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The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient EgyptMints are trendy items to giveaway at conventions and trade shows because people become more confident in communicating when they're confident in their breath. It was no different in antiquity. The Egyptian Book of the Dead stipulates that one cannot speak in the afterlife if one is not clean and presentable, and it is clear this means in a physical sense.[1] Spell 125 prohibits one from speaking it unless one is "clean, dressed in fresh clothes, shod in white sandals, painted with eye-paint, anointed with the finest oil of myrrh." [2]From personal appearance to personal hygiene, two of the ‘coolest’ ancient Egyptian inventions pertained to oral hygiene in a time, when almost all suffered from one condition to another.Teeth in ancient Egypt were associated with the creator god Ptah. Teeth supposedly took part in the creation because they were inside the mouth of Ptah and thus were regarded as an important element in the pronunciation of the words that facilitated the creation of EgyptNow while dental hygiene was probably not very high on the priority list, many ancient Egyptians, like most contemporaries of their time, had to deal with rapidly deteriorating teeth, due to a low nutrition diet that did include honey and later even sugar.[3] The Egyptians didn't gorge on sugary soft drinks and foods that contribute to tooth decay, but the stones they used to grind flour for bread contributed a lot of sand and grit to their diet, which wore down tooth enamel exposing the pulp of the tooth, making it vulnerable to infection.[4] The most common dental affliction in ancient Egypt was Attrition. This was caused by their diet of uncooked vegetables and lack of necessary vitamins and minerals.[5] Archaeologists have previously discovered skulls and jaws in burial shafts and tombs, that all show signs of the disease. If untreated it could lead to abscesses, inflammation of the jawbone and gums and tooth loss.A 3D reconstruction of the 2,100-year-old mummy's teeth. They were in horrible shape with "numerous" abscesses and cavities, problems that may have resulted in a sinus infection, possibly fatal. (Mummy with Mouthful of Cavities Discovered.)Toothpaste was invented before the toothbrush, and evidence of its use dates back to the Predynastic Period, around 5000 BC. Abscesses plagued the ancient Egyptians, and toothpaste became one of the most prominent Egyptian inventions to prevent them for those who could afford it. An ancient scribe from the fourth century CE, described a ‘powder for white and perfect teeth’ that transformed into a ‘clean tooth paste’.[6] The recipe, written in Greek, not Hieroglyphics or Demotic, concocted this paste by mixing , one drachma (one-hundredth of an ounce) of rock salt, one drachma of mint, and one drachma of the dried iris flower, all mixed with around 20 grains of pepper, whereas the older recipes state that the paste was made by mixing ground up oxen hooves with ash and eggshells.[7] This would have been ground into a powder and applied to the teeth; one's saliva would have turned it into a paste. This abrasive paste was then rubbed in using either the finger or a primitive form of the toothbrush, made out of frayed twigs.[8] The toothbrush was, at first, a stick with one end frayed to a brush-like fan. Eventually, this developed into a notched stick with thin strips of cut plant (most likely papyrus) tightly bound into the notch as bristles.[9] Although this served surprisingly well in cleaning the teeth, the toothpaste may have done more harm than good, as its gritty texture resulted in bleeding gums.Ancient Egyptians were the 1st people to create tools we use now, how come? - Egypt GuideThe formula was tried out by modern researchers and its effects were revealed at a dental congress in Vienna, in 2003. One Austrian dentist mentioned how the resultant pungent smelling paste initially bled his gums but was more effective than many 19th-century (or early 20th century) toothpaste products.[10] One of the attendants of the convention – Dr. Heinz Neuman, said –Nobody in the dental profession had any idea that such an advanced toothpaste formula of this antiquity existed. I found that it was not unpleasant. It was painful on my gums and made them bleed as well, but that’s not a bad thing, and afterward, my mouth felt fresh and clean. I believe that this recipe would have been a big improvement on some of the soap toothpastes used much later.[11]The iris flower is a main ingredient in the ancient dental formula for toothbrush (A tale of ancient toothpaste)The Egyptians had specialists for many medical problems, but unfortunately, they didn't have dentists or oral surgeons to fix their deteriorating teeth and gums. Instead, they simply suffered, and scientists who've examined mummies have found severely worn teeth and evidence of abscesses, even in youthful Egyptians. Egyptians also had numerous mouthwashes to combat gum disease, which usually had to be chewed up and spit out. The mouthwashes were made up from ingredients such as bran and celery, and some included more active ingredients.