Adopt 215 2016-2021: Fill & Download for Free

Today’s our world rely on technologies, from daily life to big IT projects, help in the growth and introduced for the ease of people. Taking into account, several tasks are completed in just blink of eyes. Moreover, these tech trends create numerous applications which perform the tasks that were like dreams in previous years. This article outlines the Best 10 technology trends in 2019 – IT Trends.Technologies not only contribute to IT industries it help in every field example at the medical level, technology can help treat more sick people and consequently save many lives. Similarly, in the financial sector, we can pay with bitcoins instead of using banks. The digital coin has been such a game-changing factor.Thus, on surveying, you can make a record of new things are discovered every day. Technology improves daily lives.Here are Best 10 technology trends, you should stay in touch with, this will update your knowledge as well as help you to find crystal clear career ahead of you! The Best 10 technology trends list covers diverse topics such as Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality(AR and VR), Digital Twins, Blockchain Technology, Quantum Computing (Supercomputing) and more.Best 10 technology trends in 2019Artificial Intelligence (AI)Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality(AR and VR)Digital TwinsBlockchain TechnologyQuantum Computing (Supercomputing)Internet of Things (IoT)Robotic Process Automation(RPA)Angular and ReactIntelligent Apps (I – Apps)Big Data1. Artificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) or machine intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. With the introduction of Artificial intelligence (AI) machines become increasingly capable of completing tasks and maximize the chance of successfully achieving its goals.Nowadays, AI is everywhere from your smartphones to your cars to your home to your banking establishment. Machines understand verbal commands, distinguishpictures, drive cars and play games better than we do. Thus, technology assists in creating and enabling smart operations and something the world cannot do without.Contribution of Artificial intelligence (AI) reflects in Autonomous vehicles and robotics, which are the two industries that will see the most rapid developments during 2019.In the field of smartphones, Artificial intelligence seems to be a game changer in mobile app development. Apple allowed developers to integrate Siri into their applicationsin 2017.Note* One-day machines will reach and exceed human performance on more and more tasksTYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEThere are four types of artificial intelligence:Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)Artificial Superhuman Intelligence (ASI)Reactive machinesLimited memoryTheory of mindSelf-awareness2. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality(AR and VR)Augmented reality (AR) and Virtual reality (VR) adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone. It makes the real-life environment around us into a digital interface by putting virtual objects in real-time.The difference between the AR and VR is, AR uses the existing environment and overlays new information on the top of it unlike VR, which creates a totally artificial environment.The contribution of AR and VR is in training, education, engineering, medical and other fields. For example, Medical students use AR technology to practice surgery in a controlled environment. VR, on the other hand, opens the way to play Games. The popular Pokemon Go is an example of AR.According to research, it has been found that market size for augmented reality (AR)and virtual reality (VR) combined is expected to explode from about $18 billion today to $215 billion in 2021.Here is the list of WORLD’S MOST INNOVATIVE COMPANIES who are into AR and VR and received an award for this field.SnapAdobeHTC ViveGannettStrivrThe VoidFirstbornZapparPositronThe Raymond Corporation3. Digital TwinsDigital twins are simply the digital representations of the real-world product, entities or systems. The technology widely used to predict and understand the physical counterpart’s performance characteristics.DTOs are dynamic software model that depends on operational or other data to understand how an organization operationalizes its product lifecycle, connects with its current state, utilize resources and responds to changes in order to deliver expected customer value.Moreover, Digital twins are able to demonstrate the impact of design changes, Predict and Resolve Manufacturing Issues, usage scenarios, environmental conditions, and other endless variables. Thus developed the product in quality, consumed less time by eliminating the need for physical prototypes.Some business applications of digital twins:Among the Best 10 technology trends, Digital twin technology has implications across a wide variety of industries. For example.Health care: Sensors that could monitor a person’s vital information such as heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen levels.Manufacturing: Make manufacturers smarter and more