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Why aren’t there more black developers?I think a lot of this has to do with what part of the country you live in (assuming the OP is in America)For instance, the number of Black software engineers that I encounter in Atlanta, GA has dramatically increased during the course of my almost 20 years in the field.Now, I have worked at a few companies where almost half of the developers were Black. Of course, I have worked at many more companies were I was the sole Black developer. But still… I’m seeing progress.But to answer the question more directly, one of the things that we have to remember is that American schools weren’t desegregated until 1964. But of course, that was just a law that was passed. It took many many years for this to happen in actuality.Consider this timeline for a moment1963 62% of Americans — 73% of Northerners and 31% of Southerners — believe Blacks and Whites should attend the same schools.Two African American students, Vivian Malone and James A. Hood, successfully register at the University of Alabama despite George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" — but only after President Kennedy federalizes the Alabama National Guard.For the first time, a small number of black students in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Mississippi attend public elementary and secondary schools with white students.1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is adopted. Title IV of the Act authorizes the federal government to file school desegregation cases. Title VI of the Act prohibits discrimination in programs and activities, including schools, receiving federal financial assistance.The Rev. Bruce Klunder is killed protesting the construction of a new segregated school in Cleveland, Ohio.1968 The Supreme Court orders states to dismantle segregated school systems "root and branch." The Court identifies five factors — facilities, staff, faculty, extracurricular activities and transportation — to be used to gauge a school system's compliance with the mandate of Brown. (Green v. County School Board of New Kent County)In a private note to Justice Brennan, Justice Warren writes: "When this opinion is handed down, the traffic light will have changed from Brown to Green. Amen!"1969 The Supreme Court declares the "all deliberate speed" standard is no longer constitutionally permissible and orders the immediate desegregation of Mississippi schools. (Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education)1971 The Court approves busing, magnet schools, compensatory education and other tools as appropriate remedies to overcome the role of residential segregation in perpetuating racially segregated schools. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education)1972 The Supreme Court refuses to allow public school systems to avoid desegregation by creating new, mostly or all-white "splinter districts." (Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia; United States v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education)Brown's legacy extends to gender. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is passed prohibiting sex discrimination in any educational program that receives federal financial assistance.1973 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act is passed prohibiting schools from discriminating against students with mental or physical impairments.The Supreme Court rules that states cannot provide textbooks to racially segregated private schools to avoid integration mandates. (Norwood v. Harrison)The Supreme Court finds that the Denver school board intentionally segregated Mexican American and black students from white students. (Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1)The Court distinguishes between state-mandated segregation (de jure) and segregation that is the result of private choices (de facto). The latter form of segregation, the Court rules, is not unconstitutionalThe Supreme Court rules that education is not a "fundamental right" and that the Constitution does not require equal education expenditures within a state. (San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez) The ruling has the effect of locking minority and poor children who live in low-income areas into inferior schools.1974 The Supreme Court blocks metropolitan-wide desegregation plans as a means to desegregate urban schools with high minority populations. (Milliken v. Bradley) As a result, Brown will not have a substantial impact on many racially isolated urban districts.Non-English-speaking Chinese students file suit against the San Francisco Unified School District for failing to provide instruction to those with limited English proficiency. The Supreme Court rules that the failure to do so violates Title VI's prohibition of national origin, race or color discrimination in school districts receiving federal funds. (Lau v. Nichols)1978 A fractured Supreme Court declares the affirmative action admissions program for the University of California Davis Medical School unconstitutional because it set aside a specific number of seats for black and Latino students. The