Forest Management Activity Report Use Value Appraisal: Fill & Download for Free

The Narendra Modi government was sworn in on 26th May 2014, since when many decisions have been taken in the field of environment. The decisions which are contentious from the point of view of environmental protection are detailed as follows – please keep in mind that in some cases, the decisions were overturned not because of consultations within the government, but on account of intervention by other institutions – such as the Supreme Court. The decisions are:a) National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) – Standing Committee - Attempts at making toothlessAbout NBWL: NBWL is the apex statutory body constituted under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It is expected to undertake three major functions – appraise projects requiring forest lands within/around wildlife areas, review decisions/guidelines of the environment ministry impacting wildlife zones, and reviewing the implementation of National Wildlife Policy and the Wildlife Protection Act. NBWL is chaired by India’s Prime Minister, and has a standing committee chaired by the Minister for Environment. Under the law, NBWL is expected to have 10 non-government individual wildlife and ecology experts, and 5 non-government expert institutions on board, besides the government officials and 3 Parliamentarians – totaling 47 in number. In addition, the standing committee must have 12 members, of whom eight must be non-government wildlife and ecology experts. The standing committee is expected to meet at least once every 3 months and exercises all the powers of the wider NBWL to undertake day-to-day functioning of the actual board – although its powers are only recommendatory in nature and can be overruled by the ministry, though with written orders/notifications to justify their stand.Context: The previous standing committee of NBWL had 5 non-government experts and 3 non-government institutions, and its tenure had ended in September 2013, following which the constitution of the new standing committee was pending – leading to about 200 projects remaining pending with the board for appraisal. In addition, the tenure of non-government institutions and individual experts in the larger board had also come to an end. Besides, the previous standing committee had flagged several projects for their potential environmental impacts, and forced the review of many projects which were not questioned by the environment ministry officials. The previous committee had also put in place a series of policy checks on what kinds of forest areas could be given away.Decision taken: The Modi government approved a toothless NBWL with just 2 non-government experts – one a retired forest service officer from Gujarat – and just 1 non-government institution – which in reality was a Gujarat government body and whose board of governors is headed by the Gujarat Chief Minister. The reason was quite clear – to ensure that the board had pliant government or quasi-government officials while ensuring that non-government experts, who had subjected projects to critical scrutiny and impartial review, were not present – thereby allowing projects to be cleared easily without much delay. In addition, only 3 non-government experts/institutions were appointed to the standing committee. About 130 projects were soon cleared by the committee within a month.It is only when the Supreme Court put on hold these project clearances and stated that the nomination of members to the board and its standing committee were not as per the provisions of the Wildlife Project Act, that the Modi government agreed and filled the other mandatory posts.Sources:Centre notifies docile standing panel of National Board for WildlifeNational Board for WildlifeNational Board for Wildlife to be toothlessSC puts on hold 140 projects cleared by Wildlife Boardhttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/national-board-for-wildlife-reconstituted/article6410349.eceb) Easing Public Hearing Requirements and Public Consent for Developmental ProjectsContext: Any developmental project which requires environmental and/or forest clearance(s) – as it impacts the environment – involves the process of public hearing. The aims behind such a hearing are various – to inform those likely to be affected of the project to be developed and make them aware of the possible impacts, to hear out their views and concerns with regard to the project, and to use these views and concerns as input while deciding if the project must be given final clearance as it is, or with certain modifications or changes to the project, or whether it should be rejected. All this though, remained an objective only in theory and public hearing had been consigned to nothing more than a formality, often undertaken without as much as even informing those to be affected.Any project which requires the diversion of forest land for industrial activity requires the public consent of gram sabha – the village council – as per the Forest Rights Act. Since the biggest inhabitants of forests are tribals who were supposed to benefit from the act, this matter comes under the purview of the Tribal Affairs Ministry. In addition, any developmental project which requires forest land also entailed compensatory afforestation by the project proponent.Decisions taken/to be taken: Rather than strengthening the framework for public hearing and using public concerns as an input to modify projects if necessary, the environment ministry diluted a whole host of regulations related to environment, forest and tribal rights.With regard to coal mines, initially the Environment ministry did away with the requirement of public hearing for those coal mines currently producing below 16 million tones per annum (MTPA) which aimed to expand their output by up to 50% - up to 4 MTPA. This was later extended to mines producing above 16 MTPA, allowing them to mine up to 5 MTPA more without consulting the affected population.Encroaching upon the jurisdiction of the Tribal Affairs Ministry, the Environment Ministry did away with the need for consent of gram sabhas for prospecting in forests. Instead of tribal village councils certifying their consent to projects as per the Forest Rights Act, the Environment ministry decided that the district administration would be empowered to do so in 60 days – without the tribals or other forest inhabitants likely to be affected having any clue. The Environment Ministry (MoEF) had taken this decision after the spearheading in this regard by the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). MoEF also set aside the requirement of compensatory afforestation for the prospectors. In addition, MoEF removed the policy of inspection of mining projects by its officials for plots less than 100 hectares.Among the worst things to have come out of this is the putting down of the Tribal Affairs Ministry (TAM). Initially, TAM stated that public consultations under any environment-based law would not subsume the need for a clear-cut consent of tribals through their gram sabhas – which had to be taken separately as per the Forest Rights Act, even though the PMO had side-stepped this view. However, under constant pressure from the PMO, the Modi government has decided to dilute the consent clause in spite of this opposition from within.As per the plan, the current veto power of tribals and other forest dwelling communities under the Forest Rights Act, currently extending to all forests over the country where they have claimed or settled their traditional rights, will be nullified. Instead, the veto provisions of the tribals will now be restricted to only those areas mentioned under Schedule V of the Indian Constitution. In addition, it has also been decided that in areas where plantation lands were classified as forests in government records less than 75 years ago and where Census records show no tribal communities, the government need not seek the consent of people currently living in these forests or using the forest produce. The dilution even ignores the Supreme Court order which has stated that all lands on which forests grow, regardless of their official classification, should be treated as forest land under India’s environmental laws.And all this has been taking place without any public consultations by the Modi government in a transparent and accountable manner, which could have taken into consideration the concerns of those likely to be affected – beneficiaries and losers – on either side.Sources:Govt eases environment rules to attract investmentsTribal affairs ministry against diluting forest rights lawTaking away forests: Tribal consent regulations to be dilutedc) Transfer of powers to State Government and clearance exemptionsContext: There has been debate with regard to the powers of central and state governments or bodies at these levels with regard to environmental clearances for projects. While some, in particular industrial groups, have advocated transfer of greater powers of clearance and analysis of developmental projects to state governments in the spirit of decentralization and faster sanction of clearances, others have argued against it citing the ease for the same committee to judge multiple projects in order to maintain the same standard and continuity. However, the debate has mostly settled towards the latter side for one major reason – lack of adequate institutional capabilities at the state level in most states with regard to environmental impact analysis of projects, and better capabilities in comparison at the central level.Decision taken: In spite of the lack of adequate institutions and/or institutional capabilities at the state level, the Modi government amended the Environment Impact Assessment notification of 2006, allowing state governments to take decisions on granting environmental clearances for several industries up to certain sizes. For example, coal-tar processing units could get clearances from state government projects instead of the Central Government.Similarly, while earlier mineral beneficiation projects only up to 0.1 MTPA could get clearances from the respective state government, this limit was increased to 0.5 MTPA. Irrigation projects up to 2000 hectares were no longer required to obtain any environmental clearance, while those between 2,000-10,000 hectares could be cleared by state governments.In addition, with regard to multi-purpose projects involving both power and irrigation, the government delinked the clearance to both aspects. Earlier, since the clearances were linked – it meant that if the project could not be approved on account of environmental impacts of either power or irrigation, the project would not move forward at all. The delinking in actual practice means that if the same project had been approved on one account, the project would receive funding and the authority to decide on the project from the second angle would have no choice but to approve the project, given the massive amount already invested in the project – in other words, a fait accompli.Sources:Govt eases environment rules to attract investmentsd) Suspension of Pollution Index-Based Moratorium for Critically Polluted AreasContext: Under pressure from environmental activists, the UPA government had introduced the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) – developed by prominent academic institutions led by IIT Delhi in 2009. Based on this index, about 88 important industrial clusters across the country were evaluated, and a moratorium was imposed on granting environmental clearance to any new project/expansion in 43 such clusters due to their poor scores on the index till they improved their environmental performance by submitting a plan for environmental remediation or mitigation of pollution and implemented it. However, under pressure from the corporate lobby, the UPA in 2013 directed the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to reassess CEPI and removed the moratorium on some of these 43 clusters.Decision taken: The Modi government, even before the review was completed, lifted the moratorium on new industries in eight critically polluted areas. This was done disregarding the fact that the index scores for these areas reflected very little improvement in the environmental management performance of industries in these areas. Instead, it asked a group of experts to revise the index.Sources:Govt eases environment rules to attract investmentsMinistry of Environment & Forestry lifts moratorium on new projects in 8 areasModi government has launched a silent war on the environmente) Dilution of Forest NormsContext: The Supreme Court had taken a decision whereby mandatory approval was required from the National Board for Wildlfe (NBWL) for establishing projects within 10 km radius of national parks and other biodiversity conservation areas – which were considered eco-sensitive zones. The idea was to ensure protection of the natural biodiversity and ensure that any decision, if taken with regard to allowance of developmental projects, took into consideration the impacts on natural flora and fauna and dealt with accordingly. In addition, six parameters were considered while deciding on whether forestland can be allowed to be diverted for mining and industry or not – these were forest type, biological richness, wildlife value, density of forest cover, integrity of landscape and hydrological value.Decision taken: The Modi government took a decision whereby instead of this 10 km area of protection was reduced to 5 km area and projects could come up to within 5 km of protected area, (around national and biodiversity parks) without any clearance from NBWL. Another damaging decision taken was with regard to reducing the number of parameters to be considered from six to four, while also relaxing norms under the Forest Conservation Act for road, rail and other public works projects involving cutting trees in forest areas. Another potentially dangerous relaxation has been the lifting of restrictions in ecologically sensitive areas near our borders (Line of Actual Control with China) and in Naxal-affected districts by giving states more powers to issue clearances and thereby reducing the load on the central ministry.Sources:Modi government has launched a silent war on the environmentIn addition, there are two major concerns at present bothering environmental activists regarding actions the Modi government may undertake on the environmental front. These are:a) Dilution of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)Context: NGT is the only judicial body in India below the Supreme Court before which cases on matters pertaining/related to environment and forests can be filed; it was set up by the first UPA government. It is also the first body one can approach legally with regard to environmental and forest clearances issued by MoEF (except the project proponent). This is a critical requirement given that the clearance process handled by statutory advisory bodies under MoEF does not have a proper procedure for engaging all stakeholders in a holistic manner. The orders of NGT can be appealed against in the Supreme Court.NGT is chaired by a retired Supreme Court Justice or a High Court Chief Justice, and is required to have 