informed by the millions of data points collected throughout their facilities.Automotive: Self-driving cars, analyze how a car performs in its physical environment, and track the vehicle.4. Blockchain TechnologyTaking into account on Best 10 technology trends, Blockchain Technology seems to be one of the buzzwords of the year.A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked using cryptography. On the other hand, cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries.This is the technology that powers bitcoins, A cryptocurrency that has triggered the establishment of nearly 1000 new cryptocurrencies, leading to the delusion that the only application of blockchain technology is for the creation of cryptocurrency.After researching more, people realize blockchain technology is capable of a lot more than just cryptocurrency.Bitcoin helps people to send or exchange money electronically as easily by sending email or text by using the app called a wallet.Note: The blockchain (the technology behind cryptocurrencies) is the world’s leading software platform for digital assets. Simple and Secure offering the largest production blockchain platform in the world, using new technology to build a radically better financial system. Today this technology is finding uses in many other industries apart from cryptocurrencies. Data is difficult to hack as it is distributed across computers.As far as the transaction is concerned, blockchain carries no transaction cost. It is a simple yet ingenious way of passing information in a fully automated and safe manner.READ MORE: The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Various Industries5. Quantum Computing (Supercomputing)Quantum computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation. It has the potential to revolutionise how we use data and power machines.Quantum Computing operates on the quantum state of subatomic particles (for example, electrons and ions) that represent information as elements denoted as quantum bits (qubits).Considering the quantum mechanical phenomena and nowadays computer, conventional digital computers manipulate individual bits, which store information as binary 0 and 1 states. On the other hand, Quantum computers leverage quantum mechanical phenomena to manipulate information, use quantum bits, or qubits, to encode information as 0s, 1s, or both at the same time.In other ways, we can say that the Quantum computing has the ability to store a much greater amount of information in one unit, means has the potential to be faster and more energy efficient than computers we use today.6. Internet of Things (IoT)Considering the Best 10 technology trends, the IoT is growing rapidly, it is responsible for multi-trillion Dollar Market Growth in tech sectors.Nowadays, technology is deriving people crazy enough to crave for home automation. However, the products of IoT are expensive but people do not think twice before purchasing it in order to get smart connectivity.It is expected that the number of IoT devices that are active will grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025. In terms of things, IoT can be a person with a heart monitor implant, an automobile that has built-in sensors a farm animal with a biochip transponder, or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data over a network.As far as the potential of the Internet of Thing’s (IoT) is concerned, it reduces the costs, saves time and opens the door for new business models needs to start with a platform perspective that includes app development and integration.Considering the fact, IoT is adopted by all industries and reflects in all Industrial products. For example- Wide range of home electronics with cutting-edge technology companies like Samsung, LG, Huawei, Qualcomm and Intel all are in a continuous struggle to establish product leadership with patents.Source: Statista7. Robotic Process Automation(RPA)So, here is another technology that is based on the Autonomous process, Robotic Process Automation.Among the technology trends, the craze of RPA increasing rapidly. Either it makes a place from the college students or in industries. Nowadays, our young generation learns so many intelligent ways to implement RPA technology and build an effective, innovation Autonomous machine.The technology is advancing rapidly in almost all fields. Thus the quick development in technology, tremendous growth has been observed in the global automation industry. You have probably observed many fields use automation techniques to build their accurate and effective result.According to the survey, the robotic process automation is one of the revolutions in the automation industry, and it is expected to increase higher potential in terms of utilization and staff implementation in the upcoming year.Have a look at the benefits of RPA:1. Efficiency: The programming software build robots have the efficiency to work 24/7 without taking any break.2. Accuracy: Machine works the exact task which has been instructed without making any mistakes.3. Cost Reduction: The software robots help to reduce the organization’s cost.5. Enhanced audit and monitoring