, Schiele’s body of landscapes (though only a small collection) evoked Klimt’s folkloric tone and flattened compositional space. Schiele was prolific, but his artistic career ended tragically when he fell victim to the Spanish flu in 1918 at only 28 years of age.A naked man, gnarled limbs, sitting on a bed. A woman squatting next to a child. Egon Schiele's latest painting, "The Family" unintentionally depicts the most terrible pandemic in human history: the "Spanish" flu, which struck one in three people around the world one hundred years ago, killing between 10 and - according to some - 50 million people.Schiele had just portrayed his wife Edith six months pregnant when, at the end of October 1918, she, infected with the virus, died without being able to give birth to the brown, curly baby the painter had imagined. The same artist followed his wife to her grave just three days later.A book will tell the story of the epidemic...It is no coincidence that the painting is on the cover of the book "1918: The Spanish Flu. The epidemic that changed the world" published by Marsilio. The work of the scientific journalist Laura Spinney and soon to be published, the volume reconstructs the history of the pandemic by following its tracks all over the world, from India to Brazil, from Persia to Spain, from South Africa to Ukraine, framing it from a scientific, historical, economic and cultural point of view.Despite the scale of the tragedy, which far exceeded the deaths caused by the war (16 million victims), the consequences of the Spanish pandemic have long remained in the background compared to the memory of the devastation left by the conflict.A health catastropheIn February 1918 the Spanish press agency FABRA transmitted: "A strange form of epidemic disease has appeared in Madrid ... The epidemic is of a benign nature as there are no fatal cases". If the disease had started to be talked about in Spain, the European press, which was largely subject to war censorship, could only write about the development of the disease in the Iberian country. That is why the new epidemic disease was called "Spanish".Fort Riley in TexasHowever, the most important outbreaks developed in the United States, at military bases. We are talking about Fort Riley, Texas, where 1,100 soldiers were hit. A couple of months before the end of the Great War, in September 1918, the pandemic was spread in Europe mainly by the US expeditionary corps. The soldiers who fell ill at the front were hospitalized in the rear, helping to spread the disease among civilians.The scourge of young peopleAs a rule, the people most at risk from influenza are children and the elderly. Strangely, however, the 1918 virus killed mainly young people between 18 and 40 years of age. This, together with the fact that the outbreaks developed mainly in military environments, gave rise to some conspiracy theories. The virus appeared out of nowhere, the scourge of young and strong men, equally mysteriously disappeared after the end of the war, made some people ventilate that it might have been, originally, some kind of bacteriological weapon that got out of the Americans' hands. More likely, from some studies it emerges that the individuals of the "middle" generations had not had contact with the passage of other strains of influenza that older people had already experienced, immunizing themselves against the contagion.The symptoms of the deadly virusThe symptoms of the Spanish woman were coughing, lumbar pains, fever; later the lungs began to fill with blood and death could come in a few days. The RNA H1N1 virus was responsible: its characteristics were able to provoke an abnormal reaction of the immune system that no longer protected the body, but even participated in the anatomical damage. The virus was transmitted by coughing or sneezing. One of these could release about 4,600 droplets into the air up to 4 meters away. These droplets could remain suspended in the air for more than half an hour and each could give rise to about 19,000 new virus colonies. According to some Japanese researchers, there were, in particular, three genes that allowed the disease to attack the respiratory system causing pneumonia.The treatments that were used: unfortunately ineffectiveMedicine proved powerless: doctors died infected and those who survived saw patients, relatives and friends, die en masse. The first therapies used Fenazone to lower the temperature, vomica walnut tincture to stimulate the nervous system and extracts from the Digital plant to support the heart.Many doctors were strongly opposed to the use of aspirin, a recent invention which, while lowering the fever, was accused of promoting pulmonary and cardiac complications. One doctor at the time noted: "They injected a swill composed of blood and mucus from the flu, filtered to remove larger cells and debris," but this only aggravated the situation.Then the imagination of doctors and pharmacists got wild: a French doctor advised the sick to drink a lot of red wine until the cap hanging from the door knob appeared doubled. The Venetian writer Tito Spagnol was caustic about the treatments in vogue: "Four quinine tablets and some straw to die on".The history of vaccinesAccording to the anti-vacinist propaganda, the Spanish would have been caused by mass military vaccinations. In this regard, we report a conference that will take place on Thursday, January 25 in Rome, in the presence of the Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin, at the Academy of Health Art in Rome. In the Alexandrian Hall of the oldest hospital in the world, the complex of S. Spirito in Sassia, professors Adelfio Cardinale, Giovanni Rezza and Alberto Villani will hold a prolusion on the theme "Vaccinations in history and current affairs.Sick ItalyThe name "influenza" goes back to two Italian historians, Domenico and