10-20 judicial members and 10-20 expert members on board with benches operating across the country so that people do not always have to travel all the way to Delhi to file cases against environmental and/or forest clearance issued to any project and justice is available closer at hand. NGT had played an important role in imposing additional conditions on projects if their impact on environment/forest was too high by involving other stakeholders and attempting to address their concerns. Having said that, NGT rarely used its power to cancel projects, even as it passed adverse comments against committees under MoEF and even the Environment Minister in a specific case for “non-application of mind” while granting the clearance.Concerns: The Modi government has apparently undertaken preliminary discussions on amending the Act and is also planning to set up a committee to review the law under which the tribunal has been set up. Ideas have been proposed to turn the tribunal into an administrative one under the ministry itself – which could dilute the powers and the efficacy of the tribunal. The government is also suspected of challenging the jurisdiction of NGT to question the correctness of environmental rules and regulations – something the NGT has accorded to itself based on its jurisdiction over “all civil cases where a substantial question relating to environment is involved” as per the NGT law.Sources:Government planning to clip National Green Tribunal's wingsIndia's National Green Tribunal Challenges Government and Industry To Follow the Law - Circle of Blue WaterNewsModi government has launched a silent war on the environmentb) Dilution of India’s environmental lawsContext: Five acts play a critical role in environmental management in India. These are the Environment Protection Act, the Forest Conservation Act, the Wildlife Protection Act, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. While there are weaknesses in each of these acts, they have played a guiding role in helping environmental activists to question the performance of project proponents in various regards and tackle the menace of environmental degradation in the country.Decisions taken and Concerns:The Modi government announced a 4-member committee under a former civil servant (T S R Subramaniam) to review these 5 laws and recommend amendments. The committee reviewed all laws in less than 2 months – a surprise considering that any review of even one law is an exhaustive exercise in itself given the various stakeholders involved and consultations required to know their views and draft a law which satisfies their valid concerns as well as the Constitution adequately. The mandate of the committee was extremely broad and was not so much to protect the environment but instead to make the laws more investment-friendly or business friendly.Many other concerns have been raised with regard to the final report the Committee came out with as well as the process involved in doing so. There were substantial allegations with regard to a proper consultation mechanism followed by the Committee in arriving at their report. Concerns have been raised with regard to several recommendations of the Committee report, ranging from reducing powers of the NGT, making judicial review of the project the final and not the initial step and introducing self-certification systems for compliance with environmental laws based on “utmost good faith” – without understanding why such a system will be a massive failure in the Indian context given poor environmental management performance both of environmental regulators.I will not dwell on this aspect here as it has been referred to in many blogs:Full Report of MoEF’s Committee to Review Environmental Laws Confirms Initial Apprehensions: Recipe for Dilution of Environmental Protection RegimeRecipe for Dilution of Environmental Protection Regime: Report of MoEF’s Committee to Review Environmental LawsThe High Level Committee Report on Environmental Laws: A Recipe for Climate Disaster and Silencing People’s VoiceSources:Govt to hire consultants to write new umbrella green lawModi government has launched a silent war on the environmentSubramanian panel suggests overhaul of green lawsSubramanian panel report on environment laws: Mischief is in details hiding under Umbrella lawThe worst among thing all of this – the fact that PMO or Prime Minister’s Office has been directing most if not all of these disturbing aspects in our environmental laws and regulations.PMO ordered 60 changes to green clearances, environment ministry delivered on most

Want to know the most interesting use cases of ArcGIS?In this answer, I will tell you 1000 GIS Applications & their Uses.So keep reading till the end because you are going to get a lot of information from it.One year in the making, these are some of your favorite GIS applications you haven’t heard of yet:GIS student project ideas, GIS case studies, GIS projects, GIS uses – From over 50 industries, this jam-packed guide of 1000 GIS applications will open your mind to our amazing planet and its inter-connectivity.1 Agriculture GIS Applications1. Precision Farming – Harvesting more bushels per acre while spending less on fertilizer using precision farming and software. (How to win the farm using GIS)2. Disease Control – Combating the spread of pests through by identifying critical intervention areas and efficient targeting control interventions.3. Swiss Alps Farming – Cultivating south-facing slopes in the Swiss Alps using aspect data because it shelters from cold and dry winds which is critical to successful crop growth.4. 3D Scanners for Biomass – Measuring with laser accuracy 3D biomass using the FARO scanner.5. Real-time Crop Yields – Shifting to real-time crop monitoring and targeted, automated responses with drones and precision watering sensors.6. Current Food Security – Safeguarding food insecure populations by establishing underlying causes through satellite, mobile-collected and GIS data storage.7. Agri-tourism – Navigating through crop mazes with GPS receivers in the developing field of agri-tourism.8. Plant Hardiness – Defining distinct boundaries in which plants are capable of growing as defined by climatic conditions.9. Machine Performance – Logging geographic coordinates of agricultural machinery in a farm field to better understand the spatially variability cost of field operation and machinery performance.10. Future Food Demand – Diagnosing the future food demand and planning how to fulfill the needs of a growing and increasingly affluent population.11. Crop Assimilation Model – Simulating soil, water and crop processes to better understand crop productivity and monitoring using the Crop Assimilation Model tool in GRASS GIS.12. Water Stress – Balancing the ratio of local withdrawal (demand) over the available water (supply).13. Historical Agricultural Land – Plotting the historical and future farming trends served.14. Hunger Map – Raising awareness about global hunger and places that are in need.15. Agromap – Breaking down primary food crops by sub-national administrative districts and aggregating by crop production, area harvested and crop yields.16. Crop Resilience to Climate Change – Adapting to climate change and shifting weather patterns by promote the continued health of your fields.17. Crop Productivity – Calibrating crop productivity using indices like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to estimate global crop productivity. (Satellite Image Corporation AgroWatch Green Vegetation Index)18. Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) – Prioritizing cropland conservation program implementations through “Model Simulation of Soil Loss, Nutrient Loss, and Change in Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Crop Production”.19. Agriculture Capability – Classifying the varying potential for agricultural production using the Canadian Land Inventory.20. Ranch Pasture Management – Collecting soils types, fence lines, roads and other data for better management for more meaningful reports and maps.21. Agricultural Pollution – Quantifying the impacts on climate and the environment from agricultural pollution.22. Agriculture Revenue – Determining the Effective Opportunity Cost relating to deforestation and potential agricultural revenue with IDRISI GeOSIRIS for REDD.23. Irrigation – Capturing irrigation infrastructure for land management decisions more than two-thirds of the world’s freshwater withdrawals are for irrigating crops.24. Farm Preservation – Establishing farm priority zones by analyzing the local farming landscape and constructing criteria for high-quality farming areas.25. Versatile Soil Moisture Budget – Simulating soil moisture conditions of cropland areas taking into account evapotranspiration, rainfall, runoff and other factors.26. Drought – Minimizing the impact of drought by analyzing the spatial distribution of rainfall and real-time sensors like SMAP, SMOS and synthetic aperture radar.27. CropScape – Estimating acreage of crop types and spatial distribution using satellite imagery with National Agricultural Statistics Services. (USDA NASS CropScape)28. Crop Forecasting – Predicting crop yields using NDVI, weather, soil moisture, soil types and other parameters.29. Organic Farming – Managing various sources of data for organic farming permits including tillage history, field inputs, crop rotations, and pest management measures on a field-by-field basis.30. Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) Model – Predicting the effects of agriculture on water quality using Agricultural Non-Point Source pollution model in MapWindow31. Drainage Ditches – Tracing farm field drainage lines using stereo imagery in MicroImages TNTMips. (TNT Stereo Viewing Tools)32. Length of Growing Period – Meeting the full evapotranspiration demands of crops when average temperatures are greater or equal to 5°C and precipitation plus moisture store in the soil exceed half the potential evapotranspiration.2 Astronomy/Planetary GIS Applications33. Asteroids – Gazing the sky and tracking asteroids with NASA’s bolide events map. (NASA’s Bolide Events)34. Mapping Mars with MOLA – Start mapping a whole entire new planet using NASA’s MOLA. (USGS Planetary GIS Web Server – PIGWAD)35. Mars Terrain – Going for a spin on the rugged terrain of Mars using data captured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). (Mars Terrain)36. Mars Rover Landing – Examining how to landing the Mars Rover safely with operations criteria including latitude for solar power, soil softness, slopes using laser altimetry, dustiness, rockiness and a landing footprint.37. Water Flow on Mars – Hillshading the Mars Digital Elevation Model to augment legibility and understand where rivers may have flowed and oceans flourished. (Mars Water Flow)38. Satellite Orbits – Gazing the sky for satellites and even programming satellites for image acquisition. (Satellite Map)39. Magnetic Fields – Investigating magnetic field lines in 3D with international geomagnetic field maps.40. Astrogeology – Delivering planetary mapping to the international science community in public domain – from planetary topology to lunar geology. (Astrogeology Science Centre)41. UFO Sightings – Speculating UFO sightings with proportional symbols with over 90,000 reports dating back to 1905. m42. Light Pollution – Recognizing the artificial light introduced by humans in the night sky and how it interferes with the observation of stars. (NOAA’s VIIRS data) / Light Pollution Map)43. Mars in Google Earth – Searching for Martian landmarks with Google Earth’s “Live from Mars” layer.44. International Space Station – Tracking the real-time location of the International Space Station (ISS) in ArcGIS Online Data.45. Venus – Mapping the altimetry, shaded relief and geology of Venus. (Venus Map)46. Magnetic Declination – Positioning with the magnetic declination, a varying angle from a true geographic north using NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 2015 data and the Magnetic Declination QGIS Plugin.47. Gravity Anomaly – Understanding our Earth’s gravity by mapping the unusual concentrations of mass in a different regions on Earth. (The Geoid)48. NASA Visible Earth – Cataloging images and animations of our home planet in the electromagnetic spectrum from various sensors. (NASA Visible Earth)49. Tycho – Mapping Tycho, the youngest moon crater.50. Milky Way – Surveying the inner part of the Milky Way Galaxy with GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Extraordinaire)3 Archaeology GIS Applications51. Lost Cities – Revealing lost cities in the ground and their forgotten past using ground penetrating radar and infrared sensors. (LiDAR uncovers lost cities)52. Archaeological Survey – Tackling a huge problem archaeologists face every day – collecting physical locations of their excavation findings from a wealth of sites.53. Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities – Recording, monitoring, and protecting archaeological sites to avoid impacting, factor cost for site mitigation – developed by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). (MEGA Geodatabase)54. Geographic Text Analysis – Incorporating a semi-automated exploration of large written texts combining Natural Language Processing techniques, Corpus Linguistics and GIS.55. QGIS Archaeology Tools – Computerizing the archaeological community with their record keeping with the pyArchInit QGIS plugin.56. Mediterranean Landscape Dynamics – Modeling surface process change and landscape evolution to better understand the long-term interactions of humans and landscapes in the Mediterranean using GRASS GIS. (Mediterranean Landscape Dynamics)57. Preliminary Site Investigation – Searching ancient maps for buildings, cemeteries, roads and fences as these sites present important clues to archaeological sites.58. Stone Tools – Characterizing geographic features suitable for making stone tools and clay pottery such as lithic materials, water resources, stream hydrology with geologic controls like bedrock outcrops and drainage basin floodplains.59. Viewshed – Scoping out a site by determining what is within eyesight considering all prehistoric conditions associated to that viewshed.60. Archaeological Site Prediction – Connecting favorable slope, aspect, geology, hydrology and distance to water using the Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) to predict archaeological sites.61. Cultural Heritage Inventory – Customizing and deploying the collection of cultural heritage field observations with open source geospatial software Arches. (Arches Heritage Inventory & Management System)62. 