compliance.Note* It is expected that RPA market is going to reach about USD 8.75 billion by the year 2024.8. Angular and ReactSo, its a part of core tech. Angular and React are both computer programming languages. However, both are JavaScript-based Frameworks in order to create modern web applications, they have many similarities and many differences. One of them is that Angular is a full-fledged MVC framework and React is merely a JavaScript Library.Considering the Angular, it is a JavaScript framework written in TypeScript. It was developed and is maintained by Google.Developing a Web App is an easy task today. However one should keep in mind the application will be active, responsive, and highly ecstatic in its designs.Back-End coding, as well as the front-end part, somehow plays an equal role and makes a Web App efficient. Considering the front end part (user experience), JavaScript kicks in here.On the other hand, React is developed and maintained by Facebook. It is used for building user interfaces”.Coming to the popularity, AngularJS was extremely popular till 2016, it is losing it popularity exponentially while ReactJS is gaining considerably that today they are equal on popularity quotient according to Stack Overflow.Image: Stack OverflowIf we highlight some major benefits of using React then it would be:Reduced the amount of boilerplate.Clear syntaxNote* Both Frameworks are available under the MIT license.9. Intelligent Apps (I – Apps)Intelligent Apps are the apps that are build by the use of Artificial intelligence, these apps are consist of pieces of software written for mobile devices by the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology.These AI apps are used to perform specific tasks, that is being utilized for a wide range of activities, including scheduling meetings, medical diagnosis, logging interactions, electronic trading platforms, robot control, and remote sensing.Here are a few examples of I-Apps:Journalism: Automated writing to cover the minor leagues.Productivity Apps: Google’s “G Suite” and Microsoft Office 365.Chatbots.Speech Recognition.Recommendation engines on e-commerce sites.Intelligent apps are the next generation of applications. In order to know more about Intelligent app we have listed below few typical features of I-Apps:Data-drivenContextual and relevantAction-orientedConsidering the Intelligent Apps (I – Apps) applications in business, it has been adopted by the businesses and move faster, have the potential to increase operational excellence in the B2C context, their added value is equally high in B2B.10. Big DataBig data refers to Statistics & Facts, data sets that are extremely large, too complex and large volumes of unstructured data. It is also known as ‘predictive analytics’. Most of the companies today, rely on big data analytics to gain huge insight.However, among the large volume of data, not everything matters. It’s what organizations do with the data that matters. Thus, Big data can be analyzed for insights that lead to better decisions and strategic business moves.The classical and the most well-known definition of ‘big data’ describes it as being characterised by three ‘Vs’:volumevelocityvarietyBig data is a really fascinating thing if you are with analytic minds and a love for tech. It is highly in demand with Hadoop Technology. As per the survey the technology has seen massive exponential growth especially in the reputed MNC’s, including corporate as well and the startups.At last, there are several technology trends you need to know and to be familiar with because your skills need to be of practical nature and constantly updated to keep pace with evolving technology.via: Techcresendo.com

No, for public consumption, but yes in fact, as China builds an “insane” number of new thermal coal power plants at home and abroad. “Watch what I do not what I say,” is the reality for China on the climate file. The West has bowed out of thermal power leaving the field open for China as the sole player. I don’t think China is unhappy.Why - that is the real issue?Perhaps it is relevant that climate scientists in Beijing have published cogent research showing that natural forces not human activity from emissions of minute amounts of non polluting carbon dioxide from industrial fossil fuels are the control knob of the climate.Published: 24 July 2015Causality of global warming seen from observations: a scale analysis of driving force of the surface air temperature time series in the Northern HemispherePeicai Yang,Geli Wang,Feng Zhang &Xiuji ZhouClimate Dynamics volume 46, pages3197–3204(2016)Cite this article493 Accesses12 Citations1 AltmetricMetricsdetailsAbstractBy using the slow feature analysis, we reconstructed the driving force for an observed monthly surface air temperature anomaly time series in the northern hemisphere. Wavelet transformation technique was then used to analyze the scale structure of the derived driving force and its causal relationship with global warming. Results showed that the driving force for the analyzed temperature climate system included two independent degrees of freedom which respectively represented the effects of 