Pietro Buoninsegni, who in 1580, observing the disease, were convinced that it was due to the evil influence of the stars and therefore called it "Stellar Influence".Italian field hospitalOur country, already severely tested by the Great War, was further harassed by the Spanish in three successive waves and the number of people killed was second only to that of Russia, where the very harsh climate aggravated the situation for the sick.In Italy, the pandemic infected about 4 and a half million people, about 12% of the entire population, which, at the time, numbered about 36 million. The estimated deaths were between 375,000 and 650,000 and the disease mainly affected the south, although the mortality rate varied considerably from city to city, apparently without a rule. At the front, in mid-October, there were peaks of 3000 new cases per day. In the 1st Army, in the last quarter of 1918, there were 32,482 cases of contagion with 2703 deaths.There were many deaths in the medical staff, but also in the transport staff (railwaymen, tram drivers and drivers) because they came into contact with a large number of sick people.In the cities the situation was no less. Also in October, in Turin, the dead reached 400 a day but the Head of the Cabinet, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, had imposed a severe censorship. The tolling of funeral bells had been forbidden, as well as mortuary announcements, processions and funerals, so as not to demoralize the nation.Historical consequencesThe Spanish flu radically reconfigured the human population more than any other event following the Black Plague of 1347-'52. It helped to mark the destiny of the First World War, so much so that the Allied war propaganda had exploited the Spanish by spreading the following flyer in Germany: "Recite the Lord's Prayer because within two months you will fall into our hands; then you will eat meat and ham and the Influenza will abandon you".Probably the terrible pandemic also laid the foundations for the outbreak of the Second World War. However, it also had the role of encouraging the practice of outdoor activities and sport and the merit of contributing to the spread of universal health care.the only people who have proof of their sanity are those who have been discharged from mental institutionsMarshall McLuhanPublished August 28, 2018. Most recent edition December 9.Quora:the eyes on the world.the eyes of the world.

The 10 years of UPA was a turning point in Indian history. In those 10 years, the govt got more people out of poverty, created more infrastructure than ever before, improved the condition of our cities, opened up the economy and many more. to put it correctly, the country moved forward on all fronts.The secret was in how financial resources were put at the bottom of the pyramid at this was clearly shown in this report Consumption in rural India growing faster than urban areas: CRISILThe impact was that everyone benefited from the growth as the rural growth engines power the rest of the economy. This is something that the current government can learn.There are lots of people who laud the UPA for bringing close to 14 crore people out of poverty but that happened mainly because it was the first time in the history of the country that we had the resources to fight poverty and take the benefits of development and growth to the masses. This was backed by a solid political will to back these initiatives.So what happens when people escape poverty? They start consuming more http://www.crisil.com/Ratings/Brochureware/News/CRISIL-Research-proteins-inflation-pr_221012.pdf?cn=null . You create an aspirational class which wants more and that is where Shri Modi's narrative fitting in, during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.The following are the list of 150 things that the UPA did. It would be good to see how the present government is performing on these: These are not difficult to find on the net.India’s national growth rate of GDP dipped from 6.52% to 5.93% during NDA rule and recovered to 8.47% thereafterIndia’s Per Capita Income in 2004-05 was Rs 24,143. It is now increased to Rs 68,747 in 2012-1312.70 Crore Job Cards Have Been Issues under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in 2012-13. In 2006-07 3.7 Crore Job Cards were issued.Actual expenditure on Minority Schemes have been increased from Rs 143.53 Crores in 2006-07 to Rs. 1593.23 in 2012-13The Expenditure on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was Rs 2,730 Crores (2003-04) to Rs 20, 841 Crores (2011-12)The Gross Enrolment Ratio in Primary School has increased from 98.3 % in 2003-04 to 116% in 2010-11The Gross Enrolment Ratio in Secondary School has increased from 62.5 % in 2003-04 to 85.5% in 2010-11The Expenditure on Health Sector has gone up from Rs 7500 Crores in 2003-04 to Rs 27,000 Crores in 2011-2012The Expenditure on Country’s Defence has consistently increased, Now,it is over 2 Lakh crore.Expenditure on Mid-Day Meal was Rs 1,325 Crore in 2003-04, It is now Rs 9,890 Crore in 2011-12 (Inflation Adjusted Figures)India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has come down from 2.9 in 2004 to 2.5 in 2010More than 2 lakh kilometers of new roads have been added to the rural road network in 9 yearsThe annual passengers originating for Indian Railways have increased from 5.1 Crore in 2003-04 to 8.2 Crores in 2011-12Indian exports in drugs and pharmaceuticals increased to all time high figure of Rs 63,347 Crore in 2011-12, while they were Rs 15,213 crores in 2003-04The Rate of Unemployment has come down to 6.6% in 2009-10, which was 8.2% in 2003-04India’s Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births ) has come down to 44 in 2011, which was 58 in the year 2004India ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption in May, 2011. The Convention has