Ca Grant Deed From Husband To Himself & Wife: Fill & Download for Free

A depiction of George Washington during a harvest.(George Washington and slavery - Wikipedia)When he was just 11 years old, George Washington inherited 10 slaves from his father’s estate.[1][1][1][1] He would acquire many more in the years to come, whether through the death of other family members or by purchasing them from slave markets and neighboring plantations. When he married the wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis in 1759, she brought more than 80 enslaved workers along with her,[2][2][2][2] bringing the total number of enslaved men, women and children at Mount Vernon to more than 150 before the start of the Revolutionary War.[3][3][3][3]Despite having been an active slave holder for 56 years, George Washington struggled with the institution of slavery and spoke frequently of his desire to end the practice. At the end of his life, Washington made the decision to free all his slaves in his 1799 will - the only slave-holding Founding Father to do so. Yet, despite his best intentions, the fate of his slaves was determined by an incident that happened decades earlier.The story of Oney Judge — Working Out LoudOna Judge was born around 1773. Her mother, Betty, was a mulatto, the enslaved daughter of an enslaved African American, who was a “dower slave,” part of the estate of Martha’s first husband.[4][4][4][4] Her father, Andrew Judge, was a white indentured servant who had recently arrived in America from Leeds, England.[5][5][5][5] After fulfilling his four-year work contract at Mount Vernon during which he reportedly was responsible for Washington's military uniform, Andrew Judge moved off the plantation to start his own farm.[6][6][6][6] As children born to enslaved women were considered property of the slaveholder, according to Virginia law, his daughter remained in bondage.At the age of 9, Oney, moved into the mansion house, likely as a "playmate" for Martha Washington's (family of George Washington) granddaughter Nelly Custis.[7][7][7][7] . Like her mother, she became a talented and highly valued seamstress, and was later promoted to become Martha Washington’s personal maid. When Washington headed to New York City in 1789 for his inauguration as president, Oney was one of only a handful of enslaved people the couple took with them.[8][8][8][8] Late the following year, when the federal capital moved to Philadelphia, the presidential household followed shortly.[9][9][9][9]George Washington's Mount VernonWith an active and growing free black community of some 6,000 people, Philadelphia had become the nation’s leading hotbed of abolitionism. Oney was in the minority as a enslaved woman in Philadelphia; fewer than 100 slaves lived within city limits in 1796[10][10][10][10] In 1780, Pennsylvania passed the Gradual Abolition Act, a law that freed people after they turned 28 and that automatically freed any slave who moved to the state and lived there for more than six months.[11][11][11][11] To evade the law, the Washingtons made sure to transport their enslaved workers in and out of the state every six months to avoid them establishing legal residency.[12][12][12][12]As the first lady’s bodyservant, Oney helped dress her mistress for special events, traveled with her on social calls and ran errands for her. For over five years in Philadelphia, Oney encountered and became acquainted with members of the city’s free black community and former enslaved workers who had gained their freedom under the gradual abolition law.[13][13][13][13] Such interactions undoubtedly fueled her thinking about slavery, the changing laws regarding the institution and the possibilities of freedom.Martha WashingtonIn the spring of 1796, when she was 22 years old, Judge learned that Martha Washington planned to give her away as a wedding gift to her famously temperamental granddaughter, Elizabeth Parke Custis.[14][14][14][14] Martha Washington’s decision to turn Judge over to Eliza was a reminder to Judge and everyone enslaved at the Executive Mansion that they had absolutely no control over their lives, no matter how loyally they served.In an 1845 interview published in the abolitionist newspaper The Granite Freeman (May 22, 1845), Judge sais:"Whilst they were packing up to go to Virginia, I was packing to go, I didn't know where; for I knew that if I went back to Virginia, I should never get my liberty. I had friends among the colored people of Philadelphia, had my things carried there beforehand, and left Washington's house while they were eating dinner."[15][15][15][15]So, as the household prepared for the Washingtons’ return to Mount Vernon for the summer, Judge made plans for her escape. On May 21, 1796, she slipped out of the mansion while the president and first lady were eating their supper. Members of the free black community helped her get aboard a ship commanded by Captain John Bowles, who sailed frequently between Philadelphia, New York and Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[16][16][16][16] After a five-day journey, Judge disembarked in that coastal city, where she would begin her new life.When Martha learned of Ona’s self-emancipation, she felt betrayed and claimed that Ona must have been abducted and seduced by a Frenchman.[17][17][17][17] She wrote that Ona had always been well-treated, and even had a room of her own. The First Lady urged the President to advertise a reward for Ona’s recapture. Notices offering a $10 reward for her return appeared on May 24 in the Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser and, a day later, in Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser.[18][18][18][18]Advertisement for the return of Ona Judge, Pennsylvania Gazette, May 24, 1796 (DAMS 9594), Historical Society of Pennsylvania. (Resistance and Punishment)In the advertisement, Ona was described as:“a light [mixed-race] girl, much freckled, with very black eyes and bushy black hair, she is of middle stature, slender, and delicately formed.” The ad also noted that Ona has “many changes of good clothes, of all sorts.”[19][19][19][19]The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 passed overwhelmingly by Congress and was signed into law by Washington — established the legal mechanism by which a slaveholder could recover his property.[20][20][20][20] The Act made it a federal crime to assist an escaped slave or to interfere with his capture, and allowed slave-catchers into every U.S. state and territory. Washington would resort to the legislation that he himself signed several times in his attempts to recapture his lost slaves.With a free black population of some 360 citizens and virtually no enslaved workers, Portsmouth was different from any place Judge had ever known. She found lodging within the free black community, which was accustomed to aiding fugitive slaves, and supported herself doing domestic work, one of the few opportunities available for women of color.[21][21][21][21]During the summer after she escaped, Judge was walking in Portsmouth when she saw Elizabeth Langdon, the daughter of New Hampshire Senator John Langdon. Betsy Langdon recognized Oney, having encountered her before when calling on Martha Washington, a family friend, or her granddaughter Nelly Custis.[22][22][22][22] After Judge passed by without acknowledging her, Betsy likely told her father of the sighting, and her father felt obligated to notify Washington of his fugitive slave’s whereabouts.George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796Philadelphia 28th Novr 1796.SirUpon my return to this City the latter end of October, after an absence of some weeks at Mount Vernon, Mr Wolcott presented me with your letter of the 4th of that month.I regret that the attempt you made to restore the girl (Oney Judge as she called herself while with us, and who, without the least provocation absconded from her Mistress) should have been attended with so little success. To enter into such a compromise, as she has suggested to you, is totally inadmissible, for reasons that must strike at first view: for however well disposed I might be to a gradual abolition, or even to an entire emancipation of that description of People (if the latter was in itself practicable at this Moment) it would neither be politic or just, to reward unfaithfulness with a premature preference; and thereby discontent, beforehand, the minds of all her fellow Servants; who by their steady adherence, are far more deserving than herself, of favor.I was apprehensive (and so informed Mr Wolcott) that if she had any previous notice, more than could be avoided, of the intention to send her back, that she would contrive to elude it; for whatever she may have asserted to the contrary, there is no doubt in this family, of her having been seduced and enticed off by a Frenchman, who was either really, or pretendedly deranged; and under that guize, used frequently to introduce himself into the family; & has never been seen here, since the girl decamped. We have indeed lately been informed, through other channels, that she did go to Portsmouth with a Frenchman, who getting tired of her, as is presumed left her, and that she had betaken herself to the Needle—the use of which she well understood—for a livelihood.About the epoch I am speaking, she herself was desirous of returning to Virginia; for when Captn Prescot was on the point of Sailing from Portsmouth for the Federal City with his family, she offered herself to his Lady as a waiter—told her she had lived with Mrs Washington (without entering into particulars)—and that she was desirous of getting back to her native place & friends. Mrs Prescot either from having no occasion for her services, or presuming that she might have been discarded for improper conduct (unluckily for Mrs Washington) declined taking her.If she will return to her former Service, without obliging me to resort to compulsory means to effect it, her late conduct will be forgiven by her Mistress; and she will meet with the same treatment from me, that all the rest of her family (which is a very numerous one) shall receive. If she will not, you would oblige me, by pursuing such measures as are proper, to put her on board a Vessel bound either to Alexandria or the Federal City; Directed in either case, to my Manager at Mount Vernon, by the door of which the Vessel must pass; or to the care of Mr Lear at the last mentioned place, if it should not stop before it arrives at that Port.I do not mean however, by this request, that such violent measures should be used as would excite a mob or riot, which might be the case if she has adherents, or even uneasy sensations in the minds of well disposed Citizens. rather than either of these shd happen, I would forego her services altogether; and the example also, which is of infinite more importance. The less is said before hand, and the more celerity is used in the act of Shipping her, when an opportunity presents, the better chance Mrs Washington (who is desirous of receiving her again) will have to be gratified.We had vastly rather she should be sent to Virginia than brought to this place; as our stay here will be but short; and as it is not unlikely that she may, from the circumstance I have mentioned, be in a state of pregnancy. I should be glad to hear from you on this subject, and am Sir Your Obedt Hble ServtGo: Washington[23][23][23][23].Trying to act discreetly, Washington got in contact with Joseph Whipple, the collector of customs in Portsmouth and the brother of famed Revolutionary General William Whipple.[24][24][24][24] When Whipple tracked Judge down (by falsely advertising that he was seeking a female domestic for his home), he asked her about her reasons for fleeing bondage, and offered to negotiate on her behalf. He subsequently wrote to Washington that she had agreed to return, on the condition that she be freed when Martha Washington died.Though he might be in favor of gradual abolition of slavery, the president continued, he didn’t want to reward Judge’s “unfaithfulness” and inspire other enslaved people to try and escape. Oney never intended to honor this agreement. She told Whipple what he wanted to hear, agreed to return to her owners, and left his presence with no intention of ever keeping her word.[25][25][25][25]Oney Judge was not the first of Washington's slaves unwilling to wait for their master's death to acquire freedom. Mount Vernon’s enslaved community took opportunities, when possible, to physically escape the bonds of slavery. For example, in April of 1781 during the American Revolution, seventeen members of the Mount Vernon enslaved population—fourteen men and three women—fled to the British warship. HMS Savage anchored in the Potomac off the shore of the plantation.[26][26][26][26]The painting “A Cook for George Washington” might be of Hercules, but he is not named. (Gilbert Stuart Hercules Posey - Wikipedia)In other instances, members of the enslaved community who were directly connected to the Washingtons either attempted to or were successful in their escape plans. These individuals included Washington’s personal assistant. Christopher Sheels (a dower slave as well), whose plan to escape with his fiancée was thwarted[27][27][27][27] and the family cook Hercules Posey.[28][28][28][28]By the 1780s, Washington’s feelings about slavery had changed, and he expressed his uneasiness with the institution to close friends, including his Revolutionary War comrade the Marquis de Lafayette.[29][29][29][29] But as his reaction to Judge’s escape made clear, Washington was not ready to give up on the bound labor on which his Virginia plantation and his life was built. Far from a passive bystander in the perpetuation of slavery, Washington at this point was actively engaged in returning Judge to his Martha's possession.[30][30][30][30] This was a financial issue, not a moral one.With antislavery sentiment growing in New Hampshire, and Washington’s influence waning as his term ended, Whipple did little more to pursue Judge on his behalf. Safe for the time being, she started building a life in Portsmouth, and married Jack Staines, a free black sailor, in early 1797.[31][31][31][31]In a scathing letter to Whipple in late 1796, Washington wrote:“I regret that the attempt you made to restore the Girl…should have been attended with so little Success. o enter into such a compromise with her, as she suggested to you, is totally inadmissible, for reasons that must strike at first view: for however well disposed I might be to a gradual abolition, it would neither be politic or just to reward unfaithfulness with a premature preference [of freedom]; and thereby discontent before hand the minds of all her fellow-servants who by their steady attachments are far more deserving than herself of favor.”[32][32][32][32]Though marriage gave her some additional legal protection, Ona remained vigilant and with good reason. In August 1799, Washington asked his nephew, Burwell Bassett Jr., to try and seize Judge and any children she may have had on his upcoming business trip to New Hampshire.[33][33][33][33] Bassett revealed his intentions during a dinner hosted by Senator Langdon, who quickly warned Oney through one of his servants.[34][34][34][34] Jack Staines was at sea at the time, but Ona managed to escape to the neighboring town of Greenland, where she and her infant daughter hid with a free black family, the Jacks, until Bassett left Portsmouth, empty-handed.“Negros are growing more & more insolent & difficult to govern…”--GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1798[35][35][35][35]Four months later, George Washington died, freeing all of his enslaved workers according to his will. Though the gesture was far from meaningless, it didn’t go far enough. Martha Washington, who lived until 1802, couldn’t even legally have emancipated her enslaved workers upon her death (including, technically, Oney Judge Staines and her children), as they were part of her inheritance from her first husband and by law went to her surviving grandchildren.[36][36][36][36] In the end, Washington and his fellow founders would push the hard decisions about slavery off onto future generations of Americans–with explosive consequences.London newspaper Bell’s Weekly Messenger praised the first U.S. president’s decision to free his slaves in his will:“He emancipates his slaves after his wife’s death,” Improving upon this direction of her husband, Mrs. Washington, to whom we know not that we can pay a more acceptable tribute than to say, that she was worthy of such a man, has, it is said, already emancipated them.”[37][37][37][37]Journal entry listing the slaves owned by Washington at the time of his death (Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?)Of the 317 enslaved people living at Mount Vernon in 1799, a little less than half (123 individuals) were owned by George Washington himself.[38][38][38][38] Martha instead signed a deed of manumission in December 1800, and the slaves were free on January 1, 1801.[39][39][39][39]Another 153 slaves at Mount Vernon in 1799 were dower slaves from the Custis estate. When Martha Washington's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis, died without a will in 1757, she received a life interest in one-third of his estate, including the slaves.[40][40][40][40] Neither George nor Martha Washington could free these slaves by law and upon Martha’s death these individuals reverted to the Custis estate and were divided among her grandchildren. Upon the death of George and Martha Washington, ownership of Oney along with that of her children, transferred to the Custis estate forcing Judge to live the rest of her life as a fugitive slave.[41][41][41][41]Ona Judge Staines lived with her husband and their three children until Jack’s death in 1803.[42][42][42][42] After briefly holding a live-in position with the Bartlett family in Portsmouth, Ona left and moved with her children into the home of the Jacks family, where they remained. Work was scarce, and Ona’s son, William, is believed to have left home in the 1820s to become a sailor, like his father.[43][43][43][43] Her two daughters, Eliza and Nancy, were sadly forced into indentured servitude; dying before their mother.[44][44][44][44] After she became too old for physical labor, Ona herself lived in poverty, relying on donations from the community.Despite all the hardships, Ona enjoyed the benefits of a life of freedom: She taught herself to read and write, embraced Christianity and worshiped regularly at a church of her choice.[45][45][45][45] Several years before her death in 1848, she granted two interviews to abolitionist newspapers recounting her journey from bondage, alleging that the Washingtons administered brutal punishments to rebellious bondpeople, and tried to circumvent Pennsylvania’s 1780 gradual abolition law by moving bondpeople to and from the state every six months.[46][46][46][46]When a reporter from the Granite Freeman asked her if she regretted leaving the relative luxury of the Washingtons’ household, as she had worked so much harder after her escape, Ona Judge Staines memorably replied:“No, I am free, and have, I trust been made a child of God by the means.”[47][47][47][47]Footnotes[1] George Washington[1] George Washington[1] George Washington[1] George Washington[2] List of Martha Dandridge Custis's Dower Slaves, 1760[2] List of Martha Dandridge Custis's Dower Slaves, 1760[2] List of Martha Dandridge Custis's Dower Slaves, 1760[2] List of Martha Dandridge Custis's Dower Slaves, 1760[3] Slavery[3] Slavery[3] Slavery[3] Slavery[4] http://The February 18, 1786 Mount Vernon slave census lists "Oney" as Betty's child and "12 yrs. old". Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 4, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), p. 278.[4] http://The February 18, 1786 Mount Vernon slave census lists "Oney" as Betty's child and "12 yrs. old". Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 4, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), p. 278.[4] http://The February 18, 1786 Mount Vernon slave census lists "Oney" as Betty's child and "12 yrs. old". Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 4, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), p. 278.[4] http://The February 18, 1786 Mount Vernon slave census lists "Oney" as Betty's child and "12 yrs. old". Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 4, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), p. 278.[5] ONEY Judge....father ANDREW Ju[5] ONEY Judge....father ANDREW Ju[5] ONEY Judge....father ANDREW Ju[5] ONEY Judge....father ANDREW Ju[6] Austin[6] Austin[6] Austin[6] Austin[7] The President's House Revisited[7] The President's House Revisited[7] The President's House Revisited[7] The President's House Revisited[8] Ona Judge, President Washington’s fugitive slave[8] Ona Judge, President Washington’s fugitive slave[8] Ona Judge, President Washington’s fugitive slave[8] Ona Judge, President Washington’s fugitive slave[9] The Nine Capitals of the United States[9] The Nine Capitals of the United States[9] The Nine Capitals of the United States[9] The Nine Capitals of the United States[10] Never Caught[10] Never Caught[10] Never Caught[10] Never Caught[11] An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780[11] An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780[11] An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780[11] An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 1780[12] https://www.google.com/amp/s/constitutioncenter.org/amp/blog/on-the-road-to-freedom-one-gradual-step-at-a-time[12] https://www.google.com/amp/s/constitutioncenter.org/amp/blog/on-the-road-to-freedom-one-gradual-step-at-a-time[12] https://www.google.com/amp/s/constitutioncenter.org/amp/blog/on-the-road-to-freedom-one-gradual-step-at-a-time[12] https://www.google.com/amp/s/constitutioncenter.org/amp/blog/on-the-road-to-freedom-one-gradual-step-at-a-time[13] Meet the slave who escaped from George Washington's Philly mansion and was never caught[13] Meet the slave who escaped from George Washington's Philly mansion and was never caught[13] Meet the slave who escaped from George Washington's Philly mansion and was never caught[13] Meet the slave who escaped from George Washington's Philly mansion and was never caught[14] Martha Washington[14] Martha Washington[14] Martha Washington[14] Martha Washington[15] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[15] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[15] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[15] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[16] Ona Judge – George Washington’s Runaway Slave[16] Ona Judge – George Washington’s Runaway Slave[16] Ona Judge – George Washington’s Runaway Slave[16] Ona Judge – George Washington’s Runaway Slave[17] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[17] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[17] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[17] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[18] Resistance and Punishment[18] Resistance and Punishment[18] Resistance and Punishment[18] Resistance and Punishment[19] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[19] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[19] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[19] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[20] Congress enacts first fugitive slave law, Feb. 12, 1793[20] Congress enacts first fugitive slave law, Feb. 12, 1793[20] Congress enacts first fugitive slave law, Feb. 12, 1793[20] Congress enacts first fugitive slave law, Feb. 12, 1793[21] https://blackheritagetrailnh.org/nh-history/[21] https://blackheritagetrailnh.org/nh-history/[21] https://blackheritagetrailnh.org/nh-history/[21] https://blackheritagetrailnh.org/nh-history/[22] Buried Lives[22] Buried Lives[22] Buried Lives[22] Buried Lives[23] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[23] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[23] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[23] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[24] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[24] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[24] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[24] Founders Online: From George Washington to Joseph Whipple, 28 November 1796[25] Ona Judge's Fight for Freedom[25] Ona Judge's Fight for Freedom[25] Ona Judge's Fight for Freedom[25] Ona Judge's Fight for Freedom[26] H.M.S. Savage[26] H.M.S. Savage[26] H.M.S. Savage[26] H.M.S. Savage[27] Christopher Sheels[27] Christopher Sheels[27] Christopher Sheels[27] Christopher Sheels[28] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-man-who-fed-the-first-president-and-hungered-for-freedom/2017/02/24/7897d572-f475-11e6-b9c9-e83fce42fb61_story.html%3foutputType=amp[28] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-man-who-fed-the-first-president-and-hungered-for-freedom/2017/02/24/7897d572-f475-11e6-b9c9-e83fce42fb61_story.html%3foutputType=amp[28] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-man-who-fed-the-first-president-and-hungered-for-freedom/2017/02/24/7897d572-f475-11e6-b9c9-e83fce42fb61_story.html%3foutputType=amp[28] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-man-who-fed-the-first-president-and-hungered-for-freedom/2017/02/24/7897d572-f475-11e6-b9c9-e83fce42fb61_story.html%3foutputType=amp[29] Lafayette and Slavery - Lafayette Society[29] Lafayette and Slavery - Lafayette Society[29] Lafayette and Slavery - Lafayette Society[29] Lafayette and Slavery - Lafayette Society[30] Fugitive Slaves and American Courts[30] Fugitive Slaves and American Courts[30] Fugitive Slaves and American Courts[30] Fugitive Slaves and American Courts[31] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[31] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[31] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[31] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[32] George Washington, a Letter, and a Runaway Slave[32] George Washington, a Letter, and a Runaway Slave[32] George Washington, a Letter, and a Runaway Slave[32] George Washington, a Letter, and a Runaway Slave[33] Founders Online: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 11 August 1799[33] Founders Online: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 11 August 1799[33] Founders Online: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 11 August 1799[33] Founders Online: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 11 August 1799[34] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[34] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[34] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[34] Ona Judge Escapes to Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)[35] Resistance and Punishment[35] Resistance and Punishment[35] Resistance and Punishment[35] Resistance and Punishment[36] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[36] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[36] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[36] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[37] The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History[37] The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History[37] The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History[37] The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History[38] The President's House: Slavery[38] The President's House: Slavery[38] The President's House: Slavery[38] The President's House: Slavery[39] George Washington Pamphlets[39] George Washington Pamphlets[39] George Washington Pamphlets[39] George Washington Pamphlets[40] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[40] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[40] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[40] Why Did Martha Washington Free Her Husband’s Slaves Early?