22-year solar cycle and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the climate. More importantly, the driving force is modulated in amplitude by signals with much longer time periods. The modulation controls the energy input to the climate system and its effect on the global warming is decisive. In addition, through analyzing phase transitions from zero to extremes of the modulating signals, we provide a projection for the future trend of the surface air temperature. In specific, in the next 45–65 years, the driving force will continue to rise which will drive the air temperature even warmer. This is a long term natural trend determined by the modulating amplitude signals, but not directly related to human activity.Causality of global warming seen from observations: a scale analysis of driving force of the surface air temperature time series in the Northern HemisphereThis paper is referenced in support of a similar conclusion published the the prestigious journal NATURE by Beijing scientists.Coal is an abundant natural resource in China, so the government adopted several energy policies to encourage the construction of coal plants. As a result, the plants proliferated as fast as the government could process them.Nov 27, 2019 SEEDANIEL OBERHAUSSCIENCE11.27.2019 07:00 AMChina Is Still Building an Insane Number of New Coal PlantsWhile the rest of the world turns away from the fossil fuel, China is investing big in coal-powered electricity.Why Is China Placing A Global Bet On Coal?A Chinese-backed power plant under construction in 2018 in the desert in the Tharparkar district of Pakistan's southern Sindh province.Rizwan Tabassum/AFP/Getty ImagesChina, known as the world's biggest polluter, has been taking dramatic steps to clean up and fight climate change.So why is it also building hundreds of coal-fired power plants in other countries?President Xi Jinping hosted the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing over the weekend, promoting his signature foreign policy of building massive infrastructure and trade links across several continents.The forum, attended by leaders and delegates of nearly 40 countries, came amid growing criticism of China's projects, including their effect on the environment.Xi took the highly unusual step, for him, of meeting with international journalists, during which he repeated the slogan that he is committed to "open, clean and green development."China's President Xi Jinping speaks at a press briefing at the end of the final day of the Belt and Road Forum on Saturday.Wang Zhao/AFP/Getty ImagesYet China's overseas ventures include hundreds of electric power plants that burn coal, which is a significant emitter of the carbon scientifically linked to climate change. Edward Cunningham, a specialist on China and its energy markets at Harvard University, tells NPR that China is building or planning more than 300 coal plants in places as widely spread as Turkey, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Egypt and the Philippines.Article continues after sponsor messageDays before the forum with its "clean and green" theme, the latest Chinese-built coal plant opened in Pakistan.The plants are significant investments at a time when most nations of the world, including China, have committed to fighting climate change. "When you put money down and put steel into the ground for a coal-fired power plant," says Cunningham, "it's a 40- or 50-year commitment."In one sense, China's push for coal is not surprising: China knows how to build coal plants. It is the world's largest coal consumer, drawing more than 70 percent of its electricity from coal, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.An open-pit coal mining site in the desert in Pakistan's Tharparkar district.Rizwan Tabassum/AFP/Getty ImagesBut facing overwhelming pollution levels, China has restrained the growth of its coal industry — at home.For many years, four huge electric power plants burned coal within the capital city, Beijing, contributing to the city's choking smog. But within the past four years, all four stopped burning coal.Special Series: China UnboundA visit by NPR on Saturday to one of the plants, the Huaneng Beijing thermal power station, showed that it now burns natural gas — still a contributor to climate change but overall considered cleaner."The air quality is much better than before," said Ma Fei, who owns Kelaicai restaurant near the power plant. "[It's] much better for my health."While closing old plants, China's leaders have limited the building of new ones. The government has promoted wind and solar energy — it has produced so many solar panels that it has reduced prices for them worldwide, which analysts contend has contributed to the spread of solar energy in the United States.But the Chinese engineers, metalworkers and laborers who built coal-fired power plants must be kept employed. And, Cunningham says, "many are going abroad." They are building energy projects for developing nations, largely as part of China's Belt and Road Initiative.China has made more than $244 billion in energy investments abroad since 2000, much of it in recent years, according