entered into force for India on 8th June 2011The Lokpal and the Lokayukta Bill has been already introduced in the Parliament.The Public Procurement Bill, 2012 already introduced in ParliamentGrievances Redressal Bill already introduced in ParliamentForeign Bribery Bill already introduced in ParliamentJudicial Accountability Bill already introduced in ParliamentThe Whistle Blowers Protection Bill, 2011 already introduced in ParliamentThe Consumer Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2011 already introduced in ParliamentThe Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Act passed by UPAThe Electronic Delivery of Services Bill already introduced in ParliamentIPRs of Group ‘A’ Central Officers placed in public domainAadhaar- Direct Benefits Transfer- Institutional architecture to facilitate a shift to a system in which benefits from the government would get transferred directly to the bank accounts of individual beneficiaries of various social sector schemesBenami Transaction (Prohibition) Bill 2011 introduced in Parliament. The Bill elaborately covers definition of ‘benami’ property and transaction, and prohibits benami transactions.UPA is the Only Government in Modern India to pass the Historic Right to Information Act, 2005 to usher in transparency in governance through citizen participation.RTI Act has empowered lakhs of individuals and have made the state responsible. A revolution has taken place ever since, and people have become more aware of their rights and proceduresUPA Government is the first Government in India to present a White Paper on “Black Money” in May 2011The Cabinet has approved a proposal to set up a special purpose vehicle -GSTN (GSTN SPV) for providing shared IT infrastructure and services to central and state governments, taxpayers, and other stakeholders for implementation of the goods and services tax (GST), both before and after the rollout of GST.The Government had constituted a Group of Ministers (GoM) in January, 2011,to consider measures that can be taken by the Government to tackle corruption. Government has accepted the recommendations of the Group with minor modifications.E-Governance- A network of more than 100,000 Common Service Centres for electronic delivery of public services to citizens in rural areas has been rolled out.Black Money – In the last few years, more than 12,500 pieces of information regarding details of assets and payments received by Indian citizens in several countries including banking information have been obtained and are now under different stages of processing and investigation.Black Money- In search and seizure action under section 132 of Income Tax Act, the Investigation Wing of the CBDT has detected concealed income of Rs 19,938 crore in the last two (2010 and 2011) financial yearsBlack Money – With a success rate of about 48 per cent convictions or fiscal compounding in the last six years, one of the highest amongst all law enforcement agencies in IndiaThe Delhi –Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project being developed on either side of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor as a global manufacturing and investment destination, has made significant strides since inception.Plans for 7 new cities have been finalised and work on 2 new smart industrial cities at Dholera, Gujarat and Shendra Bidkin, Maharashtra will start during 2013-14. This project incorporates 9 Mega Industrial zones of about 200-250 sq. km. High speed freight line, 3 ports, and 6 air portsThe average rate of economic growth during the self-declared India Shining period of the BJP was just 5.8% per year, as compared to 8.5% during the five year tenure of the Congress-led UPA government.The strong post-financial-crisis stimulus led to stronger growth in 2009-10 and 2010-11 However, the boost to consumption, coupled with supply side constraints, led to higher inflation. Monetary policy was tightened, even as external headwinds to growth increasedIn September, 2012, Government accepted the main recommendations of the Dr. Vijay Kelkar Committee. A new fiscal consolidation path was announced. Red lines were drawn for the fiscal deficit at 5.3 percent of GDP this year and 4.8 percent of GDP in 2013-14.The 12th Plan projects an investment of USD 1 trillion or Rs 55,00,000 crore in infrastructure The Plan envisages that the private sector will share 47 % of the investment.In the last two years, a number of institutions were allowed to issue tax free bonds. They raised Rs 30,000 crore in 2011-12 and are expected to raise about Rs 25,000 crore in 2012-13 Budget 2013-14 proposes to allow some institutions to issue tax free bonds strictly based on need and capacity to raise money in the market, upto a total sum of Rs50,000 crore.NABARD operates the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF). RIDF has successfully utilised 18 tranches so far. Budget 2013-14 proposes to raise the corpus of RIDF-XIX in 2013-14 to Rs 20,000 crore.The Cabinet Committee on Investment (CCI) has been set up to monitor investment proposals as well as projects under implementation, including stalled projects, and guide decision-making in order to remove bottlenecks and quicken the pace of implementationThe next corridor will be the Bengaluru Mumbai Industrial Corridor on which preparatory work has started.Preparatory work has also started for Amritsar-Delhi-Kolkata – Eastern Freight CorridorPetrol has been deregulated under UPAMeasures including the increase in the price of diesel by Rs 5 per litre, allowing oil marketing companies (OMCs) to raise diesel prices by small amounts regularly, and a cap on the number of subsidized LPG cylinders are expected to rein in the fiscal deficit.Subsidies on LPG moderated and has been replaced by cash transfers to the really needy by Aadhaar Based DBTThe battle against inflation must be