[12]The most well documented early instances using mouthwash comes from the Roman Empire, in A.D. 1. The Romans used to buy bottles of Portuguese urine and use that as a rinse. Importing bottled urine became so popular that the emperor Nero taxed the trade.[13] The ammonia in urine was thought to disinfect mouths and whiten teeth, and urine remained a popular mouthwash ingredient until the 18th century.[14] This was to provide the patient with some form of pain relief from toothache and other oral pains. Others were just for the precise purpose of preserving a healthy mouth and teeth.In the event that occasional teeth brushing failed to stave off tooth decay, throughout the day, to keep one's breath fresh, one would suck on breath mints. To cope with this predicament and the resulting the unpleasant odors from their rotting mouths, nobles and royals who considered themselves ‘pristine’ sought a remedy in the form of the first breath mint, made from a combination of myrrh, cinnamon, and frankincense, melon and cashews.[15] Honey served as a binding ingredient which, when fully mixed with the rest, was heated over a fire, left to cool slightly, and then formed into small candies.[16] This scope of personally maintained fragrance also extended to other items, like the famed kyphi, a compound incense, first mentioned in a 16th century BC papyrus, made from a fusion of aromatic substances like honey, wine, pine resin, and juniper berries.[17] It is probable that some of the jars and bowls found in homes were candy dishes which held these mints.What are Frankincense and Myrrh, Anyway?Kyphi is latinized from Greek κυ̑φι for Ancient Egyptian "kap-t", incense, from "kap", to perfume, to cense, to heat, to burn, to ignite.[18] The word root also exists in Indo-European languages, with a similar meaning, like in Sanskrit कपि (kapi) "incense", Greek καπνός "smoke", and Latin vapor.[19] There are 3 ways that the word Kapet is spelled in Egyptian Hieroglyphics in different inscriptions:𓐗𓂂𓊪𓏲𓏥𓎡𓄿𓊶𓏏𓊪𓐓𓊪𓏲𓈛[20]An ancient Egyptian incense concoction that was also made into a sucking candy and used to freshen breath, a few Kyphi recipes have been preserved in various papyrii and books. The Papyrus Ebers recipe is the oldest extant detailed recipe of Kyphi, dated in the colophon of the papyrus to the 9th year of Amenhotep I, right after the Hyksos period, approximately in 1500 BCE. By the time the recipe reached the Greek period the ingredients have changed, and most of the tree resins were replaced by much sweeter ingredients, such as raisins.[21]Papyrus Ebers written in Hieratic Script, Columns 98-99 with the Kyphi Recipe. (Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet)Translations of the Papyrus Ebers vastly differ on how to translate the names of the ingredients in the recipes, which impacts our understanding of the medicinal and cosmetic benefits of the breath mints. For instance, an English Translation by Bendix Ebbell:Papyrus Ebers 853 (98, 14b – 18b)Incense, what is done to sweeten the smell of the house or the clothes: dry myrrh, pignon, frankincense, rush-nut, wood (i.e. bark) of cinnamon, śbt, reed from Phoenicia (calamus aromaticus), nkwwn, ḏmtn, liquid styrax, are ground fine, mixed together and (a little) thereof is placed over a fire.Papyrus Ebers 854 (99, 1)“Another (use) made by women therewith: to put this remedy, (made) according to this direction, into honey, is boiled, mixed and shaped into balls; they shall fumigate with them. But they use a taste of them to sweeten the smell of their mouth.”[22]An accepted translation by Marco Stuhr:{98, 12}} A smoking incense made to improve the smell of the house or clothing: {98, 13a} dry myrrhine resin, {98, 14a} prt-snj fruit, {98, 15a} incense, {98, 16a} Cyprus grass, {98, 17a} Wood from the tj-Sps tree, {98, 18a} Melon, {98, 19a} Reed from Palestine, {98, 20a} ynktn mineral, {98, 21a} Dmtn -Mineral, {98, 13b} soft part of the poplar, finely pulverize, make {98, 14b} a uniform mass, give it into the fire.Papyrus Ebers 853 (98, 14b – 18b)Another [means] which women make for it: {98, 15b} Give this (= previous) remedy in this way to cook on honey, {98, 16b}, mix and make into globules. Then they shall be consumed with it {98, 17b}. May they also make mouth-pills out of it, {98, 18b} to improve the smell of their mouth.[23]The agreed upon ingredients from the two translations are as follows:HoneyDry Myrrh ResinPine NutsDry Frankincense ResinCyperus Grass (Musta Root – Cyperus Rotundus)Ceylon True Cinnamon Sticks – Cinnamonum VerumChios Mastic GumLemon Grass (Cymbopogon)The Papyrus Ebers does not provide any measurements or sense of quantities. Reconstructed recipes refer to a 2nd century CE Syriac work, called The Book of Medicines, which provided weight of similar ingredients in a different kyphi recipe in Greek Drachms.