3D Archaeology – Rendering accurate and efficient 3D recordings of archaeological heritage sites, in particular archaeological excavations with aerial imagery and 3D environments.63. Shovel Test Pits – Logging transects, shovel test pits and other recordings when they visit potential locations to conduct field investigations.64. Predicting Dinosaur Tracks – Getting the inside track on understanding exactly where dinosaurs once roamed the Earth with vegetation coverage, slope, aspect and proximity to landslides.4 Architecture GIS Applications65. Line of Sight – Planning high-rise buildings so they don’t obstruct the view of the mountains in Portland using line of sight.66. Exposure to Noise – Orchestrating urban mobility plans with special consideration for the impact environmental noise using OrbisGIS. (Urban Noise)67. Development Planning – Making citizens happy through smart development planning and understanding the bigger picture.68. Crowd Simulation – Mastering the collective dynamics of interacting objects in urban phenomena at the scale of individual households, people, and units of real estate and at time-scales approaching “real time”. (Crowd Simulation)69. Solar Exposure – Harvesting light to assess the suitability of installing solar (photovoltaic) panels on roofs using 3D city models and geometric information such as the tilt, orientation and area of the roof.70. City Engine – Assessing feasibility and plan implementation using Esri’s City Engine improving urban planning, architecture, and overall design.71. Pedestrian Behavior – Discerning the movements of pedestrians and urban behavior throughout through a plaza in Copenhagen.72. Shadow Analysis – Diagnosing how much shadow will be casted in the pre-construction phase onto its surrounding using Bentley Map.73. Parking Availability – Orchestrating a parking available by collecting the percent of spaces occupied versus search time.74. Integration of GIS and BIM – Operating a facility with BIM (building information modeling) because of its ability to analyze information and integrate data from different systems.75. Tangible Landscape – Experimenting with the potential impact of different building configurations with an easy-to-use 3D sketching tool. (Tangible Landscape)76. Geodesign – Conceptualizing building plans with focus on stakeholder participation and collaboration to closely follow natural systems.77. Propagation of Noise in Urban Environments – Modelling 3D data to answer how urban citizens are harmed by noise pollution, and how to mitigate it with noise barriers.78. Space Utilization – Augmenting NASA’s Langley Research Center by applying optimization algorithms to space utilization. (Space Utilization)79. Ordnance Survey Geovation – Pioneering location innovation in the United Kingdom through Geovation – the collaboration, exchange of ideas and inspiring innovation. (Ordnance Survey Geovation)5 Arctic / Antarctica GIS Applications80. Quantarctica – Familiarizing yourself with Antarctic with the free, open-source source collection of geographical datasets. (Quantarctica)81. Exclusive Economic Zones – Carving out boundaries in the Arctic – Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland) and the United States are limited to their economic adjacent to their coasts while all waters beyond is considered international water.82. Shipping Route Shortcuts – Transporting goods through the Arctic passage because of melting ice in the North Pole.83. Sea Ice Motion – Maintaining an inventory of sea ice extents snapshots from NOAA’s National Snow and Ice Data Center. (Sea Ice Motion)84. Aspect – Using aspect and incoming solar radiation data to understand how glaciers accumulate on the poleward side.85. Subglacial Lakes – Mapping lakes under glaciers – isolated from the outside world for up to 35 million years, and may be final refuges for life, the like of which exists nowhere else on Earth. (Subglacial Lakes)86. Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project (ADMAP) – Uncovering the tectonic evolution using near-surface magnetic anomaly data. (Antarctic Magnetic Anomaly)87. Wildlife Tracking – Logging the species richness of marine mammals like whales, seals, walruses and narwhals and seabirds or waterfowl in the Arctic.88. Sea Ice Index – Bringing together data on Antarctica’s ice sheet surface, thickness and boundary using passive remote sensing. (Sea NSIDC Ice Index)89. Fish – Showing the probability of occurrence and observations for fish species – from Atlantic cod to Walleye Pollock. (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources)90. Arctic Research Projects – Displaying research projects, showing available data and exploring possible collaborations. (Arctic Research Projects)91. Arctic Ocean Floor – Sculpting the Arctic Ocean with the sonic depth finder and discovering dynamic with trenches, ridges and abyssal plains.92. Arctic’s Geology – Interpreting the geology of the Arctic using enhanced magnetic data, Landsat imagery and topographic data. (Arctic Geology)93. COMNAP Facilities – Mapping out the COMNAP facilities in Antarctica that currently supports a range of scientific research. (COMNAP Facilities)94. Polar Bear – Keeping counts of the most vulnerable populations of polar bear (due to climate change) by comparing two satellite images over time.95. Search and Rescue – Lunging into search and rescue operations using the Safety and Operability Index which calculates risk based on factors such as sea ice, visibility, temperature, distance from SAR resources.96. Environmental Risk – Assessing the environmental vulnerability of marine resources with respect to oil spill as external stressor. (Arctic Environmental Risk)97. Polar Ice Melt – Monitoring the polar ice melt using satellites like GOCE and GRACE that measures how much mass is on Earth. (GOCE and GRACE Satellites)6 Aquatics GIS Applications98. Stream Order – Defining stream size based on a hierarchy of tributaries the Strahler Index (or Horton-Strahler Index) – an important indicator of fisheries and aquatic habitat.99. Fish Habitat Models – Connecting fish species with their habitat using habitat suitability indexes.100. Whale Tracking – Stalking pigmy killer, sperm, beaked and false killer whales in the Pacific Ocean with online mapping applications. (Whale Tracking)101. Global Shark Tracker – Monitoring sharks recovery rates with acoustic tags allowing detection in multiple dimensions. (OCEARCH)102. Fish Eradication – Eradicating Northern pike which negatively affect local trout fishery and the economy by tracking their movements with GPS. (Northern Pike Eradication)103. Spawning Sites – Drawing spawning site boundaries for migratory fish that are known to release eggs.104. Hydro-Acoustics – Listening to echoes with hydro-acoustics for the Crean Lake Hydro-Acoustics project – capturing lake depth, fish class, fish stock numbers, habitat preference related to temperature. (Crean Lake Hydro-Acoustics)105. Mercury in Stream – Grasping the origin of mercury – which are contaminants to fish tissue – by studying the landscape such as soils and humus.106. Fish Habitat Conservation Areas – Fine-tuning fish habitat conservation areas by knowing the big picture of fish distribution.107. Overfishing – Maintaining sustainable fish population levels with satellite monitoring of sea surface temperature and ocean colors (because they are indicative of specific fish species).108. Stress Monitoring – Correlating fish stresses from the local environment such as heat stress from the removal of trees along a stream.109. SCIMAP – Identifying locations of diffuse pollution risk for polluted water and aquatic habitat using SCIMAP. (Diffuse Pollution Risk Mapping)7 Aviation GIS Applications110. Live Air Traffic – Turning your computer into air traffic control center using Flight Radar 24. (Flight Radar 24)111. Airplane Identification – Pointing your phone to the sky and identifying airplanes above you using Flight Radar 24.112. World’s Busiest Airports – Surfing the world’s top 25 busiest airports with the Esri Global Crossroads Story Map. (World’s Busiest Airports)113. Voronoi Diagram – Discovering that Mataveri Airport in Easter Island is the most remote airport in the world with the Voronoi airport proximity map. (Voronoi Diagram)114. Obstruction Evaluation – Securing safe take-offs and landings with the Federal Aviation Agency’s (FAA) vertical obstruction database115. Flight Path – Simulating flight paths integrated with elevation data, imagery and other spatial data using Falcon View.116. Search for Flight MH370 – Crowd-sourcing the search for flight MH370 with satellite imagery provided by DigitalGlobe.117. Airspace Builder – Visualizing the air available to aircraft to fly in with 3D volumes using NASA’s World Wind. (NASA World Wind)118. Air Traffic Control – Fine-tuning air traffic control with a common operational picture for security vulnerability and land use permitting.119. Drone No-fly Zones – Delineating drone no-fly zones where it’s illegal to fly such as near airports and military bases.120. Aeronautical Charts – Scouting out best routes, safe altitudes and navigation aids in the sky with aeronautical charts.121. Runway Approach Zone Encroachment – Pinpointing obstructions in the approach zone of a runway using detailed elevation data to ensure no collisions FAA Safety Analysis.122. Airport Sound Exposure – Assessing the relationship between aircraft-generated noise levels and land uses, noise receptors, and demographics in the airport environs.123. Fly Through – Cruising the high altitudes with interactive 3D viewing and fly-throughs with Landserf. (Landserf)124. Flight Simulator – Becoming a pilot in the cockpit with three-dimensional perspective views of an area by combined with elevation and imagery. (Online Flight Simulator)125. Air Space Review – Automating the dissemination and portrayal of Special Activity Airspace information via OGC Web Services. (Envitia Special Air Space)8 Automobile Integration GIS Applications126. Toyota Vehicle Crowd Sourcing – Piecing together hyper-precise and up-to-date maps using Toyota vehicle’s GPS and camera.127. In-Vehicle Usage – Monitoring driving habits like speed, sudden acceleration and pushing hard on the brakes for insurance underwriting.128. GeoFencing – Immobilizing cross border travel with geofencing (virtual barriers) – perfect for car sharing and rental programs. (To Geofence or not)129. Self-Driving Vehicles – Sitting back and relaxing while Google’s autonomous car does all the work equipped with LiDAR, GPS, an inertial unit and sophisticated software. (Google’s Self-Driving Car)130. GPS Receivers – Nurturing mapping technology as it’s almost standard to have a GPS receiver and a monitor with all the latest maps.131. Waze Real-Time Driving – Saving time and money on your commute as drivers share real-time traffic information and road alerts with each other with Waze. (Waze Live Map)132. Estimated Travel Time – Locking in your destination and getting live updates for estimated travel time.133. Morgan Freeman’s Voice – Enjoying the calm, soothing voice of Morgan Freeman as he delivers directions from your GPS navigation system. (Morgan Freeman GPS)9 Banking GIS Applications134. Market Share – Examining branch locations, competitor locations and demographic characteristics to identify areas worthy of expansion or determine market share in Maptitude. (Market Share)135. ATM Machine – Filling in market and service gaps by understanding where customers, facilities, and competitors are with address locating, database management and query tools.136. World Bank Economic Statistics – Slicing and dicing raw financial data from the World Bank. (World Bank Data)137. Merger and Acquisitions – Profiling and finding opportunities to gain and build where customers are with market profiling138. Supply and Demand – Identifying under-served areas and analyzing your competitor’s market.139. Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) – Fulfilling the obligations to loan in areas with particular attention to low- and moderate-income households – using GIS to understand spatial demographics. (Bank of America uses MapInfo for CRA)140. Mobile Banking – Capturing locations where existing mobile transaction occur and assisting in mobile security infrastructure.10 Business & Commerce GIS Applications141. Fleet Management – Staying in route and solving scheduling problems with fleet management.142. Augmented Reality – Augmenting reality with commercial use in mind – such as advertising and restaurant reviews. (Google Glass)143. Direct Marketing – Revitalizing selling strategies by reaching out to customers directly with locational intelligence.144. Drive-Time Analysis – Determining a trade area based on how long a customer must drive to get to the store – factoring in street speed limits, traffic volumes, and other impedance.145. Internet of Things – Improving efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit through a network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange information with one another.146. Market Share Analysis – Optimizing the locations of facilities so the allocated demand is maximized in the presence of competitors using tools like location-allocation in ArcGIS. (Location-Allocation Tool)147. Nearest Location – Resolving the nearest gas station, restaurants or coffee shop using GPS-based positioning and geocoded business data.148. Property Appraisal – Appraising residential properties using Census data and finding your property online through interactive property assessment viewers.149. Internet Geocoding – Mapping and analyzing user generated geocoded data to get a glimpse of what internet users (in the aggregate) think about particular places.150. Geocoding Businesses – Pinpointing anything to everything from restaurants, banks and donut shops with a list of addresses.151. Reverse Geocoding – Geocoding in reverse; taking locations from a map and listing their addresses.152. Daytime Population – Marketing products effectively with detailed daytime population demographics for an area reflecting who works in that area as opposed to residential demographics.153. Local Advertising – Advertising through social, local and mobile mediums through location and making presence more known.154. Tax Havens – Sheltering tax through tax havens then putting it all on a map. (Open Corporates)155. GeoBranding – Increasing credibility and increasing sales with prospective clients, vendors and media by conveying complex data to increase sales.156. Desire Lines – Plotting desire lines showing stores that serves customers. (Origin and Destination – QGIS Oursins Plugin)157. Commercial Establishments – Updating commercial establishment using gvSIG Mobile and a local databases. (Commercial Establishment Database)158. Supply Chain – Finding which supply chains are vulnerable to better plan for interruptions (Boundless Supply Chain)159. Integrated Freight Network Model – Integrating highly detailed information about shipping costs, transfer costs, traffic volumes and network interconnectivity properties in a GIS-based platform. (Integrated Freight Network Model)160. Capital Projects – Listing all the capital projects with different stages of completion.161. Gravity Models – Determining the likelihood of customers patronizing a particular store based on the store’s proximity, competition, and other factors.162. Employee Travel Times – Modelling travel times in urban networks for employee travel times.163. Store Openings – Historicizing a company’s store openings. (IKEA Store Openings)164. Foursquare – Recommending 50 million users search for restaurants, recommend bars, and check-in around the world with a Mapbox custom branded map. (Foursquare)165. Infrastructure Expansion – Comparing historical data to current conditions with satellite data from Astro Digital.11 Consumer Science and Behavior GIS Applications166. Data