Court rules that race can be a factor in university admissions, but it cannot be the deciding factor. (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke)1982 The Supreme Court rejects tax exemptions for private religious schools that discriminate. (Bob Jones University v. U.S.; Goldboro Christian Schools v. U.S.)1986 For the first time, a federal court finds that once a school district meets the Greenfactors, it can be released from its desegregation plan and returned to local control. (Riddick v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Virginia)1988 School integration reaches its all-time high; almost 45% of black students in the United States are attending majority-white schools.Look at all the turmoil going on with school desegregation in the 1970s.While people were still fighting over this, Black people were still attending schools that were under-funded and giving sub-par education. This was a known issue. The Black schools had outdated books, didn’t have funding for technology related course or the teachers to teach them.So this negates damn near every person of color from the technology industry for anyone in their late 30s on up. Most of the people you find in the field within these age groups were either.Able to live in a mixed communityIn the militaryHad a parent who got into the field because they were in the militaryHad fairly wealthy parentsI was personally lucky enough to have a father who worked on missile guidance systems in the Air Force, moved on to work at Burroughs corporation/Unisys and later started his own business that was technology related.Because I certainly didn’t learn anything in middle or high school that would’ve led me into this field.As an example. My middle school technology courses involved learning how to use a type writer. In high school, I learned about the history of computers and how to play games (not make them) on their outdated computers (of course, I knew this already… so I learned nothing). Oh, and we learned how to use WordStar & WordPerfect and how to make a resume.Nothing about building or repairing a computer and certainly nothing about programming one.And I took every tech course available to me at those schools.But at the house, we had several computers that my brother and I personally built; and a training facility my father owned (to train his clients) with another 30 computers to play with.I learned how to build web sites and desktop apps for some of our clients.That’s what started me on this path.How many Black people would you imagine were this lucky? Not many.So the number of Black developers my age or older is actually very impressive, when you consider what they had to go through to get to this point.And I’m seeing more and more young Black developers each year.Thanks for the A2A.

To clarify re my credentials: I am a California licensed attorney, former Co-Chair of the Business Law Section’s Corporations Committee then part of the voluntary part of the State Bar of California. In January 2017, the voluntary bar was separated from being part of the State Bar of California, and became I 503(c) not for profit voluntary corporation, but remains affiliate with the California State Bar.The Corporations Committee was asked to comment on SB 826 when it was before the Senate Banking and Financial Institutions Committee. Here are some of the highlights of the Committee’s analysis:The Committee strongly believes that diversity in the boards of directors of publicly traded corporations is admirable and necessary. We note that California has been a leader in advancing this goal, and in 1993 Section 318 of the Code was enacted. Among other provisions, Section 318 requires the California Secretary of State to develop and maintain a registry of distinguished women and minorities who are available to serve on corporate boards of directors.However, in response to your question about potential constitutional issues, the Committee believes there is a substantial risk that the Bill in its current form would fail a constitutional challenge, for the reasons outlined below. If the authors of the legislation wish to continue to pursue this matter, the Committee would be pleased to be involved in any discussions to consider an alternative approach that is more likely to withstand judicial scrutiny and influence shareholders to elect more diverse boards of directors.BACKGROUND:The Committee believes the following background information is useful:1) Directors are elected to serve on the board of directors of a corporation by the shareholders of the company, at the annual meeting of shareholders (see Section 301 of the Code).2) Directors are subject to fiduciary duties owed to the shareholders, and are not necessarily employees of the corporation.3) The board of directors is typically authorized to appoint one or more officers of the corporation, who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the corporation. The powers of the board of directors to cause the corporation to take action directly are limited. At its most basic, a board of directors approves or ratifies actions taken by the appointed officers.4) As it is the shareholders who vote to elect directors, legislation that imposes restrictions (or qualifications) on the individuals elected to the board of directors would necessarily reach into the process by which the corporation's shareholders elect its directors.