to a Boston University database. The bulk is in oil and gas, but more than $50 billion has gone toward coal. A report in January found that more than one-quarter of coal plants under development outside China have some commitment or offer of funds from Chinese financial institutions."China has done a very good job of emphasizing the target of greening the Belt and Road," said Courtney Weatherby, a Southeast Asia analyst at the Stimson Center in Washington, D.C. "But it's not clear when you look at the actual projects that China is funding that they are truly green."The Huaneng Beijing Terminal Power Plant in Chaoyang district of the Chinese capital stopped burning coal in 2017. It went online in 1999 and, according to state-run media, had a capacity of 845,000 kilowatts.Ashley Westerman/NPR"I think that is where many of us are concerned," said Harvard's Cunningham, who attended the recent forum and has been invited back by Chinese officials to speak to academic panels in the country. "For every large solar farm that is being built or wind farm that is being built [by China], there are also significant investments going into the fossil [fuel] side. ... There's only one climate ... and we're obviously all carbon constrained."And there are concerns beyond climate. The coal projects in developing nations are built with Chinese loans, which the developing states must repay. There is a widespread view among investors that as the coal industry declines in much of the world, coal is a bad investment.The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, a Chinese-founded international institution based in Beijing, told NPR that it applies rigorous standards to its investments and has yet to support a coal-fired power plant anywhere. "In most countries today, it doesn't really make financial economic sense anymore to invest in coal-fired power plants," said bank Vice President Joachim von Amsberg. Renewable energy offers a cleaner alternative.People shop for groceries in a market in the shadow of the Huaneng Beijing Terminal Power Plant. Local restaurant owners and shopkeepers say the air around the power plant has been cleaner since it switched to natural gas from burning coal in recent years.Ashley Westerman/NPRChinese officials were ready to answer such concerns at their Belt and Road Forum. "We're not intending to transfer pollution to other countries," said Chen Wenling, chief economist at the China Center for International Economic Exchanges in Beijing. "We're trying to create development opportunities."In neighboring Vietnam — a country highly dependent on coal — China is a major investor in the energy sector. China is involved in 15 coal power plants in operation, six under construction and at least two in the planning stages, according to Nguyen Thi Hang with Hanoi-based environmental group Green Innovation and Development Centre. "China's investments in Vietnam is both good and bad but it is also coupled with negative impacts on people's health and livelihoods," Nguyen said.There is still a question of how to supply energy sustainably. If China falls short, Chinese officials at least know they can expect scant criticism on coal investments from the U.S. government. President Trump's administration has also been promoting coal.Why Is China Placing A Global Bet On Coal?COAL24 March 2020 8:00Analysis: Will China build hundreds of new coal plants in the 2020s?GUEST AUTHORS24.03.2020 | 8:00amCOALAnalysis: Will China build hundreds of new coal plants in the 2020s?This is a guest post by:Lauri Myllyvirta, lead analyst at Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air covering air quality and energy trends in China.Shuwei Zhang, senior economist at Draworld Environment Research Center, China.Xinyi Shen, consultant for Greenpeace International working on global air pollution issues.China’s 14th five-year plan (FYP), setting out its national goals for 2021-2025, will arguably be one of the world’s most important documents for global efforts to tackle climate change.The overarching plan for economic and social development in the world’s largest emitter is to be finalised and approved in early 2021, followed by more detailed sectoral targets over the next year. A power sector plan can be expected around winter 2021-22.Ahead of the FYP’s publication, powerful stakeholders, such as the network operator State Grid and industry body the China Electricity Council, are lobbying for targets that would allow hundreds of new coal-fired power stations to be built. And a recent update to the “traffic light system” for new coal-power construction signaled further relaxation of permitting.This is all despite significant overcapacity in the sector, with more than half of coal-power firms already loss-making and with typical plants running at less than 50% of their capacity.The push for more coal power also appears at odds with China’s climate goals, including a target to peak its CO2 emissions no later than 2030. To reach this goal, low-carbon sources will need to cover any increases in energy demand, meaning less need for additional electricity generation from coal.As the country grapples with the