[41] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[41] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[41] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[41] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[42] Judge, Oney (ca. 1773-1848)[42] Judge, Oney (ca. 1773-1848)[42] Judge, Oney (ca. 1773-1848)[42] Judge, Oney (ca. 1773-1848)[43] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[43] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[43] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[43] Ona “Oney” Judge (1773-1848)[44] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[44] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[44] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[44] Runaway Slave Ona Judge Staines[45] Escaping George Washington: Oney Judge's 'amazing story' of courage[45] Escaping George Washington: Oney Judge's 'amazing story' of courage[45] Escaping George Washington: Oney Judge's 'amazing story' of courage[45] Escaping George Washington: Oney Judge's 'amazing story' of courage[46] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[46] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[46] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[46] Ona Judge: The First Lady’s personal maid who freed herself from bondage and was ‘Never Caught’[47] Global African History Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals[47] Global African History Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals[47] Global African History Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals[47] Global African History Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals

GENERAL“Mount Harȃ, Iskata, Purutaor, if we prefer ‘Parutian Iskata’, refer to the Hindukuŝ, the Upȃiri. saĕna of Avesta in Yasna 10. 11, Yast 19. 3.” Markwart(1905), Gershevitch (1959) Gnoli (1980)“To the Achaemenians arya-was a traditional, cultural and religious term that served to evoke their origin, a little of particular nobility, as it were, denoting that one belonged to a political and cultural hegemonic circle, in which the religious factors played a predominant part. Beyond these limits that have just been specified, Arya-did not have an actual political meaning in the Old Persian inscriptions: Neither the xŝaḉa, ‘the kingdom’, nor the xŝȃyaϑya, the king, were defined as arya-. That is to say, the empire was the property of the Pȃrsa and amongst the Pȃrsa, of the Haxȃmaniŝya in particular (Inscription of Darius I, 6–8)”[G. Gnoli, The Idea of Iran, p.20, Note 26]Darius I’s inscription 14 f, (Naqs-e Rostam) and inscription 13 of Susa where refers to himself as “an Achaemenian, a Persian son of a Persian”[haxamanisya parsa parshya puca]. Then he describes himself an arya cica [of Aryan stock]Darius I proclaims on of his inscriptions at Bisitun: Auramazdah ima dipicicam, tay adam akunavam, patisam ariya(By the favor of Auramazda this (is) the form of writing which have made, besides in Aryan”The term Iran did not exist before Sassanians 224BCE-651 ADAiryanam Vaejah is exclusively Arya, defined and located within the boundaries of [ modern Afghanistan] as per Avestan geography. No mention of Medes and Persian or Iran.********************************************************************************AFGHANS are Arya and the Persians are Pȃrsa. Pȃrsas were the recipient of the Arya’s language, religion, and culture in or around 1000 BCE whereby the history of Arya lapses to 2500 BCE.Afghans speak Dari and Pashto and their dialects. Persians speak Farsi. Arya and Parsa are two different ethnicons. Moreover, Farsi originally came from the Arya ethnicon. Persians had inherited Farsi as a language and the religion of Zoroaster from Afghan Aryans. So why would “Farsi speaking Afghans return to Iran?”The term Farsi or “Persian” as a language is a misnomer because it signifies a non-Aryan ethnicity (Pȃrsa) pertaining to an Aryan language called Avestan. Farsi is a derivative of Dari that stemmed from Avestan language developed in Bactria as an Aryan language in ancient Ȃryȃna or modern Afghanistan.Avestan is the language that was used to compose Avesta ca 1700 BCE. Originally Avestan was an oral and not a written language. The Avesta contains … geographical names, all belonging… , roughly the area covered by modern Afghanistan plus the areas to the north and south of Afghanistan that correspond to ancient Ȃryȃna excluding modern Iran [P. O. Skjærvø, Zoroastrianism, 2006, P.5].Parenthetically, the comparison of Dari to Farsi is analogous to differences and similarities between British English and American English. Moreover, Ariana and Persia were two separate geographical entities as are Arya and Pȃrsa as ethnicons.The name Aryana has been handed down to posterity by Herodotus ( 484 BCE-425 BCE) to Eratosthenes (276 BCE-194 BCE) who was a librarian in Alexandria, Egypt. He passed on the history of Ariana to Strabo (64 BCE-24 AD) who was a Greek historian and geographer born in Turkey.Prior to the Greek notion of Ariana, the term was referenced in the Avesta as Airyanem Vaejah and Arya(आर्य )in Rigveda ( 1700 BCE). During this span of history, Iran as a term or national identity did not exist and it was derivated and adopted in 224 BCE by the founder of the Sassanian founder Ardaŝir Pȃpakȃn.Avesta and Gȃtha describe airyaman in Yasna 32, 1,; 33. 3, 4; 46. 1; 49. 7. There is no description of Pȃrsa or Persians or any reference to a nation-state called Iran. Veda also mentions aryamȃn as the desirable Airyaman that is invoked in the famous prayer Airyəmȃ iŝyō [Gnoli, Idea of Iran, p.32-see note 26].Centuries later, the Persian Achamenides (520 BCE) used the term “god of Aryans” in Elamite text “uramasda nap harriyanam” to differentiate Parsa from Arya and indicate that the Persians had their own deities by inscribing “anyȃha bgȃha tayai hanti: other gods that exist. [Gnoli, The Idea of Iran, Note 26, p15–19].Ariana according to Zoroaster's’ Avesta is limited to what is Afghanistan geographically. Avestan was the language Zoroaster and the Aryans spoke in what is Afghanistan. Zoroaster used that language to write Gathas(Sacred hymns) similar to Rigveda and Avesta as his scripture for his religion.Iran or Farsi or Persian are not mentioned or described in Zoroasters’s Avesta or his Gathas (sacred hymns). The Aryan migration translocated the language. Consequently, the Persians adopted both the language and the religion of Zoroaster in Fars (Pars) one millennium later after Zoroaster’s Avesta and Gathas were conceived (1700 BCE vs. 700 BCE). Hence, the name “Farsi” or Persian.Aryas (Afghans) lived in Airyanem Vaejah surrounded by Gav, Baxδī, Nisȃya, and Harōiva corresponding to Hindukush(Upȃiri.saĕna) of Avesta ( Yasna 10. 11, Yt 19. 3) [Gnoli, The Idea of Iran, p. 46,-Note 26]That being said, let us find out more where Farsi comes from and what is the difference between Afghan Aryans and Persians and how the name Iran was invented?SYNOPSISFarsi evolved from Dari that stems from Avestan language developed in ancient Bactria. Avestan is an Aryan language that gave birth to Dari and Pashto. Avestan is the Ursprache that evolved in ca 1700 BCE in ancient Bactria (Balkh) in Ariana (modern Afghanistan) and used by Zarathustra to compose and recite Gȃtha and Avesta. The Persian Achamenides (550 BCE) adopted the language along with Zorateriansm as a religion.The name Iran was also adopted as a national name for the country in 224 BCE. Neither Farsi as a language nor the name Iran as a national name is Persian. Iran as a name is not mentioned in Avesta or in Rigveda. They are both synthetic and adopted by Persians from Aryans.Afghans are Aryan and the direct descendants of the Bactrians from ancient Ariana (Aryana) or modern Afghanistan (Dari: آریا, Avestan: Airyaman, Sanskrit: Arya-आर्य ).Persians are parsa; they are the offspring of Medes, Parthians, Elamites, and Achaemenids. Arya and Parsa are different ethnicons [Gnoli, Note 26, pp29–70, Witzel, Note 33, p.11].Linguists and philologists have not determined “ whether the Persians (Pårsa < *pårc'va-) are related to the Parśu (< *parc'u) of the Vedic texts (RV, BŚS), where they are located next to the Arattas (åraa, aråa), thus in Afghanistan. “ These are likely to be the ancestors of the Pashto (paŝtō < rŝ/*xšt- < *parštu/parštawå or [improbably] < *paxšt-; or cf. Avest. paršta "back" thus, "*the hill people"; see Morgenstierne 1927: 61; Pashto has often been compared with Herodotus' Paktues which however cannot reflect expected -ršt-, only -xšt-, at the time). Notably, whether *parc'va is connected with Pashto or not, Old Persian -s- (as in < asa "horse") < *śś < śv < c'v < IE k'w shares the development of IIr. c'v > śś with Saka -śś-, while the rest of Iranian has -sp- (aspa) and Vedic has -śv- (aśva). This feature and others (cf. further grammatical features in Witzel 1989, ch. 10) may point to an ultimately northeastern (Bactrian?) rather than a northwestern (Urartu/Median) origin of O.P., and thus to a track of immigration from the NE via Media to the Persis, somewhat like Nichols' (1997-98) "southern trajectory". A northeastern origin would be close to the location of the Ved. Parśu.[Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia By Michael Witzel Philadelphia: Sino-Platonic Papers 129, Dec. 2003, PP 11–12]The term Arya in Avesta and RigvedaOxus Civilization (2500–2000BCE)BactriaZarathustra (1700 BCE )in Bactria andGathas of ZarathustraOld Avesta vs. Young Avesta,Zarathustrianism as religion; Central Afghanistan, home of Aryans as Airyanem VaejahAvestan and Vedic geographyArya (Afghan) vs. Pårsa (Persian)Aryan languages Dari, Pashto, and Farsi languages.Persians are the recipients of the Aryan religion and languageMedes, Parthians, Persians (800BCE–651 AD)Sassanian and invention of the term Iran“ The Idea of Iran “ by the late Professor Gnoli of Rome University: Aryansatra>Eransahr>Eran>IranDarius’ inscription 14 f, (Naqs-e Rostam)inscription 13 of Susa where refers to himself as “an Achaemenian, a Persian son of a Persian”[haxamanisya parsa parshya puca]. Then he describes himself an arya cica [of Aryan stock]Darius proclaims in on of his inscriptions at Bisitun: Auramazdah ima dipicicam, tay adam akunavam, patisam ariya(By the favor of Auramazda this (is) the form of writing which have made, besides in Aryan”Avesta, Gatha, Rigveda are “cousins” as are Aryans and IndiansEast and West of Sarasvati River and the Vedic Aryans and The Avestan Aryans of Bactria-Helmand River basinmigration of Aryans from Ariana (Bactria) into Fars and West Asia impacted Persians who adopted Zorasterianism as a religion and the Aryan language that eventually evolved into a language Persians called it Farsi(Ehret’s Theory of Culture Change)Kushans and BuddhismPost-Islamic literature and philosophy and its start in Afghanistan and Central Asia (i.e. Daqiqi, Sanai, Rumi, Ansari, Jami, Avicenna, Farabi)Impact of Zoroaster on the European enlightenment and RenaissanceBACKGROUNDThe history of Aryas goes back to 2500 BCE while the history of Parsa began in 834 BCE. Aryans migrated from the Oxus region in Central Asia to what is now Southwestern Iran (Fars) and Indus Valley by following perhaps the tributaries of the Seven Rivers (Rigvedic Sapta Sindhavah -Avestan Hapta Hindu) between the Amu and Indus expanding between Afghanistan and India where the Avestan and Vedic religions interfaced between 2000–1700 BCE[Mary Boyce, Note 2, p.7, P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, p.168][Mary Boyce 1982: 41, Kellens and Pirart 1988: 40–41, Note 31: pp 1–6].The Oxus Civilization thrived in circa 2500 BCE. In the late 1970s, Afghan archeological team worked with the Russian archeologist, Victor Sarianidi (1929- 2013) to conduct massive excavations in Afghanistan and Tajikistan and consequently discovered the Bactria-Margiana Complex Archeological (BMAC) [Note 6, pp 3–9, Map]The BMAC is located between modern Balkh (Bactria) and Merv ( Margiana) and dated between 2400–1600 BC. Sarianidi’s excavations also led to the unearthing of magnificent Bactrian golden hoards in northern Afghanistan [Note 13]. Archeologists, linguists, and anthropologists have studied the Andronova Culture in conjunction to BMAC to delineate the scope and spread of the Ayran culture that spread from BMAC region into Masopotemia reaching Syria/Palestine and into the Indian subcontinent.The Bactrian Empire reigned from 2500 BCE to 1000 AD [Note 7]. There are no BMAC archeological sites or evidence from West Asia or Iran.The Aryans began to migrate to two directions spreading into the Indian subcontinent and West Asia in or around 1800 BCE. according to Michael Witzel of Harvard University, “as far as South Asia is concerned, it can now be stated more securely that speakers of an Indo-European(IE )language, early Old Indo-Aryan, OIA (pre-
gvedic) entered the Greater Panjab from Afghanistan, acquired local words from the Northern Indus dialect (such as śaa, lågala, vrīhi, godhūma, kagu, Gandhåra, Witzel 1999a,b). About the same time(?) speakers of Proto-Dravidian entered Sindh, acquired related words from the southern Indus dialect (gōnu, ñåñcil, variñci, godī, kaku/kampu), and perhaps it was they who brought the first horses to South Asia (Pirak, Eastern Baluchistan near the Bolån Pass, c. 1800 BCE, see Allchin 1995: 31, Kenoyer 1998: 78, Witzel 1999a,b), rather than the IA(?) Bhalånas (RV7.18)”[Michael Witzel, Note 33, pp 10-12].The stolen and smuggled artifacts of the Oxus civilization reside at Louver, British Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Arts, Los Angles Museum and Toyko. The largest Bactrian Princess statuettes dated to 2300 BCE were smuggled in 1950 from Kabul and transferred to France. The collection was purchased by the Abu Dhabi museum in 2013 [Note 6, P.104–129].Airyanem in Avestan and Arya in Sanskrit means respectable, true, noble. Aryans spoke Avestan. Their offsprings, the Bactrians, Kushans, and Hephthalites spoke Bactrian. Bactrian eventually evolved into Dari and finally into Farsi over centuries [P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, pp. 155–167, 172–173].The discovery of Vedas in India by Orientalists such as Sir William Jones led to the analysis of Vedic literature and eventually to the discovery of Avesta as a sacred textbook of Zoroastrians in India. Linguistic analysis of Avestan text as a source paved the way to the analysis of the geographical location of Avestan people. Such analysis led to the division of Avesta into Old Avesta (OA) and Young Avesta(YA) deciphering a chronology between 2100 BCE-11th century BCE(OA) to 224 BCE(YA). Older Avestan migrated westward from Central Asia into West Asia in the Median period (7th century: 678 BCE- 549 BCE) and under Achamenides. Despite the long transition between the OA and YA, the oldest YA does not contain any references to Persia or West Asia [P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, p 166].The Avestan language was developed in ancient Bactria as an Indo-Aryan language and used by Zoroaster to compose Avesta and Gatha(sacred hymn). It was Zoroaster’s native tongue who preached Avesta and his Gatha in Bactria (Balkh) by the Oxus River basin in northern Afghanistan. The Avestan text corpus was composed in ancient Arachosia, Aria, Bactria. These geographic locations belong to Afghanistan [Michael Witzel, Note 5, p 10].Avestan and Sanskrit are twin languages in grammar and lexicon and both considered the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan languages. Avestan evolved from Aryan or Avestan(Bactrian) between 2100 BCE-1700 BCE into Old Persian (500 BCE) and consequently into Middle Persian(450 BCE-) and finally into New Persian (651 AD onwards)[Gershevitch, Note 27, p. 14–16, E.G Browne, Note 16, pp. 25–27, Edward G. Browne, Note 16, pp 25–28].The grammar of Young Avestan corresponds to Old Persian that indicates the era of Darius I(6th century BCE). Beyond the Old Persian Inscriptions of Darius I in Bisotun Inscriptions( 521–519 BCE), there is literary evidence of Persians in Central Asia[ P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, p156].Avesta and Gȃthas were orally preserved and over centuries evolved into a written language called Bactrian. The Rabatak inscriptions in Baghlan, Afghanistan, discovered in 1993, make direct reference to the Aryan language:[…. ]νο βωγο στοργο κανηþκε κοþανο ραþτογο λαδειγo χοαζαοαργο βαγ[η]-ζνογο κιδι ασo νανα oδo ασo oισπoανo µι βαγανo ι þαoδανo αβoρδo κιδι ιωγo χþoνoνoβαστo σ(α)γωνδι βαγανo σινδαδo oτηια ι ιωναγγo oασo oζoαστo ταδηια αριαo ωσ-of the great salvation, Kanishka the Kushan, the righteous, the just, the autocrat, the godworthy of worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has inaugurated the year one as the gods pleased.And he *issued a Greek *edict (and) then he put it into Aryan (Translated by Nicholas Sims-Williams, University of London, 1996, Note 29)Bactrian is considered “Middle Persian” and coincides with the era when Persians invaded Bactria under Darius in 519 BCE. Nokonzok inscription and inscriptions of Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan are examples of Bactrian language.Aryan Avestan was recorded orally and transmitted as such in Avesta at least 1200 to 1700 years before the language evolved into the Bactrian language. Old Avestan and Rigveda have a similar grammar that has preserved the old aspect system, “with a living opposition between the present/imperfect and the aorist, and the old injunctive.”The language is homogeneous and uniform. In contrast, the language in the Young Avesta is ungrammatical but understandable [P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, p. 160].The Young Avesta was committed to writing only in the mid-Sassanian period during the 4th-6th centuries. Here we see a “change in the verbal system from aspect system to a tense system built on the opposition between present tense and the past tense expressed by the imperfect.”The Young Avesta correspond to the earliest stage of “Old Persian” that matches the inscriptions of Darius I. The later texts of this stage captured in Videvdad show wrong grammatical endings and “corrupted words borrowed from Old Persian [P.Oktor Skjaervθ, p.161–162].RELIGIONZarathustrianism and Hindusim, as well as Avestan and Sanskrit, are twins that produced Avesta and Vedas. Aryans and Indians are cousins and Gatha of Zoroaster and the Indian Rigveda composed around 1700 BCE bear striking similarities in their content and structure and themes[Mary Boyce, Note 1, pp 3–15]Avesta is grouped as Old Avesta and Young Avesta. The Old Avesta was composed by Zarathustra in or around 1700BCE and it containsGathas: poetical ritual texts, composed by ZarathustraYasna Haptanghaiti: rhythmic proses with no named author.The Young Avesta, composed during the Achamenides or perhaps earlier during the reign of Medes between 700 BCE to 550 BCE that continued undergo modifications through the Sassanians era(224–651 AD). It consists of a large quantity of miscellaneous texts that include some poetic hymns addressed to deities, mythological and geographical and religio-legal texts, and religious litanies. The Old Avesta is an Aryan text in nature, content. The Young Avesta was composed by the Persian Zarathustric priests during the Achaemenides and Sassanian era. The age difference between the Old(1700 BCE -1080 BCE] according to Mary Boyce, Gnoli and Humbach and the Young composed around 800 BCE [Mary Boyce, Note 1, p.3, P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Note 30, pp 158–160].The old Avestan is monotheistic (Ahura Mazda) and the old became polytheistic secondary to the Persian adulteration of the religion. In Aryan religion, the snow of the Hindukush melts to form Helman River and its tributaries. The river bears the spirit of water, Anahita. This river gave rise to the Vedic river Sarasvati mentioned in Rigveda. In the young Avesta, Anahita is a god. Other gods are as follows:PersianVisai Bagâ “All Gods” Ispandâramaiti “Life-giving Humility” Naryasanga, Av. Nairya Sangha Ertâna Fraverti “pre-souls of the Orderly” *Druvâ, either the god of Time (Av. Zruwâ “time”) or a god or goddess of Health (cf. OPers. duruva “healthy, unharmed,” Av. Druwâspâ “she who keeps the horses healthy”) Mizhdushi, apparently a female deity “the reward-granting one” (Av. mizhda “reward” Bertakâmiya, deity referred to as “he/she through whom one’s wish is obtained”? Huwarîra, deity of sunrise? divinities of rivers, mountains, places, and citiesElamite gods (Koch, 1977, pp. 101-9): Humban: chief Elamite god Napir irshara “the Great God”; etc.Babylonian gods (Koch, 1977, pp. 109-12): Adad: weather god KI: “Earth.” [P.Oktor Skjaervθ, Zoroastrianism, p.27]The hymns in the Old Avesta are called Yast that are a body of poetic praises of the Mithra or the Aryan god.The hymns date back to the second half of the fifth century BCE. The idea of Mithra among Indo-Aryans in Central Asia and the Indus Valley goes back to ten centuries before the composition of Avesta. Mithra has a function and it is manifested in the form of “contract” that signifies all relations in nature, in the society and among creatures, humans, animal, and vegetations. It governs all elements including the earth, fire and water, and air.The idea of Mithra is captured in the Hindu Rigveda, Buddhist doctrine, Roman Mithras, and the “Persian” one all stemming from the Avestan Mithra [Gershevitch, Note 27, p 30–44].In Hinduism, Mithra is invoked with Varuna as dvandva Mitrȃvarunȃ in combination next Heaven and Earth to signify attributes and function of both[Gershevitch, Note 27, p.4–5]. Zarathustra’s message is simple. only good thoughts, good words, and good deeds can guarantee the best existences. He addresses the problem of ‘evil’ in order to find ‘truth’ as a way of salvation. The concept of existence revolves in the dualism of two opposite spiritual powers.Mihr Yast is the Avestan hymns passed on by Zarathustra in Avestan. It is composed of stanzas each providing a dictum, allegory, praise or law from Ahura Mazdah to Zarathustra. Examples of Yast in AvestaSaid Ahura Mazdah to Zarathustra the Spitamid: “When I created grass-land magnate Mithra, O Spitamid, I mad him such in worthiness to be worshipped and prayed to as my self, Ahura Mazdah4. On account of his splendor and fortune, I will audibly worship grass-land magnate Mithra with libations…….since it is he who bestows peaceful and comfortable dwellings on the Aryan world (countries, airyabyo dainhubyo)According to Avesta, Mithra’s “contract” has thousand perceptions, thousand ears, ten thousand eyes, ten thousand spies punishing its infringements and rewarding its observances that include all forms that exist in the society, agreed and involuntary(relations of a child to parent, work, head of states, etc).Twenty fold is the contract between two friends shouldering obligations, thirtyfold between two fellow-citizens, fortyfold between two partners, fiftyfold between husband and wife, sixtyfold between two students, seventyfold between disciple and teacher, eightyfold between son-in-law and father-in-law, ninetyfold between two brothers [Avesta, Section 29, 116, Gershevitch, Note 27, p 131]Aside from Avesta, Mithra is mentioned in Rig Veda(RV) times along with Varuna, Indra, and Nȃsatya. In RV, Mithra is mentioned over 200 times along with the greatest Hindu deity Varuna. Herodotus references Mithra who confused Mithra with the goddess Anahita, writing. After the adoption of Zarathustrian religion, the Persian kings Artaxerxes II (405–359 BCE) and Artaxerxes III(359–338 BCE) included the name Mithra in their inscriptions.