[1]5) It is noteworthy that stock owned by publicly traded corporations can be owned by other business entities, charities, unions, trusts, mutual funds, and individuals. Shareholders may be citizens of other states or territories of the United States or of other countries. Stock may also be owned directly by foreign governments, making those sovereign states shareholders.Quotas Have Been Held to Violate the U.S. ConstitutionAs drafted, the Bill would impose a statutory quota on the board of directors of publicly traded corporations. The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently held that quotas based on race are subject to strict scrutiny, meaning they will almost always be found unconstitutional in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.In Regents of Univ. Of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 290 (1977), the Regents’ special admission program was found unconstitutional and the Regents were enjoined from any consideration of race in its admission process unless it was factored in with other characteristics in a competitive process. In Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 488 U.S. 469, 511 (1989), a plan which mandated that at least 30% of city construction contracts be awarded to one or more Minority Business Enterprises violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Gender-based classifications are generally subject to the slightly reduced standard of “intermediate scrutiny,” which requires state action based on gender be “substantially related to the achievement of [important government] objectives.” United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).If enacted and challenged, the Committee believes that the Bill, though advancing an important and worthy goal, may be vulnerable on equal protection grounds. Adding to the uncertainty is that there is a split among circuit courts as to whether intermediate or strict scrutiny applies to gender-based quotas. Under that heightened standard, the Bill would almost certainly fail."Compelled Speech" Has Been Held to Violate the U.S. ConstitutionThe Committee also believes that, if challenged, the Bill could be found to violate the free-speech provisions of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.The board of directors of publicly traded corporations often recommends a slate of candidates for election to the board of directors at the annual meeting of shareholders. As drafted, the Bill requires that a specified number of females be recommended (and elected). This may be contrary to the board’s position that it recommends candidates based on qualifications other than gender or race or religion. (Also, although obviously there are a large number of qualified female director candidates, this requirement may be contrary to the corporation’s position that it hires employees solely on merit and does not discriminate in employment based on gender and its shareholders do not discriminate on gender with respect to election of directors.)The Committee believes courts could find that requiring that a specific number of females be included in a recommended slate of directors would be "compelled speech" and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.In Hurley v. Irish American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 U.S. 557 (1995), private citizens organizing a public demonstration could not be compelled by the state to include groups who impart a message the organizers do not want to be presented by their demonstration, even if the intent of the state was to prevent discrimination.Thus, statutes designed to prevent discrimination such as the Bill can be found unconstitutional when compelled speech is mandated.Issues with the Application of the Bill to Non-California CorporationsAs drafted, the Bill applies to publicly held corporations whose "principal executive offices" are located in California.We are aware that there are several provisions in the Code—for example, Section 1600 and 1602, on inspection rights; and Section 1501 on the provision of annual reports—that apply to any domestic corporation as well as to any foreign corporation that has its principal executive offices in California or customarily holds its meetings in California. However, the Committee notes that the Bill is designed to control the vote of shareholders who may have no contact with California. If a publicly held corporation is organized under Delaware law and has only, say, 2% of its shareholders are California residents, does California have the power under the U.S. Constitution to dictate how the other 98% of shareholder must vote?The fact that a corporation has its principal executive offices here may not by itself give a state constitutional authority to legislate extra-territorially, that is to govern the behavior of out-of-state shareholders of a corporation, who are legally separate from the corporation. The Committee is