Analytics – Analyzing location-based information to reveal relationship between individuals, families, and communities, and the environment in which they live.167. Huff Model – Calculating sales potential based on the Huff Model – an interaction model measuring the probabilities of consumers at each origin location patronizing a new store instead of other stores.168. Consumer Profiling – Optimizing consumer profiling with location-based information on age, ethnicity, education, housing and more.169. Retail Customer Segmentation – Segmenting markets by customer prototypes to improve the effectiveness of campaigns.170. Buying Behavior – Correlating unthinkable variables like weather and location with buying behaviors to find sales opportunities.171. Retail Store Movement – Detailing how customers move through retail stores, what they bought, rejected and looked at.172. Real-Time Gas Prices – Crowdsourcing gas price updates at various gas stations on or along a route. (Waze Crowdsourced Gas Prices)173. Store Placement – Guiding the placement of new stores by studying disposable income, population, or other variables to best serve the population.12 Climate Change GIS Applications174. NASA Earth Observatory – Exploring the causes and effects of climate change of our atmosphere, oceans, land and life through the use of satellite data. (NASA Earth Observatory)175. Climate Change Skeptics – Turning skeptics into believers. Maps make climate change findings easier for skeptics to understand and accept. (Climate Viewer)176. Earth Interactions – Modelling vegetation, atmospheric, rainfall and ecosystems to study their interactions simultaneously177. Sea Level Rise – Collecting data to study sea level rise and climate change from Jason-3 satellite. (Climate Central)178. County Climate – See for yourself how average maximum temperature rises/falls in each county in the United States. (County Climate)179. Desertification – Understanding the underlying causes of desertification such as inappropriate agriculture practices, deforestation and drought.180. Land Surface Temperature Change – Using map algebra to see how land surface temperature changes year-by-year. (Land Surface Temperature)181. Piecing Together the Climate Change Puzzle – Combining various climate change data sets from various sources – for example relating land practices with atmosphere aerosols. (ArcGIS Online)182. Pollution Modelling – Mapping air pollution sources and impacts on environment and people.183. Google Planetary Engine – Seeing with your own two eyes the alarming changes of our planet. (Google Planetary Engine)184. Bird Risk and Richness – Studying the effects of shrinking habitats on bird populations in the world. (Audubon)185. Carbon Sequestration – Deferring global warming through carbon sequestration through location-based carbon management systems.186. Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification – Modelling observed and projected climate change scenarios with variables such as population growth, economic development and varying energy use and technological innovations.187. Smog – Squinting your eyes to see through all of that smog. (Mapbox Smog from Space)188. Temperature Change – Measuring the effects of greenhouse gases being the main culprit of temperature change by mapping temperature at levels above the Earth’s surface.189. Climate Change Design – Redesigning to accommodate climate change and pinpointing those locations needed most.190. Land Change Modeller – Simplifying innovative land planning and decision support with IDRISI’s Land Change Modeler. It includes special tools for the assessment of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) climate change mitigation strategies.191. Vegetation Indices – Using remote sensing vegetation indices like NDVI, CTVI, NRVI and PVI to monitor vegetation change throughout time.13 Crime GIS Applications192. Crime Patterns – Responding to crimes with a data-driven approach and deliver tailored responses through rapid deployment of personnel and resources. (Spillman CompStat)193. Incident Map – Keeping the community safer by streaming visual mediums for arson, assault, burglary, homicide, prostitution, robbery, theft, and vandalism in a city.194. Auto Theft and Recovery – Tracking auto theft with GPS-enabled vehicles.195. Sex Offenders – Tracking past criminal offenders with GPS movement patterns in relationship to schools and other entities.196. Emergency Calls and Dispatch – An emergency call starts and ends at a location. GIS can manage both 911 calls and dispatching units to precise locations. (Zetron Computer-Aided Dispatch)197. Law Enforcement Operations – Allocating and dispatching police officers where it’s needed most by studying crime activities.198. Unlawful Landlords – Capturing thermal signatures of illegal tenants in sheds because renting out sheds is illegal in London, England. (Pitney Bowes Crime Solution)199. Predictive Policing – Patrolling Mapping clusters of burglaries or other crimes assigning more police in those locations using heat maps or Getis-Ord General G and point patterns.200. Missing Body Search – Narrowing down the search of a missing by finding subtle terrain anomalies in the ground using LiDAR.201. Megan’s Law – Obeying the requirement for local law enforcement agencies to notify residents about the presence of certain sex offenders in their area by only contacting a buffered area of the offender’s residence.202. Forensic GIS – Applying science and geographic information for the investigating of a crime – such as using GPS-recorded information in vehicles to prove the location at the scene of a crime. (Forensic GIS – The Role of Geospatial Technologies for Investigating Crime and Providing Evidence)203. GeoEvent Notification – Avoiding high-crime areas with geofencing when delivering high-valued goods.204. Extra Penalties – Dishing out extra penalties to criminals if convicted of selling drugs within a specified distance of a school property.205. Illegal Smuggling – Monitoring cross-border smuggling activity by placing a GPS on a vehicle with a warrant to do so.206. Fear of Crime – Interviewing individuals for fear of crime using GPS-enabled mobile computing.207. Geographic Profiling – Using a connected series of crimes to determine the most probabilistic location of a criminal offender or offense – useful for finding serial criminals.208. Stalking – Abusing GPS technology by stalking with a GPS receiver. A GPS jammer prevents positional monitoring.209. First Response – Getting to a crime scene quicker with all the critical information needed in the field. (Adashi Incident Command Software)210. Traffic Violations – Collecting and mapping traffic incident to assess if units should be spread out or concentrated in certain locations.211. Open Air Drug Markets – Uncovering relationship between crimes and the location of open air drug markets based on analogous crimes throughout other communities212. Ankle Monitor – Homing in on those under house arrest or parole. GPS bracelets only have value if you know where they are going.14 Defense/Military GIS Applications213. Augmented Reality Sandtable (ARES) – Improving battlespace visualization with projected GIS data on a sandtable. (Augmented Reality)214. Terrorism Search – Finding Osama Bin Laden using remote sensing imagery with biogeographic theory (distance-decay theory and island biogeography theory). (Finding Osama Bin Laden)215. Anti-aircraft – Answering anti-aircraft gun reach using 3D dome layers to avoid dangerous airspace (Anti-aircraft)216. Safe Landings– Parachuting from the skies safely by evaluation the underlying surroundings of the area.217. Intelligence Data Integration – Overlaying accurate geographic data for battlefield application and make life saving decisions218. Combat Flight Planning Software (CFPS) – Previewing combat routes, weapon delivery and air drop planning in Falcon View. (Falcon View)219. Reconnaissance Satellites – Spying on enemies with satellites – from Corona in 1959 to the tiny CubeSat’s being used today.220. Base Construction Planning – Constructing a base site without it being visible from nearby major roads using the 3D skyline tool.221. GEOINT – Revealing human activity through the use of geospatial investigation and ultraviolet to microwave imagery.222. Military Simulation – Simulating ground vehicle in a highly realistic virtual world.223. US Army Corps of Engineers – Delivering vital public and military engineering services keeping geospatial information in mind. (US Army Corps of Engineers)224. Pigeon Mapping – Spying on enemies in World War II with the Bavarian Pigeon Corps – a flock of pigeons equipped with cameras.225. Chokepoint – Safeguarding chokepoints like bridges or dams where critical infrastructure converge – explosions here would cause multiple effects.226. Bird Strike – Flying safely through the Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) – a temporal raster grids equal to the sum of the mean bird mass for all species present.227. Uranium Depletion – Mapping depleted uranium and preventing it from getting into the wrong hands.228. President Assassination – Preventing assassinations by understanding the logistics of a past one. (Assassination Prevention)229. Mobile Command Modeling – Setting up shop by finding the most optimal mobile command location.230. Common Operating Picture – Getting everyone on the same page with a Common Operating Picture.231. Military Mission Planning – Increasing operational awareness to helicopter pilots through 3D for conducting ingress and egress movement.232. Locational Intelligence – Creating safety and danger areas for ground-to-ground weapons (Surface Danger Zones) and air-to-ground Weapon Danger Zone. (Range Management Toolkit (RMTK))233. United Nations Peacekeeping – Peacekeeping by means of having the geographic necessary for humanitarian aid, developing peace in war-torn countries and providing the necessary support.234. Critical Features – Identifying threats to homeland security by collecting knowledge of the built and cultural environments.235. Tactical Planning – Deploying troops and military equipment to combat zones intelligently by searching compressed and quick-loading reconnaissance imagery.236. Motion Video – Capturing georeferenced video to assess anything such as operational status of an industrial plant, bomb damage on a target or length of a runway. (GeoMedia Motion Video Analyst)237. Homeland Security – Addressing vulnerabilities and formulating preparedness measures in case of terrorism and emergency situations.238. Virtual Reality – Simulating military and training in a 3D environment using GIS data.239. Attack Modelling – Modeling a potential attack to legitimize the needs and have policy makers truly understand the consequences of an attack with preparedness expenditures.240. Helicopter Landing – Inventorying potential landing zones to helicopters unseen, unheard and on flat terrain.241. Guard Posting – Posting armed guards in optimal locations to eliminate chokepoints.242. 3D Fences – Building security fences with post interval and number of wires/boards with heights in a 3D GIS environment.243. War Maps – Familiarizing oneself with the enemy defenses and territory by mapping strategic attacks.244. World Trade Center – Responding to terrorist attacks including real-time data delivery, victim tracking, facility and resource vulnerability, data availability, implementation, environmental exposure and air monitoring (World Trade Center GIS Response)245. Georeferenced Video – Cataloging and retrieving full motion video using the ArcGIS Full Motion Video Add-In or Hexagon Geospatial GeoMedia Motion GeoVideo Analyst.246. Detecting IED – Monitoring disturbed surfaces one day to next to find Improvised Explosive Devices247. Logistics – Responding to military and security decisions with timely logistics and support.248. Camouflage Detection – Carrying out early reconnaissance missions during war using near-infrared.249. Military Grid Reference System – Locating points on the Earth with from three parts – grid zone designator, square identifier and numerical location.15 Disaster GIS Applications250. Richter Scale – Depicting earthquakes on a 3D globe like spikes on a porcupine for each reading on the Richter scale. (3D Richter Scale Map)251. Shared Operations – Responding to disasters with quickness and reliability using a Common Operating Picture and cloud services (Cloud GIS for Disaster Monitoring)252. Chernobyl Exclusion Zone – Buffering a radius of 18.6 miles (30 km) which is now known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.253. Landslide Vulnerability – Dodging landslides with relief maps and 3D analysis.254. Hurricane Response – Sidestepping the threat of hurricanes by tracking historical hurricane paths and through better disaster response/assistance.255. Earthquake Prediction – Obtaining earthquake signatures measuring subduction events with GRACE satellite and the geoid. (Earthquake Prediction)256. Coastal Surges – Estimating risk in three steps using HAZUS software by FEMA.257. Citizen Alert – Guaranteeing protection of citizens by delivering geo-targeted alerts on mobile. (FME Server Real-Time Earthquake Reporting)258. What-if Scenarios – Determining higher likelihood events based on historical data and spatial analysis.259. Evacuation – Evaluating evacuation capabilities neighborhoods may face and generating effective design.260. Oil Spill – Degreasing oil spills by identifying current direction and rate of oil movement.261. Tornado Warning Siren – Safeguarding residents with effective siren coverage in tornado alley. (Tornado Warning Siren Modelling)262. Fire Severity – Prioritizing prevention and planning efforts during forest fires.263. Flood Forecasting – Simulating with stream discharge hydrographs with variations of water over time.264. Tornado Alley – Finding patterns of historical tornadoes in Tornado Alley.265. Avalanche Modeling – Uncovering areas prone to avalanches by assessing high slopes with sparse vegetation for residential planning, ski resorts and highway safety planning.266. Tsunami Damage – Identifying high risk areas for tsunami damage267. Emergency Shelter – Allocating emergency shelter at time of disaster268. Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS) – Analyzing damage to the environment, the exposed population, and provides real-time resource allocation information to mitigate the consequences. (Leidos Consequences Assessment Tool Set)269. Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Deselecting hazard-prone land for more resilient communities through smart land planning.270. Search and Rescue – Rescuing missing persons drones using small, highly maneuverable unmanned aerial vehicles (drones).271. Volcanic Ash – Rendering volcanic ash clouds in 3D for their dispersion of spillages underwater.272. Earthquake Epicenter/Hypocenter – Establishing the epicenter, hypocenters, faults and lineaments, radius and frequency of earthquakes.273. Volcano Activity – Monitoring thermal emission from the volcano’s summit in Iceland using Landsat’s Thermal Infrared.274. Disaster Warning – Alerting citizens before a large-scale earthquake happens with a new generation of inter-operable early warning systems for multiple hazards. (DEWS – Distant Early Warning System for Tsunamis – uDig)275. Earthquake Assistance – Assisting in the aftermath of the massive Ecuador earthquake by listing “Safe Place” locations from government listings. (Waze Community Assistance)276. Disaster Debris – Estimating debris amounts to better prepare and respond to a major debris generating event.277. Earthquake-Landslide Susceptibility – Mapping the susceptibility of earthquake induced landslides using an artificial neural networks and factors such as slope, aspect, curvature and distance from drainage. (Earthquake-Landslide Susceptibility Using Neural Networks)16 Ecology GIS Applications278. Telemetry – Collecting GPS locations from collared mammals for the purpose of storing, displaying and analyzing their coordinates.279. Habitat Suitability – Factoring in all the variables to understand the habitat that animals select and avoid using linear regression.280. Land Facet Corridor Analysis – Identifying linkages between wildlife and landscapes. (Land Facet Corridor Analysis)281. Landscape Fragmentation Tools (LFT) – Classifying land cover types into forest fragmentation categories – patch, edge, perforated, and core. (Landscape Fragmentation Tools LFT)282. Migration Patterns – Simulating the East African wildebeest migration patterns for the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem in East Africa.283. Path Metrics – Calculates turn angles, step lengths, bearings, time intervals for a point time series dataset using GME. (Geospatial Modelling Environment – GME)284. DNA Traits – Mapping the richness, distribution and diversity of organisms on the landscape based on molecular marker (DNA).285. Surui Tribe – Equipping the Surui tribe with geo-tagging equipment to put an end to the deforestation and cultural devastation in their section of the Brazilian rain forest. (Surui Tribe)286. Species Biodiversity – Gauging over time a decrease in biodiversity or an abundance of species (invasive or disturbance-increasing) using temporal GIS. (Refractions Biodiversity BC)287. Honey Bees – Stimulating spatial thinking processes by analyzing relationships between environmental characteristics and honey bee health and abundance (GIS Honey Bee Research)288. Elk Ranges – Estimating an average home range for an entire herd of mammals using the Minimum Convex Polygon in Hawth’s Tools.289. Anthropogenic Disturbances – Understanding the effects of transmission line construction by monitoring mammals with helicopter surveys. Get to the choppa!290. Migratory Birds – Cross-referencing telemetry GPS migratory (Osprey) bird locations with Langley Air Force Base flying operations in an effort to reduce an aircraft strike. (NASA Langley Research – Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard)291. Shannon’s H Diversity Index – Measuring mathematically species diversity and richness in a community.292. Microclimates – Analyzing exposure to sunlight with aspect data as an indication of microclimates and species occurrence.293. Topographic Ruggedness Index – Estimating terrain heterogeneity which is useful for predicting which habitats are used by species294. De-Extinction – Bringing extinct species back to life and marking their previous habitats – like the passenger pigeon from 5 billion birds to zero in a couple of decades.295. Sky View – Maximizing the portion of visible sky and understanding potential forest habitat.296. FragStats – Computing a wide variety of landscape metrics for categorical map patterns. (FragStats)297. Topographic Position Index – Classifying the landscape into slope position and land-form category298. Global Ecology Land Units – Characterizing distinct physical environments and associated land cover of global ecosystems (USGS). (Global Ecology Land Units)299. Biogeography – Studying ecosystems in geographic space and through (geological) time along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area.300. Species Modelling – Running the Maximum Entropy Model (MAXENT). (QGIS Species Distribution Modelling (QSDM) plugin)301. Flocking Birds – Mimicking flocking birds in a system of interactive parts using Agent Based Modeling. (NetLogo Flocking Birds)302. Risk of Extinction – Describing existing conditions of habitat and predicting risk of extinctions, chance of recovery and mitigation measures – such as prohibiting hunting.303. Habitat Priority Planner – Prioritizing conservation, restoration, and planning through NOAA’s Habitat Priority Planner. (Habitat Priority Planner)304. DNA Barcoding – Attaching a specific location when barcoding life. Smithsonian Institution national Museum of Natural History – (DNA Barcoding – Natural History)305. Society for Conservation GIS (SCGIS) – Assisting conservationists worldwide through community involvement and for the conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage. (SCGIS)306. Sanctuary Ecologically Significant Areas – Delineating remarkable, representative and/or sensitive marine habitats, communities and ecological processes as SESAs. (Sanctuary Ecological Significant Areas)307. Mammal Magnetic Alignment – Discovering how deer can sense magnetism through satellite image analysis and field observations of body alignments of deer beds in snow. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008)308. Sustainable Populations Counts – Counting polar bears and their geographic distribution analyzing two satellite images over time.309. Crocodile Eggs – Monitoring in real-time factors like temperature and humidity for crocodile eggs. (Crocodile Eggs Real-Time Monitoring)310. Into the Okavango – Trekking the Okavango in a journal style map – the world’s last great wetland wildernesses and UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Into the Okavango)311. World Animal Protection – Becoming more resilient from future disasters. (World Animal Protection)312. Linear Directional Mean – Determining the trend for the movement of elk and moose in a stream valley could calculate the directional trend of migration routes for the two species.313. Wa-Tor Predator-Prey Simulation – Simulating ecological predator-prey populations with randomness and rule-based responses.314. Golden Eagle Tracking – Tracking Golden eagle populations using a Biodiversity Tracking System in Manifold GIS.315. Earth Trends Modeler – Assessing long term climate trends, measuring seasonal trends in phenology, and decomposing image time series to seek recurrent patterns in space and time in IDRISI TerraSet.316. Ecological Barrier – Marking physically isolated barriers between species.317. Geotagging Photos – Specifying wildlife photo locations through geotagging and streamlining the importing process with ArcPhoto.17 Economics GIS Applications318. Spatial Econometrics – Intersecting spatial analysis with economics. (GeoDa)319. World Economic Outlook – Projecting the future economy and key macroeconomic indicators with the World Economic Outlook – IMF (World Economic Outlook)320. Goods Flow – Illustrating the flow of people or goods from point to point based on values with desire lines. (Maptitude Flow Lines)321. Globalization – Measuring the degree and extent of economic globalization using international trade data through time.322. The Thünen Model – Distributing the production themselves in space incorporating costs of transport and factor mobility.323. Economic Freedom – Mapping economic freedom throughout the world – an annual guide published by The Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation (Economic Freedom Heat Map)324. Geographic Portfolio – Diversifying your stock portfolio geographically for different countries and stock markets of the world.325. Global Trade – Exporting goods start at a location and ends up in another.326. Geographic Innovation Index – Investigating the relations between geographic proximity to innovation resources and stock returns. (Geographic Innovation Index)327. Economic Base Indicator – Viewing economic indicators for business, industry and demography based on radial, drive and proximity.328. Thematic Mapping – Portraying economic data like unemployment and labor information in time-series thematic maps because maps speak to people329. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – Carving out boundaries for sovereign rights regarding the exploration of marine resources below the surface of the sea330. Gross Domestic Product – Creating continuous area cartograms. (Cartogram QGIS Plugin)331. Global Transition to a New Economy – Prioritizing human well-being through a crowd-sourced sustainable projects map. (Global Transition to a New Economy)332. Trade Area – Delineating the geographic area where a certain percentage of a store’s customers live.333. Economic Costs of Pollution – Assessing greener growth options and the costs of pollution in India by understanding the current state of environment degradation.18 Education GIS Applications334. Campus Navigation – Navigate through a university campus with online mapping applications.335. Neogeography – Opening the floodgates for individuals to create their own maps, on their own terms and by combining elements of an existing toolset336. Projection Art – Investigating our Earth by understanding map projections. (National Geographic – Projection Art)337. Macroscope – Seeing through the macroscope – our earth as a whole rather than be taken apart In their constituents. (Macroscope)338. Bus Services – Assessing which addresses in proximity to a school are eligible for busing.339. Safe Routes to School Mapping Toolkit – Deciding the safest route to school.340. Geospatial Revolution – Captivating audiences with the Penn State Geospatial Revolution341. Cartographic Modelling – Using map algebra to depict the relationships of transportation and geography on access to adult literacy centers in Philadelphia.19 Energy GIS Applications342. Nuclear Power Risk – Conceptualizing nuclear power plant radioactive release with evacuation time and population exposed.343. Marine Renewable Energy – Seeing the ocean of information with wave heights and wind for electric dam selection.344. Concession – Putting concession licenses that give a company the right to drill for oil or gas and exploratory drilling boreholes on a map.345. World Power Types – Seeing how much of the world is being powered by fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable sources. (What Powers the World?)346. Nuclear Waste Site Selection – Safeguarding people with proper nuclear waste disposal347. Water Yields and Scarcity – Estimating water yields and scarcity at a sub-watershed level to calculate hydroelectric potential to the year 2100. Water Scarcity with Ecosystem Services Modeler IDRISI – The Ecosystem Services Modeler (ESM)348. Access Limitation – Calculating access limitations for building like slope being a major factor for getting wagons up the hill to the site.349. Coal Stockpiles – Capturing satellite imagery of frequent shots of open pit mines and resource stockpiles to better understand how much coal has been mined each month. (Coal Stockpiles)350. Shale Gas Plays – Depicting current and prospective shale gas resource areas in shale basins from the Energy Information Association.351. Dam Sites Selection – Comparing hypothetical dam sites by potential water storage to understand how land use/land cover is impacted.352. Energy Consumption – Drawing out energy capacity and consumption on a map. (World Energy Consumption Map)353. Wind Farm Site Selection – Selecting suitable wind farm by understanding wind power, transmission capacity, road access and developable land.354. Turbine Visibility – Discerning visibility of wind for potential changes on a landscape, such as the effect of adding wind farms, or the addition of a new building to an urban area.355. Radar Interference – Calculating potential radar interference and conflicts between turbines and airport approach/landing surfaces with 3D analysis.20 Engineering GIS Applications356. Asset Management – Managing infrastructure data maintenance along with their lifecycle (GeoMedia Asset Management)357. Building Permits – Helping the user determine whether or not a requested permit is in an historic district, an aquifer protection district, wetland, or floodplain.358. CAD Interoperability – Integrating CAD data (DWG, DXF) into GIS and vice versa.359. Construction Environmental Management Plan – Mitigating the potential negative impacts of engineering projects by identifying environmentally sensitive sites and mitigation measures.360. COGO – Constructing points, spirals, curves and arcs with coordinate geometry.361. Real-time Sensors – Monitoring carbon monoxide in real-time with GeoEvent Extension with set thresholds and alerts (Valarm Monitoring Company)362. Augmented Reality – Pulling up engineering diagrams and real-time sensor networks to view water pressure or amperage. (Augmented Reality)363. Cut & Fill – Carving out 3D cut and fills for major civil engineering projects such as major road constructions.364. Department of Interior – Constructing dams, power plants, and canals for protecting water and water-related resources in the United States. (Bureau of Reclamation)365. Facility Management – Optimizing energy efficiency with building automation services for a more comprehensive view of a building.366. Artificial Dam – Damming a site artificially by raising the elevations along a dam site using a Euclidean distance grid and map algebra.367. Development Area – Getting the big picture by tapping into GIS data like gentle slopes, and closeness to roads.21 Environment GIS Applications368. Environmental Impact Assessment – Measuring anticipated effects on the environment of a proposed development project369. Site Remediation – Removing contamination from a plot of land detailing risk exposure and an overview with maps.370. Fire Growth Simulation – Extinguishing fires faster by understand how they grow in discrete steps bringing together wind, weather and fuel for the fire. (FireScience BehavePlus)371. Surface Water Flow – Characterizing water flow to be identified as high consequence for oil spill mitigation.372. Dead Zones – Mapping out dead zones where marine life is unable to be supported.373. Canadian Land Inventory – Charting out land capability to sustain agriculture, forestry and recreation.374. Non-point Source Pollution – Modelling non-point source pollution like soil erosion and sedimentation which are often controlled by variables such as land use/cover, topography, soils and rainfall.375. Wetland Inventory – Delineating wetlands by types and function. (National Wetlands Inventory)376. Invasive Species Modular Dispersal – Modelling the spread of a species’ population distribution through time occupancy maps (GRASS GIS Species Dispersal)377. Storm Water Runoff – Conserving nearby resources such as water and flora by better managing runoff.378. Brownfield and Greenfield Sites – Digging up the background information (Phase 1) and conducting the necessary geo-technical analyses to explore economic opportunities at brownfield and greenfield sites.379. Ozone – Motivating the world to do their part by mapping the spatial distribution of ozone concentrations.380. SWAT Model – Testing the effectiveness of agriculture and environmental policies for pollution control