fought on all fronts. Our efforts in the past few months have brought down headline WPI inflation to about 7.0 % (2012-13) and core inflation to about 4.2 % (Feb 2013)Despite Slowdown Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at factor cost, over the decade ending 2012-13 is 7.9 %Global economic growth slowed from 3.9 percent in 2011 to 3.2 percent in 2012.India is part of the global economy: our exports and imports amount to 43 percent of GDP and two-way external sector transactions have risen to 108 percent of GDP.Between 2004 and 2008, and again in 2009-10 and 2010-11, the growth rate was over 8 percent and, in fact, crossed 9 percent in four of those six yearsAgricultural GDP growth accelerated in the Eleventh Plan, to an average rate of 3.3. per cent, compared with 2.4 per cent in the Tenth Plan, and 2.5 per cent in the Ninth Plan.The percentage of the population below the poverty line declined at the rate of 1.5 percentage points (ppt) per year in the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, twice the rate at which it declined in the previous period 1993-94 to 2004-05The rate of growth of real consumption per capita in rural areas in the period 2004-05 to 2011-12 was 3.4 per cent per year which was four times the rate in the previous period 1993-94 to 2004-05.The rate of unemployment declined from 8.2 per cent in 2004-05 to 6.6 per cent in 2009-10 reversing the trend observed in the earlier period when it had actually increased from 6.1 per cent in 1993-94 to 8.2 per cent in 2004-05.Rural real wages increased 6.8 per cent per year in the Eleventh Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) compared to an average 1.1. per cent per year in the previous decade, led largely by the government’s rural policies and initiatives.Complete immunization rate increased by 2.1 ppt per year between 2002-04 and 2007-08, compared to a 1.7 ppt fall per year between 1998-99 and 2002-04.Institutional deliveries increased by 1.6 ppt per year between 2002-04 and 2007-08 higher than the 1.3 ppt increase per year between 1998-99 and 2002-04.Net enrolment rate at the primary level rose to a near universal 98.3 per cent in 2009-10. Dropout rate (classes I-VIII) also showed improvements, falling 1.7 ppt per year between 2003-04 and 2009-10, which was twice the 0.8 ppt fall between 1998-99 and 2003-04.UPA Government has launched the flagship ‘Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana’ in 2007 to reorient the agricultural development strategies to meet the needs of farmers.The farmer’s participatory system of seed production was given an impetus under the Seed Village Scheme by organizing more than 65,000 seed villagesAgricultural credit is the driver of agricultural production. India will exceed the target of Rs575,000 crore fixed for 2012-13. Budget 2013-14 proposes to increase the target to Rs700,000 crore.The interest subvention scheme for short-term crop loans started, and a farmer who repays the loan on time will be able to get credit at 4 percent per annumNutrient based subsidy policy for all fertilizers, other than urea, has been introducedProduction of foodgrains is at an all time record level of over 250 million tonnes with production of rice and wheat estimated at all time record levels of 102 million tonnes and 88 million tonnes respectivelyNational e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A) has been launched, which is helping raising farm productivity and income to global levels through provision of relevant information and services to stakeholders.India continues to be the largest milk producing nation in the world The Government has approved the National Dairy Plan Phase-I to be implemented during the period 2011-12 to 2016-17. The scheme is being implemented for increasing productivity of milch animals.The UPA Government has set up a Special Purpose Tea Fund for funding replanting and rejuvenation of old tea bushes for improving the age-profile of tea plantations. Tea has been declared the National DrinkProduction of pulses and oilseeds is estimated at 17.28 million tonnes and 30.53 million tonnes respectively.Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna – States and Union Territories have been provided Rs22408.79 Crore from 2007-08 to 2011-12. A sum of Rs 9,954 crore is proposed for the same in 2013-14A new category of classical languages has been created and Sanskrit,Tamil, Telegu, Kannada and Malyalam have been notified as classical languages.Rs. 20 crore has been sanctioned for the upgradation of Sardar Patel’s memorials at Ahmedabad and Karamsad.Commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore/ Swami Vivekananda- As a part of ongoing commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore, Ministry of Culture organized a large number of programmes.For commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math is implementing Vivekananda Value Education Programme for propagating the legacy and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, for which an amount of Rs100 crore would be provided to the Mission.A capacity of 54,964 MW has been added in the 11th Plan which has a significant contribution from the private sector and the government is making serous efforts to achieve a much higher capacity addition of about 88,000 MW in 12th planUPA has launched Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (R-APDRP) to strengthen the Power SectorAs a new initiative for improving the power distribution infrastructure in the country,Government of India has approved setting up of a National Electricity Fund that would provide interest subsidy on loans disbursed to the Power Distribution Companies in the public as well as private sectorIn a bold move to remove fuel supplies bottlenecks, the Government has advised the Coal India Limited to sign Fuel Supply Agreements with the thermal power