[Gershevitch, Note 27, p3–8].Avesta is the doctrine preached by Zoroaster in ancient Bactria. It is written in Gȃthic Avestan language. Centuries later, the Persians adopted that religion and mixed it with their own interpretation of the text and called it the Young Avestan. The Gȃthic Avesta is generally referred to Zarathustrian and the Young Avestan called Zoroastrian[Gershevitch, Note 27, p 9].In addition to Gȃthas, Avesta is the collection of doctrines preached by Zarathustra. It is consist of two planes of dualism. On the one plane, it preaches of Aŝa (Truth) and its opposite D’rug (falsehood). On the other plane, it teaches Spənta Mainyu (the Incremental Spirit), and its opposite Angra Mainyu (the Fiendish Spirit). Ahura Mazdȃh in this doctrine is the father of Spənta Mainyu that creative aspect or a creative organ of Ahura Mazdȃh. Spənta Mainyu is the head for the rest of the organ that consists ofVohu Manah(good mind)Asa(truth)xŝaθra(power)Ȃrmaiti (devotion)Haurvatat(wholeness)Amərətȃt (life)This concept in the Young Avesta, centuries later, adulterated by the Persian Zoroastrian priests of the Achaemenid and Sassanian eras where Aməŝȃ Spənta became the collective organs of the Spənta Mainyu[Gershevitch, Note 27, pp 9–12]. The priests, according to Gershevitch, Gnoli, Darmesteter, and others, redefined the six organs were in charge of elements such as cattle, fire, metal, earth, water, and vegetation. the concept of Aməŝȃ Spənta is not found in the Gȃthas of Zoroaster. such adulteration became a form of polytheism [Gershevitch, Note 27, pp 10–11].Neither Avesta nor Gȃthas of Zoroaster mentions Medes or Persians or the term Iran. The research on Avesta began in 1857 by German Orientalist Windischmann, followed by the French Orientalist James Darmsteter in 1883. Moreover, there was a school of other German Orientalists such as Bartholomae(1904), Wolff(1910), Lommel and Hertel(1927) who delivered a detailed analysis of Avesta and Aryan literature. The discovery of Vedas by Sir William Jones (1746-1794) in India was the start of the interest in Indo-Aryan culture and literature.With the discussion above, now turn our attention to how the Persians adopted the culture and Aryan religion as well as the Aryan language and they referred to themselves as Persian but of Aryan stock :Zoroaster's Avesta (1700 BCE) defines Aryans and their land Ariana characterized as Airyanem Vaejah confined to modern Afghanistan.Iran is not mentioned as such in the Aryan geography in Avesta.Ardaŝir Pȃpakȃn, the founder of the Sassanian dynasty(224 BCE-651 AD) devised the term Iran in 224 BCE for religious and political purposes by deduction: Aryansatra>Eransahr>Eran>Iran [ Note 25, p 103].Persian decrees in the inscriptions of Susa and Persepolis from Persians kings Darius I, Darius II, and Xeres(522-404 BCE): In the inscription 14 f, (Naqs-e Rostam) and inscription of Susa(13 f) the Persian kings referred to themselves as "an Achaemenian, a Persian son of a Persian" [haxamanisya parsa parshya puca]. Then they describe themselves as an arya cica “of Aryan stock”- arya cica pertains to the Persian adaptation of Aryan culture and language to link the Persian ethnicon to the Aryan heritage based on religion, language (Gnoli, Note 26,p 14, p.17).Achaemenian records show that ancient Persians “thought of themselves as Mazdah worshipers, not as Zarathustrians. And the Achaemenians records or inscriptions do not mention Zarathustra (Gershevitsch, Note 27, pp 16–17).AVESTAN GEOGRAPHYAvesta describes only Ariana. Iran or Persian or Parsa are not mentioned. The locations and landmarks in Avestan geography correspond to Afghanistan:According to Avesta, Ariana is the land of Aryans surrounding the Hindukush mountains flanked between Amu (Oxus) and Helmand rivers connecting Badakhshan, Balkh, Herat, Helmand, and Kabul and the region between these cities. Qandahar or ancient Gandhara is located between Helmand and Kabul. Avesta describes the limits of Ariana as Airyanem Vaejah:1. Bakhdhi (Bactria)2. Haroiva (Herat)3. Harakhvaiti (Arachosia-south of Kabul river to Paktia-Swat region)4. Haetumant (Helmand)5. Ragha (Badakhshan) in the Pamir region of Afghanistan on the border of China[Mary Boyce, Note 1, pp. 274–275, , Michael Witzel, Note 5, pp 1-42].Ragha needs a particular description as the city described as Western Ragha and Eastern Ragha in the Badakhshan region of Ariana and outside of Tehran. The Median Raga described in the inscription of Darius II (71–72) and III(2–3) in NaqṠe rostam. The Median Raga corresponds to Ray and described by Herodotus as Pάγαί . The Avestan Ragha is in Vendidad 1, 16 that correspond to Badakhshan in Afghanistan located between Carx(Ghanza) and Helmand in Afghanistan [Gnoli, Note 26, pp 54–55, P.Oktor SkjaervθNote 30, p. 165].Moreover, the Avestan geography includes the following regions:Sogdiana (Gava)Nisaya (Juzjan) between Margiana(Marv) and Bactria(Balkh),Urva (Ghazni),Gandhara(Kandahar),Arachosia (Kabul Valley) ,Čarx (Logar),Buner(Varəna),Pujab,These cities are the Avestan airya dahyu or the “Aryan countries” mentioned in Vendidad 1 of Avesta. These regions were settled by the Airyanem Vaejah or Avestan Aryan. The corresponding geographical location of these Avestan cities has been identified since 1882. None of these cities are in Iran [G.Gnoli, Idea of Iran, pp54–56, Michael Witzel, Note 5, p.42]In addition, according to Farvardin Yast (143–4) in Avesta, Airya is reserved to Avestan People of Airyanam Vaejah. The rest of the territory is divided into a subdivision of Airyanmen Vaejah:TuiryaSairimaSainuDahiTuirya is associated with Turks of Central Asia and (Tur(a)ca-Turkey), Sairima represents Sarm or Medes and Persian divided between sons of Feraydun (Eraj, Tur and Salm). Eraj received the land of Persian(Fars) Tur received the lands of north and east, Salm received the land of the west and China. The Shahnameh(Book of Kings) delves into this subdivision how different ethnicities sprang from Ariana [Note 1, pp 104–105, p 274].Freydun’s story is a mythical narrative of Thraetaona mentioned in Avesta. He tripartite the world among Erĕc, Tūc, and Sarm (Iraj, Tur, and Salm in Shahnameh)[Gnoli, Note 26, p56–57].The origin of the myth stems from Herodotus (IV 5–7) that deals with Synthian tripartite as the mythology that entered Western Zoroastrianism in Iran and eventually adopted as a fable into Ferdowsi’s description in Shahnameh. In 1928 Christensen and in 1928, Molĕ have addressed this in response to Theodor Nöldeke’s analysis of Shahnameh[Gnoli, Not 26, p57]In Avesta we find direct references to cities and Zoroaster. In Vend. I, 7, we read “Bakhdhim criram eredhvo drafsham,” that translates “Bactra the beautiful, crowned with banners.” Yasna 13.89 tells us ordination of Zoroaster in Bactria as-priest-worrier-herdsman. In Gathas (Y.33.6), Zoroaster refers to himself as zaotar or a fully qualified priest in Bactria. Yasna 59.18 states that zaraϑuštrotema, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragh' (Badakhshan, Afghanistan).In Denkard 7.2.9–10, we read that Ragha is also a place where Zoroaster’s mother -Dughdhova- was sent by her father to prepare for her marriage. She arrived at rostag (Rostaq) between Balkh and Badakhshan in the Pamir region to the house of padiragstarasp [Frantz Grenet, Note 25, p.37].Aryas from the Aryana migrated in two waves into Iran and India between 2000 and 1800 BCE and over centuries they cultivated the entire plateau according to Asko Parpla (1988)-[Gnoli, 26, p.69, Papola A., Studia Orientalia 64, pp.195–302- Note 34]ZOROASTERZoroaster came from Balkh or ancient Bactria [Note 5, p.42, Note 9, p. 132]. He was the son of Poursuaspa which means “a person who raises horses.” His mother’s name was Dughdhova meaning milkmaid [Note 1, pp.182-183, 277- 279].In or around 1700 BCE, Zoroaster in Balkh began his religion and delivered his sermons in Avestan language that were captured in Avesta and became a scripture and his poetic hymns in the form of Gatha. At age 42, Zoroaster converted King Vistapa of Bactria into his religion according to Yasna 13.99–100 [Mary Boyce, Note 1, p.187].Zoroaster’s name consists of Zarathustra that means “he who can manage camels.”The etymology of the name contains the Avestan word ustra which means a camel in Dari/Farsi. The corresponding word for a camel in Dari/Faris is ushtor. The Bactrian camels came from where Zoroaster was born and the name is still prevalent in Central Asia. There is no reference to Iran in Avesta [Note 1, pp 17, ].RIGVEDAThe Rigveda is the equivalent of Gatha written in the same era (1700 BCE) and perhaps in the same region of Seven rivers (Sapta Sindhavah -Avestan Hapta Hindu). The texts do not make any references to Iran or Persians.The chronological order of the Majdalas (6, 3, 7, 4, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10) tell us about the geography of the Rigveda. According to the texts, the geography is divided between the East and West region spanning between Majdalas 6–10, divided by the Sarasvati River spanning between southeastern Afghanistan to Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in northern India (the period of Majdala 6). [Edwin Byrant and Laurie Patton, Note 32, 337–338].Evidenced by Avesta and Vedic texts and according to “The Autochthonous Aryan Theory,” promoted by scholars such as Michael Witzel and Rajesh Kochhar, Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton et al, the Aryans lived to east and west of the sacred river Sarasvati and its tributaries. We discuss Saravit river later. For now, we should describe the Amur Darya (Oxus River) region called Bactria or Balkh and Helmand River in Afghanistan that was the center of the Oxus civilization.The river starts in Pamir mountains overtowered by the Noshaq peak of 24,580 feet in the Wahkhan Corridor inside Afghanistan between China and Pakistan juxtaposed to K-2 Peak. The river courses a 2650km length crossing the Hindukush mountains to form the boundary between Tajikistan and Afghanistan entering into the desert of Turkmenistan to form its boundary with Tajikistan before it completes its final stretch draining into the Aral Sea.Avesta also describes Hindukush. The term Hindu (हिन्दु) stems from Avestan term hiñdu [m] meaning the Indus River described by Zoroaster. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda that describes the Punjab region as Septa Sindhu and the Avesta calls the Indus Delta as Hepta Hindu or "seven rivers".According to Rigvida 3.53, the center of the world was Saravati. Rigveda and Mahabharata mention River Sarasvati that is aptly called naditama, the foremost of rivers.” The Indian Vedic scholar and mathematician claims“Taking a lead from Alfred Hillebrandt, I have suggested that the Rv Sarasvati be equated with the south Afghanistan river Helmand, which has a tributary called Arghandab whose old name is Haraivati. Admittedly, Helmand falls into an inland lake, but there is no reason to suppose that the Rv term samudra could not have been applied to it”[Rajesh Kochhar, Note 31, p.60], Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton, Note 32, pp.53–55]Dr. Kochhar further notes that the river Sarayu in Rigveda must be identified with Hari-rud whose older name is Horayu (cognate with Sarayu). Rigvedic Sapta Sindhavah (Avestan Hapta Hindu), the district of seven rivers, can be identified with other rivers in the Helmand region including Farah-rud. He and other scholars such as Michael Witzel of Harvard Univesity assert that Rigveda was composed in Afghanistan before the Aryans migrated to the Indian subcontinent. Vedic analysis and comparison to Avesta and Gatha indicate that Rigveda was composed in Southern Afghanistan[ibid, p.6–61].Hepta and Septa mean seven in Avestan and Sanskrit and the term diffused into Latin [ Note 1, pp 136]. The river originates near Lake Manasarovar in Tibet; it through Kashmir(India) and courses through Gilgit(Pakistan) and reaches the Hindukush ranges in Afghanistan and continues southward through Pakistan and merges the Arabia Sea in Karachi region.The Nadi Sukta (नदिस्तुति सूक्त, 10th Mandal, 75th Sukta,LXXV) is a Rigvedic hymn that is an ode to Saravati river ((Sanskrit:Sarasvati , Avesta: Harakhwati ) )and its tributaries around which the Rigvedic people settled since 1700 BCE or earlier. Starting from the Gakga in the east, the Sukta continues to mention the western rivers more or less in serial order, subject, of course, to the constraints of poetic metrology. While dealing with the Indus, it mentions a large number of its tributaries which joined it from the west. These include, among others, the Kubha, Krumu, and Gomati, which are now known respectively as the Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal. It is known that these rivers originate in Afghanistan. Thus, the ¸Rigvedic Aryans inhabited Afghanistan [Note 32, pp. 71–73]. Sarasvati is important in the Vedic literature and of interest to scholars and archeologists because the river delineates the existence of Aryans on its East and West regions.According to Herodotus, Iranians did not know about Indus River until 515 BCE when Darius dispatched his Greek explorer, Scylax of Caryanda to observe and study the Indus delta [Notes 9, 10].Like the Avestan society, Rigveda divides Arya into 3 classes (RV 10.90) There is a direct link between the Indo-Aryan history, languages, and cultures and they both bear close similarities. The concept of dualism, laws of purification and reincarnation are common in Zoroastrianism and Hinduism. Fire is holy is to both faiths. In Avesta, at ātaxsh (atash) stemming from Atar. The word corresponds to Atharva (अथर्वन्) and agni in Hinduism. In Rigveda(1.164.46 ), there are 200 hymns out of 1,028 hymns are about Agni. Yasna 31.3, 34.4, 36.2, 43.4, 47.2 in Avesta describe atar and significance of fire in purifying existence and administrating justice, gaining wisdom, truth, and love [Note 1, pp 28–29, 41, 142, 154–5, 156, 219, 258, 297, 322].Afghanistan’s name is also ancient. The Sanskrit term Avagāṇa (अवगाण) is the root of the name Afghan [Note 17]. The etymology of the word Avagana stems from the Asvakayana, bearing the terms Asva that comes from Asvakas (horsemen) that was an Aryan clan in the high mountains of Hindukush [Note 18]. The Sanskrit term Asva (अश्व ) means a horse. The corresponding term for asva in Avestan is aspa that means a horse. The same word *asp* is still in use in the modern language. Aspa is a suffix to Zoroaster’s father and grandfather’s names.Afghan and Arian are synonymous and both Ariana and Afghanistan are the names of the land where Afghans live [map].The combination of Avagana,Afghana, Awgan (افغان Afġān) with the Sanskrit term sthā́na (स्थान, place) created the new name Afghanistan (افغانستان ). The Sanskrit term sthana correspond to -estân (ستان ) in Dari/Farsi ( “place, land”) that stems from Avesta meaning state or place Similar Indo-Aryan concept is prevalent in European countries such as England, Deutschland, Poland, Finland, Iceland, Ireland.Interestingly, the phonetic of Av in Sanskrit and Avestan got the ga or gha stemming from gairi in Avestan and its Sanskrit giri [गिरि] which means mountain. Av+ga+sthana or av+gh+ estan (aw+gh+estan) gives the word Af gha n istan or the mountain people that is the asvakayan clan of the Aryans in Ariana. With the introduction of the Arabic alphabet into Dari/Farsi, Av became Aw. In Shahnameh 1–110 and 1–116, Afghan is written as Awgaan. The Vedic tribes associated with Afghan Arians are mentioned in Rigveda (RV 7.18.7) as Alina people(Nuristan region), Bhalanas(Kabul region), Pakthas(Paktia), Gandhari(Kandahar). Tajiks are referred to as tAjika(ताजिक). Bactria has several names in Sanskrit: balakhin (बलखिन् adj), coming from Bactria, bAlhava (बाल्हव, m) means inhabitants of Bactria, bAlhijAta (बाल्हिजा adj. born in Bactria.Between 1500 BCE–535 BCE, the Kingdom of Gandhara ( गान्धार) ruled Ariana. Modern Qandahar is the ancient Gandhara capital city of the Gandhara empire. This period coincides with the Mahabharata period. Mahabharata is a collection of long poems in Sanskrit that prescribes the four "goals of life" or pursusartha:Dharma (righteousness, moral values),Artha (prosperity, economic values),Kama(pleasure, love, psychological values) andMoksha (liberation, spiritual values).Bhagavad Gita, Damyanti and Rsyasringa are the principal bodies of the literary and philosophical work. The linkage of Bactria, horse, horseman, Avesta and the Hindu sacred book of Mahabharata is striking. It describes Bactria as Bahilka and in one legend, Arjuna gives the white Bactrian horses as a wedding gift for his sister [Note 12].The Avesta refers to Gandhara as Vaēkərəta, “The sixth most beautiful place on earth,” created by Ahura Mazda. Gandhara corresponds to the region confined by the confluence of the Kabul and Swat rivers, bounded by the Sulaiman Mountains on the west and the Indus River in the east. The Safed Koh mountains separated it from the Kohat region to the south.The Kushan Empire (135 BCE–375 AD ) that began in Balkh followed the Gandhara civilization and led to the spread of Buddhism into China and the Far East. Kanishka the Great (Sanskrit: कनिष्क) was a spiritual as well as a military and political leader. Under his reign, **Mahayana Buddhism** spread into China from northern Bactria along the Silk Road through the Karakoram mountain ranges of Pamir and from the south through Gandhara.The empire expanded from the basin of the Oxus River to central India and had commerce and diplomatic contacts with the Han Dynasty, Sassanians and the Roman empire. Bactria was also the home for two most prominent disciples of Buddha: Trapusa and Bahalika. Under Kushans, the Gandhara Buddhist arts reached its height evidenced by the arts in Hadda, Afghanistan at the Chakil-i-Ghoundi Stupa.The devastating Greek invasion and prior defeats of Achaemenids and killing of Cyrus led to the rise of Sassanians(224 BCE-651 AD) that was transitioned first by Parthians (247 BC–224 AD). Sassanians followed the Achaemenids roadmap out of existential anxieties and invaded the Kushan empire and led to its division into three independent kingdoms in Gandhara, Bactria, and Sogdia. Arabs annihilated Sassanians in 651 AD. However, the mixture of Zoroastrianism with Sunni Islam gave rise to Shia sect.PERSIANS (PARSA)The first entry into the recorded history of Persians appears in 834 BCE when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III campaigned in the Zagros region in Western Iran and ravaged the Medes in Mahi Dasht. The Assyrian king Tiglath (745 BCE-727BCE) ruled over Medes who served Assyrians with livestock and goods brought from Bactria along the Khorasan Highway. Lapis Lazuli of Badakhshan in Bactria was the choicest goods according to Esarhaddon (680–669 BCE). The Medes were offsprings of Bactrians. After 700 BCE, the Medes broke away from the yoke of Assyrians and Phraortes, united the Median kingdoms. Consequently, two new nations arose: 1. Babylon 2. Medes. (NOTE 2, P.7).The ravages of Synthians and ruthless aggression from the Kingdom of Susa compelled the Medes and Persian to rapidly convert to Zoroaster’s faith that promised hope, justice, and peace. Medes and Persians were still the vassals of Deiocids while converting to Zoroastrianism in the late 7th century BCE.It is at this period when we discover the scanty records on Achamenians and finds Cyrus I(Kurus) whose cousin Arsama named one of his sons Vistasa who was Zoroaster’s patron in Avesta. Cyrus the Great, grandson of the first Cyrus named his daughter Atossa after the queen of the Bactrian king Kavi Vistaspa. Darius the Great, son of the second Vistaspa, named his son Pisisyaothna, who was the son of the Bactrian king Kavi Vistaspa [Note 2, pp 40–41].Linguistic analysis and historical records point to the fact that Achamenides were not originally from Persia but rather belonging to an Aryan clan that migrated to Persia in the course of 8th century BCE and eventually obtained the leading role in Pȃrsva territory around 700 BCE with Haxȃmanis becoming the first Persian king [Gnoli, Idea of Iran, p79].Medes and Persians were mazdeans-mazdayasna- and not Zoroastrians. The Persian rulers adopted Ahuramzada, the god of Aryans, to link their power and political reality to the Arya tradition as an ethnicity [ibid, p 80, 82]. The evidence of non-Zoroastrian Persian religion is captured in the widespread daiva-worship that included their deities such asMazdaĀrta, Farnah,Nairyōsnha,Hauma,Hvar, Mah, Ātar,Vȃta[ibid, p82, Mary Boyce, History of Zoroastrianism, volume II, 1982, pp.18-19Aryas were monotheistic and monogenous. The Pārsa culture was polytheistic and heterogeneous mixed with Elamites, Assyrians, Babylonian, Mannai and Urartian element. According to I.Gershevitch’s analysis of the Darius I inscriptions, he was the first convert to the Aryan Avestan religion of Ahuramazda. We don’t know for certain if Cyrus or Cambyses were Zoroastrians although, for political purposes, they declared allegiance to the Aryan religion [Gnoli, Idea of Iran, p.84, Gershevitch, I, Note 35, p.14].In 550 BCE Cyrus II created his kingdom. He came from the lineage of Achaemenes. Teispes (675–640 BCE) was an Elamite (Non-Aryan) who ruled the small Anshan kingdom that was a vassal state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC). Anshan kingdom appeared after Persians were freed from Medes who were subjected to Bactrians and Assyrians.Teispes had a son Cyrus I and Ariaramnes. Both sons had their own kingdoms. Cyris run Anshan kingdom. Ariaramnes has the Parsumash kingdom. Cyrus I was succeeded by Cambyses I who had a son Cyrus II (550–530BCE). Cyrus II, the grandson of Astyages(maternal side) revolted against his grandfather Astyages who was the last king of the Medes kingdom (585–550 BCE). This event marked the start of Persian rule. Cambyses II (530 -522BCE) followed and Cyrus II’s son, Smerdis assumed power in 522 BCE and vanished in Bactria.Darius I (522–486 BCE) son of Hystaspes and great-grandson of Ariaramnes. Darius III was the grandson of Darius I and the last king of the Achaemenids who was killed by Alexander in 330 BCE. Parthians (247BCE-224 BCE) followed the destruction of Aachamenides. From 224 BCE-651 AD, the Sassanians ruled Persia.With the appearance of Aryan names such Ariaramnes, we notice for the first time after at least 1200-1000 years of the Bactrian empire and King Vistasp, the influence of Aryan names in the royal family of Achimenes that belonged to Elamites and not Aryans. Ariaramenes means he who brings peace to the Aryans (Aryamanena). He was the king of Parsumash(Kingdom of Persia).After conquering Persia and destroying the Achamenides Alexander invaded Ariana following the map of Cyrus II in 550 BCE. After nearly 5 years of battles with the Bactrians, in March of 326 BCE, Alexander retreated from Bactria and descended with 7000 armies to Kapisa(Bagram) in the Parwan region outside of Kabul where he attempted to settle. He built a citadel like Cyrus (550 BCE) who also retreated from Bactria in his first invasion. He called Kapisa Alexandria of Caucasus.Kapisa became the center of Buddhism during the Kushan empire. As Alexander retreated towards India, his mercenaries and unable military garrison remained in Kapisa. They converted to Buddhism by Kushans. One Greek convert was Mahadhammarakkhita (Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita). According to Mahavamsa that relates the history of Sri Lanka, the monk with 30000 mercenaries took part at the foundation ceremony of Maha Thupa at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. The Buddhist Stupa was built in 140 BCE by King Dutugemunu. The Stupa is still in existence to this day named as Ruwanwelisaya.Cyrus was not Aryan. He was a Persian of Elimite lineage. However, during his coronation, he was ordained by Zoroastrian priests with the Aryan ritual of serving sour milk, figs, and pistachios as a “humble” meal to remind the Zoroastrian tradition that a king is “first among equals.”