systems in a given watershed like the mwSWAT Plugin in MapWindow381. Karst – Identifying known cave and karst resources into a sinkhole digitization database for best interstate alignment selection. (Karst Database)382. Permafrost – Interpreting permafrost probability in the Yukon. (Yukon Permafrost Probability Map)383. Traffic Sign Deterioration – Assessing the effects of air pollutants on traffic sign deterioration. (Traffic Sign Deterioration)384. Impoundment Index Tool for Wetlands – Unearthing wetlands with Impoundment Index Tool to site potential wetland restoration projects, monitor wetland drainage and model beaver habitat. (Whitebox GAT Impoundment Index Tool)22 Forestry GIS Applications385. Forest Inventory – Prioritizing timber harvesting units by referring to age class and forest type to better measure timber acreage and average estimates.386. Forest Fires – Plotting out forest fires with MODIS. (University of Maryland Forest Fires)387. Deforestation – Gauging deforestation using land cover change in time.388. Reforestation – Recharging forests through tree planting planning on a map.389. Forest Heights – Measuring tree heights with altimetry and noticing how trees generally differ 20m with taller ones at the equator. (GLAS Satellite)390. Vertical Point Profile – Viewing vertical profile of 3D LiDAR points to better understand tree structure and height. (TNT LiDAR)391. Cut Lines – Finding cut lines in ortho imagery to find easy access.392. Tree Lines – Drawing tree lines in the Canadian Arctic.393. Illegal Logging – Identify potential illegal activity with satellite data. (Global Forest Watch)394. Forest Carbon Reserves – Sequestering carbon through forest reserves and carbon observed in atmosphere.395. Agent-Based Simulation – Simulating the spread of an agent (like a fire) triggered by random events (such as lightning) on a raster landscape in discrete time. (GME Cellular Automata Model)396. Global Forest Watch – Putting all the pieces together with an integrated forest watch online platform.397. Drones for Indonesia Indigenous – Promoting sustainable forests using drones in Setulang village, Indonesia. (Drones for Indonesia)398. Wildfire Rescue – Saving lives through real-time wildfire satellite monitoring.399. Vegetation Potential – Analyzing tree growth & distribution of vegetation with west/east-facing and aspect data.400. Leaf Area Index – Summing the total area of leaves per ground unit.401. Amazon Rain Forest – Maximizing satellite potential viewing soil erosion, watershed destabilization, climate degradation, and species extinction in Brazil.402. Remnant Rain Forest – Studying aspect data to find how remnants of rainforest are almost always found on east-facing slopes (with aspect) which are protected from dry westerly wind.403. 4D GIS – Getting to know the XYZ’s with time of timber harvesting and subsequent vegetation growth.404. Age of Trees – Inventorying the XY position and rings of trees in a database to understand its age.405. Forest Disease – Mapping the impact of how forest infestations like the mountain pine beetle has on forests and the economy. (Google Fusion Tables – Disease Map)406. Wildfire Simulation – Automating the spread of wildfire in time using the 3D virtual workspace of Capaware.23 Gaming GIS Applications407. Oculus Rift – Building realistic 3D environments with Esri CityEngine because virtual reality is all about location and a sense of place. (Esri CityEngine and Oculus Rift)408. Building Virtual Environments – Designing future buildings, roads, cities, and parks with video game contributions. (GIS and Gaming – Matt Artz)409. Geoguessr – Embarking on an educational journey that takes you all over the world (Geoguessr)410. Mercator Projection Game – Learning about shape, size, and conformity of the Earth with map projections.411. Spatial Data Integration – Intersecting the gaming world with rich, real-world, spatial data integration.412. Planet Hunters – Finding undiscovered planets with crowd-source style online games. (Planet Hunters)24 Gardening GIS Applications413. Living Plant Collection – Managing garden collections and plant records with the ArcGIS Public Garden Data Model like the UC Davis Arboretum, Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University and Smithsonian Garden. (Public Gardens GIS)414. Gardening Microclimates – Studying microclimates (temperature from large bodies of water, topography, urban areas trapping heat) to carefully choose and position their plants and make them thrive.415. Information Delivery – Inspire and educate your visitors with intelligent web maps of your park or garden.416. Weeds – Storing weeds and herbicide dosage in a database to manage effectiveness and control measures.417. Roof Gardening – Assessing average temperatures by zoning, water availability and position sheltering to identify buildings with the greatest potential for rooftop gardens.418. Garden Reporting – Creating data-driven reports and mapbooks on collections of plants about conditions and hazards.25 Geology GIS Applications419. Drill Hole Planner – Drilling with 3D planning tools including depth, azimuth and positions.420. Aquifer Recharge – Determining potential aquifer recharge using steepness of slope and soil permeability421. Well & Volumetric Data Visualization – Creating powerful, fast, customized 3D models with a fusion of geologic data, GIS data, well/borehole data, and point cloud data. (Voxler Golden Software)422. Plate Wizard Project – Reconstructing converging and diverging plates through geologic time.423. Geological Interpretation – Digitizing surficial geology (surface sediments, their morphology and properties) with air photo interpretation and field validation.424. qgSurf – Interpreting geomorphological analyses based on their surface and orientation.425. Marine Geology – Inventorying marine geology. (NOAA Marine Geology)426. Geomorphology Features – Studying the nature and origin of landforms, including relationships to underlying structures and processes of formation.427. Dip and Strike – Plotting dip and strike readings and their geological orientation with rotational symbols.428. Digital Rock Engineering – Tunneling underground with attention to existing topography and its surrounding which includes above-ground and underground structures429. Aeromagnetic Anomalies – Correlating aeromagnetic anomalies with surface geology in tectonically active region.430. Continental Drift – Measuring tectonics plate movement with GPS431. EnterVol Geology – Creating full 3D, volumetric models of geology direct from collected data integrating lithology data with surfaces. (EnterVol Geology)432. Subsurface Mapping – Mapping the subsurface through well-log data by drillers with standard lithological terms and classification system433. Landform Classification – Classifying landforms with qualitative analysis of the surface like summits, passes, convex/concave break lines, crests and more with gvSIG geomorphology tools.434. Geologic Structure – Using photogrammetry in inaccessible regions in 2D and 3D cross-sections for geologic structure mapping. (Hexagon Geospatial Photogrammetry)26 Geostatistics435. Spatial Autocorrelation – Testing whether the observed value of a variable at one locality is independent of the values of the variable at neighboring localities. (GeoDa Spatial Autocorrelation)436. Data Mining – Automating the search for hidden patterns in large databases437. Spatial Regression – Building spatial regression to models for estimating the relationship between spatial variables. (GeoDa Spatial Regression)438. Zonal Statistics – Summing, averaging or finding the range, minimum or maximum in a given range.439. Hexagon Tesselation – Defining sampling locations, helping to ensure that all regions within the study area are represented by the sampling results. (Hexagon Tesselation)440. First Law of Geography – Using Tobbler’s First Law of Geography in analysis- “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.”441. Semi-variogram – Graphing the variance in measure with distance between sampled paired locations.442. Space-Time Cube – Binning data (netCDF) into a cube input and running statistics, trends and hot spot analyses over time. (ArcGIS Space-Time Cube)443. Map-ematics – Making math operations in maps like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, exponentiation, root, log, cosine and differentiation (Map-ematics – Joseph Berry)444. Kriging – Interpolating unknown measurements using kriging and other techniques.445. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) – Combining input layers and a table with a number of factors comparing their comparative weights to calculate a new layer as a linear combination of the input layers.446. Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) – Calculating the weighted average of a group of layers based on the order of values. (OWA – gvSIG)447. Fishnet – Creating a fishnet to correlate coefficient between boating accidents and dams using a fishnet.448. Geospatial Modelling Environment – Leveraging open source software R as the statistical engine to drive powerful analysis tools in ArcGIS.449. Principal Components Analysis – Reducing dimensions with Principal Components Analysis. (Principal Component Analysis)450. Data Visualization in R – Writing each line of code to programmatically create maps (R Data Visualization – Robin Lovelace)451. Fuzzy Logic – Applying fuzzy logic with degrees of truth because often do not have clearly defined boundaries.452. Pivot Tables – Generate dynamic pivot tables in QGIS. (QGIS Group Stats Plugin)453. Monte Carlo Simulation – Modeling spatial phenomena in with simulation models.454. Minkowski Generalization – Determining how complicated object are with Minkowski fractal dimension (Minkowski–Bouligand dimension QGIS plugin)455. Map Algebra – Applying local, focal and zonal functions techniques. (“GIS and Cartographic Modeling” by Dana Tomlin)27 Groundwater GIS Applications456. Darcy Flow – Examining the movement of groundwater flow through coarse materials like sand.457. MODFLOW – Modelling groundwater demand and predicting impact of groundwater demand in basins. (Aquaveo Water Modeling)458. Groundwater Availability – Analyzing land use practices with water availability and quality.459. Aquifer Recharge – Measuring permeability recharge and quantifying growth over time.460. Groundwater Plume – Delineating groundwater contamination and its change.461. Hydrostratigraphy – Identifying mappable units on the basis of aquifer hydraulic properties.462. DRASTIC – Evaluating the vulnerability of pollution of groundwater resources based on hydrogeological parameters.463. 3D Borehole – Symbolizing sub-surface data like bore holes magnitude with inverted depths.464. Groundwater Volume – Determining to drill a new well by examining existing groundwater and surface water.465. Stratigraphy – Plotting boreholes, cross section and well logs. (Golden Software Strata)466. Contamination – Evaluating the risk of impact for the construction and situating industrial plants, landfills, agricultural activities and other potential groundwater contamination sources467. Porous Puff – Calculating mass per volume of a solute at a discrete point into a vertically mixed aquifer with the ArcGIS Groundwater Tools.468. Shallow Slope Stability (SHALSTAB) – Computing grid cells that are critical shallow groundwater recharge values.28 Healthy Mapping Applications469. HealthMap – Delivering real-time, global disease monitoring (HealthMap)470. Centre for Disease Control (CDC) – Serving county-level maps of heart disease and stroke by race/ethnicity, gender, and age group, along with maps of social and economic factors and health services for the entire United States or for a chosen state or territory. (Interactive Atlas of Heart and Stroke)471. Leukemia Research – Investigating leukemia clusters with proximity to transmission lines.472. John Snow – Forging a whole new field of study (epidemiology) by studying the spatial distribution of cholera cases and identifying the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street.473. Ebola – Mapping the change of confirmed and probable cases of Ebola over time. (World Health Organization)474. Distance to Health Care – Finding the closest doctor is a spatial problem475. Vital Records – Recording of events, such as births and deaths that are maintained by public health agencies.476. Lead Concentrations – Correlating how children with lead poisoning were found to be closer to an old lead refinery.477. Cluster Analysis – Identifying built environmental patterns using cluster analysis and GIS: relationships with walking, cycling and body mass index. (Cluster Analysis)478. Euclidean Distance – Finding the distance to disposal sites during an avian flu outbreak.479. Disease Surveillance – Monitoring West Nile Virus with GIS on handheld devices.480. Asthma – Connecting the dots of asthma and air pollution.481. Epidemiology – Tracking disease and epidemiological information in a spatial database. (CDC Epi-Info)482. UV Exposure – Exposing the risks of harmful UV rays with birth rates.483. Mobile Flu Shots – Determining an optimal site location for mobile flu shot vehicles to service where demand is needed most with location-allocation.484. Geomedicine –Tracking patient’s location history to determine if environmental and industrial hazards put them at risk for certain types of diseases485. Madrid’s Air – Visualization Madrid´s air (gases, particles, pollen, diseases, etc) with the aim to make visible the microscopic and invisible agents. (Madrid’s Air Map)486. Ambulance Response – Responding to emergencies faster with the quickest geographic route.487. Infant Mortality – Track child immunizations with mortality rates.488. Food Trust – Overlapping factors like poverty and obesity, fresh supermarkets, diet-related disease – space to target for policy-makers489. Public Health Informatics – Ensuring patients get the care they need with public health care informatics.490. Walgreens Prescription Mapping – Mapping and analyzing influenza based on the prescriptions customers are making to respond to the need of users more efficiently. (Walgreens Weekly Flu Index Webmap)491. Disease Spread Patterns – Plotting ellipses for a disease outbreak over time to model its spread.492. Walkability – Piecing together walkable neighborhoods with health diseases like heart disease, hypertension, obesity and even breast cancer.493. Anti-Smoking Campaigns – Targeting Anti-smoking campaigns where it’s needed most and most visible to target audience.494. Cancer Research – Researching cancer from the sky with the Landsat satellite. (Landsat Cancer Research)495. Mosquitoes-borne Illness – Identifying areas with high indices of mosquito infestation and interpreting the spatial relationship of these areas with potential larval development sites such as garbage piles and large pools of standing water.496. HIV AIDS Database – Making the distribution of HIV/AIDS to manage treatment.497. Tele-medicine – Quantifying populations and health care availability when distance separates patients and health care providers.29 History GIS Applications498. Shipwrecks – Documenting the remains of shipwrecks, aircraft, hulks, lost anchors and any other objects on the seabed through the SHIPS Project. (SHIPS Project – Shipwrecks Mapping)499. American Museum of Natural History – Apply biodiversity information to collect, organize and analyze biological and environmental data with the aim to provide new insights in conservation, ecology and evolution.500. Topoview Slider Publishing maps with a slider style map to see how an area looked before development and how it changes over time. (USGS Topoview)501. Micronesian Navigational Chart – Navigating by canoe using stick charts as ocean swell patterns.502. Historical Photos – Geo-locating historical photos in augmented reality. (WhatWasThere application)503. Babylonians – Etching the lay of the land on clay.504. Old Weather – Tracking past ship movements and telling the stories of the people on board by studying weather patterns. (Old Weather)505. Pilgrimages – Setting foot on a pilgrimage and mapping the distances traveled.506. Boundary Changes – Carving out how boundaries change in time such as after World War II.507. Spy Glass – Time-travelling back to 1836 in New York powered by Esri. (Smithsonian Institution)508. Industrial Revolution Radioactivity – Putting radioactivity on the map since the industrial revolution.509. 