plants that were either commissioned during the 11th Plan or would be getting commissioned in the first three years of the 12th Plan and that have entered into longterm Power Purchase Agreements with power Distribution Companies.From 2004 to 2008 – The Government has awarded 72 explorationblocks in the last four years which has increased area under exploration by 30%.In the First 8 rounds (2000 to 2010) of National Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) , Production Sharing Contracts of 235 exploration blocks have been signed.Under NELP – 104 gas discoveries have been made by pvt/JV companies in 45 blocksThe largest natural gas discovery has been made in Krishna-Godavari basin from where production has already commenced since April 2013. As on March 2012, India’s refinery capacity stands at 213.066 MMTPA.The Cabinet Committee on Investment (CCI), in its meeting held on April.2013, cleared 25 NELP blocks for continued exploration of Oil and Gas, out of 31 blocks where work had been stopped on account of security restrictions imposed by the Ministry of DefenceOn 20th October, 2012 , The Prime Minister launched Aadhaar Enabled Service Delivery, thus enabling the beneficiaries to get LPG cylinders by using UID-Aadhaar Card. Deliveries in 18 Districts have started from 1st June, 2013In 2011, Two new refineries came on line at Bina, M.P. and Bhatinda, Punjab.On March 23, 2012, the Prime Minister dedicated GAIL’s 2200 km Dahej-Vijaipur-Dadri-Bawana-Nangal-Bhatinda cross country pipeline to the nation.Following the events at Fukushima in Japan in March 2011, Government directed safety reviews of all nuclear power reactors,whether in operation or under construction The Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011 was introduced in Parliament. The CivilThe success of the Government’s international civil nuclear initiative was manifest in the highest ever generation of electricity from nuclear power during the year 2011 at 32,455 million units.India, under UPA has signed Civil Nuclear Agreements with record number of countries – Russia France, Germany, UK, US, S. Korea, Mongolia, (Japan in Pipeline)With the discovery of an additional 9620 tonnes of reserves of uranium oxide in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Meghalaya and Jharkhand, the country’s uranium resources increased to about 1,72,400 tones of uranium oxide.Wind Energy – The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power has reached about 25,000 MW by the end of 2011-12.Of this, about 5,000 MW generation capacity was added during 2011-12, which is the highest ever renewable capacity addition in any one yearIndia has emerged has emerged as a leader in Asia, and holds 4th rank worldwide in wind power.Nearly 99 % Enrolment at Primary Level by successfully implementing the “Right to Education Act”. Making Education a Fundamental Right to All Citizens guaranteed by the Constitution.Literacy rate in India is now 74 ( Males- 82.1 and Females- 65.5)A substantial increase from the figures , 10 years ago, ushered by Social Revolution by UPAGross enrolment in higher education, which was 12.3 % in 2006-07, has gone up to 18 % in 2011-12.A provision has been made for central assistance for setting up of a model degree college in each of the identified 374 educationally backward districts where Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for higher education is less. Out of 153 proposals received, 78 have been approved and 42 are under process.Massive Expansion in Higher Education – 7 NEW IIM’S , 8 NEW IIT’S, 10 NEW NITs EstablishedSince the RTE Act, 2,14,561 Primary and 1,76,361 Upper Primary schools have been sanctioned under SSA till date , of which 96% are operational479 residential schools/ hostels to cater to 66,181 children have been sanctioned under SSA out of which 432 are functional.Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas for Upper primary girls-3609 sanctioned, 3501 operational with enrolment of 3.2 lakhs girls.19,76,502 teacher posts have been sanctioned under SSA, 12,34,016 have been recruited9.94 crore children were supplied free text books in 2012Uniforms to all girls, SC, ST and BPL children, have been provided for 504.83 lakh children.Special training for Out-of- School children for age appropriate admission in regular schools has been provided for 27.89 lakh children10.54 crore children studying in 12.31 lakh institutions have availed of the Mid Day Meal.Under the scheme for setting up of 6,000 model schools at Block level at the rate of one school per block 1,880 model schools have been sanctioned out of 2,266 which are approvedSaakshar Bharat has been sanctioned in 372 out of 410 targeted eligible districts in 25 statesAbout 15.7 lakh literacy learning centres are functioning in different States of the Country.Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan established its 07 new Regional Offices4752 primary and secondary get IT InfrastructureTeacher Education Scheme – Strengthening of existing institutes of advanced and upgradation of departments of education of universities into institutes of advanced study in education\116. Block institutes of Teacher Education (BITEs) in 196 identified SC/ST/Minority concentration districts16 new Central Universities established10 new National Institutes of Technology (NIT’s) established. 5 new Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER’s) established2 new School of Planning and Architecture established, 6 new Law Universities establishedThe Scheme for setting up of 20 new IIITs in PPP mode. 15 State Governments having identified land for setting up of the Institutes. Bill in this regard already introduced in Lok SabhaA grant was provided to set up 26 new polytechnics during the year 2011-12. In addition, the second and third installments were given to 85 and 92 polytechnics. 