concerned that the nexus between the shareholders of a corporation and a corporation that has its principal executive offices in California may be too attenuated to give California the power to penalize the shareholders for how they vote. Absent a sufficient connection with California (beyond having its principal executive offices in the state), courts could find the Bill unconstitutional in violation of the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution.In VantagePoint Venture Partners 1996 v. Examen, Inc. 871 A.2d 1108 (2005), the Delaware Supreme Court found Section 2115 of the Code unconstitutional and refused to apply it to a Delaware corporation that met the substantial jurisdictional tests—a majority of its voting securities held by California residents and a majority of its business conducted in California as determined by its sales, payroll and assets--of Section 2115. The decision confirmed the internal affairs doctrine—that “matters that pertain to the relationships among and between the corporation and its officers, directors and shareholders”—should be determined by the laws of the jurisdiction where the corporation was formed. The Examen court concluded that the internal affairs doctrine is mandated by constitutional principles embodied in the commerce clause and that the law of the jurisdiction of incorporation should exclusively govern, except in the rare case where such law is inconsistent with a national policy on foreign or interstate commerce.The Committee does not believe that any California court has reached the same conclusion, although there is dicta to that effect in Lidow v. Superior Court, 206 Cal. App. 4th 351 (2012).[2]As it imposes additional recordkeeping and documentation requirements on business, it is likely that the Bill would be viewed by California and national business communities as a reason not to do business in California.The Bill Applies Fines to Corporations but Corporations Do Not Have the Power to Comply with the Bill’s ProvisionsThe Committee notes that while the corporation is subject to fines, the corporation itself has no power to effect compliance with the proposed statute because, as described in “BACKGROUND” above, the corporation does not appoint or elect directors. Indeed, individual directors have no authority to effect compliance unilaterally as any appointments by the board of directors is by a vote of the board, with each director acting in accordance with his or her fiduciary duty. In the case of director elections, it would be rare for a single shareholder of a publicly held corporation to hold enough shares to cause the election of a director.The same point applies to the language in proposed section 301.3.(a) that the corporation “may increase the number of directors on its board to comply with this section”. The corporation itself can’t increase the number of directors (presumably this is intended to mean the authorized number of directors) as this will require board or shareholder action.Other Matters Regarding the Bill• The Bill in many places refers to the “number of directors”. At what time? For example, suppose a corporation has seven directors on January 1, 2022 but three resign on June 1 and a new director is appointed on July 15. Is the corporation required to have three female directors because it had six or more directors on January 1 or one female director because it had four directors on June 1 or two female directors because it had five directors on July 15?• How is the Secretary of State to determine the number of female directors? Will they base it on names? Some names are used by both men and women.• The Bill doesn’t address the fact that California recognizes three genders. See Health & Safety Code § 103426 (“The State Registrar shall issue a new birth certificate reflecting a change of gender to female, male, or nonbinary . . . ”).[1] The bylaws of many publicly traded corporations permit the board of directors to fill a vacant seat by way of a vote of the majority of directors. However, any such appointment would be subject to review by the shareholders at the next annual meeting of shareholders.[2] At least one California appellate court upheld the constitutionality of Section 2115 finding that there was no Commerce Clause violation because Section 2115 even-handedly regulated both domestic and foreign corporations, effectuated California’s long-standing interest in cumulative voting (the particular point of contention in the case) and would likely not cause conflict with other states, since a corporation could only do a majority of its business or have a majority of its outstanding voting securities in one state. See Wilson v. Louisiana-Pacific Resources, Inc. (1982) 138 Cal.App.3d 216. The Wilson court also rejected arguments that Section 2115 violated the due process, equal protection, Full Faith and Credit and Contract Clauses of the United States Constitution.Keith Bishop, one of the upcoming Co-Chairs of the Corporations Committee has blogged on the issue. Links to his blog follow:Why California's Gender Quota Bill Is More Likely To Be Unconstitutional Than California's Pseudo-Foreign Corporation StatuteImpossibility And California's Proposed Gender Quota LawCalifornia Bill Would Mandate Gender Quotas For Publicly Traded CompaniesWill California's Board Gender Quota Bill Encourage Corporations To Dump Male Directors?California Gender Equity Quota Bill AdvancesCalifornia Bill Amended To Impose $100K Penalty For Failure To Report Timely Board Gender To Secretary Of StateIn my opinion, SB 826 is a reaction to the current Administration’s verbal attacks on California, as is an effort to “push back.”My question, and the question on everyone’s mind should be how close is SB 826 to being signed into law by the Governor? The short answer is we just don’t know. What will happen now is the Department of Corporations and the Secretary of State will comment and publish their analysis as to the complexity of implementation. This will include cost estimates for the state, and additional costs of forms, personnel, etc. The Governor will then have to sign or veto it. If it is signed into law, associated regulations will be drafted, subject to public comment, and then enacted. In California, regulations can dramatically change the impact of legislation.

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PETERS COLLEGETHE CANADIAN COUNCIL FOR PRACTICAL NURSE REGULATORSTHE KING’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGEUNIVERSITY CANADA WESTUNIVERSITY OF ALBERTAUNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY OF CALGARYUNIVERSITY OF GUELPHUNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGEUNIVERSITY OF MANITOBAUNIVERSITY OF ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (UOIT)UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWAUNIVERSITY OF REGINAUNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWANUNIVERSITY OF VICTORIAUNIVERSITY OF WATERLOOUNIVERSITY OF WINDSORUNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEGWESTERN UNIVERSITYWILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITYYORK UNIVERSITYInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in AustraliaACN – AUSTRALIAN CAMPUS NETWORKAPM COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND COMMUNICATIONARC – ACCOUNTANTS RESOURCE CENTREABBEY COLLEGE AUSTRALIAABILITY EDUCATION – MELBOURNEABILITY EDUCATION – SYDNEYACADEMIA INTERNATIONALACADEMIES AUSTRALASIAACADEMIES AUSTRALASIA POLYTECHNICACADEMY OF ENGLISHACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL HAIRDRESSINGACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESACUMEN INSTITUTE OF FURTHER EDUCATIONADELAIDE COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (ACTE)ADVANCE ENGLISHALPHACRUCIS COLLEGEASHTON COLLEGEASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL COLLEGEAUSTRALASIAN COLLEGE OF NATURAL THERAPIESAUSTRALIA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WORKPLACE TRAININGAUSTRALIA-INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WORKPLACE TRAININGAUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF COMMERCEAUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT & SCIENCEAUSTRALIAN BUSINESS SCHOOLAUSTRALIAN CHILD CARE CAREER OPTIONS (ACCCO)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF APPLIED EDUCATION (ACAE)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (ACCIT)AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF SPORT & FITNESSAUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYAUSTRALIAN COMMUNITY WORKERS ASSOCIATIONAUSTRALIAN IDEAL COLLEGE (AIC)AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF COMMERCE AND LANGUAGEAUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPAUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGLISH (AICE)AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLAUSTRALIAN LEARNING, TRAINING & EDUCATION CENTRE (ALTEC)AUSTRALIAN MARITIME COLLEGE (UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA)AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BEAUTYAUSTRALIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY (ANIBT)AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (ANU)AUSTRALIAN PACIFIC COLLEGEAUSTRALIAN PACIFIC COLLEGE BRISBANEAUSTRALIAN PROFESSIONAL SKILLS INSTITUTEAUSTRALIAN TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE (ATMC)AUSTRALIAN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACADEMYAUSTRALIAN VOCATIONAL LEARNING CENTREAUSTRALIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAVIATION AUSTRALIAAVONDALE COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONBARKLY COLLEGEBARRIER REEF INSTITUTE OF TAFEBAXTER INSTITUTEBEDFORD COLLEGEBERKELEY COLLEGEBILLY BLUE COLLEGE OF DESIGNBLUE MOUNTAINS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL (BMIHMS)BOND COLLEGEBOND UNIVERSITYBOX HILL INSTITUTE OF TAFEBRADFORD COLLEGEBRIGHTON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBRISBANE NORTH INSTITUTE OF TAFEBURLEIGH HEADS LANGUAGE CENTREBUSINESS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIABUSINESS AND SKILLED MIGRATION QUEENSLANDBUSINESS AND SKILLED MIGRATION TASMANIAC.Y. 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AUSTRALIAN TESOL TRAINING CENTRE (ATTC)NAVITAS ENGLISH, HAWTHORN-MELBOURNENEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGENORTH SYDNEY ENGLISH COLLEGE (NSEC)NORTHERN TERRITORY GOVERNMENTOCEANIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONOZFORD COLLEGE (OZFORD EDUCATION GROUP)PACIFIC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYPERTH INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (PIBT)PILBARA TAFEPOLYTECHNIC WEST (FORMERLY SWAN TAFE)PRINCETON INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONQIBA – QUEENSLAND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ACADEMYQUALITY TRAINING & HOSPITALITY COLLEGEQUEENSFORD COLLEGEQUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (QIBT)QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY QUTRMIT UNIVERSITYRAFFLES COLLEGE OF DESIGN AND COMMERCEROYAL VICTORIAN AERO CLUBSAE INSTITUTE (AUSTRALIA)SCBITSHAFSTON HOUSE COLLEGESILVER TROWEL TRADE TRAININGSKILLED MIGRATION WA – DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENTSKILLSTECH (TAFE QUEENSLAND)SOUTH WEST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSOUTH WEST TAFESOUTHBANK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSOUTHERN CROSS EDUCATION INSTITUTE (SCEI)SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITYSOUTHERN QUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF TAFESTANLEY COLLEGESTERLING BUSINESS COLLEGESTOTT’S COLLEGESTRATHFIELD COLLEGESTUDY GROUPSUNRAYSIA INSTITUTE OF TAFESUNSHINE COAST TAFESUPREME BUSINESS COLLEGESWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (AUSTRALIA)SYDNEY ENGLISH LANGUAGE CENTRESYDNEY FILM SCHOOLSYDNEY INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (SIBT)SYDNEY INSTITUTE OF INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATINGSYDNEY INSTITUTE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINESYDNEY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGYSYDNEY UNIVERSITYTAFE NSW – HUNTER INSTITUTETAFE NSW – ILLAWARA INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NEW ENGLAND INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NORTH COAST INSTITUTETAFE NSW – NORTHERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – RIVERINA INSTITUTETAFE NSW – SOUTH WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE NSW – WESTERN INSTITUTETAFE NSW – WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTETAFE SOUTH AUSTRALIA INTERNATIONALTOP EDUCATION INSTITUTETASMANIAN POLYTECHNICTAYLORS COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (TCWA)THE BREMER INSITUTE OF TAFETHE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND – SYDNEY EDUCATION CENTRE (USQ SEC)THE WILLIAM LIGHT INSTITUTETRAXION TRAININGTRINITY COLLEGETROPICAL NORTH QUEENSLAND INSTITUTE OF TAFETUART COLLEGEUIC SYDNEYUNION INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGEUNIPATH COLLEGES AUSTRALIAUNIVERSAL EDUCATION CENTREUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON – UCL AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY PREPARATION COLLEGE (BANKSTOWN/SAIGON)UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDEUNIVERSITY OF BALLARATUNIVERSITY OF CANBERRAUNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNEUNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLANDUNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALESUNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES (UNSWIL)UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLEUNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLANDUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLANDUNIVERSITY OF SUNSHINE COASTUNIVERSITY OF TASMANIAUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEYUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIAUNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEYUNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONGUNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG – SYDNEY BUSINESS SCHOOLVIT – VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVICTORIA UNIVERSITYVICTORY COLLEGE OF DESIGNWIT – WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYWEST AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH COLLEGEWEST AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF FURTHER STUDIESWEST COAST INSTITUTE OF TRAININGWHITEHOUSE INSTITUTE OF DESIGNWIDE BAY INSTITUTE OF TAFEWILLIAM ANGLISS INSTITUTE OF TAFEWILLIAM BLUE COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENTWODONGA INSTITUTE OF TAFEWOLLONGONG COLLEGE AUSTRALIAZENITH BUSINESS ACADEMYInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in USAA F I CollegeAbilene Christian UniversityAcademy of Art UniversityAdSum OnlineAllen CollegeAmerican College of Commerce and TechnologyAmerican International CollegeAmerican UniversityAndrews UniversityArgosy UniversityArizona State Board of NursingArizona State UniversityArkansas Board of NursingArkansas State UniversityAssistant Director of AdmissionsAssumption CollegeAugsburg CollegeAvila UniversityBaruch College, City University of New YorkBaylor UniversityBenedictine CollegeBentley UniversityBerkeley CollegeBoca Beauty AcademyBoston Architectural CollegeBoston CollegeBoston UniversityBrandeis UniversityBridgewater CollegeBrigham Young UniversityBrigham Young University - HawaiiBrigham Young University - IdahoBrown Mackie CollegeBucknell UniversityBunker Hill Community CollegeBurlington County CollegeButler Community CollegeCalifornia College of ArtsCalifornia Institute of Integral StudiesCalifornia Lutheran UniversityCalifornia State University Los AngelesCalifornia State University, Channel IslandsCalifornia State University, FresnoCalifornia State University, FullertonCalifornia State University, Long BeachCalifornia State University, NorthridgeCalifornia State University, SacramentoCalifornia State University, San BernardinoCambridge CollegeCapella UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarson-Newman CollegeCase Western Reserve UniversityCastleton State CollegeCentenary CollegeCentral Michigan UniversityCentral Wyoming CollegeChaffey CollegeChapman UniversityCitrus CollegeCity College of San FranciscoClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremont UniversityClark UniversityCoe CollegeCollege of CharlestonCollege of Southern NevadaColorado CollegeColorado Heights UniversityColorado School of MinesColumbia College ChicagoColumbia UniversityComputer Insight Learning CenterComputer Systems InstituteConcordia CollegeConcordia UniversityConcordia University, PortlandConcordia University, TexasCornell UniversityDakota State UniversityDallas Baptist UniversityDartmouth CollegeDavis CollegeDe Anza CollegeDe Paul UniversityDean CollegeDiablo Valley CollegeDistance Education and Training CouncilDixie State College of UtahDodge City Community CollegeDominican UniversityDominican University of CaliforniaDowling CollegeDrew UniversityDrexel UniversityDrury UniversityDuke UniversityEast Carolina UniversityEast Los Angeles CollegeEastern Michigan UniversityEastern Washington UniversityEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaEdmonds Community CollegeEducation Management Corporation (EDMC)El Camino CollegeEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityEmmanuel CollegeEmory UniversityEmporia State UniversityEstrella Mountain Community CollegeFairleigh Dickinson University (New Jersey)Fayetteville Christian SchoolFerris State UniversityFinlandia UniversityFisher CollegeFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida State UniversityFolsom Lake CollegeFontbonne UniversityFoothill CollegeFordham UniversityFountain Valley SchoolGannon UniversityGateway Community CollegeGemological Institute of AmericaGeorge Mason UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityGeorgetown UniversityGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGlendale Community CollegeGlendale Community College (California)Golden Gate UniversityGraceland UniversityGreen River Community CollegeHamline UniversityHarvard Business SchoolHarvard UniversityHawaii Pacific UniversityHoly Family UniversityHoly Names UniversityHoward UniversityHult Business School (San Francisco)Illinois Institute of TechnologyIndiana Institute of Technology (Indiana Tech)Indiana University EastIndiana University Purdue - ColumbusIndiana University Purdue University at Fort WayneIndiana University Purdue University at IndianapolisIndiana University South BendINTO Colorado State UniversityINTO Oregan State UniversityINTO University of South FloridaIowa Board of NursingIowa State UniversityJackson State UniversityJacksonville State UniversityJohn Brown UniversityJohn F. Kennedy UniversityJohnson & Wales UniversityJohnson County Community CollegeJuniata CollegeKansas State UniversityKent State UniversityLaboratory Institute of Merchandising CollegeLaramie County Community CollegeLaSalle UniversityLawrence UniversityLDS Business CollegeLiberty UniversityLincoln UniversityLiving Arts College at School of Communication ArtsLong Beach City CollegeLong Island UniversityLouisiana State UniversityLoyola Marymount UniversityLuther SeminaryLynn UniversityMaharishi University of ManagementMarquette UniversityMarylhurst UniversityMarymount Manhattan CollegeMarymount UniversityMaryville CollegeMaryville University, St LouisMassachusetts Board of NursingMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Medical University of South CarolinaMenlo CollegeMesa Community CollegeMetropolitan State College of DenverMiami Ad SchoolMiami Dade CollegeMiami UniversityMichigan State UniversityMichigan Technological UniversityMiddlebury CollegeMidwestern State UniversityMiles CollegeMinnesota Board of NursingMississippi CollegeMississippi University for WomenMissouri Baptist UniversityMontana State University BillingsMount Holyoke CollegeMount St. Mary's CollegeNational Language Service CorpsNC A&T State UniversityNevada State Board of NursingNew Hampshire Board of NursingNew Mexico State UniversityNew York UniversityNewman UniversityNorth Dakota State UniversityNorthcentral UniversityNortheastern UniversityNorthern State UniversityNorthern Virginia Community CollegeNorthwest Missouri State UniversityNotre Dame de Namur UniversityNova Southeastern UniversityO'Reilly School of TechnologyOhio Board of NursingOklahoma City UniversityOld Dominion UniversityOtis College of Art and DesignOtterbein CollegePace UniversityPacific Lutheran UniversityPacific Union CollegePacific University, OregonPalomar CollegePark UniversityPasadena City CollegePatten UniversityPepperdine UniversityPeralta Community College DistrictPeralta Community College District - College of AlamedaPeralta Community College District - Laney CollegePeralta Community College District - Merritt CollegePhoenix CollegePima Community CollegePittsburg State UniversityPlymouth State UniversityPortland State UniversityPratt InstitutePurdue UniversityPurdue University North CentralPurdue University – CalumetQuincy CollegeQuinnipiac UniversityRandolph CollegeRasmussen CollegeRegent UniversityRegis CollegeRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRice UniversityRio Salado CollegeRochester Institute of TechnologyRollins CollegeRutgers, The State University of New JerseySacramento City CollegeSacred Heart UniversitySaint Cloud State UniversitySaint Joseph's UniversitySaint Louis UniversitySaint Mary's College of CaliforniaSalve Regina UniversitySamford UniversitySan Francisco State UniversitySan Jose State UniversitySanta Ana CollegeSanta Clara UniversitySanta Monica CollegeScottsdale Community CollegeSeattle Central Community CollegeSeattle UniversitySeton Hall UniversityShoreline CollegeSouth Dakota School of Mines & TechnologySouth Mountain Community CollegeSoutheast Missouri State UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySouthern New Hampshire UniversitySouthern Utah UniversitySpalding UniverisitySpring Hill CollegeSpringfield CollegeSt Edward's UniversitySt Michael's CollegeSt. Cloud State UniversityStanford UniversityState University of New York at BuffaloStevens Institute of TechnologyStonehill CollegeStratford UniversityStudy Abroad Foundation HeadquartersSuffolk UniversitySUNY Fulton Montgomery Community CollegeSUNY PlattsburghSyracuse UniversityTennessee Technological UniversityTESOL International AssociationTexas Board of NursingTexas Christian UniversityTexas Tech UniversityTexas Tech UniversityTexas Wesleyan UniversityThe College at Brockport, State University of New YorkThe College of William and MaryThe Minerva Schools at KGIThe University of MississippiThe University of North DakotaThe University of Northern ColoradoThe University of Texas at DallasThe University of the ArtsThe University of Texas at TylerThunderbird School of Global ManagementTouro CollegeTufts UniversityTulane UniversityUNC Kenan-Flagler Business SchoolUnion CollegeUnion Institute & UniversityUniversity at Buffalo. The State University of New YorkUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversity of Alabama, TuscaloosaUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of BridgeportUniversity of California Irvine Paul Merage School of BusinessUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, DavisUniversity of California, San DiegoUniversity of Central MissouriUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of ColoradoUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of HoustonUniversity of Houston-Clear LakeUniversity of IdahoUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoUniversity of Illinois at SpringfieldUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstUniversity of Massachusetts, BostonUniversity of MiamiUniversity of Michigan-FlintUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of Missouri St LouisUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasUniversity of Nevada, RenoUniversity of New HavenUniversity of North AmericaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of OregonUniversity of PhoenixUniversity of Rhode IslandUniversity of RichmondUniversity of RochesterUniversity of San FranciscoUniversity of South DakotaUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of St. ThomasUniversity of St. Thomas - HoustonUniversity of TampaUniversity of Texas at El PasoUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Wisconsin - River FallsUniversity of Wisconsin-Eau ClaireUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin-OshkoshUniversity of Wisconsin-SuperiorUrbana UniversityUtah State UniversityVanderbilt UniversityVermont Law SchoolVirginia Commonwealth UniversityVirginia International UniversityVolunteer State Community CollegeWake Forest UniversityWartburg CollegeWashburn UniversityWashington State UniversityWashington University in St. LouisWentworth Institute of TechnologyWentworth Military Academy and CollegeWest Liberty UniversityWestern Michigan UniversityWestern New England CollegeWestminster College of Salt Lake CityWheaton College (Massachusetts)Whitworth UniversityWichita State UniversityWillamette UniversityWoodbury UniversityWorcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)Wright State UniversityXavier UniversityYale UniversityInstitutions recognizing PTE Academic in New ZealandAMES IT AcademyAuckland English AcademyAuckland University of TechnologyAuckland Institute of StudiesBridge international college NZConcordia institute of BusinessCornell institute of Business and TechnologyEllipse InstituteEmbassy CES AucklandICL Business SchoolInstitute of Applied learningMaking futures happen international InstituteMassey UniversityNational Technology InstituteOtago PolytechnicSt George Institute of learningUNITECUniversity of OtagoUniversity of CanterburyThe University of AucklandUK, IRELAND, FRANCE, FINLAND ALSO ACCEPT THE PTE.