[24]Kyphi recipe from The Book of Medicines:[A medicine] made of myrrh, and it is called “Kupar”. It is good for hardness of the liver, and for pleurisy, and for coughs.Gum of terebinth – 4 drachmsMyrrh – 4 drachmsSpikenard – 1 drachmCrocus – 1 drachmCinnamon – 1 drachmCassia – 2 drachmsAspalitos (harts-tongue fern?) – 2 drachmsFlowers of pistacia lentiscus – 2 drachmsFlesh of dried grapes, cleaned inside and out – 45 drachmsHoney as much as sufficeth.Dose, one drachm. Dissolve the medicines which can be dissolved and the dried grapes in strong-smelling wine, pound the dry ones and clean them, melt the gum of terebinth with the honey, mix them all together, work up well and pour into a vessel, and administer in some drink that is suitable for the particular disease. It may also be burnt like incense before the table, and its smell is very pleasant.[25]Who Invented Mints?Below is a recipe for Kyphi based on Papyrus Ebers from the 9th year of Amenhotep I, which is how the Egyptians would have eaten it in 2nd millennium BCE. Following are comments from chef, who provides a first hand account as to the success of Egyptian Kyphi in masking severe dental odors.Egyptian Breathmints – Kyphi (κυ̑φι), KapetPrep Time1 hourCook Time10 minutesTotal Time1 hour 40 minutesIngredients15 g Myrrh Resin Dry15 g Pine Nuts15 g Frankincense Resin Dry4 g Musta Root (Cyperus Rotundus) Ground or Sticks4 g Cinnamon (Cinnamonum camphora or Cinnamonum verum) Ground or Sticks8 g Mastic Gum (Chios Mastiha)8 g Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon jwarancusa or Cymbopogon schoenanthus) Fresh4 g Turkish Storax (Styrax Officianale) Sticks168 g Honey LiquidInektun (Hyacinthus Orientalis) Not used -Inektun is really a Hebrew word – Yekinton (יקינתון), and is of Canaanite origin. It is a name of a common Mediterranean plant Hyacinthus Orientalis, more commonly known as Hyacinth, or ὑάκινθος in Greek.[26] Hyacinth emits a very sweet smell, and is toxic due to containing alkaloids, which would give people hallucinations if taken in large quantities.[27] This would make a ton of sense to be used in Kyphi, since that was a sweet incense or a sweet chewing remedy to get rid of bad breath, as Papyrus Ebers says, and it would make people feel good at the same time.Dmtn Not usedInstructionsGrind all of the ingredients, except for honey using either mortar and pestle or a spice grinder. It is better to grind each ingredient individually and only then mix them together.Kyphi - Some ingredients in the mortar (Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet)Add all of the ground ingredients and honey to a sauce pan.Kyphi - All ingredients in the pan (Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet)Bring the mixture to a boil. Continue boiling for 10 minutes while constantly mixing the mixture with a wooden spoon. The mixture will reduce and become thicker.Kyphi - Cooked Mixture after 10 minutes (Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet)Filter the reduced mixture through a strainer while it is still hot. It will take about 10 minutes for the infused honey to drip down through the strainer.Kyphi - Filtering the cooked mixture through a strainer (Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet)The strained liquid will look like a thick black mass. It should not have any large particles in it. If necessary strain it twice. By now the liquid should have cooled off enough to be touched with hands.Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, KapetPour the strained liquid onto a plate and start rolling the liquid into small bite size balls with your hands.Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, KapetLay out the balls on a glass plate and let them solidify. To speed up the process they may be placed into the refrigerator.ServeThe final product turned out to be nice, as you can see on the photos. However, the taste is definitely an acquired taste. It has a very strong taste of a mixture of tree resins, which makes it bitter, kind of like a mixture of very strong Turkish coffee and a burning sensation felt after smoking a Cuban cigar. The tree resins overpower the lemon grass and honey, although you can still taste the honey. It does improve the breath (I tried it on a few family members, all of whom said that I smell like burned tree sap :-)) and the taste remains in your mouth for hours. I could not get rid of it even after eating a bunch of bread and drinking grapefruit juice. The texture is of a sticky soft candy, which is nice.Footnotes[1] http://The Egyptian Book of the Dead stipulate that one cannot speak them in the afterlife if one is not clean and presentable, and it is clear this means in a physical sense. Spell 125 prohibits one from speaking it unless one is "clean, dressed in fresh clothes, shod in white sandals, painted with eye-paint, anointed with the finest oil of myrrh." [2] The Fitzwilliam Museum : Spells[3] Prism[4] 10 Amazing Ancient Egyptian Inventions[5] https://www.freshdentalcare.co.uk/post/extracting-the-egyptians-dentistry-in-ancient-egypt[6] The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient Egypt[7] The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient Egypt[8] http://Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt [9] Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?