148 polytechnics were provided grant for women’s hostels.Under National Mission for Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in Education- Virtual Private Networks and internet connections have been provided to 392 universities and 18,189 colleges/polytechnics across the country.Advanced Version of Aakash-2 Tablet was launched on 11th Nov, 2012. In the first phase 1,00,000 tablets are being distributed for the purpose of testing by users all over India in different climatic and usage conditions.National Knowledge Network, connects all higher education institutes through via high speed broadband networkCommon Admission Examination Process with Weightage to Performance in Class 12th Board from 2013The Government has approved the proposal for Strengthening and Restructuring of ICDS Scheme with an over-all budget allocation of Rs. 1,108,503 crore during 12th Five Year PlanIndia’s Life Expectancy has been increased to 66.1 (2010) from 61.9 (2000)Life Expectation at Birth increased to 69.6 for Females and 67.3 for MalesSince the launch of the National Rural Health Mission, over 1.57 lakh personnel have been added to the health system during 2005-12.Infrastructure has been strengthened by taking up 594 District Hospitals, 2,721 Community Health Centres, 5,459 Primary Health Centres and 31,001 Sub-Centres for new construction or renovation.The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) at the National Level at 22.1 in 2010 declined 1.7 points over 2005-12 The Crude Death Rate during the same period ndeclined by 0.4 points.Infant Mortality Rate has registered a decline from 58 per 1000 live births in 2005 to 44 per 1000 live births in 2011The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) which stood to 2.88 in 2004 declined to 2.5 in 2010The Maternal Mortality Ratio declined from 254 in 2004-06 to 212 in 2007-09Over 8.6 Lakh ASHAs appointed to act as bridge between the communities and the health facilities in villagesA total of 70,000 beds have been increased in government health institutions for provision of essential and emergency services.Scheme for the promotion of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls of rural areas in the age group of 10-19 years covering 1.5 crore girls in 152 districts of 20 states. Girls get sanitary napkins at Rs1 per pack of 6No polio case has been reported in the country since January 2011 owing to immunization drives. The World Health Organisation has taken India out of the list of polio-endemic countries.Mortality due to Kala-Azar has shown a declining trend. The total number of reported Dengue cases was also lower in 2011 as compared to 2010.HIV – The numbers of new annual infections have decreased by 56% over the past decade and the epidemic has begun to stabilize. NACP- III has been acclaimed globally as a successful programme.The Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, came into existence as a separate Ministry with effect from 30 January, 2006.Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 – was passed by Parliament in May, 2012 to address the issue of child sexual abuse,Under Integrated Child Protection Scheme – 548 Child Welfare Committees and 561 Juvenile Justice Boards have now been established.Emergency Outreach Services through Childline 1098 has been expanded to 264 cities/districts of the countryThe National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW) was launched by the Government of India on International Women’s Day in 2010 strengthen the inter-sector convergence . Mission headed by Prime Minister of IndiaGovernment has launched an Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign against malnutrition with pro-bono services from Shri Aamir KhanSexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act was passed by Parliament on February 26, 2013ICDS Scheme has been universalised with effect from 2008-09. There were just 5267 Projects-operational under ICDS in 2004. Now there are 13.71 lakhsA total of 9.72 Crore (9,72,655,22 ) beneficiaries have benefitted through the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) as on January, 2013 out out which 7.46 Crore (7,46,809,32) are children in the age group of 0-6 yearsThere are 13.71 lakhs as on January 2013. The restructured and strengthened ICDS is been Anganwadi centres rolled out in 3 phases with focus on the 200 high burden districts for malnutrition during 2012-13 and additional 200 districts in 2013-14 including districts from the special category States and NER and the remaining districts in 2014-15.

A number of states encode your name and date of birth in your license number. These include Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota (prior to December 13, 2004 only). These states use the same system of encoding, or very similar ones. Given someone's driver's license number from one of these states, you can take good guesses at someone's name and exactly determine day of birth (but not year). With someone's name and date of birth you can guess some or all of their driver's license number.A typical license would look like this:S530-429-085-151 LLLL-FFF-MMM-BBB The above is for John Bennett Smith, born on February 27th.LLLL - Last Name, Soundex CodedLLLL is the Soundex coded last name. Soundex attempts to code similar sounding names to the same four character code. See my Soundex page for details on how to encode it.FFF - First Name, CodedFFF is the encoded first name. The name is looked up on the following table. If the exact name isn't on the table, look up the longest prefix that is on the table.a 027 aa 028 ab 029 ac 030 ad 031 ae 032 af 033 ag 034 ah 035 ai 036 aj 037 ak 038 al 039 ala 040 alb 041 alc 042 ald 043 ale 044 alf 045 alg 046 alh 047 ali 048 alj 049 alk 050 all 051 alm 052 aln 053 alo 054 alp 055 alq 056 alr 057 als 058 alt 059 alu 060 alv 061 alw 062 alx 063 aly 064 alz 065 am 066 