De 305 Form 2015: Fill & Download for Free

I m also enrolled in MA sociology from IGNOU but rejected my admission on basis following reasons : -application could not be considered for admission for the following reason (s)::OTHERSpl. give complete details of your SMU study centreDegree certificate uploaded with the application form is not recognized as per AIU/UGC/NCTE/AICTE/COBSE notification. My BCA degree had completed at may 2013 .I was complaint to UGC portal Login PageBut still not solution no positive response.Students of lower middle class in India who can’t afford to go to a regular college due to financial issues saw Distance Education as the ray of hope to continue their studies which they have to stop to start earning early.Universities like SMU-DE, PTU started offering various courses through distance learning with using all the mass media channels and millions of students saw this as an opportunity to improve their academic credentials.After checking all the required approvals be it UGC or DEC to run such courses and having being exposed to huge advertisements of these universities students got themselves enrolled in various courses.Now, how these university got the approvals to offer such courses is not something which is under the control of students. (There might be corruption or any other influence) All they knew was there were all the required approvals.Suddenly DEC (then a body controlled by IGNOU) wake up in 2012 and say it is not legal for a state university to offer courses outside their respective state's geographical boundary. This had jeopardized the future of all the students who got degrees from such universities.Nevertheless, Honorable High Court of Sikkim and Supreme court of India have given their verdict on it with protecting the students who have undergone such courses unambiguously and this was also notified by UGC on their website on 1st of October 2015.Indira Gandhi National University Chose to not implement the court orders and writes to their regional centers in an official communication letter no. IG/SRD/R-IV/Equiv.SMU/2015/305 dated December 18, 2015, not to recognize the degrees of SMU-DE, PTU.Hence, the regional centers are rejecting the SMU-DE and PTU students saying their degree is not valid as it has been given outside the geographical boundaries of their respective states.Most of the students who need further higher education are from financially backward families so they can’t fight a court case and SMU-DE shows least interest to stand with them as they have made money and now not interested.The points which are to be probed are:1. Why and how SMU-DE and other such university got DEC approval to offer courses outside their state boundaries?2. Once they had allowed, what was the reason to pass a resolution knowing that it will jeopardize the career of millions of students who have undergone such courses?3. Why is IGNOU still not implementing the court orders and harassing students?Source IGNOU Jeopardizing the future of Poor StudentsChange.Org sent This petition to:Cheif JusticeSupreme Court of IndiaMs. Smriti Z. IraniMinistry of HRDPrime Minister, Narendra ModiPMO IndiaK. K KuttyignouSMU-DEPTUUGC IndiaBut IGNOU still harassing the students .We should share this matter social media and boycott both universities.

No. The risk of extinction of indigenous languages spoken by very few people is not due to spanish. It is caused by the attraction of cities, as places with better education and job opportunities than those in the remote Amazonian indian villages in the jungle where these endangered languages are spoken. During the XIX and XX centuries, 37 jungle languages have become extinct.[1][1][1][1]Andean languages: Quechua and aymaraAs opposed to a Amazonian languages, Andean languages, such as quechua and its smaller brother aymara are in pretty good shape.Over 3 million people, or a full 10% of Peru's population, are native speakers of quechua. Another 1.5 million are native speakers in Bolivia. So the language of the Inca empire is in no danger of becoming extinct any time soon.There are almost 2 million native aymaras, descendants of a kingdom that was conquered by the Incas. Bolivia has the highest population of aymaras (1.2 million[2][2][2][2]), concentrated in the region of El Alto and the capital city of La Paz. These are people very proud of their heritage and will never let their language die.Both quechua and aymara have been declared as official languages of Peru. State institutions have to provide services in quechua and aymara where these languages are used. The phone number of Congress has dialing options in spanish and quechua. You can even make quechua your default search language in Google!In a symbolic event, in 2017[3][3][3][3] a congresswoman representing a quechua speaking state made headline news