[10] The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient Egypt[11] The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste[12] The Ancient Origins of Mouthwash[13] The Crazy (and Disgusting) History of Mouthwash - Dr. Jesse R. Witkoff[14] From Gunpowder to Teeth Whitener: The Science Behind Historic Uses of Urine[15] The Ancient Egyptians invented breath mints.[16] Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt[17] 13 Ubiquitous Things We Use Today That Were Invented by Ancient Egyptians[18] http://E. A. Wallis Budge (1920), "kap-t", Egytian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, 2, John Murray, p. 786b[19] Kyphi - Wikipedia[20] Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet[21] Papyrus — Toxipedia[22] http://Ebbell, Bendix, and Leon Banov. The Papyrus Ebers: the greatest Egyptian medical document. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937.[23] Übersicht[24] http://Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics or The Book of Medicines - Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge - 1913 - Volume 1 - p. 356, folio 171a [25] http://Syriac text and English translation from Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis, ed. Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics: Or,” The Book of Medicines.”. Oxford University Press, 1913. Volume I: p. 356, folio 171a, Volume II: pp. 406-407.[26] Kyphi | Ancient Egypt Online[27] Egyptian Breath Mints - Kyphi (κυ̑φι), Kupar, Kapet

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Ancient Egyptians did not neglect the importance of proper dental care.Early evidence of their dental hygiene was discovered on a “dusty papyrus in the basement of a Viennese museum.” The document was dated to the fourth century AD, and provided details on centuries-old medical practices.[1]Image: The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient EgyptWith the abundance of ever-present sand settling in their food sources, ancient Egyptians had frequent trouble with their teeth. Enamel could be worn away from many years of chewing gritty, rough bread.[2] Modern examinations of mummified specimens detected a “nightmare array of dental diseases.”[3]Though toothpaste was invented before toothbrushes, Egyptians had homemade tools at hand to fashion their own teeth cleaners.[4]The toothbrush was, at first, a stick with one end frayed to a brush-like fan. Eventually, this developed into a notched stick with thin strips of cut plant (most likely papyrus) tightly bound into the notch as bristles.[5]Image: Some Ways The Ancient Egyptians Influenced The Modern LifeAccording to the 1600-year-old papyrus, Egyptians created the earliest known form of toothpaste. Ingredients included rock salt, mint, dried iris flower and grains of pepper.[6] This eclectic mixture would have been ground together into a powder and then applied to your teeth. The person’s saliva “would have turned it into a paste.”[7]According to the scribe, this resulted in a "powder for white and perfect teeth.”[8]This process could lead to a painful brushing experience. Modern researchers tried the formula themselves, and revealed their results at a 2003 dental congress in Vienna.To that end, one Austrian dentist mentioned how the resultant pungent smelling paste initially bled his gums but was more effective than many 19th-century (or early 20th century) toothpaste products.“Nobody in the dental profession had any idea that such an advanced toothpaste formula of this antiquity existed. I found that it was not unpleasant.It was painful on my gums and made them bleed as well, but that’s not a bad thing, and afterward, my mouth felt fresh and clean. I believe that this recipe would have been a big improvement on some of the soap toothpastes used much later,” Dr. Heinz Neuman said.[9]Egyptians were also well aware of the effects of bad breath. Recipes for breath mints were readily available.Halitosis sufferers could grind together frankincense, cinnamon, melon, pine seeds, and cashews. After adding a dollop of honey, one could cook this mass over a fire to form a hardened small candy.[10]Nothing like a refreshing breath mint after a hard day of farming on the Nile Delta.Footnotes[1] The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste[2] Dentist in Maidstone | Fresh Dental Care[3] Bad teeth tormented ancient Egyptians[4] Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt[5] Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt[6] Making Toothpaste at Home, From Ancient Times to Today[7] Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt[8] The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste[9] The Oldest Known Recipe For A Toothpaste Comes From Ancient Egypt[10] Cosmetics, Perfume, & Hygiene in Ancient Egypt