an 067 ao 068 ap 069 aq 070 ar 071 as 072 at 073 au 074 av 075 aw 076 ax 077 ay 078 az 079  b 080 ba 081 bb 082 bc 083 bd 084 be 085 bf 086 bg 087 bh 088 bi 089 bj 090 bk 091 bl 092 bm 093 bn 094 bo 095 bp 096 bq 097 br 098 bs 099 bt 100 bu 101 bv 102 bw 103 bx 104 by 105 bz 106  c 107 ca 108 cb 109 cc 110 cd 111 ce 112 cf 113 cg 114 ch 115 ci 116 cj 117 ck 118 cl 119 cm 120 cn 121 co 122 cp 123 cq 124 cr 125 cs 126 ct 127 cu 128 cv 129 cw 130 cx 131 cy 132 cz 133  d 134 da 135 db 136 dc 137 dd 138 de 139 df 140 dg 141 dh 142 di 143 dj 144 dk 145 dl 146 dm 147 dn 148 do 149 dp 150 dq 151 dr 152 ds 153 dt 154 du 155 dv 156 dw 157 dx 158 dy 159 dz 160  e 161 ea 162 eb 163 ec 164 ed 165 eda 166 edb 167 edc 168 edd 169 ede 170 edf 171 edg 172 edh 173 edi 174 edj 175 edk 176 edl 177 edm 178 edn 179 edo 180 edp 181 edq 182 edr 183 eds 184 edt 185 edu 186 edv 187 edw 188 edward 189 edx 190 edy 191 edz 192 ee 193 ef 194 eg 195 eh 196 ei 197 ej 198 ek 199 el 200 ela 201 elb 202 elc 203 eld 204 ele 205 elf 206 elg 207 elh 208 eli 209 elizabeth 210 elj 211 elk 212 ell 213 ellen 214 elm 215 eln 216 elo 217 elp 218 elq 219 elr 220 els 221 elt 222 elu 223 elv 224 elw 225 elx 226 ely 227 elz 228 em 229 en 230 eo 231 ep 232 eq 233 er 234 es 235 et 236 eu 237 ev 238 ew 239 ex 240 ey 241 ez 242  f 243 fa 244 fb 245 fc 246 fd 247 fe 248 ff 249 fg 250 fh 251 fi 252 fj 253 fk 254 fl 255 fm 256 fn 257 fo 258 fp 259 fq 260 fr 261 fs 262 ft 263 fu 264 fv 265 fw 266 fx 267 fy 268 fz 269  g 270 ga 271 gb 272 gc 273 gd 274 ge 275 gf 276 gg 277 gh 278 gi 279 gj 280 gk 281 gl 282 gm 283 gn 284 go 285 gp 286 gq 287 gr 288 gs 289 gt 290 gu 291 gv 292 gw 293 gx 294 gy 295 gz 296  h 297 ha 298 hb 299 hc 300 hd 301 he 302 henry 303 hf 304 hg 305 hh 306 hi 307 hj 308 hk 309 hl 310 hm 311 hn 312 ho 313 hp 314 hq 315 hr 316 hs 317 ht 318 hu 319 hv 320 hw 321 hx 322 hy 323 hz 324  i 325 ia 326 ib 327 ic 328 id 329 ie 330 if 331 ig 332 ih 333 ii 334 ij 335 ik 336 il 337 im 338 in 339 io 340 ip 341 iq 342 ir 343 is 344 it 345 iu 346 iv 347 iw 348 ix 349 iy 350 iz 351  j 352 ja 353 jaa 354 jab 355 jac 356 jad 357 jae 358 jaf 359 jag 360 jah 361 jai 362 jaj 363 jak 364 jal 365 jam 366 james 367 jan 368 jao 369 jap 370 jaq 371 jar 372 jas 373 jat 374 jau 375 jav 376 jaw 377 jax 378 jay 379 jaz 380 jb 381 jc 382 jd 383 je 384 jea 385 jeb 386 jec 387 jed 388 jee 389 jef 390 jeg 391 jeh 392 jei 393 jej 394 jek 395 jel 396 jem 397 jen 398 jeo 399 jep 400 jeq 401 jer 402 jes 403 jet 404 jeu 405 jev 406 jew 407 jex 408 jey 409 jez 410 jf 411 jg 412 jh 413 ji 414 jj 415 jk 416 jl 417 jm 418 jn 419 jo 420 joa 421 job 422 joc 423 jod 424 joe 425 jof 426 jog 427 joh 428 john 429 joi 430 joj 431 jok 432 jol 433 jom 434 jon 435 joo 436 jop 437 joq 438 jor 439 jos 440 joseph 441 jot 442 jou 443 jov 444 jow 445 jox 446 joy 447 joz 448 jp 449 jq 450 jr 451 js 452 jt 453 ju 454 jv 455 jw 456 jx 457 jy 458 jz 459  k 460 ka 461 kb 462 kc 463 kd 464 ke 465 kf 466 kg 467 kh 468 ki 469 kj 470 kk 471 kl 472 km 473 kn 474 ko 475 kp 476 kq 477 kr 478 ks 479 kt 480 ku 481 kv 482 kw 483 kx 484 ky 485 kz 486  l 487 la 488 lb 489 lc 490 ld 491 le 492 lea 493 leb 494 lec 495 led 496 lee 497 lef 498 leg 499 leh 500 lei 501 lej 502 lek 503 lel 504 lem 505 len 506 leo 507 lep 508 leq 509 ler 510 les 511 let 512 leu 513 lev 514 lew 515 lex 516 ley 517 lez 518 lf 519 lg 520 lh 521 li 522 lj 523 lk 524 ll 525 lm 526 ln 527 lo 528 loa 529 lob 530 loc 531 lod 532 loe 533 lof 534 log 535 loh 536 loi 537 loj 538 lok 539 lol 540 lom 541 lon 542 loo 543 lop 544 loq 545 lor 546 los 547 lot 548 lou 549 lov 550 low 551 lox 552 loy 553 loz 554 lp 555 lq 556 lr 557 ls 558 lt 559 lu 560 lv 561 lw 562 lx 563 ly 564 lz 565  m 566 ma 567 maa 568 mab 569 mac 570 mad 571 mae 572 maf 573 mag 574 mah 575 mai 576 maj 577 mak 578 mal 579 mam 580 man 581 mao 582 map 583 maq 584 mar 585 margaret 586 mary 587 mas 588 mat 589 mau 590 mav 591 maw 592 max 593 may 594 maz 595 mb 596 mc 597 md 598 me 599 mf 600 mg 601 mh 602 mi 603 mj 604 mk 605 ml 606 mm 607 mn 608 mo 609 mp 610 mq 611 mr 612 ms 613 mt 614 mu 615 mv 616 mw 617 mx 618 my 619 mz 620  n 621 na 622 nb 623 nc 624 nd 625 ne 626 nf 627 ng 628 nh 629 ni 630 nj 631 nk 632 nl 633 nm 634 nn 635 no 636 np 637 nq 638 nr 639 ns 640 nt 641 nu 642 nv 643 nw 644 nx 645 ny 646 nz 647  o 648 oa 649 ob 650 oc 651 od 652 oe 653 of 654 og 655 oh 656 oi 657 oj 658 ok 659 ol 660 om 661 on 662 oo 663 op 664 oq 665 or 666 os 667 ot 668 ou 669 ov 670 ow 671 ox 672 oy 673 oz 674  p 675 pa 676 pb 677 pc 678 pd 679 pe 680 pf 681 pg 682 ph 683 pi 684 pj 685 pk 686 pl 687 pm 688 pn 689 po 690 pp 691 pq 692 pr 693 ps 694 pt 695 pu 696 pv 697 pw 698 px 699 py 700 pz 701  q 702 qa 703 qb 704 qc 705 qd 706 qe 707 qf 708 qg 709 qh 710 qi 711 qj 712 qk 713 ql 714 qm 715 qn 716 qo 717 qp 718 qq 719 qr 720 qs 721 qt 722 qu 723 qv 724 qw 725 qx 726 qy 727 qz 728  r 729 ra 730 rb 731 rc 732 rd 733 re 734 rf 735 rg 736 rh 737 ri 738 rj 739 rk 740 rl 741 rm 742 rn 743 ro 744 robert 745 rp 746 rq 747 rr 748 rs 749 rt 750 ru 751 rv 752 rw 753 rx 754 ry 755 rz 756  s 757 sa 758 sb 759 sc 760 sd 761 se 762 sf 763 sg 764 sh 765 si 766 sj 767 sk 768 sl 769 sm 770 sn 771 so 772 sp 773 sq 774 sr 775 ss 776 st 777 su 778 sv 779 sw 780 sx 781 sy 782 sz 783  t 784 ta 785 tb 786 tc 787 td 788 te 789 tf 790 tg 791 th 792 ti 793 tj 794 tk 795 tl 796 tm 797 tn 798 to 799 tp 800 tq 801 tr 802 ts 803 tt 804 tu 805 tv 806 tw 807 tx 808 ty 809 tz 810  u 811 ua 812 ub 813 uc 814 ud 815 ue 816 uf 817 ug 818 uh 819 ui 820 uj 821 uk 822 ul 823 um 824 un 825 uo 826 up 827 uq 828 ur 829 us 830 ut 831 uu 832 uv 833 uw 834 ux 835 uy 836 uz 837  v 838 va 839 vb 840 vc 841 vd 842 ve 843 vf 844 vg 845 vh 846 vi 847 vj 848 vk 849 vl 850 vm 851 vn 852 vo 853 vp 854 vq 855 vr 856 vs 857 vt 858 vu 859 vv 860 vw 861 vx 862 vy 863 vz 864  w 865 wa 866 wb 867 wc 868 wd 869 we 870 wf 871 wg 872 wh 873 wi 874 wia 875 wib 876 wic 877 wid 878 wie 879 wif 880 wig 881 wih 882 wii 883 wij 884 wik 885 wil 886 william 887 wim 888 win 889 wio 890 wip 891 wiq 892 wir 893 wis 894 wit 895 wiu 896 wiv 897 wiw 898 wix 899 wiy 900 wiz 901 wj 902 wk 903 wl 904 wm 905 wn 906 wo 907 wp 908 wq 909 wr 910 ws 911 wt 912 wu 913 wv 914 ww 915 wx 916 wy 917 wz 918  x 919 xa 920 xb 921 xc 922 xd 923 xe 924 xf 925 xg 926 xh 927 xi 928 xj 929 xk 930 xl 931 xm 932 xn 933 xo 934 xp 935 xq 936 xr 937 xs 938 xt 939 xu 940 xv 941 xw 942 xx 943 xy 944 xz 945  y 946 ya 947 yb 948 yc 949 yd 950 ye 951 yf 952 yg 953 yh 954 yi 955 yj 956 yk 957 yl 958 ym 959 yn 960 yo 961 yp 962 yq 963 yr 964 ys 965 yt 966 yu 967 yv 968 yw 969 yx 970 yy 971 yz 972  z 973 za 974 zb 975 zc 976 zd 977 ze 978 zf 979 zg 980 zh 981 zi 982 zj 983 zk 984 zl 985 zm 986 zn 987 zo 988 zp 989 zq 990 zr 991 zs 992 zt 993 zu 994 zv 995 zw 996 zx 997 zy 998 zz 999 MMM - Middle Name, CodedThis is the middle name, coded using the above table.As a special case, if there is no middle name and the first name is fully coded (say, "John" or "Mary"), this is 000. If the first name is not fully coded, encode the first unused character from the first name on this table and use it as MMM:a 001 b 002 c 003 d 004 e 005 f 006 g 007 h 008 i 009 j 010 k 011 l 012 m 013 n 014 o 015 p 016 q 017 r 018 s 019 t 020 u 021 v 022 w 023 x 024 y 025 z 026 BBB - Birth day and month, CodedLook up the birst day of month and the birth month on this table to find the find three characters.In the event of two or more people having identical driver's licence numbers, this final group of digits will be used to differeniate them. Simple add one to the final group of digits until you find an unused entry. If you reach a number allocated to a different date, instead subtract one until you find an unused entry. I don't know what is down if while moving down you hit a number allocated to another date or when you generate a number over 999 or below 001.January (001)01 => 002 02 => 007 03 => 010 04 => 012 05 => 017 06 => 020 07 => 022 08 => 025 09 => 027 10 => 030 11 => 032 12 => 035 13 => 037 14 => 040 15 => 042 16 => 045 17 => 047 18 => 050 19 => 052 20 => 055 21 => 057 22 => 060 23 => 062 24 => 065 25 => 067 26 => 070 27 => 072 28 => 075 29 => 077 30 => 080 31 => 082 February (085)01 => 086 02 => 088 03 => 091 04 => 093 05 => 096 06 => 098 07 => 101 08 => 103 09 => 106 10 => 108 11 => 111 12 => 113 13 => 116 14 => 118 15 => 121 16 => 123 17 => 126 18 => 128 19 => 131 20 => 133 21 => 136 22 => 138 23 => 141 24 => 143 25 => 146 26 => 148 27 => 151 28 => 153 29 => 156 March (158)01 => 159 02 => 162 03 => 164 04 => 167 05 => 169 06 => 172 07 => 174 08 => 177  09 => 182 10 => 184 11 => 187 12 => 189 13 => 192 14 => 194 15 => 197 16 => 199 17 => 202 18 => 204 19 => 207  20 => 227 21 => 229 22 => 232 23 => 234 24 => 237 25 => 239 26 => 242 27 => 244 28 => 247 29 => 249 30 => 252 31 => 254 April (257)01 => 258 02 => 260 03 => 263 04 => 265 05 => 268 06 => 270 07 => 273 08 => 275 09 => 278 10 => 280 11 => 283 12 => 285 13 => 288 14 => 290 15 => 293 16 => 295 17 => 298 18 => 300 19 => 303 20 => 305 21 => 308 22 => 310 23 => 313 24 => 315 25 => 318 26 => 320 27 => 323 28 => 325 29 => 328 30 => 330 May (333)01 => 334 02 => 336 03 => 339 04 => 341 05 => 344 06 => 346 07 => 349 08 => 351 09 => 354 10 => 356 11 => 359 12 => 361 13 => 364 14 => 366 15 => 369 16 => 371 17 => 374 18 => 376 19 => 379 20 => 381 21 => 384 22 => 386 23 => 389 24 => 391 25 => 394 26 => 396 27 => 399 28 => 401 29 => 404 30 => 406 31 => 409 June (411)01 => 412 02 => 415 03 => 417 04 => 420 05 => 422 06 => 425 07 => 427 08 => 430 09 => 432 10 => 435 11 => 437 12 => 440 13 => 442 14 => 445 15 => 447 16 => 450 17 => 452 18 => 467 19 => 470 20 => 472 21 => 475 22 => 477 23 => 480 24 => 482 25 => 497 26 => 500 27 => 502 28 => 505 29 => 507  30 => 517 July (520)01 => 521 02 => 523 03 => 526 04 => 528 05 => 534 06 => 537 07 => 539 08 => 542 09 => 544 10 => 547 11 => 549 12 => 552 13 => 554 14 => 557 15 => 559 16 => 562 17 => 564 18 => 567 19 => 569 20 => 572 21 => 574 22 => 577 23 => 579 24 => 582 25 => 584 26 => 587 27 => 589 28 => 592 29 => 594 30 => 597 31 => 599 August (602) 01 => 603 02 => 605 03 => 608 04 => 610 05 => 613 06 => 615 07 => 618 08 => 620 09 => 623 10 => 625 11 => 628 12 => 630 13 => 633 14 => 635 15 => 638 16 => 640 17 => 643 18 => 645 19 => 648 20 => 650 21 => 653 22 => 655 23 => 658 24 => 660 25 => 663 26 => 665 27 => 668 28 => 670 29 => 673 30 => 675 31 => 678 September (680)01 => 681 02 => 684 03 => 686 04 => 689 05 => 691 06 => 694 07 => 696 08 => 699 09 => 701 10 => 704 11 => 706 12 => 709 13 => 711 14 => 714 15 => 716 16 => 719 17 => 721 18 => 724 19 => 726 20 => 729 21 => 731 22 => 734 23 => 736 24 => 739 25 => 741 26 => 744 27 => 746 28 => 749 29 => 751 30 => 754 October (756)01 => 757 02 => 760 03 => 762 04 => 765 05 => 767 06 => 770 07 => 772 08 => 775 09 => 777 10 => 780 11 => 782 12 => 785 13 => 787 14 => 790 15 => 792 16 => 797 17 => 800 18 => 802 19 => 807 20 => 810 21 => 812 22 => 815 23 => 817 24 => 820 25 => 822 26 => 825 27 => 827 28 => 830 29 => 832 30 => 835 31 => 837 November (840)01 => 841 02 => 843 03 => 846 04 => 848 05 => 851 06 => 853 07 => 856 08 => 858 09 => 861 10 => 863 11 => 866 12 => 868 13 => 871 14 => 873 15 => 876 16 => 878 17 => 881 18 => 883 19 => 886 20 => 888 21 => 891 22 => 893 23 => 896 24 => 898 25 => 901 26 => 903 27 => 906 28 => 908 29 => 911 30 => 913 December (916)01 => 917 02 => 919 03 => 922 04 => 924 05 => 927 06 => 929 07 => 932 08 => 934 09 => 937 10 => 939 11 => 942 12 => 944 13 => 947 14 => 949 15 => 952 16 => 954 17 => 957 18 => 959 19 => 962 20 => 964 21 => 967 22 => 969 23 => 972 24 => 974 25 => 977 26 => 983 27 => 985 28 => 990 29 => 993 30 => 995 31 => 998 Thanks to Joseph Gallian for providing me with the information on which this is based.