when, to make a political statement, submitted a legislative initiative in quechua. The President of Congress rejected it even though it had an annex with its spanish translation.The problem is people would much rather invest their time and money learning english as it opens, literally, a world of opportunities. Learning Quechua is most likely not the smartest career move as it is spoken mainly by poor peasants in the Andes.Amazonian languagesLanguages spoken in the jungle are a different story.The Jesuits translated parts of the christian canon to over 150 languages during the Spanish occupation. Linguistic historians estimate that over 300 languages were spoken in Peru in the XVI century, most of them in the jungle. [4][4][4][4]As of May 2018, there were 48 indigenous languages spoken. Four are Andean languages, including quechua, aimara and two others in critical danger of extinction. The other 44 are spoken by different jungle ethnic groups.In total, Amazonian languages are spoken by around 250,000 people.Languages in critical danger of extinctionLanguages in Danger and In Serious Danger of Extinction (Source: Ministerio de Educación[5][5][5][5])According to the 2007 census (see Reporte de Lenguas Originarias, p.64[6][6][6][6]), 17 languages are classified in serious danger of extinction.Ranked by the number of native speakers left (in 2007): the jaqaru language was spoken by 740 people, omagua by 630, iquitu by 519, capanahua and arabela by around 400, shiwilu by 352, anahuaca by 305, maijuna by 190, ocaina by 97, isconahua by 82, chamicuro by 63, resigaro by 37, cauqui by 11, iñapari by 4, muniche by 3.The taushiro language is left with only one native speaker, avperson who survived a hepatitis B epidemic that wiped out his whole tribe.Primary class in an Amazonian schoolLanguage workshop for teachersEfforts by the Ministry of EducationThe Ministry of Education has a special department that has been working diligently for three decades to rescue and strengthen indigenous languages, in an effort that goes pretty much unnoticed in the capital, more concerned with the pointless political circus.School principals receiving educational materials in Amazinian languagesThe process is laborious and takes years. The first step is to develop an alphabet as each sound needs a phonetic symbol. Then standard grammar rules need to be defined, checked and approved by all the tribes that use it. This may require going back and forth to understand subtle differences among tribes. Finally, learning materials for the children and teaching guides have to be developed and teachers need to be trained in their use. Some schools are in remote villages that may take a day or two to reach by canoe.Alphabets have been developed for 40 of the 44 living languages by the Ministry of Education.[7][7][7][7]In 2015, 26 alphabets were made official[8][8][8][8] and two alphabets were completed as recently as 2018. Six languages already have materials to teach the full set of grammatical rules.In 2018, the Ministry distributed educational materials in indigenous languages for 625,000 children in 27,000 bilingual schools. [9][9][9][9]The struggle to save indigenous languages is an uphill battle. As things stand, several languages will probably be left with no native speakers within a decade. But the Peruvian government is now decided to stand up to the challenge.Footnotes[1] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[1] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[1] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[1] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[2] Aimaras - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre[2] Aimaras - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre[2] Aimaras - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre[2] Aimaras - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre[3] El Congreso rechaza un proyecto de ley por estar en quechua y nos recuerda al roche racista de Martha Hildebrandt[3] El Congreso rechaza un proyecto de ley por estar en quechua y nos recuerda al roche racista de Martha Hildebrandt[3] El Congreso rechaza un proyecto de ley por estar en quechua y nos recuerda al roche racista de Martha Hildebrandt[3] El Congreso rechaza un proyecto de ley por estar en quechua y nos recuerda al roche racista de Martha