3D Historical Fly-through – Soaring through historical imagery with ArcScene.510. Smoke Signals – Using viewsheds to put yourself in Native Americans shoes when smoke signals were used.511. Ancestry – Surveying through ancestry with geophylogeny – the evolution and geographic spread of common ancestry and geographic connectedness.512. ArcGIS Online Historical Maps – Exploring the old USGS historic maps. (USGS Historic Maps)513. Manhattan Immigration Patterns – Showing how immigrants in Manhattan varied not only through space, but also time. (Past Time, Past Place: GIS For History)514. Aztec vs Mexican Last Names – Aligning current place-names to historical place-names to understand the ancient geography of Aztec culture. (Aztec and Mexican Last Names)515. Witchcraft Accusers – Gathering the geographic location of the accusers and accused during the Salem witch trials to show inter-family feuds were a strong case for the trials instead of hysteria among young girls.516. Cultural Preservation – Preserving historic properties whose documentation must still be located and entered into this GIS.517. Pangea – Drawing the different stages of the continental evolution from Pangea to the Earth we see today.518. Napolean’s March to Moscow in 3D – Visualizing troop movement, cities, basemaps, temperature in time slices using Esri’s CityEngine Napolean’s March to Moscow. (Napolean March in 3D)519. Georeferencing Historical Imagery – Straightening historical imagery using georeferencing.520. Human Activity Patterns – Engraving activity on maps showing human movement patterns with time-enabled GIS.521. Land Bridges – Agreeing on an acceptable term for “land bridge” – which was an area available due to the water tied up in ice sheets.522. Lewis and Clark – Charting out the Lewis and Clark expedition.30 Hydrology GIS Applications523. Braided Rivers – Managing braided rivers with their complex geometry and state in flux.524. Sedimentation Rate – Characterizing erosion and sedimentation with the Sediment Transport Index.525. Catchment Areas – Delineating watershed catchment areas, where rainfall flows into a river. (Mapping Watersheds in Whitebox GAT)526. Topographic Wetness Index – Combining slope and upstream area to give you relative measure of wetness as the first places where the ground saturates, begins to pool, and generates runoff.527. Flow Direction – Coding the direction of flow with eight valid directions. (Flo 2D)528. Flow Estimator – Estimating flow rates with a series of spatially-located gauging stations.529. Height Above River – Generating predictive surfaces for plant species distribution modeling using high resolution DEM data. (LiDAR Height Above River)530. Sinuosity – Measuring the degree of channelization and meandering for a given watercourse.531. Stream Feature Extractor – Extracting stream features (wells, sinks, confluences etc.) from a stream network. (Stream Feature Extractor QGIS Plugin)532. Hydrologic Volume – Measuring volumes for the Hydrologic Budget Equation and amount of precipitation in a given watershed.533. HEC-HMS – Simulating the complete hydrologic processes of dendritic watershed systems with the HEC-HMS GIS-based methodology.534. Flow Accumulation – Answering the question “where did water come from” by picking a point (a single cell in the DEM) and tracing backwards showing all the contributing cells. (TauDEM)535. Scalgo – Understanding Earth’s hydrology as a function of topography using the SRTM DEM. (SCALGO)536. GHydraulics – Analyzing water supply networks using EPANET. (Ghydraulics QGIS Plugin)537. Aqueduct – Mining, Modeling and analyzing water risk with the current and future stresses. (Aqueduct Atlas)538. Contour Lines – Delineating contour lines because floods follow contour lines.539. Flood Extents – Digitizing flood extents worth satellite data like synthetic aperture radar.540. BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating point & Non-point Source) – Running water quality assessments with land use, point source discharges, and water supply withdrawals.541. Crayfish QGIS Plugin – Animating flood model outputs and flood propagation. (TUFLOW)542. ArcHydro – Operating ArcHydro in ArcMap to delineate and characterize watersheds.543. Drainage Channel Builder – Cutting a simple, trapezoidal channel in a DEM and calculate cut volumes. (Drainage Channel Builder QGIS Plugin)544. HEC-RAS Flow Model – Predicting where the water will go (flooding) to prevent inundated roads and inaccessibility. (RiverGIS QGIS Plugin)545. Horton Statistics – Calculating the number of streams, the average stream length, the average area of catchments for Strahler stream orders (ILWIS)546. Flow Stations – Marking flow stations on a map.547. Water Shortage – Modelling water shortage California548. Upstream/Downstream – Finding the origin of water from a specific point. (Hydro Hierarchy)549. MIKE21 – Simulating physical, chemical or biological processes in coastal or marine areas. (MIKE21)550. Oxbows – Mapping the evolving process of how rivers change in time and become oxbows31 Humanitarian GIS Applications551. Election Violence – Reporting issues like outbreaks of violence, intimidation, or vote fraud during Tanzania’s election. (Restless Development – What3Words)552. Ushahidi Haiti Project – Plotting out crisis reports during the Haiti earthquake for humanitarian/tech workers aid with crowdsourcing. (Ushahidi Haiti Project)553. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap – Responding to humanitarian issues and economic development through open data sharing. (Humanitarian OpenStreetMap)554. Community Engagement – Harnessing human potential by leveraging open data and civic technology. (Kathmandu’s Living Labs)555. Kibera Slum – Mapping sites of rape and crime by the people themselves to solve where a police station should be located (and more). (Kibera Slum)556. Crisis Mapping – Using drones to aid Nepalese in a time of crisis.557. Food Security – Delivering assistance with expected outputs to those in need most.558. Humanitarian Assistance – Plotting the spatial distribution of humanitarian assistance for planning purposes.559. Food Insecurity Drivers – Pinpointing the underlying drivers to food insecurity such as farming practices, climate change and changing demographics.32 Insurance GIS Applications560. Insurance Risk – Charging higher insurance premiums in flood-prone areas using radar561. Monitoring Driving Habits – Fastening seat belts and monitoring people’s usage to charge car insurance.562. Insurance Fraud – Doing the detective work for fraudulent crop insurance claims563. Floodplain – Minimizing losses by flooding through FEMA flood maps.564. Real-time Hazard – Using location intelligence to Identify areas of hazard in real-time.565. Climate Change Risk – Adjusting to climate change with better future risk prediction.566. Social Media Integrating – Finding all Flickr posts within 100 meters of a property during incidents.567. Sinkholes – Preventing risk by understanding landscape characteristics – such as resulting depressions in a karst landscape.568. Underwriting – Accelerating underwriting by sharing enterprise geographic data with risk factors, customer interaction and economic conditions.569. Swimming Pools – Crowd sourcing the search for swimming pools from sponsored campaigns who compile public and private sector data for a variety of markets including education, public safety, and insurance.33 Internet GIS Applications570. Geoblocking – Limiting your access to the internet, based on your geographic location.571. Hyperlinking – Embedding hyperlinks with access actual photos, video, audio, text and data associated with map locations.572. Mapzen Search – Searching geographically with a spatial search engine for places based entirely on open-source tools and powered by entirely open data. (Mapzen Search)573. Geosocial Tools – Searching twitter geographically for tweets with the gvSIG Geosocial Toolbox.574. GIS-Based Search Engine – Correlating products and services to a GIS database record that corresponds to a unique geographic location – to geographically target advertising over the Internet (GIS-Based Search Engine)34 Land Use Planning575. Urban Model Development Feasibility – Evaluating multiple land use scenarios; testing and refining transportation plans; producing small-area concept plans, and modeling complex regional issues with Envision Tomorrow (Envision Tomorrow)576. Land-use Conflict Identification (LUCIS) Model – Making smart land-use decisions with a model-builder framework land-use conflict identification strategy. (Smart Land-Use Analysis: The LUCIS Model)577. Beijing Building Footprints – Crowd-sourcing digital mapping of Beijing building footprints.578. Food Deserts – Accessing grocery stores in low income areas by incorporating information such as sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and public transit.579. Service Areas – Measuring how far paramedics and firefighters can service an area.580. Agent-Based Models – Exploring cities using Agent-Based Models and GIS. (GIS Agents)581. Cloud Computing-Based Land Base Mapping – Bringing land use planning to the cloud for Smart Cities like the City of Portland. (Cloud Computing)582. OpenStreetMap – Harnessing the power of the OpenStreetMap by download the physical data for free (OSM Download)583. Landfill Site Selection – Analyzing and eliminating sites within a buffer distance of sensitive populations (elderly, schools, hospitals, etc) and other overlay information like groundwater, transportation networks and surface water.584. TerraClip – Clipping data like you’ve never clipped before – extracting land cover, climate and agriculture data easily to the extent of your chosen country. (TerraClip)585. Green Roofs – Greening roofs in metropolitan areas with a focus on lighting and shadow analysis.586. Stamen Maps – Orienting yourself with Stamen’s terrain maps with hill shading and natural vegetation colors.587. Cellular Automata – Stimulating urban growth expansion simulation. (IDRISI Cellular Automata)588. Tax Parcel Viewer – Assembling tax parcels, zoning information with color schemes on a web viewer.589. Economic Viability – Making decisions of parcels of prime agricultural land using Analytic Hierarchy Process.590. Water Distribution – Tracking flow, pressure and chemical concentrations for nodes, valves, pipes and tanks in a water distribution modelling software. (EPANET)591. Commercial Space Availability – Checking zoning data for any city such as commercial space availability.592. Land Use Policy – Reproducing individual behavior with agent-based modeling to simulate their behaviors and outcomes having a direct impact of the surrounding landscape. (Agent-Based Modeling)593. City Heating – Addressing the GIS requirements of municipal hot water heating networks in Tatuk GIS (Tatuk GIS- City Heating)594. Commuter Shed – Finding where the commuter sheds are.595. Recycling Centres/Drop-offs – Allocating recycling drop-offs centers with data integration and quantification and assigning alternatives for vehicle routing.596. Walkshed – Calculating walking times using Tobbler’s hiking function based on slope (QGIS Walking Time Plugin) Walkshed Web GIS597. 3D Viewshed – Showing what is visible with distance, direction and pitch with viewable areas in green and hidden areas in red. (3D Viewshed – Geomedia 3D)598. Anaglyph 3D – Viewing anaglyph 3D images with the SAGA GIS Anaglyph Tool.599. Land Use Change – Summarizing statistics, graphs and tables in spatial units600. Tax Collection – Increasing tax revenue by updated land and building property records, new construction records, and integrated departmental data into a single cadastral information system using Bentley Map.601. COAST COastal Adaptation to Sea level Rise Tool – Adapting to climate change decisions (building sea walls, proactive building ordinance, levees, zoning change, relocation with COAST. (COAST – Global Mapper)602. Space Syntax Models – Gaining a better understanding of human behavior and connectivity through graphic representation of space configuration in urban structures.603. Philadelphia Redevelopment – Developing urban planning scenarios using a 3D swipe view. (Philadelphia CityEngine)604. Future Development Patterns – Locating future growth and evaluating scenarios such as loss of prime agricultural land. (Tale of Two Cities)605. Land Use – Generating polygons and classification with the multi-resolution segmentation algorithm. (Trimble ECognition)606. Building Constraints – Prohibiting construction where the overall stability of a bluff using aspect to understand how- south-facing slopes undergo more extensive freeze/thaw cycles.35 Mail Services GIS Applications607. National Addressing – Delivering parcels to a specific address, all speed in a single national database.608. Natural Area Coding System – Unifying the representations of geographic coordinates, area codes, street addresses, postal codes, map grids and property identifiers of every location or area in the world.609. Shared Mailboxes – Spreading mailboxes out to address demand and existing population with algorithms like location-allocation.610. Amazon Mail Delivery Drone – Shipping parcels in style using drone technology.611. Non-Address Delivery – Generating addresses for businesses and people without one using a 3×3 meter global grid system.612. Zip Code Maps – Splicing the nation with geo-located zip/postal codes and Mapping them out.613. Daily Routing Efficiency – Balancing postal routes based on time and optimizing routes, number of routes or volume with sequenced stops. (ArcGIS RouteSmart)614. FedEx Package Tracking – Meeting timelines and managing routes for special types of deliveries.36 Media GIS Applications615. Targeting Advertising – Positioning advertisements for target demographics using census data and the right location.616. Communicating Stories – Storytelling in news events with maps such as oil spills, crime scenes and weather damage.617. Social Media Mapping – Monitoring social media by location.618. Movie Maps – Creating ultra-realistic 3D cities for big box office movies. (Esri Goes to Hollywood)619. Bigfoot Field Researchers Network – Finding Bigfoot in a spatial sightings database. (Bigfoot Research)37 Municipality/Urban GIS Applications620. Potholes – Reporting potholes or automatically detecting them with LiDAR for infrastructure management.621. Asset Management – Reporting infrastructure defects with photos and geo-locations. (City of Portland PDX Reporter App)622. Smart Cities – Integrating urban development visions with GIS such as smart urban planning, smart utilities, smart transportation, smart public works and citizen engagement.623. London in Maps – Charting life in London, England like never before with 100 maps and graphics. r624. 