[Note 22, p 78].In Avesta( Yasna 46. 14), Zoroaster speaks of the king in Bactria who followed Vohu Manah (Y. 51. 16): A Zoroastrian concept that prescribes Good Purpose, Good mind, and Good thought that governs the good moral state of mind and enables a person to accomplish his duties.Cyrus was not Vistaspa. He invaded Bactria in search of the Persian heritage (Aryan) and adopted Zoroaster’s religion developed in Bactria. He began his invasion by the Helmand delta that forms the Hamun lake in Sistan region of modern Iran.Cyrus II began his expectation by following the footsteps of Airyanam Vaeja starting in reverse from the Helmand River and Argandab river confluence towards Kabul Valley entering Arachosia(Paktyan’ s land) passing Panjshir and Parwan towards the foot of Hindukush approaching Samangan and finally reaching Bactria, the home of king Kavi Vistaspa [Note 1, pp, 275–276]. According to Zoroastrian tradition, seeds of Zoroaster are buried in the Helmand river and he will return at the end of the world. Helmand in Zorasterianis has played a significant role. It is the place where King Vistaspa offered sacrifices at its basin to the deities Anahita (yast 9.29, ) and Drvaspa and Asi (yast 17.49 ) by Daitya at the confluence of Helmand and Argandab rivers[Gnoli, Note 26, p53]He crossed the Paropamisus (Greek, Hindu Kush ) and entered Kapisa and returned back to Fars. The Greek term is the translation from Avestan term for the Hindukush: para’ Uparisaena (Avesta, Yasna 10.11, yast 19.3) [Gnoli, Note, 26, p46–47]Para’ Uparisaena means land beyond Uparisaena. Upari saen is the highest summit of the Hindukush where only saen, an eagle or Simorgh can fly and nest. The equivalent word for eagle in Sanskrit is zyena (श्येन,m). The term upama (उपम, adj) and Avestan word upemem [upama, upema] mean highest.Shahin is the modern word in Dari for an eagle that stems from Avestan word saen. xshathra in Avestan means power dominion, a kingdom. The world shah stems from xsha thra (dominion). Adding saen to xshathra, the term Shahin-shah or king of kings was created. Interestingly, zreStha( श्रेष्ठ) is the word for king in Sanskrit and it means the place of an eagle. On his first expedition to Bactria, Cyrus learned about saen (eagle) and Uparisaena.Cyrus gave himself the title of Shahin-shah or king of kings for two main reasons:1. He considered himself the king of Anshan tracing his roots to king Teispes (675–640 BC) who ruled Anshan who was an Elimite and not Persian.2. Cyrus killed the heir to the Medes kingdom and declared himself the king of Persia(Fars). By invading Bactria, he assumed to be the king of Ariana and copied the title of King Aurvatasp, the father of King Vishtaspa. Aurvatasp was the founder of Bactria. He also used the title of Assyrian kings as King of Kings. The idea king of kings or khshayathiya khshayathi yanam in Avestan is reinvented in the Book of Kings in Shahnameh by Daqiqi and Ferdowsi [Note 22, p 261].Hence he considered himself as king of kings or Shahin-Shah having the sovereignty over Elamites, Medes, Persians, and Arians. Ironically, Reza Shah Pahlavi also copied this title to promote Aryanism.Cyrus was infatuated with the Aryan idea and the roots or Iranian people and the origin of Zoraster’s faith and his home. He politicized the adopted religion of Arians in the form of Zoroastrianism and considered Ariana to be the cradle of “Iranian Civilization.” [Note 22, p 167].The purpose of his expedition was a “search for heritage,” according to the Iranian scholar Reza Zarghamee. In his book “Discovering Cyrus,” he states that Cyrus grew up believing that Kavi Vistaspa, the patron of Zoroaster, was the great Bactrian king and the “Persia’s heritage lay to the east,” and that Bactria…was the legendary Aryan Abode” [Note 22, pp 167-175].Cyrus spent 5 years battling the Bactrians. It is noteworthy, however, that on his second expedition to Bactria and Jaxartes, Cyrus was killed. During the first expedition, Cyrus’ son, Smerdis was left behind in Balkh as the military expedition faced defeat and descended into the region of Kapisa(Afghanistan) and returned to Fars. Ctesias calls Smerdis Tanoxyarces. A reference to these expeditions are captured on the Behistun Cuneiform Inscriptions, column i. 6 and mentions the Bakhtri people of Bactria (Note 7, P.1, P.27).As mentioned earlier, from 247 BCE through 224 BCE, the Parthians ruled Iran. They were replaced by Sassanians (224 BCE-651 AD). During this period, the Bactrian kingdom ruled Ariana after the defeat of Alexander and his retreat. The Kushan Empire (135 BCE–375 AD )replaced the Bactrian kingdom.The Sassanians and the Guptas from India invaded the Kushans. The Hephthalites followed Kushans through 710 AD. Hephthalites defeated the Sassanian invaders and forced them to retreat. Kanishka was the most famous ruler of the Kushans. Kushans and Hephthalites spoke Bactrian and used it as their official court language and in their coins. The other languages they used were Sogdian, Sanskrit, and Gandhari. Kunduz, east to Balkh in northern Afghanistan, was the capital of Hephthalites. They practiced Zoroastrianism, Buddhism as religion. Bagram or Kapisa near Kabul was the capital of Hephthalites.In March 329 BCE, Alexander retreated from his military expedition similar to Cyrus in 500 BCE. He descended in Kapisa in the Parwan region at the foot of Hindukush where he built a citadel and called it Alexandria of Caucasus. His mercenaries and unable military garrison remained in Kapisa and eventually converted to Buddhism by Kushans. One Greek convert was Mahadhammarakkita (Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita), who is said to have come from “Alasandra” (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus), with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. Maha Thupa is a renowned Stupa built in 140 BC by King Dutugemunu. The stupa is known as Ruwanwelisaya and a major shrine in Buddhism [Note 21].THE ARAB INVASIONThe Sassanian era began to erode in 637 when a Muslim army under the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab defeated a larger Persian force led by General Rostam Farrokhzad at the plains of al-Qadisiyyah. Following the defeat, the Umayyads established their center in Merv and with this significant event, the Sassanian period in Fars ended with the introduction of Islam in 651 AD.The first Islamic dynasty in Central Asia was established by Saman Khuda in 819 AD. He came from Balkh and served at the court of the Ummayed governor of Khorasan, Asad ibn Abdallah al Qasri in Merve. Dari was the royal court language and Rudaki and Daqiqi in Balkh became Samanid’s first poets. Daqiqi in Balkh became the first author of Shahnameh. Shahnameh is a complex epic with 60,000 verses of poetry and mythologies of Arians. It describes the Airyanam Vaejah and its subdivisions covering the period the Oxus civilization and its kings through large period of the Ghaznavid period in Khorasan 2500 BC-1020 AD).The poet Daqiqi (d.977 AD) from Balkh authored the first 1000 couplets of the epic Shahnameh before being tragically murdered. Following the murder of Daqiqi, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (Afghanistan) invited Ferdowsi of Tus(Iran) to continue the epic. Daqiqi wrote the description of Zoroastrianism, King Goshtasp and his conversion to a new religion by Zoroaster [Note 8, p.xix].Contrary to common believe, Shahnameh is not about the “history of Iran.” The first scene of the epic starts in Balkh. It describes the Bactrian history and post-Islamic era from 651 AD-1020 AD that covers the Samanids and Ghaznavids. The epic starts with the creation of the world and the first king called Kayumars in Bactria and his successors who fought supernatural evil forces and establish the arts of civilization.The epic is the story of Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism, Ariana, and post- Islamic Khorasan that expand along the Oxus and makes specific references to the region between Oxus and the Helmand Rivers (Hirmand); it describes the Afghan cities such as Kabul, Balkh, Samangan, Zabul, Sistan, and the Samanids and their achievements and glory. It tells us the story of Rustam’s parents (Zal and Rudabeh) who marry in Kabul and their son Rustam is born in Zabul; Rustam’s valor in Samangan and his marriage to the Bactrian Princess, Tahminah. Zal is born with white hair and symbolizes the snow-covered mountains. Zal’s wife’s name means stream or creek as if the snow melted to become water and create rivers.The first two-third of the epic does not mention Achamenides until the arrival of Alexander and the start of Sassanians. Parthians are absent in the epic[Note 8, p. xx]Following Samanids (819–999AD), the Ghaznavids (977–1186AD) ruled the entire Khorasan (Afghanistan, Central Asia, Northeaster Iran), and Northern India nearly 4 centuries that shaped their culture and way of life. Ghaznavid rose to power in Ghazni, south-central Afghanistan. Mahmud was the founder of the empire. He worked at the court Sebüktigin who was appointed by the Samanid Amir as governer of Balk, Ghur, Bamiyan in reward for his valor subduing revolts in Khorasan in northern Afghanistan in 334/994 AD [Note 24, p44]. Ghaznavids were Uzbeks from Balkh.For nearly 4 centuries. the Samanids and Ghaznavids redefined created a massive body of literature, rejuvenated the Zoroastrian history, redefined the Greek philosophy and initiated the start of modern medicine. They ushered entire Central Asia, the Middle East and the Subcontinent of India into a golden era of astonishing literary achievements that molded Europe. Samanids and Ghaznavids were NOT Iranians.Towards its end, the Turkic Uzbek Khwarazmian empire (1177 AD- 1231 AD) sprang Central Asia in the outskirts of the Ghaznavid empire that eventually paved the way for the Mongol invasion and destructions. Rumi was born and lived in Balkh before migrating to Konya Turkey as a consequence of the Mongol invasion.In the meantime, the Ghorids (879 AD-1215 AD) in Ghor, Afghanistan established their independent kingdom 100 miles away from the capital of Ghaznavids. The Saffarids (861–1003) established their rule in the Sistan and Balochistan. To add more complexity, the Seljuk empire (1037–1194 AD) established itself in Merv, Niashahpur, Isfahan, Rey, and Hamadan. The Timurids empire (1370–1507) followed with astonishing arts and architecture that span through Asia and the Middle East. Timur’s great-great-grandson was Babur who ruled Kabul for two decades and after defeating the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 )in India, established the Mughal Empire (1526–1857). Babur rejuvenated the Behzad school of miniature paintings and his descendants built magnificent architectural monuments (i.e. Taj Mahal) and flourished music, poetry. Amir Khusraw invented Sitar based on the Indian Veena and Afghan Rubab. Babur is buried in Kabul.The Safavids (1501–1736 AD) were the Sunni Turkic people who institutionalized the Shia religion in what is now Iran. They were toppled by the Afghan Hotak dynasty (1709–1738 AD) with their capital in Isfahan and Kandahar. The Afsharids (1736–1796) followed and in amid their dynasty, sprang the Duranis (1747–1842) in southern Afghanistan. Afghanistan’s name introduced by the Duranis in 1747. Beginning in 1826, the Afghan Barakzai dynasty ascended to power and ruled Afghanistan until 1978 when the Afghan communists plunged the land into chaos and civil war. Zahir Shah was the last king of Mohammadzai dynasty that was the subclan of the Barakzai dynasty. He left the throne in 1973 and his cousin Daud took over the power till 1978.The Qajar dynasty (1789–1925) toppled the Afsharids and finally; the Pahlavi regime assumed the power that led to the rise of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979. The Pahlavi dynasty is comprised of two phases. The first phase began in 1921 and ended in 1941 by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran that abdicated Reza Khan and installed his son Reza Shah, who was toppled in 1979 by Khomenei. The older Reza Shah was punished by the victors of the WW II for siding with Nazi Germany.LANGUAGESDari, Pashto, FarsiAfghans speak Dari and Pashto and some other dialects related to these two languages. Dari, Pashto, and Farsi are derived from Avestan language the Ursprache that developed in ancient Bactria. It is also called the Bactrian language by philologists and Orientalist such as James Darmsteter (French, 1849–1894).The language developed in Bactria and used by Zoroaster to write the Avesta and Gathas (hymns) in or around 1700 BCE. Avesta, Gatha and Mahabharata and Rigveda belong to the same family and bear striking linguistic and philosophical similarities. Avestan and Sanskrit are twin languages. Farsi is an offspring of Dari. During the Achaemenian Period (550–330 BCE), the cuneiform inscription was used to express the language. The English Orientalist, E.G.Brown also uses the term Pahlavi to refer to the script of the language used by Sasanians (224BCE–651 AD)[Note 16, p.7].Shapur II who had a close relationship with Jews introduced Aramaic alphabet; Arabs introduced their alphabet into the language that became Dari. Sasanians spoke Dari or Dari e Farsi as the Iranians prefer to call it.Here are some examples that show the striking lexical and philological linkages between Pashto, Dari, Avestan, and Sanskrit:The word baodhô [baodha] means perfume in Avestan and bo in modern Persian means smell. Khosh bo is the word for fragrant and a proper term in Dari and Farsi for perfume. The word a’tr is a borrowed Arabic term for the perfume that is more prevalent in Iran. The word baxsheñti [baxsh](verb ) means to bestow, to give, to distribute, to remit, to forgive. In modern language, we have bakhshidan or bakhshesh. The Arabic word A’fa for forgiveness has lurked into Farsi. The word bastem [basta] means bound, tied, a prisoner. Today, bastan means to tie or ligate something that is apart and loose or open. Bareshna [bareshnu] means top, height, the uppermost part. Something to shines on the top of something is the word breshna in Dari and Pashto. The word khvasar means good-pasture and rathaestar means a chariot rider or worrier. Mubarez or Jang-jo is the modern word for a worrier Ara’be sawar (ارابه سوار) is chariot rider in the modern language. Arabe is a wheel and it could be part of a car, bike, or any cart that can move forward. Ara’be is the wheel. Cherkh is the revolution of the wheel. The term estar evolved into estadeh or standing. In Farsi, Iranians use the word cherkh. That word in Dari means the revolution of the wheel or the revolution of the earth around the sun or the word universe or something the revolves without moving forward such as windmills. Two wheels are called duo cherkha in Iranian Farsi that means a bike. In Afghanistan, if a bike’s tire breaks, they say the bike’s ara’be is broken. They won’t use the word cherkh for the bike’s wheel. The word hip [buttocks] in Avestan is sraonîm [sraoni]. In Dari, the word is sorin and in Iran, the word is basan.The word nar means “man” in Avestan. The same word is preserved in Persian but refers to “male” animals. The modern word for nar is m’ard. The word for king is kayand its modern counterpart is the term Shah or Padshah. The word for society is jame’ha. It stems from jam in Avestan language that means to go; to come; to reach, to happen[gethering]. The word for the color red in Avestan is suxrãm [surkham or suxra]. In Dari it is surkh. In Farsi is qermiz [ghermiz].Zaya is winter in Avestan; zhem’ai is the word in Pashto. Zamestan is winter in Dari. Za comes from Zaya and the Sanskrit स्थान [st a n] means a place that has been mixed with Za to make it zamestan meaning a cold place. The word for the mountain in Pastho is gh’ar (ghara). In Avestan, mountain is gairi and its equivalent in Sanskrit is giri [गिरि].The word wheat or grain or harvest in Avestan is gaonem. In Pashto it is ghanom that means wheat as the byproduct of a season harvest[ gain].Avô is the word for water in Avesta. In Pashto it is oba and a’w / a’ab in Dari. The word dog in Avestan is spâ. In Pashto it is spai and in Dari/Farsi is sag. The sanskrit word sUcaka (सूचक, m) means a dog. Sag and Sucaka are relative words. The word sag appears as saka in another word for dog in Sanskrit as bhaSaka (भषक,m).Cow in Avestan is gava [gao, gau] that has become gau in Dari and gha’wai in Pashto. In Sanskrit, gava [ गव ] means cow; gavya(adj. गव्य, coming from a cow). The word for the sky in Avestan is asman. It is the same word in Dari and Pashto.The word beautiful, radiant, shining, majestic in Pashto is khayesta. In Avestan, it is the same word written as xshaêta [khayesta]. The word for in Avestan is ispa and its equivalent in Pashto is spai.The word girl in Avesta is jahika; Janakai is the same word in Pashto. Zemasca is the word for earth in Avestan. Its Dari/Farsi equivalent is Zamin. The word Zemaka is the Pashto word for earth that is the closest to its original term. Related to Zamin is the word Zan that means female or woman or fertile.Patha [pathan] means way, a road, a path in Avestan. The same word is preserved in Pasho; it means an address. Vîsaiti is twenty in Avestan and in Pashto, it is wa’ysht.As mentioned at the beginning of this answer, Dari, Pashto, and Farsi are derivatives of the Avestan language developed and evolved in Ariana (Afghanistan). Old Avestan and Sanskrit are related evidenced by the above examples. According to Morgenstierne, G. Pashto is closer to the language of the Gathas [Note 23, Encyclopedia Iranica: Afghanistan vi. pasto].THE INVENTION of IRANPrior to 1935, today's Iran was called Persia. The Persian king Reza Shah Pahlavi changed the name of his country and gave himself the royal title of Arya-Mehr (آریا مهر) or “affectionate to or fond of Arya.” Reza Shah was attempting to reestablish the Persian glory of the Achaemenian and Sassanian past albeit with profound failure.Iran as a name is neither in Avesta, Gatha or Rigveda. It is a derivative term invented in 224 BCE by the Sassanian dynasty in southern Fars.In 1873, Friedrich Schlegal attempted to construct the origin of Iran in his work titled Eranische Altertumskunde ( The Ancient Iranian culture). In 1989, the Italian Orientalist, Gherardo Gnoli, an expert on Avesta and Zoroaster’s life, published a book under the title “The Idea of Iran.” In 2013, the Iranian scholar Mostafa Vaziri published his book “Iran As Imagined Nation” where he discusses how European Orientalists created the notion of Iran and the Iranian nationalism.In his book “The Idea of Iran,” Professor Gnoli used Avesta, the Achaemenids, and the Sassanian histories to describe the origin of the term Iran. He asserts that Iran as a cultural entity pertaining to Aryans did not exist and Sassanians invented the term for political purposes and reassertion of the Achaemenids ideas after the Greek invasion of 330 BCE. Iranians are Persian or Parsa, not Arya [Gnoli, Note 25 pp 28–70]His approach was similar to other renowned scholars and experts in the field of Vedic age, Zoroastrianism, such as Michael Witzel, Willem Vogelsang, Helmut Humback, D.T Pott, and Frantz Grenet who analyzed Avesta and described the Avestan geography located in Central Afghanistan[Note 25, pp. 3, 45].Gnoli also wrote another book on the life of Zoroaster and the origin of Ariana within the boundaries of modern Afghanistan[Note 3]. As mentioned earlier, Ariana is the Avestan Airyanem Vaejah that does not include the boundaries of Persia or present-day Iran. To make it more challenging Gnoli uses Herodotus and Strabo as sources to supplement his argument. They discuss only Ariana in details. In his analysis of “Idea of Iran, An Essay on its Origin” Professor Gnoli divides his 216 pages book intoAvestan AryansAryans in Western IranThe Aryan tradition until Alexander the GreatThe Aryan tradition under the Seleucids and the ArsacidsThe Sassanians and the Birth of IranThe book’s essential points as follows:Airyanam Vaehja is Ariana limited to modern AfghanistanNeither Avesta nor the Gȃtha nor Vedas mention Medes, Persian or Iran or the geography that would correspond to the Avestan geography of Airyanam Vaehja or what bounds modern Iran.Medes and Persians non-Aryans converted to ZoroastrianismMedes were under the rule of Assyrians and subject to Bactrians in Ariana but did not have a state called IranAssyrian inscriptions refer to Ariana but do not mention IranAchaemenids who replaced the Medes Kingdom were not Aryans but rather ElamitesHerodotus, Strabo, and classical authors describe Ariana that corresponds to Airyanam Vaehja in modern Afghanistan. They made no description of a geographical boundary called Iran.Achaemenid inscriptions and records do not reference a race, or land named Iran. It mentions the king of Persia (xŝȃyθa Pȃrsai) but not xŝȃyθa aryȃnȃm or king of Arya [Gnoli, Note 26 p.6–7]In Darius’ inscription 14 f, (Naqs-e Rostam) and inscription of Susa(13 f) we read that he refers to himself as “an Achaemenian, a Persian son of a Persian”[haxamanisya parsa parshya puca]. Then he describes himself an arya cica [of Aryan stock]-Gnoli Note 26,p 14.After the end of Achaemenids in 330 BCE, and the rise of Sassanians in 224 BCE, we have no records or inscriptions of the land or state called Iran.The founder of Sassanian dynasty, Adrasir Papakan adopted the term Eranshahr or Iran city and declared Zoroastrianism as the state religion to align with Achaemenids. His Zarathurist priests used deductive methods to extract the term Iran(Aryansatra>Eransahr>Eran>Iran) [Gnoli, Note 26, pp. 6, 8–11, 13–25,103–118]Gnoli’s assertion is based on the idea that Medes and Persians were not Aryans but adopted the way of life, creed, the language of the Aryans from Ariana and subject to Bactrian influence. Neither the Old Avesta nor the Young Avesta mentions Medes or Persians.Such a challenge based on Avestan evidence prompted the Iranian scholar Shahpur Shahbazi (1942- 2006) to react and respond in an essay that was published in Birth of the Persian Empire in 2005 [Note 25, pp 100–111]. Dr. Shahbazi could not for any reason reinterpret factual evidence on the geographical location of Airyanam Vaejah and the fact that “Iran” or Persian or Farsi are not mentioned in any sources in the religion of Zoroaster.In his response to Prof. Gnoli, Dr. Shahbazi characterized Gnoli’s assertion as argumentum ex silentio and labeled the other Iranian scholar Mostafa Vaziri as an idle poet and amateur writer[Note 25, p.101].Dr. Shahbazi attempted in his rebuttal to argue that the term Iran is not an invention but rather embedded in the concept of airya dainhavo (Aryan world, abode) that describes the Aryan land expanding from Airyanam Vaejah and considered as the X’arnah or “god-given fortune” of Airyanam Vaejah. As such, airya dainhavo included Iran. Dr. Shahbazi references Farvardin Yast (143–4) in Avesta to assert that Sarm is the subdivision of Airyanam Vaejah. With such an assertion, he also inadvertently admits that Medes and Persians were not Aryans because they were part of the airya dainhavo that is the non-Avestan, non-Airyanam(Aryan) territory. To support his argument, Dr. Shahbazi claimed that Airyanem x̌ areno evolved into Eran Xurrah that became Xurra Eranshar and finally entered into new Persian as Farr-e Iran. This transition is based, according to Dr. Shahbazi, on the Avestan that the Aryan “good fortune” or X’arnah “Belongs to the Aryan land, to the born and unborn.”(Yat asti airyanam danyunam azatanamca [i.e. not restricted to Zoroastrians!] Shahbazi, Note 25, p 103To make his argument more confusing, Dr. Shahbazi claimed that Airya dainhavo was an Iranian empire and the Airyanam Vaejah was part of that empire. Hence, the Sassanians adopted the term Eransahr evolved from Aryansatra>Eransahr>Eran>Iran[ Note 25, p 103].As an aside, not mentioned by Dr Shabazi in his counter-argument, the suffix satra stems from xŝaθra in Avestan and raStra in Sanskrit (राष्ट्र). It means “state” as a nation-state.With his counter-argument, Dr.Shahbazi affirmed Gnoli’s assertion that Persians and Medes were not part of the Airyanam Vaejah from Ariana(Afghanistan) and that they were subjected to their “good fortune” by adopting Zoroastrian faith and Avestan language and way of life centuries later after Zoroaster began his philosophy in Bactria.INFLUENCE OF ZARATHUSTRADualistic ideas of Zarathustra influenced the views of Greeks and Romans for thousands of years. Edudoxus of Cnidus, Theopompus, Aristotle., Edudemus of Rhodes, Diogenes Laertius, Damascius, Plutarch, Pythagoras, and Plato to name a few .Romans deemed Zarathustra as the first lawgiver and the Greeks were convinced, according to Diogenes Laertius, that he was Pythagoras’ teacher. Rafael painted him in his Sistine’s School of Athens painting holding the globe standing next to Plato [Gnoli, Note 28, pp 1–3].European thoughts before and after renaissance have been influenced Zoroaster. We take Nietzsche as an example. In 1883 Nietzsche presented his idea of nihilism in connection to dualism in his famous Zarathustra Roundelay poem and wrote “The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols” in which he attempts to assert “ Wie man wird, was man ist): One becomes what one is. In his other famous book “Thus Spoke Zarathustra,” he highlights the notion of human morals through travel speeches of Zarathustra. The subtitle of the book is “Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen:” A book for all and none.Nietzsche takes us for a hike with Zoroaster and tells us what is the meaning of his humanity by going beyond the good and evil borrowing Zarathustra’s philosophy of dualism to describe the Greek tragedy by juxtaposing it with the Greek world of Dionysus and Apollo to digest man’s suffering. He fused the appollonian-dioyusian dialect to create his Birth of Tragedy. In contrast to Zoraster’s Weltanschuung, Nietzchian perspectives are the European version of appetence and aversion conflict.Had Nietzsche known the depth of the other son of Balkh, Rumi, he would have reconsidered his concept of the eternal recurrence of time to understand unity while revolting against Trinity and misunderstanding Zoroaster’s dualism.Zarathustra Roundelay NietzscheO man, beware!What does the deep midnight utter?"I slept,I slept—woken from a deep dream:The world is deep,Deeper than the day’s thought.Deep is its woe;joy—deeper yet than pain:Woe begs: Vanish!for, all joy wants eternity —Wants ever deepening eternity."(translated by Farhad Ariana)*********************************O Mensch! Gib acht!Was spricht die tiefe Mitternacht?»Ich schlief, ich schlief—,Aus tiefem Traum bin ich erwacht:—Die Welt ist tief,Und tiefer als der Tag gedacht.Tief ist ihr Weh—,Lust—tiefer noch als Herzeleid:Weh spricht: Vergeh!Doch alle Lust will Ewigkeit—,—will tiefe, tiefe Ewigkeit!«In sum, Afghans are the cultural ancestors of Persians who have inherited two important heritages from the Afghan Arians:The religion of ZoroastrianismThe Farsi languageAfghans speak Dari that developed in their land from Avestan and Persians adopted the language and call it “Persian,” because it was introduced and used in Fars (Pars) for the first time.Over five millenniums, from Oxus to Indus and beyond Arians created the Bactrian culture, Gandhara and Kushan civilizations; the Hada arts and the melody of Rubab. They gave us the miniature painting of Behzad in Herat and Buddhas in Bamyan. They created the Samanids and Ghaznavids that redefined the Greek philosophy, and the Ghorids. What would have been the Mughal empire without them? and where could the Romans pray to their Mithra without the beautiful Balkh the home of Zarathustra, Avicenna, Rumi? And how could Averrros and Moses of Maimonides have understood Plato and Aristotle without Farabi who redefined philosophy and corrected the Greek?The synopsis is the mosaic of the Afghan Arians and their five-millennium old cultures that made them fierce and created a remarkable civilization. John Ruskin once alluded, “Great nations, wrote their autobiographies in three manuscripts—the book of their deeds, the book of their words, and the book of their art. Not one of these books can be understood unless we read the two others; but of the three, the only quite trustworthy one is the last.“Afghans Aryans are ancient. Their culture expanded from Bactria to Varanasi in India to China, Fars, Baghdad, Cordoba and beyond. They have left their marks and have written their autobiographies. They gave this world the wisdom of Zoroaster and the language and poetry of Rumi, Sanai, Rahman Baba; the philosophy of Farabi and the medicine of Avicenna. They are unique. In his Bibliotheca Historica, the Greek historian Diodorus describes the Afghan fierce attitude and motto of the Afghan Arians ( Aśvakas) as“A glorious death to a life of dishonor.” [Note.19]Now that we have sketched the five thousand years of Afghan history and their Arya race, Avestan language and culture and shed light on Persians, we finally return to the original question if the “Farsi speaking” Afghans are originally from Iran? The answer is a definitive no. On the contrary, Afghans are the Aryas who created, shaped, and defined the Parsa’s culture and language.*********************************************************************************LITERATURE /PHILOSOPHY/ARTSThe Persian culture has been immensely influenced by Arya’s Avestan and Afghan post-Islamic cultures.List of Prominent Poets and philosophers by their birthplaces, who wrote in Dari, Pashto, and Farsi. This list based on the criteria if the poet has published a Divan or collection of pomes. Those who are born in Afghanistan or Central Asia speak Dari and those who are born in Iran speak Farsi. Only Afghans speak Pashto. The Pre-Islamic Persians did not produce poets or poetry.In the world of literature and philosophy belonging to Central Asia, no one can come closer to Rumi except his countryman Sanayee (سنائ غزنوی) and no poet after Rumi could ever come close to him except his countryman Jami (جامی). Sanayee wrote the Garden of Truth (حدئقته الحقئقه) and Jami wrote the Seven Thrones (هفت اورنگ). Along with Rumi’s Mathnawi (مثنوئ معنوی), the works are the most eloquent and grand corpus of literature and metaphysics.Farabi and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) defined philosophy and medicine and Behzad created the magnificent miniatures in Herat. These six giants have shaped cultures for centuries and their influence is permanent and testimony to a grand civilization.An illustrated miniature painting version of Jami’s Seven Thrones (Haft Awrang), is now in the Freer Gallery of Art, and known as the Freer Jami.*Zarathustra, 1700 BCE, Bactria(Balkh), AfghanistanHanzalah of Badghis,حنظله بادغیسی‎, b. 820 in Badghis, d-872 in Badghis, Afghanistan.* Rudaki born c. 859, in Rudak, modern-day Tajikistan—died 940/941 Greater Khorasan: Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan, and western Tajikistan that was ruled by the Samanid Empire. Rudak is north of Amu river and Balkh.Rābi'a Balkhī (رابعه بلخی), Balkh, Afghanistan, (914-943), the first female poet in the Persian literature. Samanid DynastyMansur al-Hallaj, born 858 AD, Fars, Iran Died 26 March 922 AD Baghdad, Iraq, Sunni, authored twenty-seven Riwāyāt (stories or narratives) collected by his disciples in about 290/902, Kitāb al-Tawāsīn, a series of eleven short works. Poems collected in Dīwān al-Hallāj.Al-Farabi ( ابو نصر محمد بن محمد فارابي‎), born 872 AD, Faryab, Afghanistan, died 950 AD, Damascus, Syria, authored Aphorisms of the Stateman(Fusǖl al-madani) On the Intellect (Risȃlah fi al-a’ql)* Daqiqi e Balkhi born c. 935, Balkh, Afghanistan, Samanid empire, Died 977 AD. Started the Shahnameh Epic in Balkh and completed by Ferdowsi.*Avicena ( ابن سینا بلخی), born 980, Afshana (Bukhara), to Abd Allah and Sitara(ستاره) from Balkh, Afghanistan, died June 1037, Hamadan, Iran. The father was appointed by Nuh ibn Mansur as the governor of Kharmaithan near Bukhara. Authored Qanun (Medicine), Shifa (encyclopedia of Aristotelian philosophy)* Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 – 1037 or 1038), Ghazni, Afghanistan, Ghaznavid empire* Ferdowsi c. 940, Tus, Iran, Ghaznavid empire, died 1020, authored Shahnameh that depict the history or Zoroastrianism and Aryas through Achamenides and Sassassnians and arrival or Islam.*Nasir Khusraw, born 1004 CE, Khuttal (modern Afghanistan-Tajikistan region by the Amu River(Oxus), Khorasan, Ghaznavid Empire, Afghanistan, died 1088 CE in Badakhshan, Afghanistan.*Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (1006–1088), born and died in Herat, Afghanistan.Ali Hujwiri, born 1009, Ghazni, Afghanistan, died 1072, Lahore, Pakistan, Ghaznavid empire.[wrote Kashf-ul-Mahjoob]Ahmad Ghazālī (احمد غزالی), born Tus, Iran, died Qazvin, Iran, 1123, philosophy, Epistle of the Birds(Risālat al-ṭayr ), Sawāneḥ*Khayyam: born 18 May 1048 in Nishapur, Iran, died 4 December 1131 Nishapur, IranAnvari (1126–1189), born and died in Balkh, Afghanistan*Sanayee Ghaznavi, born c. 1080, Ghazni, Afghanistan, Ghaznavid empire, Died 1131/1141*Nizami, born in 1141 in Ganja, (Azerbaijan), died in Ganja in 1209, Seljuk empire* Aṭṭār, born c. 1145, Nishapur, Iran, Died c. 1220Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, born 1150, Ray, Iran, died 1210, Herat, Afghanistan, Sunni. philosophy* Rumi ( مولانا جلالدین بلخی )born c. 30 September 1207 in Balkh, Afghanistan, Khawarazmian empire, died in Konya, Turkey, 17 December 1273* Saadi Shirazi, Born 1210 Shiraz, Iran, Died 1291 or 1292 Shiraz*Amir Khusrow (Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau) Born 1253Patiyali, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, India, Delhi Sultanate Died, October 1325,* Hafiz Shirazi, 1315 Shiraz, Iran, Died 1390 Shiraz, Iran (Timurid Empire).* Jami, Born 7 November 1414 Jam, Ghor, Afghanistan, Died 9 November 1492 in Herat, Afghanistan*Ali-Shir Nava'i (نظام‌الدین علی‌شیر نوایی‎), born 9 February 1441, Herat, Afghanistan, Timurid Empire, died 3 January 1501 in Herat.Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, B. 1450 AD, Herat, Afghanistan, died 1535, Herat. Master of Miniature Painting. Paintings in the West: British "The Seduction of Yusuf" from Sa’di’s Bustan of 1488, and paintings from the British Library's Nizami manuscript of 1494-95 - particularly scenes from Layla and Majnun and the Haft Paykar* Khushal Khan Khattak, born June 1613, Kabul Region, Afghanistan, Akora Khattak, Mughal Empire, Pashtu Poet, died February 1689.* Bīdel Dehlawī (1642–1720), born in Azimabad, Patna, India, Mughal empire.Rahman Baba, 1653, Peshawar, Pakistan, Mughal empire, died 1711 in Peshawar; Pashto Sufi poet.* Iqbal, Panjab, modern Pakistan, born, 9 November 1877, died 21 April 1938Sofi Ashqari, born in 1892, Kabul, Afghanistan, died, Kabul,(unknown)* Parvin E'tesami, Born 16 March 1907, Tabriz, Iran Died 5 April 1941* Khalilullah Khalili, Born 1907 in Kabul, Afghanistan, Died 1987* Forough Farrokhzad, December 29, 1934, Tehran, Iran, died February 13, 1967, Darband, Iran.* Ahmad Shamlou, December 12, 1925, Tehran, Iran, died July 23, 2000,* Fereydoon Moshiri, September 23, 1926, Tehran, Iran, died October 24, 2000, Tehran, Iran* Bareq-Shafi' born in 1932 Kabul, Afghanistan, Dari and Pashtu poetry***********************NOTES and RecommendationsA History of Zoroastrianism: Volume 1, The Early Period (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) by Mary Boyce, Dec 31, 1995A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Achaemenians, by Mary Boyce, Jan 1, 1982Zoroaster in History by Gherardo Gnoli Jan 1, 2000The Gathas of Zarathustra in Metre and Rhythm by Lawrence H. Mills Mar 6, 2019Home of Aryans, http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/AryanHome. Michael Witzel,Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia by Massimo Vidale, September 26, 2017Bactria: The History of a Forgotten Empire by H. G. Rawlinson | Apr 18, 2018. p.1, p.27Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings by Abolqasem Ferdowsi, Dick Davis, et al. Mar 8, 2016The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate by Edwin Bryant, March 11, 2004, p. 132The Histories, by Herodotus G. C. Maccauley Feb 14, 2017, 4:44Parker, Grant, The Making of Roman India 2008, pp 14–15The Mahabharata (MBH) of Krishan-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Volume 1, Books, 1,2,3 by Kisari Mohan Ganguli: (MBH) I. 67.6, .112, 124. 21, 2.27.22, MBH II.27.20-23 Ramayana II.54.18-19The Zend-Avesta: The Vendidad Translated by James Darmesteter and Lawrence Heyworth MillsThe golden Hoards of Bactria: From Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan by V.I.Sarianidi Jan 1, 1985Balafrej, Lamia. The Making of the Artist in Late Timurid Painting, Edinburgh University Press, 2019A Literary History of Persia: Volume One: From the Earliest Times Until Firdawsi (To 1000 A.D.) by Edward G. Browne | May 31, 1997Christian Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol I, fn 6; also Vol II, p 129Gupta, Parmanand, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals, 1989, pp1 7–18.Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Harmatta, János; Litvinovskiĭ, Boris Abramovich; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, page 76A Literary History of Persia, Volume I, From the Earliest Times until Firdaswsi by Edward G. Browne Aug 1, 2008 (Reprint), pp.25–28"THE MAHAVAMSA » 29: Beginning of the Great Thupa". The Mahavamsa - Great Chronicle - History of Sri Lanka - Mahawansa.Discovering Cyrus: The Persian Conqueror Astride the Ancient World(Iran’s age of Empire Book 1) by Reza Zarghamee, pp. 167–175AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tōGhaznavids, by Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Jan 1, 1992Birth of the Persian Empire (Idea of Iran) by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart, 2005The Idea of Iran: An Essay on its Origin by G Gnoli, Jan 1, 1989The Avestan Hymn to Mithra (University of Cambridge Oriental Publications) 1st Edition by Ilya Gershevitch, 1959Zoroaster in History, by Gherardo Gnoli Jan 1, 2000https://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Sogh/KanishkainscriptionP. Oktor SkjaervΘ, The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity://www.academia.edu/28622991/_The_Avesta_as_Source_for_the_Early_History_of_the_Iranians_.pdf, 1995RAJESH KOCHHAR (http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci) Ancient Indian history: What do we know and how? J Biosci (2019) 44:60 Indian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9891-5The Indo-Aryan Controversy by Edwin Byrant and Laurie Patton, 2005IndoIranArch.pdf(http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/SPP129-IndoIranArch.pdf)Paropola, A(1988): The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of Dasas. Studia Orientalia 64, pp.195–302Gershevitch, I, The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Cambridge, 1959

These are the reasons why Trump supporters voted for him a second time, not necessarily for Trump himself, but for the following policies and accomplishments: [In alphabetical order (you might want to start with Racism, Morality, and COVID) ]ABORTION?: Deliberately killing an innocent human is murder. The number of chromosomes and the genome of a fetus (Latin for ‘baby’) living in a woman must be a human. S/he can not be ‘part of’ his or her mother because s/he is a distinct individual with his or her own unique blood type, finger prints, and may even be the completely opposite sex. Without love and care, a baby, after birth, can survive no better than s/he could beforehand.During the 81 wars and military conflicts since the War for Independence in the 1700’s to the recent conflict in Yemen, 2,852,901 Americans soldiers have died, but the number of American babies aborted since just 1970 is twenty-four times greater! Planned Parenthood alone kills 330,000 unborn babies a year and then sells their body parts for profit. If God is just, He will punish us for the murder of 48,000,000 of His children.In his first week as President, Trump reinstated and expanded the Mexico City Policy that blocks $9 billion in foreign aid being used for abortions and he stopped U.S. funding to the United Nations Population Fund, which promotes abortions. President Trump's PLGHA Policy requires U.S. global health funds recipients certify that they will not promote or perform abortions. Trump hosted 34 countries for a meeting on how to promote women's health and protect the lives of the unborn.At home, he announced, “I am for defunding Planned Parenthood as long as they are involved with abortion.” His Human Fetal Tissue Research Ethics Advisory Board issued recommendations on the ethics of fetal tissue research proposals and advised against funding 13 of the 14 proposals because of aborted babies would be used. America's foster care and adoption system has increased partnerships with faith-based organizations to care for children and preserve families.Trump became the first sitting president to give remarks in person at the annual March for Life in Washington, D.C. In his address he stated the eternal truth that every child is a sacred gift from God and reiterated his effort to defend the dignity and sanctity of every human life. Which president has been more pro-life than the one He has miraculously placed in power? If Jesus were Pro-Life, would He vote for Biden? Would you? (How are you doing with a logical rather than an emotional response?)ABUSE OF POWER?: Total Presidential pardons and sentence commutations: Carter: 566; Reagan: 406; HW Bush: 77; Clinton: 459; George W Bush: 200; Obama: 1,927; Trump: 26. Mueller came up empty in his Russia collusion probe. He wasted months and millions trying to find any dirt on Trump. Trump signed an Executive Order establishing new ethics commitments for all Executive branch appointees, putting in place a five-year lobbying ban and a permanent ban on lobbying for foreign governments, so that appointees would serve us instead of their own interests.ANIMAL RIGHTS?: Trump has made cruelty to animals a federal felony so that animal abusers face tougher consequences.ANTI-SEMITISM?: Trump moved the Israeli capital from Tel Aviv back to Jerusalem (as promised by so many previous US presidents). Prime Minister Netanyahu responded: “President Donald Trump, thank you for today’s historic decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. The Jewish people and the Jewish state will be forever grateful.” Trump signed an executive order that allows the government to withhold money from college campuses here in the USA deemed to be anti-Semitic and who fail to combat anti-Semitism. This is important. As Jeff Jacoby, a Jewish columnist at the Boston Globe explains: “This is a Christian country. It was founded by Christians and built on broad Christian principles. Threatening? Far from it. It is in precisely this Christian country that Jews have known the most peaceful, prosperous, and successful existence in their long history.” Aaron Zelman (a Jewish author and head of a civil rights organization) similarly declares: “Christian America is the best home our people have found in 2,000 years. . . . this remains the most tolerant, prosperous, and safest home we could be blessed with.” Dennis Prager, a Jewish national columnist and popular talkshow host, warns: “If America abandons its Judeo-Christian values basis and the central role of the Jewish and Christian Bibles (its Founders’ guiding text), we are all in big trouble, including, most especially, America’s non-Christians. Just ask the Jews of secular Europe.” Trump himself has Jewish grandchildren.BIAS?: Imagine that CNN had honestly and accurately reported then-candidate Biden’s close ties to foreign terrorists (Rashid Khalidi), domestic terrorists (William Ayers and Bernardine Dohrn), the mafia (Tony Rezko) or the true evils of Jeremiah Wright! Imagine if CNN had honestly and accurately covered the evils of Biden’s involvement in weaponizing the IRS to be used against political opponents, or his involvement in the running of guns to the Mexican cartels, or the truth about the murder of Ambassador Christopher Stevens and his involvement in the cover-up. Yet, can you think of anything good that fake news has ever said about Trump since the GOP primaries? No wonder he’s angry; wouldn’t you be also? Is it important to be balanced or better to simply believe everything that we watch on CNN and NBC? In 2007, the New York Times gave a discount to MoveOn.org for the ad hominem, anti-David Petraeus “General Betray Us”advertisement? Did they ever give a discount for any Republican ad?BLACK & HISPANIC EMPLOYEES?: Blacks and Hispanics benefited economically more than whites from the new measures Trump implemented. Median incomes for black households rose 7.9% and Hispanic households 7.1%, a faster rate than incomes for white households (5.7%).BUDGET?: Trump’s budget cut domestic spending by 5% ($2.7 trillion). Acting Office of Management and Budget Director Russ Vought pleaded, “It’s time for Congress to come to the table, work with the President, and rein in Washington’s spending addiction.” The Dept of Treasury reported a $182 billion surplus for April 2017 (2nd largest in history). It got better thereafter! He produced a budget that cut $54 billion from bloated federal bureaucracies, eliminate 50 programs, and more than 3,000 unnecessary federal jobs.CHRISTIAN?: Trump is a Scottish Presbyterian with no interest in occults, mysticism or exotic mythologies. Melania was raised as a Slovenian Roman Catholic. Trump grew up attending the First Presbyterian in Queens where he was confirmed, and Marble Collegiate Church where one of his sons was baptized. The others have been as well. Today, he and Melania prefer the church they got married in (The Episcopal Church of Bethesda by-the-Sea in Palm Beach). In D.C., they attended St. John's Episcopal Church when possible. Consider that when the President goes to church, it is extremely disruptive with the media and the Secret Service needing to check everything out. Fortunately, church is not the ‘meeting house’ but a group of believers and Trump encourages worship in the White House with a chaplain and a weekly 90 minute Bible Study (usually attended by 10 cabinet members, plus staff, led by Ralph Drollinger who reports that Trump, if he misses one week, “writes me back notes on my 8-page bible study print-outs.” In fact, a Bible from a wonderful revival in Scotland has passed down to Trump, a descendant of one of the evangelists. He keeps it in the White House. He has said that his favorite book is the Bible, followed by The Art of the Deal. Few presidents in the 20th-21st. century have had such a close adult relationship with a pastor as Trump did with Norman Vincent Peale. But is Trump Born Again? Is he authentic?On June 21, 2016 over 1000 Christian leaders from all over the U.S. gathered to ask Donald Trump tough specific questions in person. James Robison, Jerry Falwell Jr., Huckabee, Carson, and Franklin Graham addressed the crowd attesting to the authenticity and trustworthiness of Donald Trump. At the end, Trump received a standing ovation. Dr. James Dobson adds that Trump was saved fairly recently; he knows who led Trump to Christ (Pastor Paula White). "I believe he really made a commitment, but he's a baby Christian. We all need to be praying for him, especially if there's a possibility of him being our next chief executive officer. He doesn't know our language, he really doesn't, and he refers a lot to religion and not much to faith and belief.” Trump himself has admitted, “The office is so powerful that you need God even more because your decisions are no longer, ‘Gee I’m going to build a building in New York.’ These are questions of massive, life-and-death. There’s almost not a decision that you make when you’re sitting in this position that isn’t a really life-altering position. So God comes into it even more so.” Don’t we all sin? Yet, we can all get saved at any moment, at any age, although critics may continue bring up our past.Check Trump’s actions. His executive order prohibits the U.S. government from discriminating against Christians or punishing expressions of faith. Federal prosecutors have been directed to monitor and take action to correct state and local policies that discriminate against religious institutions and believers. His CARES Act made churches and religious nonprofits eligible for assistance like the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). In addition, Trump ensured that large abortion providers like Planned Parenthood would not be eligible for coronavirus relief. The Depts of Agriculture, Education, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs, Justice, Labor, Health & Human Services, Housing & Urban Development, plus the U.S. Agency for International Development leveled the playing field for faith-based organizations wishing to participate in grant programs or as contractors. The new rules eliminated two requirements placed on faith-based organizations that were not placed on secular organizations. The Depts of Education and Justice issued guidance on constitutionally protected prayer and religious expression in public elementary and secondary schools ensuring that prayer in schools is properly protected. Trump has been removing burdensome requirements that faith-based organizations (including foster care and adoption agencies) must accept same-sex marriages and profess gender identity, in order to be eligible to participate in grant programs. He also announced a coalition within the business community to protect religious freedom.Internationally, his Executive Order on Advancing International Religious Freedom recognized the promotion of international religious freedom as a moral and national security imperative. He set up a Special Adviser to the President on International Religious Freedom within the National Security Council authorized by the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. Trump is the first president to dedicate a full-time staffer to this role on a permanent basis. His International Religious Freedom Alliance unites government leaders from like-minded nations to strategize ways to promote religious freedom and protect religious minorities around the world. Trump has placed targeted sanctions on Russian officials for their religious freedom violations and torture of Jehovah's Witnesses. He hosted a meeting during the U.N. General Assembly and gave a speech solely on the topic of religious freedom, providing $25 million to protect religious sites and relics around the world. This is the first time a U.S. president has hosted a meeting focused solely on religious freedom at the UN.Biden, on the other hand, went along with Obama’s declaration that the USA “is no longer a Christian nation.” Biden had no qualms about the cancelation of the 21st annual National Day of Prayer ceremony which had been supported by all our previous Vice Presidents. Then, on 9/25/09, Biden participated in an Islamic National Day of Prayer with over 50,000 Muslims. Biden also saw nothing wrong with sending $770,000,000 to support mosques in Egypt, Cyprus, etc.Trump fortunately reinstituded the National Day of Prayer and took us back to our roots and the warnings of our Founding Fathers: “No nation has ever existed or been governed without religion. Nor can be. The Christian religion is the best religion that has been given to man and I, as Chief Magistrate of this nation, am bound to give it the sanction of my example” (T. Jefferson). “We have no government armed with power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion… Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.” (Adams). "To the kindly influence of Christianity we owe that degree of civil freedom, and political and social happiness which mankind now enjoys. . . . Whenever the pillars of Christianity shall be overthrown, our present republican forms of government, and all blessings which flow from them, must fall with them.” (J. Morse)CONSUMER CONFIDENCE?: Trump achieved a 17-year-high in the consumer confidence index. In spite of COVID, confidence is still high and optimism still reigns and the recovery becomes ever more apparent. Trump did it once and it only took him three years. He can do it again. Biden never did it in 47 years.COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2?: Before there were six cases in the USA, Trump jumped quickly to provide everything necessary to protect Americans regardless to how doing so might jeopardize his chance of reelection if the amazing economy he had made possible was destroyed. The Democrats, on the other hand, stalled for 3 months to let COVID get out of control by pursuing an obviously futile impeachment. Pelosi then sat on those impeachment papers for 28 days before sending them on to the Senate which shut down for 21 days leaving Trump to deal with Covid alone. When Trump closed travel to and from China, Chuck Schumer declared the action “racist”. DeBlasio, in March, said that everybody should ride the subways and go to Broadway. Twenty-eight days after the travel restriction, Nancy Pelosi, downplaying the severity of the virus, begged people to visit Chinatown in San Francisco, once again playing the race card. She then at the last hour of the stimulus package, added things that were pure politics and had nothing to do with the dire circumstances at hand.Why didn’t Biden during his Vice Presidency replenish the National Medical stockpile of masks after the H1N1 virus scare? What prevented all of these Democrat governors from ordering all the PPE and ventilators for emergency purposes during the last two years?Every day, every turn, every word, every breath since before he was elected, Trump has been attacked, mocked, accused, blamed and belittled by the socialists. Yet, he’s the guy that gets hospital ships readied in one week! He’s the guy that gets temporary hospitals with hundreds of beds built in three days! He’s the guy that gets industries to build ventilators and face masks inspite of regulations by agencies which move like sloths. He’s the guy that asks, “Why we aren’t using already existing drugs that may work on people who are dying; what the hell do we have to lose?” He’s the guy that shut down travel from China, when the liberals, the media, and the W.H.O. were screaming xenophobia and racist. Now, they are asking why didn't he react sooner?It has been revealed from ‘gain of function’ involving four inserts of HIV-1 gp 120 and HIV-1 Gag, plus Plasmodium falciparum, by technicians (using molecular tools which can only be done in a laboratory) that COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 had to have been manmade, with Harvard, Ft. Detrick, the US Army Research Institute of Infectious Disease, and at the Food and Drug Administration’s lab in Arkansas all involved. The SARS-CoV-2 has a strange furin polybasic cleavage site that its closest genetic relative, RaTG-13, does not have; four different amino acids have been inserted into the virus contributing to its infectivity and pathogenicity. These have never been detected in nature and could not have come straight from the bats. It was all funded by the CIA and USAID-EPT-PREDICT. The ‘gain of function’ aspect adding HSC-014 with SARS plus HIV and MERS was done at Univ. of North Carolina. When a 2014 US moratorium on biological weapons forced further research out of the USA. Fauchi (NIH) gave $3.7M to our communist enemy, the Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, to finish it up! Laboratory materials, samples and equipment used were obtained from the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Then, in 2017, at George Washington Univ., Fauchi was recorded declaring that, “There will be a surprise outbreak” during Trump’s presidency. What made Fauchi so confident? Their hope was that by killing millions of citizens and ruining the economy, this plandemic would bring Trump down. In fact, in Nov.’19, the CDC advertised for quarantine managers. Not surprisingly, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation owns the the Pirbright Inst. which owns patent EP 3172319B1/EP 3172319A1 (US 20062577852). Check worldwide.espacenet.com. It was applied for on July 23, 2015. Patents are only good for a certain amount of time. So, the granting of this COVID-19 patent was delayed until November 20, 2019 just it was being released from China. These traitors are making huge amounts of money while successfully sabotaging our economy. Whether they can also bring Trump down will be decided by a hopefully educated electorate on November 3rd.DEFICIT & DEBT?: During Biden’s Vice Presidency, the national debt grew to a staggering $19 trillion, at a rate of $35 million/hour and $2 billion every 24 hours. The TOTAL debt accumulated by all the previous 43 US Presidents combined, from 1789 - 2008 was $6.3 trillion dollars. But the debt added during Biden’s Vice Presidency amounted to $6.5 trillion - in just one term! Overall, spending during Biden's Vice Presidency was 40% greater than tax revenue. As President, he would make everything ‘free’. During Trump’s attempts to balance the budget, the Democrats continued this irresponsible spending through their control of the House of Representatives.TRUMP’S record compared with BIDEN’S record1st. year deficit: $665B $1.4TTrump has added about $1.7 to the national debt and spending must come down. However, during Biden's Vice Presidency the US debt to GDP ratio increased by 40% from around 60% in 2009 to over 100% by the time he left office. But the Debt to GDP ratio under Trump had been declining! With his increasing GDP Trump has managed to decrease the debt to GDP ratio in the 2 years since the 2016 election.DISASTER?: Prophecies about Trump as he began his first term included: “This is Armageddon. It’s the end of the world.” (N. Pelosi, D-CA). “What has been sold as a job creator and wage booster will, of course, do little of either.” (C. Schumer, D-NY). Liberal economist-turned-columnist Paul Krugman guaranteed a “global recession, with no end in sight.” “10,000 people will die every year from tax reform if passed into law.” (L. Summers, Clinton economist). Think of how much more could have been accomplished for Americans if these corrupt politicians had worked with rather than against Trump!DISLIKED?: Yet, they chose to dislike Trump because: (1) he won’t tolerate the ‘good old boy’ method of ripping off taxpayers; (2) he won’t mince words but calls a spade a spade unencumbered by the financial shackles of those who have been bought off; (3) he is free from political ideology distrusting Republicans as much as Democrats; (4) he is keeping his promises as a statesman, rather than compromising as a politician; (5) his confidence is confused for arrogance politicians who never really solved problem.DIVISIVE?: Ought we blame Trump for the divisions we see in America? Did it begin before he became president when none of the Democrats showed up for his inauguration except for Clinton and Obama? What would have happened had Republicans not show up for Obama's inauguration because they lost? Or did it begin 19 minutes after Trump was inaugurated when the Washington Post declared the ‘IMPEACHMENT CAMPAIGN has STARTED'? Was that when Trump divided America? How about when Nancy Pelosi ripped up Trump's state of the union right in front of the world, showing complete disrespect for the President of the United States? Did that bring the country together? How about when Trump and Americans had to endure 3 years and over $30 million trying to prove that Trump only won because of Russian collusion, not because America voted him in. Bloomberg gave $27 million, Tom Steyer gave $17 million, George Soros gave $9 million and many others to Hillary expecting a return on their investment? Did that close the gap between the honest and dishonest? 90% of mainstream media are owned by big Democrat donors? Over the last 47 years, what did Joe Biden ever do for blacks or working class Americans? When the teacher said the electoral college had to be eliminated because Hillary lost, and a student offered reason it should stay, the teacher ripped him apart and gave the entire class a 5 hour test, stating it was because he dared to disagree with her. Is such divisiveness perpetuated by faculty in your schools? Have the Democrats ever once gotten behind Trump to make America the best it can be? Was it divisive to blame the cages which the left claimed Trump had built to put Illegal children in, were actually built during Biden’s Vice Presidency to put illegal children in? Was Trump divisive by commuted 10 people but Obama was not for commuted 1,715 inmates? Was Trump divisive for dealing with COVID-19 after 6 Americans had been infected, but not divisive when Biden as VP allowed the H1N1 - SWINE FLU to infect millions of Americans before declaring it a health emergency? Why is it the most homeless, the most crime, the most murders, the worst inner city schools, the most Antifa & BLM chaos and destruction are all in cities ‘run’ by Democrats, creating great division?ECONOMY?: Only 8% of Biden and his fellow cabinet members ever worked in private business! This helps to explain the incompetence of that administration. The economic recovery during Biden’s last seven years as vice president remains the worst in postwar American history! Biden was the only vice president in history to never see economic growth above 3 percent. Average gross domestic product (GDP) growth since the bottom of the recession in 2009 was barely above 2.1% per year which Biden considered the “new normal.” The average since 1949 is well above 4% per year during the previous 10 expansions. This result was not just bad, it was catastrophic.TRUMP COMPARED WITH BIDENGDP Growth: 4.1% 1.6%Best economic growth to start a year in four years (Imbert reports for CNBC)1st.Q GDP expanded by 3.2% (Bureau of Ec Analysis); Dow Jones poll of economists expect 2.5%1st. year deficit: $665 billion $1.4 trillionFood Stamps kept or given away: ? 10.7M (32%)Under Trump, over 700 companies have boosted wages, given bonuses and other benefits to their employees because of tax reform. The economy has achieved the longest positive job-growth streak on record. Companies have brought back over a TRILLION dollars from overseas because of the TCJA bill that Trump signed.EMPLOYMENT?: Because of Trump, the number of individuals in work increased by 2.2 million. The number of full-time, year-round workers increased by 1.2 million. Small business job creation broke a 45-year record. Note however that employment of White House staff was cut. 44 staff had been dedicated to Michelle; Melania does fine with five. In total, there are 140 fewer staffers. This saves tax payers $25.1 million!ENERGY?: Under Trump, America has become the “greatest energy superpower in the history of the world” surpassing both Russia and Saudi Arabia. We’re now the world leader in oil and natural gas production which has reached record highs. Coal exports reached their highest level in 5 years. Trump opened up federally owned land and offshore areas for exploration and production, approving permits for the crucial Dakota Access and Keystone XL pipelines. Biden claims he’d do likewise. So why didn’t he when he had the chance? Trump pulled America out of the fraudulent, ineffective, and one-sided Paris Climate Accord. Under Biden, the “Green New Deal” would be the most radical takeover of America’s economy ever contemplated. The ultimate goal is to eradicate all production of oil, coal, and natural gas in the United States—and millions of jobs along with it.EPA?: Under Trump, the carbon footprint of the USA has gone negative while Europe has increased further. He sent $100 million to clean the waters in Flint, MI. Trump signed the biggest wilderness protection & conservation bill in a decade and designated 375,000 acres as protected land. He also signed the Save our Seas Act which funds $10 million per year to clean tons of plastic & garbage from the ocean. Trump’s USDA committed $124 Million to rebuild rural water infrastructure. To keep things honest, Trump placed 66 new experts on three different EPA scientific committees to replace those with conflicts of interest, having received grants for serving on ‘independent' advisory boards.FARMERS?: Trump provided $12 billion in aid for farmers affected by unfair trade retaliation.FOREIGN AFFAIRS?: Trump has been protecting our sovereignty and restored our standing and respect in the world. He is known to be a loyal friend to friendly nations and won’t tolerate anti-Americanism. He withdrew from UNESCO which defends dictators and spreads anti-Americanism. He decertified the awful treaty with Iran. He withdrew the US from the hypocritical Paris Agreement on Climate Change and imposed a travel ban on the most likely terrorist countries. He ordered new sanctions on the dictatorship in Venezuela.Trump rescued over a dozen citizens imprisoned abroad and ignored by Biden. Trump signed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act into law, which affirms Hong Kong's semi-autonomous status and protects against Chinese government encroachment, which is a threat to Hong Kong's religious freedom.Amazingly, Trump convinced China to impose the toughest sanctions ever on North Korea.GAY?: Trump appointed five openly gay ambassadors, the most competent candidates for the job. He ordered Ric Grenell, his openly gay ambassador to Germany, to lead a global initiative to decriminalize homosexuality across the globe. HHS finalized its regulation that clarifies that discrimination on the basis of sex in section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act is to be interpreted under the plain meaning of the word. Therefore, it does not include "gender identity" or "termination of pregnancy" as previously set forth when Biden was vice president. Trump will not force physicians to participate in gender reassignment surgeries or abortions.GENEROUS?: Trump donates his entire salary to charities. Liz Crokin, an entertainment journalist paid to dig up dirt on celebrities, covered Trump for over a decade. She never heard anything negative about the man until he announced he was running for president. She found him to be one of the most generous celebrities in the world.In 1986, Trump financially prevented the foreclosure of Annabell Hill's family farm after her husband committed suicide. Trump took action after he saw Hill's pleas for help in news reports.In 1988, a commercial airline refused to fly Andrew Ten, a sick Orthodox Jewish child with a rare illness, across the country to get medical care because he had to travel with an elaborate life-support system. His grief-stricken parents contacted Trump for help and he didn't hesitate to send his own plane to take the child from Los Angeles to New York.In 1991, a scheduling mistake stranded 200 Desert Storm Marines returning to their families. When Trump got wind of this, he sent his plane to make two trips from North Carolina to Miami.In 1995, a motorist stopped to help Trump after the limo he was traveling in got a flat tire. Trump asked the good samaritan how he could repay him. The man suggested sending flowers to his wife. Trump sent a bouquet with a note that read: “We've paid off your mortgage.”In 1996, Trump filed a lawsuit against the city of Palm Beach which didn’t like his Mar-a-Lago resort club allowing in Jews and blacks. Abraham Foxman, Director of the Anti-Defamation League said that Trump would not tolerate discrimination and that his lawsuit had a trickle-down effect because other clubs followed Trumps lead and began admitting Jews and blacks.In 2000, Maury Povich interviewed a little girl named Megan who struggled with Brittle Bone Disease. Trump happened to be watching the show and gifted the little girl and her family with a very generous check.In 2008, after Jennifer Hudson's family members were tragically murdered in Chicago , Trump put the Oscar-winning actress and her family up, under full security, at his Windy City hotel for free.In 2013, New York bus driver Darnell Barton spotted a woman close to the edge of a bridge staring at the traffic below as he drove by. He stopped the bus and saved her life by convincing her to not jump. Trump sent the hero a check simply because he believed his good deed deserved to be rewarded.In 2014, Trump gave $25,000 to Sgt. Andrew Tamoressi after he spent seven months in a Mexican jail for accidentally crossing the US-Mexico border. Vice President Biden couldn't even be bothered to make one phone call to assist with the United States Marine's release; however, Trump opened his pocketbook to help this serviceman get back on his feet.In 2016, Melissa Consin Young attended a Trump rally and tearfully thanked Trump for changing her life. She said she proudly stood on stage with Trump as Miss Wisconsin USA in 2005. However, years later she found herself struggling with an incurable illness and during her darkest days, she explained that she received a handwritten letter from Trump telling her “You are the bravest woman I know.” She said the opportunities that she got from Trump and his organizations ultimately provided her Mexican-American son with a full-ride to college. Donald Trump's kindness knows no bounds and his generosity has and continues to touch the lives of people from every sex, race, and religion. When Trump sees someone in need, he wants to help. Any stories like this about Biden?GUNS?: Gun control isn’t about guns; it’s about control. The 2nd Amendment protects the rest in case the politicians ignore our inalienable rights. Trump understands that free people do not ask permission to bear arms; a citizen is armed, a subject or slave is not. As Jefferson observed, “Those who hammer their guns into plows will plow for those who do not.” The War for Independence would never have happened with gun control. Only a government that is afraid of its citizens tries to control them and “Those who trade liberty for security have neither (John Adams). You only keep those rights which you are willing to fight for. Know guns, know peace, know safety (no guns, no peace, no safety). You don’t shoot to kill; you shoot to stay alive. Yet, 64,999,987 firearms killed no one yesterday. Banning guns because criminals have too many is like castrating yourself because your neighbor has lots of kids - Clint Eastwood.HEALTH REFORM?: During the 3-1/2 years of World War II that started with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and ended with the Surrender of Germany and Japan in 1945, the U.S. produced 22 aircraft carriers, 8 battleships, 48 cruisers, 349 destroyers, 420 destroyer escorts, 203 submarines, 34 million tons of merchant ships, 100,000 fighter aircraft, 98,000 bombers, 24,000 transport aircraft, 58,000 training aircraft, 93,000 tanks, 257,000 artillery pieces, 105,000 mortars, 3,000,000 machine guns, and 2,500,000 military trucks. We put 16.1 million men in uniform in the various armed services, invaded Africa, invaded Sicily and Italy, won the battle for the Atlantic, planned and executed D-Day, marched across the Pacific and Europe, developed the atomic bomb and ultimately conquered Japan and Germany. During this same amount of time, Biden as Vice President couldn't build a functioning health-insurance website!The health care program Biden was involved in included 21 new taxes which further suppressed middle-class income, slowing economic growth. The health care program Biden approved of also forced employers to provide health insurance to all full-time workers or pay a fine, which could be as high as $3,000 per employee, and penalized taxpayers for choosing not to buy health insurance. All this added to the cost of