coronavirus pandemic, however, controls on overcapacity may be vulnerable to the political priority of propping up economic growth. As a result, the restraints on another coal power boom are likely to be financial and economic, rather than regulatory.Coal powerChina’s “economic miracle” has seen the country become the world’s second-largest economy and pulled nearly a billion people out of poverty. But this progress has been built on a boom in energy from coal, meaning China has also become the world’s largest carbon polluter by far.China’s CO2 emissions increased again by around 2% in 2019, based on recently released official economic data, and 65% of the annual growth in energy consumption came from fossil fuels.Coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel and still accounted for 57.7% of China’s energy use in 2019, the data shows. Coal plants, which burn approximately 54% of all coal used in the country, provide 52% of generating capacity and 66% of electricity output – down from a peak of 81% in 2007.Coal-fired power capacity grew by around 40 gigawatts (GW) in 2019, a 4% increase, and a pick-up from the past two years (the red line on the figure, below). As a result, the coal fleet’s average utilisation rate fell further, to below 50% on average (blue line).Analysis: Will China build hundreds of new coal plants in the 2020s?COAL BABIESOne major obstacle to China’s new climate goals: its thousands of new coal plantsJASON LEE/REUTERSChina is building hundreds of new coal-fired power plants in spite of its new climate goals…One big part of this shift may prove particularly tricky: The country’s fleet of coal-fired power plants is relatively young. In the US, the average age of a coal plant is 39 years, which is pushing the typical lifespan of these facilities. In China it’s just 14, and because of the sheer number that have been built in recent years, newer plants account for the lion’s share of the sector’s emissions even though they tend to be more individually efficient than their ancestors.Many of these plants will naturally retire before 2060. But in the short term, China is still moving full steam ahead on coal—its post-Covid stimulus spending on fossil fuels is three times larger than its spending on clean energy, including nearly $25 billion on coal power plants and even more on mining and processing. Plants rolling out today, plus the hundreds planned for the years before 2030, may be forced to close ahead of schedule—the new target was short on details but more could be forthcoming in the next country’s next five-year plan. Early retirements of power plants significantly undermine their profit potential—which is part of the reason investors and construction companies are fleeing the coal business.[all around the world, but not in China.]One major obstacle to China’s new climate goals: its thousands of new coal plantsnaturescientific reportsarticlesOpen AccessPublished: 07 April 2017Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature recordGeli Wang,Peicai Yang &Xiuji ZhouScientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 46091 (2017) Cite this articleAbstractThe identification of causal effects is a fundamental problem in climate change research. Here, a new perspective on climate change causality is presented using the central England temperature (CET) dataset, the longest instrumental temperature record, and a combination of slow feature analysis and wavelet analysis. The driving forces of climate change were investigated and the results showed two independent degrees of freedom —a 3.36-year cycle and a 22.6-year cycle, which seem to be connected to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle and the Hale sunspot cycle, respectively. Moreover, these driving forces were modulated in amplitude by signals with millennial timescales.IntroductionCausality analysis in climate change is an active and challenging research area that remains highly uncertain. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1advocates that human activity is the most important driving force of climate change, while some researchers have argued that natural forces might be the main cause. These different views are mainly due to a lack of methods to address the complexity of climate system and insufficiency in observational climate data.Global circulation model (GCM) simulations are generally used to investigate the causality of climate change. However, due to the limited knowledge of the climate system, large uncertainties are still associated with GCMs; therefore, the improvement of current GCMs to meet the requirements for causality analysis is still an urgent issue. An alternative method to GCMs is to use long-term observational climate data to study the driving forces of climate change, a method that has recently benefited from the great progress made by physical and biological scientists in studying the driving forces in non-stationary time series. The main advantage of this approach is that observational data can be used to directly extract the driving forces of an unknown dynamical system.Discussion and ConclusionsA new investigation on climate change