Hildebrandt[4] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[4] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[4] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[4] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[5] http://www2.minedu.gob.pe/filesogecop/DNL-version%20final%20WEB.pdf[5] http://www2.minedu.gob.pe/filesogecop/DNL-version%20final%20WEB.pdf[5] http://www2.minedu.gob.pe/filesogecop/DNL-version%20final%20WEB.pdf[5] http://www2.minedu.gob.pe/filesogecop/DNL-version%20final%20WEB.pdf[6] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[6] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[6] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[6] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[7] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[7] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[7] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[7] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[8] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[8] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[8] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[8] La realidad lingüística en el Perú[9] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[9] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[9] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales[9] Día de las Lenguas Originarias: Perú cuenta con 48 idiomas y 40 alfabetos oficiales

Sweet taste without the calories sounds like a perfect example of no pain, all gain but unfortunately cumulative data suggests otherwise. A poster child for unintended consequences, diet soda (Diet drink) typically contains a type of non-caloric artificial sweetener, Sugar substitute called Aspartame, e.g., NutraSweet or Equal (sweetener). Unintended consequences in the form of not just weight gain but also increased risk of Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, all vigorously disputed of course (see some examples in references 1, 2), which brings us to the glaring caveat we need to keep front and center when considering the science about artificial sweeteners. Historically the food and beverage industry has funded nutrition research so substantially, the ensuing entrenched conflict of interest renders the phrase 'nutrition science' an oxymoron (3).North America currently leads in sales and consumption of diet beverages (see below from 4).Artificial sweetener consumption patterns tend to change rapidly in response to widespread perception of harm attendant to one type of artificial sweetener or another. US artificial sweetener consumption for example moved from cyclamate in the 1960s to Saccharin, e.g., Sweet'n Low, to aspartame which reigned supreme for several decades until being upstaged in the 2010s by Sucralose, e.g., Splenda, mainly because it's highly stable in food (5) while Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), e.g., Sunett, Sweet & Safe, Sweet One, is also increasing in use. Pepsi embodies such rapid change. In 2015 it changed its US Diet Pepsi formulation replacing aspartame with sucralose and Ace-K (6) but for reasons best known to itself announced in 2016 it was bringing aspartame back while also retaining the reformulated products (7). Meantime so-called natural sweeteners like Stevia aka Truvia are also rapidly increasing in prevalence (4).'If you can avoid taking in more food, does diet soda still somehow make you gain weight?'Weight gain without increased food intake is in fact a strikingly consistent observation in many animal model studies on artificial sweeteners (8, 9, 10). How does this happen? Problem with understanding how these artificial sweeteners affect human metabolism and health long-term is each artificial sweetener is different in chemistry, biology and pharmacokinetics (11, 12, 13, 14, see below from 4, 15). Obviously each will induce different metabolic and health effects.For long, uncertainty dogged epidemiological studies on artificial sweeteners. Do they cause cancer or not? Do they increase risk of diabetes and/or obesity or not? Do they play a role in metabolic syndrome or not? And so on. Given the big bucks riding on ensuring people continued to guzzle at least diet soda even as the tide turned against sodas in general (16), unsurprising really that much of this data is conflicting, mostly due to avoidable study design flaws such as assessing artificial sweetener consumption in conditions far removed from how they're consumed in real life, which is as part of a typical unhealthy 'Western' diet replete in highly processed food and as part of a highly sedentary lifestyle. Few studies included children or elderly or minorities or low income, few examined long-term/chronic/habitual artificial sweetener consumption.In other words, vast chasm between such studies and real life artificial sweetener consumption patterns. Most importantly, since different artificial sweeteners are used in different processed foods and drinks and since studies rarely address a single artificial sweetener specifically, we essentially don't understand how each artificial sweetener influences metabolism and health long-term (17).The few studies such as the San Antonio Heart (18) and Longitudinal Study of Aging (19) that examined elderly and minorities long-term (7 to 9 years follow-up) found substantial weight and waist circumference gain with artificial sweetener consumption (in soda, coffee or tea), even without increased food intake, which echoes animal model studies. Increased abdominal fat is of course now a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes.How to make at least minimal sense of the tower of Babel that is artificial sweetener-related data? Same way as other prickly scientific issues, by looking at conclusions of systematic reviews and Meta-analysis. However, given the entrenched practice of the food and beverage industry funding a massive amount of nutrition research, not meta-analyses by just anyone but rather by those not funded by them. Since Publication bias, i.e., overweening dominance of studies with statistically significant results, is widespread, such reviews and analyses will naturally also be hobbled by the same drawback. However, since they use a set of objective criteria to assess a wide variety of individual studies ranging from cross-sectional to interventional to observational to prospective to randomized, placebo-controlled trials, they're still far more robust and objective than individual studies claiming to find in favor of one or other hypothesis.One such review (20) was conducted by federally funded Purdue University researcher Susan E. Swithers. It assessed differences between diet soda non-consumers and consumers among >450000 participants across 14 independent Prospective cohort study, including the San Antonio Heart Study (18), with an average 16-year followup. It concluded that regardless of baseline weight in the two groups, regardless naturally or artificially sweetened, soda consumption increased risk of not just weight gain but also cardiovascular disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes (20). Typically, bad news about artificially sweetened stuff is discredited by arguing overweight people tend to choose it in the first place trying to lose weight, i.e., by arguing reverse causality (21). In other words, arguing drinking artificially sweetened stuff doesn't cause weight gain, rather overweight people drink it to try to lose weight. This review (20) found that not to be the case.Swithers concluded (20),‘recent data from humans and rodent models have provided little support for ASB(everages) [artificially sweetened beverages] in promoting weight loss or preventing negative health outcomes such as T2D [type II diabetes], metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular event'‘current findings suggest that caution about the overall sweetening of the diet is warranted, regardless of whether the sweetener provides energy directly or not’No surprise these conclusions were vigorously disputed on the grounds that (22)'Robust scientific evidence demonstrates benefits of artificial sweeteners’In her authoritative rebuttal (23), Swithers points out the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) themselves stated in 2012 lack of robust scientific data about artificial sweeteners (24, emphasis mine),‘paucity of data from well-designed human trials exploring the potential role of (non-nutritive sweeteners) in achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight and minimizing cardiometabolic risk factors.’In other words, these products have been unleashed indiscriminately on society, making their way into thousands upon thousands of food and drinks that billions consume and yet we apparently don't know enough to conclude if they're beneficial or not. Sounds like a recipe for a slow motion disaster, which the modern-day global obesity epidemic indeed is, with both sugars and artificial sweeteners obviously playing leading roles.Another systematic review of 18 studies by US NIH researchers found association between consumption of artificial sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and teens (25).Future artificial sweetener research will likely coalesce around at least 3 aspects:1) How artificial sweeteners influence Gut flora composition and metabolism.2) How they drive behavioral & metabolic compensation.3) Biomarkers to identify those at highest risk of sugar/replacer-induced weight gain and/or metabolic disruption.1) Artificial sweetener effect on Gut flora composition and metabolism.Since most artificial sweetener studies focus on their effect on body weight, important aspects about their metabolism remain under-studied. This is because they were for long considered inert, passing through the GI tract, untouched, unused, little perturbed and little perturbing. Turns out that's not the case at all (26).In a mouse model study (27), maximal daily accepted doses of saccharin, sucralose and aspartame in their drinking water for five weeks induced mouse gut microbiota changes and Impaired glucose tolerance. How this happens is still not clear, especially since aspartame is fully digested to its constituent amino acids in the small intestine unlike saccharin and sucralose. Study found similar results in human volunteers as well. Since most of its experiments involved saccharin, this study's major caveat is limited relevance for diet sodas, which mostly contain aspartame. Obviously similar, larger study needs to examine aspartame effect separately.In a rat model study (28), aspartame exposure led to gut microbiota changes and elevated fasting glucose and reduced insulin-stimulated glucose consumption.Caveat common to all fecal microbiota studies, not just this one: Fecal samples mostly represent distal colon microbiota. Different parts of the GI tract obviously harbor different microbial populations (29). This is especially pertinent for diet vis-a-vis weight gain since most nutrient digestion and absorption is in the small intestine, whose microbial composition is still rather a black box.Implications of artificial sweetener-induced gut microbiota change:Are such changed microbiota better at nutrient harvesting? Better at driving adipose tissue energy storage?These would help explain weight gain even without increased food intake.Are they more harmful to gut's long-term health, making it more leaky, Intestinal permeability, triggering systemic inflammation?This would help explain the long-term harmful consequences such as metabolic syndrome and attendant increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes.2) Hypothesis: artificial sweeteners drive behavioral & metabolic compensationSince the 1990s, Purdue University researcher Susan E. Swithers has pioneered animal model studies to explore how artificial sweeteners could uncouple sweet tastes from their metabolic consequences and thus distort ability to predict the latter. In other words, artificial sweeteners may alter how the brain processes reward for sweet taste. Her reviews refer to several such experimental studies (30, 31) by hers and other groups.3) Biomarkers to identify those at highest risk of sugar/replacer-induced weight gain and/or metabolic disruptionBiomarker are measurable, often quantifiable biological indicators of some condition.As with anything diet-related, some seem to gain weight no matter what or how much they eat, some don't while most of the rest fall somewhere in between. How to proactively identify those at highest risk of weight gain and/or metabolic disruption from artificial sweeteners? The US Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee advises (32),'future experimental studies should examine the relationship between ASSD [artificially sweetened soft drinks] and biomarkers of insulin resistance and other diabetes biomarkers'Only when we have data from such studies will we be able to delve into genetic markers, specific gut microbiota composition, etc., that differentiate those most at risk from the harmful effects of artificial sweeteners, something we have no clue of at present.Bibliography1. Stevens, Haley Curtis. "Diabetes and diet beverage study has serious limitations." The American journal of clinical nutrition 98.1 (2013): 248-249. Diabetes and diet beverage study has serious limitations2. La Vecchia, Carlo. "Artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes." The American journal of clinical nutrition 98.1 (2013): 249-250. Artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes3. Vox, Julia Belluz, August 16, 2016. Why (almost) everything you know about food is wrong4. Popkin, Barry M., and Corinna Hawkes. "Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses." The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 4.2 (2016): 174-186.5. Sylvetsky, Allison C., and Kristina I. Rother. "Trends in the consumption of low-calorie sweeteners." Physiology & behavior (2016).6. The Guardian, Suzi Gage, 28 April, 2015. Diet Pepsi has dropped aspartame in the US, so why not anywhere else?7. Fortune, John Kell, June 27, 2016. Diet Pepsi with aspartame is making a comeback8. Abou-Donia, Mohamed B., et al. "Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 71.21 (2008): 1415-1429. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benyagoub_Mohamed/publication/23263644_Splenda_alters_gut_microflora_and_increases_intestinal_p-glycoprotein_and_cytochrome_p-450_in_male_rats/links/02bfe50db40f9a9ef1000000.pdf9. Polyák, Éva, et al. "Effects of artificial sweeteners on body weight, food and drink intake." Acta Physiologica Hungarica 97.4 (2010): 401-407. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eva_Polyak/publication/49665151_Effects_of_artificial_sweeteners_on_body_weight_food_and_drink_intake/links/5710b31d08ae68dc7909a592.pdf10. de Matos Feijó, Fernanda, et al. "Saccharin and aspartame, compared with sucrose, induce greater weight gain in adult Wistar rats, at similar total caloric intake levels." Appetite 60 (2013): 203-207. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcello_Bertoluci2/publication/232609508_Saccharin_and_aspartame_compared_with_sucrose_induce_greater_weight_gain_in_adult_Wistar_rats_at_similar_total_caloric_intake_levels/links/09e41511db00feb3d5000000.pdf11. Byard, J. L., and L. Golberg. "The metabolism of saccharin in laboratory animals." Food and cosmetics toxicology 11.3 (1973): 391-402.12. Ranney, R. E., et al. "Comparative metabolism of aspartame in experimental animals and humans." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues 2.2 (1976): 441-451.13. Arnold, D. L., D. Krewski, and I. C. Munro. "Saccharin: a toxicological and historical perspective." Toxicology 27.3 (1983): 179-256.14. Roberts, A., et al. "Sucralose metabolism and pharmacokinetics in man." Food and chemical toxicology 38 (2000): 31-41.15. Logue, C., et al. "The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75.02 (2016): 216-225.16. The New York Times, Margot Sanger-Katz, October 2, 2015. The Decline of ‘Big Soda’17. Wiebe, Natasha, et al. "A systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcomes." BMC medicine 9.1 (2011): 1. BMC Medicine18. Fowler, Sharon P., et al. "Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long‐term weight gain." Obesity 16.8 (2008): 1894-1900. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ken_Williams6/publication/5321117_Fueling_the_Obesity_Epidemic_Artificially_Sweetened_Beverage_Use_and_Long-Term_Weight_Gain./links/0a85e5389cca553bf7000000.pdf19. Fowler, Sharon PG, Ken Williams, and Helen P. Hazuda. "Diet soda intake is associated with long‐term increases in waist circumference in a biethnic cohort of older adults: The San Antonio longitudinal study of aging." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63.4 (2015): 708-715. http://www.nutritiondesseniors.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soda-light-et-obesite-JAGS2015-2.pdf20. Swithers, Susan E. "Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 24.9 (2013): 431-441. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.689.8610&rep=rep1&type=pdf21. Drewnowski, A., and C. D. Rehm. "The use of low-calorie sweeteners is associated with self-reported prior intent to lose weight in a representative sample of US adults." Nutrition & diabetes 6.3 (2016): e202. http://www.nature.com/nutd/journal/v6/n3/pdf/nutd20169a.pdf22. Johnston, C. A., and J. P. Foreyt. "Robust scientific evidence demonstrates benefits of artificial sweeteners." Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 25.1 (2014): 1.23. Swithers, Susan E. "A paucity of data, not robust scientific evidence: a response to Johnston and Foreyt." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 25.1 (2014): 2-4.24. Gardner, Christopher, et al. "Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives a scientific statement from the American heart association and the American diabetes association." Diabetes care 35.8 (2012): 1798-1808. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/35/8/1798.full.pdf25. Brown, Rebecca J., Mary Ann De Banate, and Kristina I. Rother. "Artificial sweeteners: a systematic review of metabolic effects in youth." International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 5.4 (2010): 305–312. http://seriecientifica.org/sites/default/files/art_swt_ped_brown_2010.pdf26. Nettleton, Jodi E., Raylene A. Reimer, and Jane Shearer. "Reshaping the gut microbiota: Impact of low calorie sweeteners and the link to insulin resistance?." Physiology & behavior (2016).27. Suez, Jotham, et al. "Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota." Nature 514.7521 (2014): 181-186. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ilana_Kolodkin-Gal/publication/265791239_Artificial_sweeteners_induce_glucose_intolerance_by_altering_the_gut_microbiota/links/543266890cf22395f29c08b6.pdf28. Palmnäs, Marie SA, et al. "Low-dose aspartame consumption differentially affects gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions in the diet-induced obese rat." PLoS One 9.10 (2014): e109841. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109841.PDF29. Lichtman, Joshua S., et al. "The effect of microbial colonization on the host proteome varies by gastrointestinal location." The ISME journal (2015).30. Swithers, Susan E. "Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity." Appetite 93 (2015): 85-90. http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/classes/psy5300/Documents/Swithers2015-obesity.pdf31. Swithers, Susan E. "Not-so-healthy sugar substitutes?." Current opinion in behavioral sciences 9 (2016): 106-110. Not-so-healthy sugar substitutes?32. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/pdfs/scientific-report-of-the-2015-dietary-guidelines-advisory-committee.pdfThanks for the R2A, Daniel Kaplan.