labor, which again had the effect of slowing growth. Consequently, full-time employees were replace with part-timers.So, Trump eliminated Biden’s government-controlled health-care system and forced the largest year-over-year drop in drug prices ever recorded. He also repealing Biden’s Independent Payment Advisory Board, also known as the “death panels.”Just one hundred days after Trump was elected, there were 60% fewer drug price increases, and 54% more price decreases! At least 15 manufacturers committed to lowering drug prices. Trump enacted changes to the Medicare 340B program, saving seniors an estimated $320 million on drugs in one year. The drug aspect had cost Americans 180% of what the Europeans, the Canadians, and the Japanese were paying. Big Pharma was making all their profit here in the United States so they could give sweetheart deals to other countries. The single largest decline in drug prices in 46 years just took place as the FDA approved a record number of generic drugs as alternatives to expensive brand-name medicines. Customers saved a staggering $26 billion. Pushed by Trump, the FDA set a new record for generic drug approvals in 2017, saving consumers nearly $9 billion.Trump extend and expand price transparency throughout health care. Hospitals, insurance companies, and drug companies are now required to disclose real prices to patients. Such competition will drive costs down. His executive order forces all healthcare providers to disclose the cost of their services so that Americans can comparison shop and know how much less providers charge insurance companies. He believes that Americans should never be blindsided by bills for medical services they never agreed to in advance. Trump also made it possible for more employers to form Association Health Plans joining together to affordably provide health insurance to their employees.Trump’s Right to Try lets those who are terminally-ill try treatments that might not normally be legal. It gives these patients a chance to live, the least that can be done when individuals have already been dealt a bad hand. He signed the most comprehensive childhood cancer legislation ever into law. Trump is now providing HIV prevention drugs for free to 200,000 uninsured patients per year for 11 years. He provided nearly $60.7 million for Lupus specific research and education programs.Trump invested more than $1 billion to improve access to health care for 2.5 million people in rural communities across 41 states. He is committed to lowering the cost of healthcare while protecting patients with preexisting conditions.HEMP?: Trump signed a bill making CBD and Hemp legal.HONEST?: During the past four years, Trump fulfilled almost all the promises he made during the primaries, even though he has been attacked and resisted by half the government. This is unheard of! After 47 years, Biden is still running on promises made but never kept. Can you think of just one achievement which Biden can offer? Is plain, pointed but honest speech preferable to polished lies and deception? Some equate Trump to a doctor with a horrible bed-side manner who scolds, “Stop smoking and lose 100 lbs.!” Offended and angry, you come up with 10 reasons why he’s crazy. Eventually, you realize that he’s the only one telling you the truth.HUMAN RIGHTS?: Trump declared a national emergency related to “serious human rights abuse and corruption around the world.” He then imposed sanctions on 13 criminals at large. Trump established the Global Magnitsky Act and the Anti-Trafficking Coordination Team (ACTeam) initiative. Consequently, Federal law enforcement more than doubled the convictions of human traffickers and increased the number of defendants charged by 75% in ACTeam districts. Trump’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Homeland Security Investigations arrested 1,588 criminals associated with Human Trafficking. Trump’s Department of Health and Human Services provided funding to support the National Human Trafficking Hotline to identify perpetrators and give victims the help they need. Trump’s DOJ provided grants to organizations that support human trafficking victims.IMMIGRANTS (ILLEGAL)?: Hypocrites Clinton, Obama, Shumer, Biden, and other Democratic leaders repeatedly endorsed building a wall until Trump was elected and committed to doing so. Securing the border is paying off and making our country safer. Trump struck new agreements with Mexico and Central American countries stopping the flood and caravans funded by Soros. The result was 70% fewer apprehensions (lowest in 17 years)! ICE Director Thomas Homan, stated, "the President has done more for border security and public safety than any of the six Presidents I’ve worked for!” Trump is responsible for the hiring of 10,000 Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers and agents, and 5,000 more border patrol agents. He also established a Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE) office to help those abused by illegal immigrants. We send our troops to defend the borders of foreign countries, but the Democrats won’t defend our own borders! The New York Post reported, “Truth is, the Democrats aren’t leveling with the public about the billions we are already forced to spend on shelters, food, diapers, medical care and child care for migrants sneaking across the border and claiming asylum.” If the gov’t was willing to spend $6 billion on 3,000 miles of walls to protect homeowners from traffic noise, why not $5 billion along the southern border to protect our lives?IMMIGRANTS (LEGAL) EMPLOYEES?: Median incomes for foreign-born workers grew at a greater rate (8.5 percent) than those for native-born Americans (6.2 percent). He is ending ‘chain migration’ where an individual approved can bring along dozens of family members. He withdrew from the U.N. Global Compact on Migration which was a threat to our borders He intends to reward those who enter legally.IMMORAL?: How do we assess the character of anyone outside of how one’s actions affect others? Ought we devalue policies which benefit millions of people, here at home and throughout the world if we dislike the person? When it comes to morality, talk is cheap; actions speak louder than words. Jesus said you would know His followers by their fruit (Mt 7:20). We’re to judge the tree by its fruit.Trump doesn’t drink, smoke, use drugs, or gamble for recreation. Neither does anyone in his family. He hasn’t ordered a 18-year-old female staffer to fellate a senior aide in the White House swimming pool, or exposed himself to staff, or had oral sex with a young female subordinate in the West Wing. Instead, Trump repealed the transgender public school bathroom mandate and regulations that prevented drug testing for unemployment compensation (instituted during Biden’s Vice Presidency).Sure, Trump lacks decorum, dignity, and statesmanship. He is not a politician afraid of offending someone. His only special interest group are American citizens. He calls things like he sees them. Should it matter to you if a fireman drops an "f-bomb" while he's pulling you from a burning building? Would you really care about what came out of his mouth in those moments? Heck no! You, like me, would care about what he was doing. He wasn't sent there to save your soul and you’re not looking to him for spiritual guidance. All you’re thinking in those moments is, "Thank you, Jesus, for sending the fireman!”Ulysses Grant was a crude, vulgar drunk but Lincoln realized that, “I cannot spare this man. He fights.” General Patton wasn’t any better but President Roosevelt needed him. During WWII, Winston Churchill was hated by Parliament whom he taunted and ridiculed. London was bombed every night. Churchill got the things done that were necessary to stop Hitler and comfort the people of Great Britain.Today, Trump, who attended the NY Military Academy, performed in WWE wrestling events, and is in the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame, yells, “You magnificent bastards, I read your book!” He’s defeating the Left using their own tactics from Alinsky’s Rules for Radicals, destroying HAMAS and ISIS (which Biden said would be around for generations”), battling Antifa, targeting MS13 gangs, forcing China to be honest, getting out of the nuclear deal with Iran, killing Soleimani, and fighting fake news.The days of America being taken advantage of are over. Trump was courageous enough to be the first US President or foreign leader to dine in China’s Forbidden City since the founding of modern China. His meeting in Singapore with the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un shocked the world.Occasional crude language, intemperate tweets, locker-room language, and personal flaws like adultery (reminders of King David) ought not be excused; Biden committed adultery with the wife of another man to whom he is presently married. But personal flaws also ought not distract from how he has blessed so many people who were suffering or in danger. Trump, resisted by the Democrat controlled House of Representatives, nevertheless has managed to pass more legislation to bless us all in his first 100 days than any President since Truman.We are not voting for a minister. Trump is no saint. A vote for Trump is not an endorsement of all his sins but an acknowledgement that God picked him in 2016 to be another Samson when winning that election required a miracle! The GOP was against him. The DNP was against him. Even the media was against him. Sure, Trump has many flaws, but patriotism isn’t one of them.Biden will destroy America as we know it, undoing everything Trump has done. Biden’s deep state whispered to Trump, “You can not withstand the storm!” Trump whispered back, “I am the storm!!” So if you care about morality, vote Biblically as a way of loving your neighbor which makes not voting not an option.This nation can’t afford to have another 40 million evangelicals stay home! God always works through people. Will you let Him work through you this November 3rd? Trump gave up his billionaire lifestyle to be scorned, humiliated, ridiculed, and slandered in order to save this nation.INCOME?: No other President has brought as much wealth and prosperity to African-American, Asian-American, and Latino-American families. Paychecks rose by 3.3 percent between 2016 and 2017, the most in a decade.Real median income for American households increased 6.8 percent in 2019—a jump of almost $4,400 in one year!! “Real median income” takes inflation into account and represents the 50th percentile of American income. What happens to the income for the top 1% won’t move the median income number one bit. From 2009 to 2014, real median income fell overall. Note that now the median or average-income family has seen a gain of $5,003 since Trump came into office! Under George W. Bush, the household income gains were a little over $400, and during Biden’s Vice Presidency the gains (which took 8 years) were $1,043.Trump, in less than three years, created a three times larger gain! He can do it again. The benefits of this economic growth went to the vast majority of American households enabling minorities to find work at higher pay grades while lowering their taxes.JUSTICE?: Don’t you want justices who will uphold the US Constitution? Do you really want judges who, rather than interpret the law as written, would invent rulings according to their personal preferences? Trump has appointed 193 federal judges, including two Supreme Court justices and 51 federal appeals court judges who will follow the law and preserve our freedoms.Trump signed the groundbreaking First Step Act, enacting reforms to make our justice system fairer and help former inmates successfully return to society. Inequities in sentencing disproportionately harm Black Americans. Trump has been promoting second chance hiring to give former inmates the opportunity to live crime-free lives and find meaningful employment. He launched the new “Ready to Work Initiative” to help connect employers directly with former prisoners. He signed the 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund into law.LAW & ORDER?: Most all police organizations have endorsed Trump because they know that if he gets four more years, he’ll drain the swamp and finally put the socialist traitors and child traffickers away for life. Trump’s executive order increased penalties for crimes against police. He enhanced and updated the Project Safe Neighborhoods to help reduce violent crime. Have any law enforcement agencies endorsed Biden?The Wall Street Journal (1/30/20) admitted: “Democrats broke every standard of due process, transparency and fairness in their House investigation, making a mockery of their constitutional duty. They hid the identity of the original accuser, denying Republicans and the country the ability to judge his motives. They held secret depositions, barring more than three-quarters of House members, as well as the press and the American public. They called 18 witnesses, but blocked the president from calling any in his defense. The White House legal team was excluded from the proceedings—prohibited from cross-examining witnesses, denied the ability to introduce any evidence that spoke to the central question of the president’s focus on Ukrainian corruption. In the end, Democrats approved two articles of impeachment that failed to identify a crime.”Trump created a commission on child-trafficking. He put into place Operation Cross Country XI to combat human trafficking, rescuing 84 children and arresting 120 human traffickers.Trump is a strong advocate for your 2nd Amendment rights so that if the police can’t come to your assistance quickly enough, you can still defend those you love.Trump is upholding the immigration laws, ignored by Biden. He ended Biden’s “catch and release” of illegal immigrants. Trump has defunded 300 sanctuary cities that defy ICE and has added 100 more immigration judges.MALE CHAUVINIST?: Trump depended completely on a female campaign manager (Kellyanne Conway) for his 2016 election outcome when he didn’t stand a chance of willing. She became the first female campaign manager in the history of America to win a presidential campaign.Trump appointed Elaine Chao as Sec. of Transportation, Betsy DeVos as Sec. of Ed., Gina Haspel as Dir. of the CIA, and Jovita Carranza as Small Business Admin.Trump signed the Inspiring the Next Space Pioneers, Innovators, Researchers, and Explorers (INSPIRE) Women Act to encourage women to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), pursue careers in aerospace, and further advance the nation's space science and exploration. Trump revived NASA and wants a woman to be the first to step foot on the moon in 2024.He gave the job of constructing the Trump Towers to Barbara Res making her the first woman in history to build a skyscraper. He established the Women In Entrepreneurship Act and prioritized women-owned businesses for some $500 million in SBA loans. He got Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accept the United States-Canada Council for Advancement of Women Entrepreneurs and Business Leaders.Women’s unemployment reached its lowest rate in nearly 65 years, dropping to 3.6%. Trump’s economic policies which benefited all classes of Americans, benefited women more than men! Inflation-adjusted earnings for full-time, year-round workers increased by 2.1 percent for men, and 3.0 percent for women. Median incomes for women (7.8 percent) grew more than three times as fast as incomes for men (2.5 percent).That was possible because Trump increased the availability and affordability of child care for mothers, (even during nontraditional work hours and for mothers in school) with a one-time investment of $1 billion. He gave 12 weeks of paid parental leave for millions of federal workers. He increased by $2.4 billion funding for the Child Care and Development Fund which will bless low-income families. His Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) provides a 20-35% tax credit for child care expenses ($3,000 per child & $6,000 per family), plus Flexible Spending Accounts so that mothers can set aside up to $5,000 in pre-tax dollars to use for child care.Trump implemented the Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education and Support Act (CARES) allocating $1.8 billion to help mothers with children suffering from autism spectrum disorder.He established the Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Policy to empower women and girls to participate fully in and equally benefit from the development of their potential. This takes into account the biological differences between males and females and is supported by The Fairness in Women's Sports Act ensuring that only biologically female athletes are permitted to compete in female sports. By restricting male athletes, female athletes can once again have a fair shot at medals and scholarships. Biden would take this away from women! Trump is so pro-women that he has even required airports to provide spaces for breastfeeding moms.MANUFACTURING?: Biden said there were not going to be any more manufacturing jobs; almost 200,000 manufacturing jobs were lost because of his policies. Under Trump, the nation’s top manufacturers have experienced phenomenal growth with an average of 91.8 percent of manufacturers positive about their own firm, compared to an average of 68.6 percent during the last two years of Biden’s service as Vice President. For example, U.S. Steel is now spending $1 billion to upgrade its Mon Valley Works in order to keep the region’s last integrated steel mill operating for decades to come. A combined casting and rolling facility (the first of its kind at any American steel mill) and a cogeneration power plant will have reduced emissions and increased efficiency. During Biden’s Vice Presidency, the entire period from 2001 to 2016, the annualized rate of real GDP growth in the first half of the year averaged a dismal 1.9%.MENTALLY UNSTABLE?: Dr. Keith Abelow, psychiatrist, concludes that, “Donald Trump is stone cold sane. When a man acquires billions of dollars through complex real estate transactions, invests in many countries, goes on to phenomenal success in television and turns his name into a worldwide brand, it is very unlikely that he is mentally unstable. When the same man obviously enjoys the love and respect of his children and his wife, who seem to rely on him for support and guidance, it is extraordinarily unlikely that he is mentally unstable. When the same man walks into the political arena and deftly defeats 16 Republican opponents and then the Democratic heir-apparent to a two-term President’s administration, the odds of that man being mentally unstable become astonishingly thin. And when that very same man attracts to his team the kind of intellect and gravitas represented by Dr Ben Carson, Attorney General Jeff Sessions, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Defense James Mattis, etc., he cannot be mentally deranged. Period.” The stock market doesn’t like instability. Investors, en masse, can take the measure of a man pretty darn well. The stock market sky-rocketed and is doing so again.NASA?: Jump started NASA and established a Space armed forces division.NATIVE AMERICANS?: Trump signed three bills to benefit Native people. One gives compensation to the Spokane tribe for loss of their lands in the mid-1900s, one funds Native language programs, and the third gives federal recognition to the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians in Montana.NATO?: After years of not paying their fair share, NATO Allies will have increased defense spending by $130 billion.OPIOD / DRUG EPIDEMIC?: Trump’s Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand introduced new measures to keep dangerous drugs out the United States. He signed the INTERDICT Act into law, enhancing efforts to detect and intercept synthetic opioids. Under Trump, the nation’s deadly opioid epidemic slowed with a 5.1% drop in overdose deaths, with sharper declines in some of the most hard-hit states like OH (24%), KY (17%), WV (9%). U.S. Customs and Border Patrol seized enough fentanyl to kill over 50 million people from a truck that was trying to get past the wall; the biggest fentanyl drug bust in history.ICE HSI seized more than 980,000 pounds of narcotics in FY 2017, including 2,370 pounds of fentanyl and 6,967 pounds of heroin. ICE HSI dedicated nearly 630,000 investigative hours towards halting the illegal import of fentanyl. ICE HSI made 11,691 narcotics-related arrests in FY 2017. DOJ secured its first-ever indictments against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers. DOJ launched their Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement (J-CODE) team, aimed at disrupting online illicit opioid sales.POLICING THE WORLD?: Trump resists the elite who get rich off never-ending wars. He believes that America should stay away from costly, endless foreign wars. “The job of our military is not to police the world… It is time for us to get out of these ridiculous Endless Wars, many of them tribal, and bring our soldiers home. We will fight where it is to our benefit, and only fight to win.” He achieved a permanent ceasefire between Turkey and Syria and oversaw a peace treaty in the Middle East between Israel and Arab nations.POVERTY RATE?: The poverty rate declined again in 2019 falling to its lowest rate (10.5 percent) since the federal government started keeping records in 1959. The poverty rates for blacks and Hispanics also fell to all-time lows. The poverty rate even declined for groups like single mothers and individuals with disabilities proving how the broad-based economic boom reduced inequality. This will only happen again if Trump is re-elected.PRAGMATIST?: Trump’s success comes from seeing a problem and understanding how it must be fixed. He doesn't see the problem as liberal or conservative, Republican or Democrat. That is a quality that should be admired and applauded, not condemned. Immigration, the economy, the manipulation of our currency by China isn't a political party issue. It’s a problem that threatens the very fabric and infrastructure of America.RACIST?: “We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population." (Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, assisted by Bill Gates’ dad). Planned Parenthood of Greater New York told CNN, trying to temper this admission, ”It's not complicated. She championed birth control and she supported racist ideas.”Trump, on the other hand, received an award from Jesse Jackson for his lifetime record of hiring minorities. His Surgeon General is black. His Sec. of Housing & Urban Affairs is black. Lynne Patton, a black female executive for the Trump Organization, defended her boss in 2016 against claims that he was a racist and a bigot. She tearfully revealed how she's struggled with substance abuse and addiction for years. Instead of kicking her to the curb, she said the Trump Organization and his entire family loyally stood by her through immensely difficult times.Trump’s police-reform executive order, the First Step Act, released thousands of people from jail. Over 90% of those benefiting from this retroactive sentencing reductions in are Black Americans.He provided funding for states to better anticipate solutions for maternal complications. Presently, Black Americans suffer the most.He has promoted “opportunity zones” that incentivized private investment into marginalized communities.He increased federal funding to historically black colleges and universities by 17 percent — a total exceeding $100 million, more than any President in history. Trump received the Bipartisan Justice Award at a historically black college for his criminal justice reform accomplishments.Not surprisingly, after 3 yrs of delivering on his promises to the Blacks, their support for Trump had risen to 24 percent, according to one February poll. It had been 8%.During Biden's Vice Presidency, the administration removed a two-year Bush-administration program of $85 million to these black institutions. And the 1994 crime law, which Sen. Biden helped author incentivized local police departments to lock up as many blacks as possible, resulting in mass incarceration. He was also responsible for one of the most racially slanted sentencing policies on record in the 1986 crack law which disproportionately punishing African Americans while sparing whites. Nevertheless, if you don’t vote for him, “you ain’t black.” Meanwhile he can enjoy life knowing “some black woman is stocking my grocery shelves.”In contrast to the hypocritical Black Lives Matter, Trump supports black unborn babies, black police officers, black conservatives, and black store owners. All lives matter to him.REGULATORY REFORM?: Trump cut regulation by nearly 50% in 12 months! He rolled back nearly 8 regulations for every new one, saving American taxpayers more than $50 billion. In total, agencies issued 67 deregulatory actions while imposing only three new regulatory actions, a ratio of 22:1. Federal agencies also achieved $8.1 billion in lifetime net regulatory cost savings, the equivalent of $570 million per year.RELIGIOUS RIGHTS? Trump is the most positive president toward religious freedoms in a long time. He expanded enforcement of protections for medical workers with moral or faith-based objections to medical procedures such as abortion. His executive order protects other religious freedoms. Want to see them all go away?RESCUING?: Trump committed $42 million to his budget to expand support for victims of human trafficking and to boost investigations and prosecutions. ICE rescued or identified over 500 human trafficking victims and over 900 child exploitation victims in one year alone.RESTRAINT?: Foreign leaders across the world have treated the coronavirus as an opportunity for unprecedented power grabs. China and South Korea track their citizens digitally. Israel suspended some courts. Hungary’s executive seized emergency authorities. Elections were delayed. Domestically, governors banned children from going to school, banned people from going to church, and closed businesses for weeks and months at a time. Mask mandates were issued. Family gatherings were banned. Tracking of sick individuals was pushed. But not Trump. Ben Shapiro is voting for Trump after not having voted for him in 2016 because, “He’s resisted using the federal government to control everybody’s life during COVID. That’s a big thing. This is the biggest government power grab during my lifetime, and Trump refused to do it.” Trump also responded modestly to the BLM riots that destroyed the downtowns of cities across the country. Both of the previous two presidents were on the promise to move away from interventionist foreign policy. Both clearly failed. Obama launched an invasion of Libya, Yemen, Syria, and Somalia. Obama handed down to Trump more areas of conflict than he inherited from Bush. Trump has invaded no new countries and worked steadfastly to end the two-decade-long war in Afghanistan, under immense pushback from the military-industrial complex. Trump campaigned on pledges to improve the U.S. economy, nominate solid judges, reorient U.S. foreign policy by avoiding global interventions and taking on China, and fight on behalf of Americans who had been ill-served by the D.C. establishment. Voters are used to Republican candidates in particular forgetting their campaign promises. Trump hasn’t forgotten them. With tax reform, tax cuts, and unprecedented deregulation, the Trump administration helped oversee amazing economic improvements, including job and wage growth among all Americans. He has gotten hundreds of federal judges confirmed, including solid Supreme Court justices. One of those battles required amazing fortitude.RUSSIA?: Russia influenced the 2016 election after Hillary sold them 20% of all USA uranium deposits? Saudi Arabia funded 20% of Hillary’s campaign! Trump withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty because, “For far too long, Russia has violated the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with impunity, covertly developing and fielding a prohibited missile system that poses a direct threat to our allies and troops abroad.”SAFETY FIRST?: When Biden left office, ISIS had made substantial progress achieving its stated goal of establishing a caliphate, boasting tens of thousands of fighters and territorial control over an area roughly the size of PA, from the gates of Damascus to the oil fields of Iraq. Mosul, Iraq's second-largest city, was occupied. Then, under Trump, they were soon all destroyed. Biden said they’d be a threat for generations but there was nothing to do about it.Trump oversaw the arrest and charge 4,000 MS-13 members, an 83% 1-year increase! He signed three executive orders aimed at cracking down on international criminal organizations. Trump elevated U.S. Cyber Command into a major war-fighting command. Trump enforced red lines against the use of chemical weapons in Syria.SAVING MONEY?: Trump took away 20 years of free vacations (the $2.1 billion to be paid for by taxpayers) which Biden’s running mate had arranged for during his retirement. It was for Obama, 24 members of his family, and his dog (with a dog-sitter). Obama is also going to have to repay the government $214 million for 692 days of vacation during his presidency which include no work but only eating, sleeping, golfing, and other entertainment while Michelle bought what she wanted using the Office of Discretionary Gifting Funds (which is supposed to be used only to buy presents for visiting dignitaries).Trump saved more money by denied the FBI a new building. He saved $700 million with F-35 renegotiations. It was costing $500B to handle illegal immigrants so Trump built the wall for $5.7B.Trump has called for a full audit of the Pentagon and its spending as well as audits of all executive branch agencies. Trump put in place a hiring freeze for Federal civilian employees to stop the further expansion of an already bloated government. He supports English as our official language and dropping the Spanish version of the White House website. Businesses, permitted to do likewise would halve their expenses in this area. Meanwhile, small businesses are now allowed to group together when buying insurance to get a better price.SCAMING THE SYSTEM?: During Biden's Vice Presidency, a scoundrel (if he doesn’t marry his girlfriend and uses his mom’s address to get mail) could get away with buying a 3-bedroom house and moving in, while renting it to his girlfriend. She and his two kids, thanks to Biden’s Section 8, would then receive $900/mo. for rent. Then, she could sign up for his healthcare program getting the scoundrel off the hook for paying for family insurance. Being a single mother, college is free. Under Biden, she could also gets $600/mo. for food stamps, a free cell phone, and free utilities! On separate income taxes, they would both claim head of household over one child to get a $2,000 credit. The girlfriend gets $1800 a month disability for having a "bad back" and never has to work again.This amounted to a free $75,000 a year ($21,600 disability + $10,800 free housing + $6,000 free healthcare + $6,000 free food + $4,800 free utilities + $6,000 Pell grant money + $12,000 college tuition + $8,800) for not marrying the scoundrel.Wonder why our country is $20 trillion in debt while half the population watches the other half work. When half of the people get the idea that they do not have to work because the other half is going to take care of them, and when the other half gets the idea that it does no good to work because somebody else is going to get what they work for, that is the beginning of the end of any nation.Trump brought this dishonesty to a screeching halt. Next on his agenda are hundreds of Congressmen. Nancy Pelosi will retire at $174,000 per year for life, plus another $223,500 for serving as Speaker of the House, plus an additional $193,400 for serving as Minority Leader. That's $803,700 every year for life (plus free medical which is not available to the taxpayers)! The average salary for a teacher is $40,065 and $38,000 for a soldier deployed in Afghanistan. Trump will bring back justice.SCHOOL CHOICE?: Trump is committed to school choice because the less privileged would benefit the most from being able to pick the schools they want to attend for safety and educational reasons. He has called on Congress to pass school choice legislation so that no child is trapped in a failing school because of his or her zip code. And the failing schools will be forced to improve. It’s a win-win situation. Trump increased funding for school choice by $42 million. Trump’s tax cuts which Biden promises to repeal, allow families to use 529 college savings plans for elementary and secondary education.SECURITY FIRST?: Trump is committed to strengthening our national defense. He increased the military budget (the greatest guarantor of world peace) and is securing our borders. Trump established the Space Force to oversee satellites, space stations, prevent interstellar warfare. The world's No. 1 terrorist leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and General Qassem Soleimani won’t be killing any more Americans.SEX TRAFFICING?: Trump signed the “Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act” (FOSTA), which includes the “Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act” (SESTA) which both give law enforcement and victims new tools to fight sex trafficking.STATES’ RIGHTS?: Trump signed two executive orders giving back about 2 million acres of land to the state of Utah by modifying executive orders implemented during Biden’s Vice Presidency. Trump reduced the federal government’s control of the Bear’s Ear National Monument to just 201,876 acres. He also reduced the Grand Staircase National Monument in Utah from nearly 1.9 million acres to about million.Trump also repealed the mandate implemented during Biden’s vice presidency that forced states to fund Planned Parenthood.STOCK MARKET?: Due to Trump’s policies, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had its best year in its 121-year history creating $5 trillion in new wealth for those who bought stock. It reached the highest levels in history and will come back after COVID to surge to new heights, breaking all records, and making the middle class wealthier than ever.Consider that the Dow broke the record for the fastest 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 and 7,000 point increases between major milestones in the history of the Dow. During Trump’s first year in office, the DOW saw the most all-time stock market closing highs (71) as well as the largest increase in DOW history (4,956 points).SWAMP?: Trump has been attacked in every way possible including 55 assassination attempts and coups. The assault has not slowed because if Trump is reelected, he will finally take the offense and many of the traitors will be arrested, tried, and end up in prison or receive their deserved capital punishment.TAX REFORM?: Trump managed to passage the biggest tax overhaul in 30 years, with some $3.2 trillion in tax cuts along with significant simplification of the tax code. Child tax credit went from $1,000 to $2,000 per child! The Standard Deduction was nearly doubled! The average family of four earning $75,000 saved $2,000! Nearly 60% of the $5.5T tax savings went back to families! Business tax code made American businesses competitive world-wide. $500M in investments returned to the USA in 2018 alone. “Americans don’t just benefit from the lower taxes. They benefit a second time from higher wages generated by a faster-growing economy. Lower taxes for businesses and individuals help fuel more investment and innovation, which means more jobs and higher wages.” (A. Michel in The Daily Signal)TAX RETURN?: Nothing illegal or improper was found on Trump’s tax return. In point of fact, America does not need to see the tax return of a billionaire who became a public servant. America needs to see the tax returns of politicians who became millionaires while supposedly being public servants and lining their pockets!TRADE DEALS?: Trump imposed tariffs on China in response to its forced technology transfer, intellectual property theft, and its chronically abusive trade practices. As a result, Trump secured $250 billion in new trade and investment deals in China and $12 billion in Vietnam. As part of a historic “phase 1” deal, Beijing has agreed to structural reforms in its trade practices and to make substantial purchases of American agricultural products. Due to Trump’s tariffs on steel, aluminum, solar panels and washing machines, 11,000 new jobs have already created.Trump withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, got better deals in the North American Free Trade Agreement, and induced companies like Toyota, Mazda, Broadcom Limited, and Foxconn to come back to the USA and open new plants here.Trump agreed to work with the European Union towards zero tariffs, zero non-tariff barriers, and zero subsides. He finalized a revised trade agreement with South Korea, which includes provisions to increase American automobile exports. He negotiated an historic U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement to replace NAFTA and negotiated a very favorable U.S.-Japan trade agreement. Trump’s USMCA was a huge win for U.S. workers, farmers, and manufacturers creating 176,000 new jobs.TRAINING?: Trump signed the first Perkins CTE reauthorization since 2006, authorizing more than $1 billion for states each year to fund vocational and career education programs. His executive orders expanded apprenticeship opportunities for students and workers. The Pledge to America’s Workers has resulted in employers committing to train more than 4 million Americans.TRAITOR?: During Biden’s vice presidency, almost $700 million dollars of taxpayer money was used to buy Russian helicopters (strengthening our enemy’s economy) for the Afghan Air Force (strengthening our enemy’s military). $338.3 billion went to illegal immigrants, and our other enemies like Hamas which received $351M; Libya $1.45B; Russia $380M; and Iraq $1.08B. When Trump sent supplies to help Puerto Rico recover, they were hidden in warehouses rather than distributed to those in need. These traitors hoped that the resulting suffering and deaths would make Trump look bad.TRANSPARENCY?: Trump forced the National Archives to made public more than 15,800 documents from its files on President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Trump has ordered the "complete declassification" of documents exposing the evidence behind the Russia collusion hoax as well as Hillary's email scandal. Once released, these documents will prove that Biden and the FBI (under Comey) ran an illegal spying operation with Hillary Clinton to fraudulently smear President Trump with fictional accusations related to Russia.UNEMPLOYMENT / JOB GROWTH?: Unemployment was lower than ever before in our history and it will drop again! African-American unemployment was at the lowest level ever recorded. Hispanic-American unemployment was also at a historic low. For those without a high school diploma, the unemployment rate fell to its lowest level in nearly 3 decades. Jobless claims were at lowest level in nearly five decades.By June of their 3rd year: Trump v Biden as Vice PresidentJob Approval: 56% 45%.Unemployment rate: 3.6% (lowest in a generation) 9.4%For Asian-Americans 2.1% (lowest ever recorded)There were more job openings than unemployed workers, for the first time ever.Jobs added or lost: + 3.2M - 2.9MThis has been the longest streak of consecutive American job growth in history! Youth unemployment recently reached its lowest level in more than 50 years. Youth unemployment rate of 9.2 percent was the lowest since July 1966. Veterans’ unemployment hit its lowest level in nearly two decades. July 2018’s veterans’ unemployment rate of 3.0 percent matched the lowest rate since May 2001. Unemployment rate for Americans without a high school diploma recently reached a record low. Rate for disabled Americans recently hit a record low. Blue-collar jobs recently grew at the fastest rate in more than three decades. 68% reported receiving a pay increase in the past year. Once COVID is dealt with, Trump can do this again, which Biden in 47 years never could. He’s a politician and doesn’t understand business.VETERANS?: Trump recently signed the National Defense Authorization Act which included the biggest pay raise for our military in a decade. He established the Veterans Appeals Improvement and Modernization Act, the Veterans Educational Assistance Act, the VA Choice and Quality Employment Act, a VA hotline, an “Access and Quality Tool,” and tele-health technology. He created a White House VA Hotline to help veterans, principally staffed by veterans. VA employees are finally being held accountable for poor performance, with more than 4,000 VA employees removed, demoted, and suspended so far. Trump signed measure funding prevention programs for Veteran suicide. Trump gave his entire salary ($400,000) to repair military cemeteries!VICIOUSNESS?: Long before Johnny Depp, Peter Fonda, Kathy Griffin, Robert De Niro, Madonna, Snoop Dogg, and a host of celebrities were vying to fantasize how best to dispatch Trump (shooting? burning? decapitation? fisticuffs? explosives?), Garrison Keillor, Linda Ronstadt, Harold Pinter, George Soros, and other notables competed to find the proper fascist/Nazi simile for George Bush. Did the Republicans do likewise for Biden or Obama? Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean, blustered, “I hate the Republicans and everything they stand for” and “This is a struggle of good and evil. And we’re the good”? But did the Republican chairman sprue such vile comments? Senator Hillary Clinton (D-N.Y.) called America’s supreme battlefield commander a veritable liar in the middle of a war.Long before Trump became President, didn’t Al Gore libeled Bush’s Internet supporters as “digital brownshirts”? And John Glenn talked of Bush in terms of “It’s the old Hitler business”. Did Trump’s crassness cause Julian Bond to slander the Bush Administration with, “Their idea of equal rights is the American flag and the Confederate swastika flying side by side” or Senator Byrd, to compare the Bush Administration’s legislative efforts to those of the Third Reich? In spite of all of this slam dunking on Bush, he chose not to respond in kind, an example of welcomed and much needed magnanimity.But that only inspired the Democrats to become more unreasonable. I have Democrat friends who can’t even discuss coherently these issues with me.Did Trumps callousness prompt the 2008 campaign rhetoric of “typical white person,” “get in their face” and “If they bring a knife to the fight, we bring a gun, because from what I understand folks in Philly like a good brawl.” Of course not!Should we hold Trump responsible for Obama’s taunt of “you didn’t build that,” and a call for Latinos to “punish our enemies”? Of course not! Whose administration encouraged David Letterman to joke of the statutory rape of Sarah Palin’s 14-year-old daughter who had attended a recent New York Yankees game: “One awkward moment for Sarah Palin at the Yankee game—during the seventh inning, her daughter was knocked up by Alex Rodriguez”? Was essayist Andrew Sullivan, anticipating years in advance Donald Trump’s birther fantasies, when he kept peddling the absurd “truther” conspiracy theory of Sarah Palin faking her own pregnancy?Before Trump was elected, Peter Strzok, the FBI investigator at the center of so many of the FBI’s investigations from 2015 through 2017, wrote off Trump supporters as hillbillies fouling the air of Walmart. For a CNN reporter, Trump’s supporters were toothless nobodies. There is an ample corpus of elite fantasies of swapping out Trump supporters for supposedly more industrious and morally superior immigrants.The point is not to excuse any of Trump’s coarser tweets, but to emphasize that the idea of Trump as the fons et origio of all calumny is absurd. As far as the vitriol that now regularly is heard from Representatives Ilhan Omar (D-Minn.) and Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), they are simply reflections of a long-standing left-wing viciousness against Israel and Jews, deeply embedded within elements of the Democratic Party. The ‘sudden’ debasement of political discourse and behavior can not be blamed on the Republicans!During Trump’s State of the Union address, none of the Democrat women dressed in white wore an American Flag lapel. They failed to stand and clap for an ICE agent who has saved hundreds of children from human trafficking. They failed to clap for a little girl who beat cancer. It was reminiscent of The League of Nazi Socialist Women who supported Hitler’s dream of a socialist paradise and always went to public events dressed in white (as did the KKK). Pelosi found nothing good in any of the improvements Trump made for our nation and ripped up her copy.WAGES?: Wages will again rise the fastest for low-income workers. CNBC reported, “The recent jump in paychecks has come with an unusual characteristic, as workers at the lower end of the pay scale are getting the greater benefit.” “Average hourly earnings rose 3.4 percent in February from the same period a year ago, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics. That’s the biggest gain since April 2009 and the seventh month in a row that compensation has been 3 percent or better. It will happen again under Trump.WELFARE?: During Biden's Vice Presidency, the food stamp program expanded to the point where 1 in 5 American families receive food stamps and are beholding to the Federal Government. During Biden’s vice presidency, the federal work requirement for those receiving government money was illegally gutted. The Democrats want to consolidate dictatorial powers by legalize 12 million illegal Mexican immigrants making them beholding to Democrats for free health care, aid to dependent children, food stamps, free education, tax credits, and Social Security which would overwhelm the system and bankrupt America.TRUMP BIDEN while Vice PresidentFood Stamps kept or given away: ? 10.7M(32% increase from 33,490,000) according to the USDA)WHISTLE BLOWERS?: Trump’s Veterans Accountability and Whistleblower Protection Act allows senior officials in the Department of Veterans Affairs to fire failing employees and establish safeguards to protect whistleblowers.The ‘debates’ have been a waste of time. Above are the issues to wrestle with. Do I wish we lived in a time when our president could be “collegial” and “dignified” and “proper”? Of course I do. These aren’t those times. This is a war that socialists have been fighting without opposition for the past 50 years. So, say anything you want about this president - I get it - he can be vulgar, he can be crude, he can be undignified at times. But he fights for America and how can you not want to make your own country great?The failure of God’s redeemed people to vote and to be more involved in politics during the past century has led to our current looming crisis (Jud 9:8-15). Civil government is a divine institution of God that exists to protect the life, liberty, and property of its citizens, enabling them to more effectively advance the Kingdom of God in the earth. Civil leaders are servants of God and His people, His ministers for good (Rm 13:4; Lk 22:25-26). For this to occur, Christians must be involved in selecting good men to office. Select able men of truth who fear God and hate dishonest gain” (Exodus 18:21). “Choose wise, discerning and experienced men” (Deut 1:13). How does Biden conform to this criteria? The only way for evil to prevail is for good people to do nothing. It is inconceivable that God would ordain government and then ask His people to stay out of it. Politics is a form of discipleship, our involvement in which helps shape us into the image of Christ.Sure, politics is evil - just like you and me and everything in this fallen world. "None is righteous, no, not one.” All our choices - not just political ones - are corrupted. Yet, we are to overcome evil with good. Wise policies have brought freedom to tens of millions of oppressed peoples around the world. Wise policies have welcomed the "poor, huddled masses yearning to be free," ~ the right of people to live their lives and carry out their business without the threat of unlawful search and seizure. All of these came about only when good people got involved in politics and voted.Liberals considered Biden a success as Vice President, having achieved the highest poverty level in American history, the high national debt, a record numbers of mass shootings, and a record numbers of people on food stamps, plus the lowest economic growth in American history, all during 8 years of war. Do you want to go back to that? If Biden wins, we become a socialist nation like the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, and the National Socialist Party (Nazi). It’s unlikely we’ll ever get our freedoms back then.