causality is given using the longest instrumental temperature record — the CET dataset— which was analyzed using SFA and wavelet analysis. This investigation into the driving forces of climate change reproduces a 3.36-year cycle and a 22.6-year cycle, which may be connected to the ENSO cycle and the Hale sunspot cycle, respectively. Other beats from interdecadal to centennial components were also reproduced at 7.5, 14.5, 67.7, 90.4, 113.9 and 215 years, which could also be induced by ENSO and the Hale sunspot cycle as they are harmonics of the two basic frequencies. They are all strongly amplitude and phase modulated, and the modulating signals acting on the scale components are oscillations with a period of about 1000 years, which represent the impacts of GHGs as presented using the surface air temperature time series in the Northern Hemisphere in Yang16.Tung and Zhoupresented an interesting analysis result for the scale structure of the CET time series and found a scale component with a spectrum band from 50 to 90 years that propagates through the phase space of the indices considered as the AMO, due to the large thermal inertia associated with slow oceanic processes. This scale signal is reflected in the Northern Hemisphere area-averaged surface temperature signal and the CET dataset, which explains, by inference, a large fraction of the multidecadal non-uniformity of the observed global surface temperature warming in the twentieth century. However, the relationship between the 67.7 years found in this paper and the solar scales suggests that this climate component plays a key role in multidecadal variability. This scale signal that has a period of 67.7 years in the CET dataset is regarded as a harmonic of the solar cycle because of the harmonic relationship with the Hale sunspot cycle. Note that a quasi-millennial cycle could also be forced on the Sun by the rotation of the Trigon of the great conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn. These results clearly indicate that both solar and climate oscillations are linked to planetary motion.Identifying causality in complex climate systems can be difficult; therefore, this study is a further attempt to better understand causality using the longest instrumental time series of temperature based on observed climate data associated with climate change. Such an approach may provide another method to study causality in climate change. As an alternative approach to GCMs, the technique directly utilizes the observed nonstationary data to directly construct the driving forces, referred to as the ‘inverse problem’ in mathematics.It has been shown in a number of other fields27,28,29that SFA can be applied to nonstationary time series to estimate a single underlying driving force with high accuracy. However, application in the climate sciences, which involves nonlinear and complex systems, is at a preliminary stage. There are uncertainties related to observational limitations, as well as missing or uncertain external forces. In particular, SFA may not account for possible nonlinear interactions between the different scales. In addition, this study used the longest instrumental record in central England, in which different sources of uncertainty may exist. Further work to evaluate this source of uncertainty is therefore desirable. These issues, among others, will be considered in forthcoming studies.MethodAs the world’s longest instrumental record of temperature, the Met Office Hadley Centre’s CET time series represents the monthly mean surface air temperature averaged over the English midlands and spans the period January 1659 to December 2013. The record covers several episodes of natural and anthropogenic warming of multidecadal durations, and has value as one of the longest instrumental temperature records, even though it is limited in spatial extent.COMMENTSJames Matkin • 3 years agoThis research is very relevant and should make climate alarmists pause in their crusade against Co2 emissions from fossil fuels. Far too much focus on Co2 like a one trick pony in a big tent circus where solar radiation is a more compelling show.The thrust of recent research has demonstrated that climate changes continually and is determined by natural forces that humans have no significant control over. Many leading scientists have presented research of other "driving forces" and cautioned against the arrogance of many that "the science is settled." See Judith Curry of the Georgia Institute of Technology and blogger at Climate Etc. talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about climate change. Curry argues that climate change is a "wicked problem" with a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the expected damage as well as the political and technical challenges of dealing with the phenomenon. She emphasizes the complexity of the climate and how much of the basic science remains incomplete. The conversation closes with a discussion of how concerned citizens can improve their understanding of climate change and climate change policy.http://www.econtalk.org/arc...Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature record