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would highly suggest joining a FIRST robotics team. What is FIRST robotics you ask?FIRST robotics is a high school robotics competition, and is one of the biggest robotics competitions in the world. Under strict rules, limited resources, and an intense six-week time limit, teams are challenged to raise funds, design a team "brand," hone teamwork skills, and build and program industrial-size robots to play a difficult field game against like-minded competitors. It’s as close to real-world engineering as a student can get.This competition can provide with you with so much great experience, even if you don't want to be an engineer. BONUS: it's incredibly fun! This video explains it pretty well:What's FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) - full versionI am entering my second year as the head of mechanical engineering on FIRST robotics competition team 2877, and I can honestly say that FRC has changed my life. The willpower involved with making a 120 pound robot in six weeks is tremendous, but the experience is rewarding. FRC took me from a guy who liked robots to a mechanical engineer.To find a team near you, go to this page and change the zipcode on the left side to your own. Then check the teams on the list to see if any of them are close to you. Once you have found a potential team, click on their name and then from the team info page click through to website(hopefully they have one). On their websites, most teams have info about how to join the team. If they don't, look for an email and email someone asking how to join. If you are succesful in this, you have joined an FRC team.If you need help at any time during this process, send me a message and I would be happy to assist.Hope this helped-Cam

Because the FRC (functional residual capacity) point is not at the midpoint of thoracic volume, and because exhalation of the residual volume cannot be performed voluntarily.It makes more sense for the lungs to be more empty when relaxed (the FRC point) than full. That means that inspiration causes greater turnover of fresh gas. If the lungs were full when relaxed, then a breath of fresh air would contribute only a small amount to the volume of stagnant air in the lungs, making gas exchange much less efficient.

A List of Fusion Startups4-11-2017, Note: in just the 2 weeks since I wrote this list, I have heard of 3 more groups that could be added. These include: Apollo Fusion, Delta Research and Applied Fusion Systems. Also, I never mentioned Tokamak Energy or Eric Lerners’ company on this list. I think we need to start a running & updated list of fusion startups somewhere on the web.Originally written on: March 29th 2017Below is an incomplete chart of fusion approaches which have been suggested throughout the past 60 years . There are a few more ideas that need to be added in (the rotamak and Apollo Fusions’ plasma thruster concept).Companies Focused On The Polywell Concept:Energy Matter Conversion Company, San Diego CaliforniaSummary: This company has had tens of millions invested by the Navy since being founding in 1985. They are currently seeking 30 million over 3 years. They published a big paper in 2015 demonstrating that cusp confinement was real, using X-ray and magnetic flux loop data. They have given numerous (12 over more) technical presentations including at Microsoft, Yahoo and Princeton on this kind of plasma trap.Key Technical People:Dr. Jaeyoung ParkDr. Paul SieckDr. Nick Krall Nick Krall is a retired plasma physicist who has been involved in EMC2 since the company’s founding in the middle 80’s. His contributions are mainly theoretical. He has several grown children and lives in San Diego.Convergent Scientific Inc, Bellingham WashingtonSummary: This group has been looking at the Polywell and fusors since 2005. The company is on it’s 3rd iteration, originally founded in 2010. The group has raised $200K and built a small experimental device in a ministorage in Bellingham. The company has 2 patents and an original Particle-In-Cell code based on GPU for simulating the polywell. Experimentally, the group has “herded” plasma for 30-20 seconds in an electrostatic trap – not a full cusp confinement trap. The company is seeking 2 million over 2 years for a larger device.Key Technical People:Mr. Devlin BakerDr. Joel Rogers,Dr. Matt Moynihan,Fusion One, Vancouver CanadaSummary: I take a very dim view of this company. It was founded by Randal Voleberg in November 2014. Mr. Volberg is a Vancouver-based, serial entrepreneur who approached me to join his effort.Key Technical People:Mr. Randal Volberg,40’s Serial Entrepreneur in Vancouver CannadaDr. Scott CornishCompact Fusion Reactor, Lockheed Martin Skunkworks, Palmdale CASummary: I mention Lockheed in relation to the Polywell because both approaches rely on a similar cusp confinement style trap. The Lockheed Compact Fusion Reactor depends on the idea that the diamagnetic plasma will reject the outside magnetic field. The method of heating is different than a polywell – Lockheed uses a traditional neutral beam injection to heat the plasma – while the polywell attempts to use electrostatic heating, like a fusor. The company has not formally published; despite repeated calls to do so. I suspect that the researchers want to, but management refuses too. What we know about their technology comes from 3 patents, two 2016 APS posters and a 2015 talk at Princeton University. Rob Weiss, director of the Skunkworks told the Atlantic Council in 2016 that the trap worked at lower plasma temperatures and pressures; and that the team was now raising the pressures and temperatures to see if they get good confinement.Key Technical People:Dr. Tom McGuire,Mr. Charles ChaseCompanies Focused on the Field Reversed Configuration Concept:Tri Alpha Energy, Los AngelesSummary: This is currently the strongest company in the fusion startup space, both technically and organizationally. The company has roughly 500 million in total investments and ~60 – 100 employees. It is pursuing a Field Reversed Configuration, enhanced by particle beams. A FRC is a spinning donut of plasma, which makes its’ own magnetic fields. These fields, self-contain, the plasma structure. Critically, the plasma density is higher inside the FRC then outside. The problem with the FRC is one of stability. The FRC will lose its’ spin, bend, warp or otherwise disintegrate - due to plasma instabilities. In the late 1990’s, Tri Alpha came up with a way to stabilize the FRC by firing particle beams along its’ surface. In 2015, the company published results in Physics of Plasma, showing the 2nd longest stable FRC, ever produced by mankind. Critically, the FRC was stable for the duration of the experiment – implying that if the test had been 2 hours long, they could have gotten 2 hours of fusion. They are currently reconstructing their machine for a longer experiment.Key Technical PeopleDr. Michl Binderbauer 40’s PhD University of California Irvine, 1996MS, BS Plasma Physics, 1991 and 1993Helion Energy and MSNW, Seattle WashingtonSummary: This effort was spearheaded by Dr. John Slough in the early 90’s. Dr. Slough is a professor of plasma physics, working on an FRC machine, at the University of Washington. He currently serves as a director of research at MSNW and is a full time professor at U Washington. MSNW was a company set up to look at the FRC, in 1992. In 2010 this company was broken up into two companies. MSNW continued, but is now focused solely on FRC for space thrusters. MSNW has received 5 million from SBIR and NASA grants. Helion Energy was spun out of MSNW to focus on energy production for the FRC. Helion received 1.5 million in funding from Y-Combinator in September 2014 and a grant from ARPA-E in May 2016. They have several patents and a staff of less than 10.Key Technical People:Dr. John Slough,Dr. David Kirtley,Dr. George VotroubekCT Fusion, Seattle WashingtonSummary: This company was only formed in May of 2016, from the HIT-SI group at the University of Washington. The HIT-SI machine receives 1 million per year, is staffed by 10 and has a 30 years of history of creating papers. The company wants a large investment (tens of millions) to pursue the Dynomak concept. The Dynomak emerged from the Spheromak and has several advantages over a traditional tokamak. The concept was based on a 2012 Physics of Plasma paper which showed a new method for inductive heating of a plasma. Basically, when you spin a plasma in a donut, a wobble forms which acts as an instability which can destroy the structure. This machine imposes a wobble, which, in turn, generates a spinning plasma. Compared to a tokamak, this eliminates the instability, reduces the number of magnets and improves both the heating and trapping.Key Technical People:Dr. Tom JarboeDr. Aaron Hossack,Mr. Derek SutherlandCompanies Following Inertial Confinement Fusion Approach:General Fusion, Vancouver CannadaSummary: General Fusion is now a well-known fusion startup in the Vancouver area. The company has ~500 million total invested in it, with a staff in excess of 60 people. It was founded in 2002 by Dr. Lebarge, with 400,000 dollars he got after leaving a printing company. The idea is compress a spinning spheromak or Field Reversed Configuration with a spinning molten lead-lithium mixture.Key PeopleDr. Michel Laberge,Micheal Delage,Dr. Victoria Suponitsky,Fusion Power Corporation, Sacramento, CASummary: I see the technology pushed by FPC as a very unlikely winner in fusion research. The company wants to pursue an ion-driven ICF approach. The problem is, this is not so different from other ICF approaches. ICF has seen billions of dollars in investment since the late 1960’s, culminating in the construction of the National Ignition Facility. The NIF famously failed to achieve Ignition; in 2016, the Department Of Energy admitted it may never see a fusion chain reaction.Key Technical People:Dr. Charles Helsley,Dr. Robert Burke, 70’sHal Helsley, 80 (brother) Retired teacher in Los AngelesEfforts Focused on the Magnetized Target Fusion Concept:The PLX at Los Alamos and Hyper-V Inc, Chantilly, VASummary: The Plasma Liner Experiment was developed by Dr. Scott Hsu at Los Alamos in the early 2000’s. This is known as Magneto Inertial Fusion, but is sometimes referred to as Plasma Jet Magnetized Inertial Fusion (PJMIF). The method uses a series of plasma jets in a sphere to slam plasma together in the center. This is sold as a way to study mid-range plasma densities, between high density of laser fusion and the low density of tokamaks. The “soft” convergence is supposed to get around serval plasma instabilities seen in ICF and tokamaks. In 2015, PLX received 3 million over 3 years in ARPA-E funding; this funding required that Dr. Hsu also attempt to raise private capital. He also got a post-doc position, which I was almost hired for. Scott also testified in front of Congress, regarding this approach in April 2016. Hyper-V is a separate company, which was founded by Dr. Doug Witherspoon, in Chantilly Virginia, in 2004. The purpose of this company was to develop the world’s best plasma cannons. They are the main provider of the cannons used in the PLX. The company survived on a series of SBIR investments from the Department of Energy. They also were part of the ARPA-E grant.I blog about fusion. I am trying to launch a fusion podcast. https://www.thefusionpodcast.com/