3D Printing Oslo – Printing off 3D models of the City of Oslo with data preparation in FME. (3D Printing of Oslo)625. Water Main Breaks – Knowing exactly where water lines and shut-off valves are located, prior to work.626. Lightscape – Lighting up bridges picking out the illuminated details and obscured areas.627. Curb Cuts – Finding curb cuts that give access to people with disabilities628. Utility Poles – Inventorying utility poles with important attributes like overhead/underground, number of lines and date of construction.629. Waste Collection – Defining areas of waste collection, finding suitable rounds of service when given a waste or transfer station. (Waste Collection – uDig)630. Fire Hydrants – Locating hydrants in a municipality marking its general condition, date for greasing the caps and exercising the valve.631. Spatial Data Infrastructure – Connecting multiple users in separate departments for managing data, metadata, users and tools.632. Insect Control – Spraying pesticides to eliminate mosquitoes and other pests with knowing no-spray zones and status of previous spray.633. Homeless Shelters – Analyzing urban inequalities and homelessness with the aim of allocating homeless shelters appropriately.634. CityScan – Managing city assets (road conditions, utilities, billboards and sign inventories) with mobile LiDAR to inventory and ensure safety standards.635. Sewer Network – Design sewer systems and their networks with right-of-way considerations and using the flow by gravity.636. Advisories – Alerting citizens for boil water advisories by taking an area on a map, and connecting to a central database of phone numbers and automated message alerts.637. Street Cleaning – Plowing geographic zones of a city.638. Speed Limits – Defining speed limits in a road network with proper signage.639. Road Closures – Advising citizens of road closures visually on a map.640. Emergency Water Supply – Preparing emergency water supply when contaminated. (Ordnance Survey – Geomedia)641. Cemetery Mapping – Implemented a system to map cemeteries using unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs) and storing graves in a spatial database.642. Open Information – Reducing need of telephone operators by having data displayed in a map.643. Participatory GIS – Gearing towards decision-making from citizen input and geo-spatial technologies.644. Land for Development – Finding available serviced and unserviced land available for development.645. Toponymy – Giving each place, park, river and feature of interest a name.646. Lift Stations – Move the flow from a lower to a higher elevation for sewer utility.647. Stormwater Pollution – Measuring stormwater pollution by estimating runoff and sources648. Seismic Slope Stability – Modelling stability of slopes using geology and digital elevation models to understand potential of seismically-induced landslide hazards.649. Water Wells – Developing constraints for water wells such as quality, quantity, stressed aquifers and contamination for drinking.650. Real-time Snow Plows – Seeing the grid of snow plows in real-time in a municipal network and GPS.651. Solid Waste – Picking up after ourselves with geo-referenced garbage collection routes.38 Mining GIS Applications652. Subsurface Volume Calculation – Calculating depth values to determine the volume of material between the surfaces or between a subsurface layer and the ground level with Global Mapper.653. Quarries – Capturing volumes of fill removal and forecasting future volumes extracted to understand quarry lifespans.654. Kriging – Using statistical approaches for mining valuation with the geostatistical technique kriging from Daniel Krige.655. Natural Resources – Mapping out natural resources like uranium, metals, stones and gemstones. (United States Natural Industrial Resources Map)656. Mining Operations – Track mining assets in the field with mobile GIS.657. Coal Exploration – Identifying new opportunities and areas for coal exploration by assessing geological data and setting out exploration targets. (Coal Exploration in GIS)658. Mine Rehabilitation – Restoring mines back to their original state using GIS tools like 3D profiling flooding of mine because almost all working mines require pumps to remove water.659. Hazards Assessments – Characterizing infrastructure, risk areas, and disaster zones, planning and implementation of hazards reductions measures to assist planners in selecting mitigation measures and emergency preparedness.660. Hyperspectral Imagery – Discovering new minerals from the existing 4000 types of compositions using airborne and satellite data. (AVIRIS and AISA Hyperspectral)661. Mineral Titles – Administering mining titles for exploration and acquisition available in web map.662. Diamonds – Searching for diamonds in Nairobi in fluvial diamond placer deposits.663. Acid Runoff – Controlling acid waste runoff from mines by capturing terrain topography, mine age and type and stream proximity.39 Nautical GIS Applications664. Anchor Search – Searching for a lost anchor in a restricted area with electrical cables and gas pipelines using sonar and bathymetry. (Anchor Search – Golden Software Surfer)665. Open Sea Map – Sailing the big blue watery road with Open Sea Map.666. Christopher Columbus – Tracing Christopher Columbus footsteps on his voyages and discovery America.667. Shipping Routes – Stitching together shipping routes using the Satellite-based Automatic Identification Systems.668. International Waters – Aligning the boundaries of international waters in a georeferenced system.669. Submarine Routes – Routing twenty thousand leagues under the sea for submarine routes using 3D modelling.670. Live Marine Traffic – Turning your computer into a marine traffic monitoring station giving perspective of nearby ships on the ocean. (Live Marine Traffic)671. Trajectories and Magnitude – Using vectors (U and V) to depict nautical wind speed and direction.672. Global Trading Ports – Climbing buoys as if you’re at giant marine trading ports – the arteries of our global economy. (Global Trading Ports)673. Nautical Charts – Plotting out seamless, collarless, and dynamic mosaic of some 2,100 NOAA raster nautical charts at varying scales. (NOAA Nautical Charts Viewer)40 Ocean / Marine GIS Applications674. Pacific Ocean – Opening Google Earth and realizing how the Pacific Ocean covers one side of the Earth in a global view.675. Underwater Grasses – Diving into the ocean with satellite imagery and delineating their extents.676. Coastal Hazards – Minimizing loss by identifying potential hazards such as algal blooms, eutrophication and tsunamis (Coastal Hazards)677. Ocean Use Planning – Outlining sustainable oceans through careful planning of ocean activity such as energy production, fishing and shipping. (Planning Ocean Uses – Cindy Fowler)678. Marine Pollution – Pinpointing the source of marine pollutants such as industrial, agricultural and residential waste.679. Algae Blooms – Monitoring algal blooms through multiple images over time. (Algae Blooms)680. Wave Reduction – Curtailing wave energy by mapping and building up coral reefs and other coastal habitats as a nature-based solution.681. Deepsea Dawn Wright – Understanding the relationship and patterns of how oceans affect dry land and more. (Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions)682. Marine Tools Plugin – Geoprocessing with marine data to better understand research, conservation and spatial planning problems. (MGET)683. Whale Tracker – Studying the movement and migration patterns of whales around the Hawaiian Islands. (Whale Tracker)684. Underwater Street View – Submarining as if you’re underwater in Google Earth’s underwater street view.685. Build-Out Design – Developing and designing a build-out project in Grenada.686. Bathymetry – Exploring ocean bathymetry in an exaggerated 3D global perspective. (Ocean Bathymetry)687. Rising Sea Levels – Identifying areas of risk as sea levels gradually rise from climate change. (National Geographic)688. Aquaculture – Farming fish in a sustainable manner by understanding where inland fisheries are located. (GISFish)689. Coastal Management – Adapting to climate change through better flood and erosion defense.690. Coral Reef Conservation – Understanding the present state of coral reefs through mapping to better understand future deterioration.691. Energy Budgets – Simulating Earth’s energy budgets for anthropogenic and natural changes with anomalies of surface temperature and sea-level pressure. (Energy Budgets)692. Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) – Combining water columns, geoform, substrate and biotic components that are collectively used to define marine ecosystems. (CMECS)693. Wave Heights – Replicating ocean waves by factoring size, choppiness and wind. (Wave Heights)694. Sea the Animals – Tracking turtles, seals, porpoises and turtles in time-animated webmaps. (CartoDB Sea the Animals)695. Marine Bioregional Plans – Protecting the marine resources by dividing the coasts of Australia in four geographical pieces.696. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) – Charting out elevation paths along the ocean with GEBCO. (GEBCO)697. Ocean Salinity – Measuring sea surface salinity from space with Aquarius. (Ocean Salinity)698. National Marine Sanctuaries – Designating 12 areas of the marine environment as special significance to better understand marine ecosystems and their spatial, temporal, and functional relationships among creatures, environments, and human perturbations. (National Marine Sanctuaries)699. Ocean Tourism – Getting out your towels and soaking some sun with tourist maps of the ocean.700. Coastline Fractals – Modelling complex natural shapes along coastline’s fractal-like (jagged recurring pattern) properties.41 Oil, Gas and Petroleum GIS Applications701. Directional Drilling – Logging depth, inclination and azimuth (dependent on true and magnetic north) for directional drilling.702. Active Licenses – Exploring active, operations and exploration wells all locations on a map.703. Oil Exploration – Planning and exploring of drilling operations using 3D GIS to analyse the data and visually inspect the results.704. Offshore Production – Mapping oil activity offshore including pipeline, significant oil and gas discoveries and restricted zones.705. Pipeline Rupture – Responding to pipeline ruptures to better understand surrounds and impact zones such as privately-owned parcels and critical fume areas.706. Oil Search – Magnifying the search for resources and extend beyond the core elements (Oil Search – Boundless)707. Pipeline Route Selection – Optimizing route selection by taking a heuristic approach and multiple layers such as the environment, geo-hazards and engineering.708. Geomagnetic Referencing – Using the Earth’s magnetic field obtained by the USGS to more accurately drill direction and position. (Geomagnetic Referencing)709. Oil Reserves – Measuring how much shadow is being casted of a floating roof’s oil tanks using geometry and high spatial resolution imagery.710. Undersea Environmental Impacts – Assessing potential impacts of the undersea environment as oil and gas activity increases.711. Oil Reserves Map – Laying out the top 20 oil producing countries, with reserves in billions of barrels of oil. (Manifold)712. Environmental Impact Assessment – Gauging multiple layer including existing infrastructure, river crossings, soils and vegetation, groundwater and elevation/ slope to determine pipeline impact.713. gvSIG Viewport – Panning along a linear pipeline corridor in 3D with an overview viewport to know location in public consultation.714. Pipeline Infrastructure – Surveying footprints and inventorying pipeline infrastructure like pump stations, tank terminals and pipelines.715. Gulf Basin Depositional Synthesis – Providing context for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico and reducing overall risk oil and gas companies by understanding the depositional history of drill.42 Parks GIS Applications716. Trail Planning – Valuing cells to pave out a path that accumulates the least ‘cost’ from a source to a destination.717. GPS Tracking – Applying tracking technologies on humans in an effort to understand how their movements affect ecosystems in national parks.718. Fuzzy Logic – Identifying suitable locations for the construction of parks with relevant experts to determine significance and weighted of criteria.719. Biodiversity – Managing biodiversity in parks with smart phones.720. Noise Map – Mapping sound levels in parks to show how visitors and wildlife interact with each other and park resources (Noise Map – National Park Service)43 Politics/Government GIS Applications721. Redistricting – Encouraging citizen involvement through web-based applications for the redistricting process (Redistricting QGIS Plugin)722. Voting Patterns – Reviewing how electoral districts voted at the polls.723. Bosnia-Herzegovina – Dividing a road to peace of the former Yugoslavia at the valley bottom using terrain data to support diplomatic negotiation. (Geospatial Revolution Episode 3)724. Stewardship of Land – Supporting Native American decision-making through GIS implementation. (Tribal GIS Book – Joseph Kerski)725. Gerrymandering – Manipulating the geographic boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party.726. Open Data – Opening up government (tax-payer) data through geospatial open data portals and data sharing strategies.727. Enabling Governments – Saving money by investing in GIS-based system for decision making.728. Parcel Fabric – Editing zoning, dissemination areas and land designation boundaries.729. Breakaway/Disputed Areas – Delineating international and maritime boundary dispute areas from Kashmir to the Elemi Triangle, Northern Cyprus to Western Sahara (Natural Earth Data)730. Tax Evaders – Catching tax evaders by recognizing areas of wealth such as swimming pools.731. Dissolving Political Boundaries – Grouping separated countries into one like West and East Germany as well as North and South Vietnam.732. International Joint Commission – Solving international watershed issues through international collaboration. (Transboundary Watersheds)733. National Geospatial Data Asset Management – Managing geospatial data as a capital asset for effective sharing, collaboration to support efficient and effective decision-making. (FGDC National Geospatial Data Asset Management Plan)734. Border Safety – Increasing safety at international borders often stretching miles.44 Real Estate GIS Applications735. Buffer Zone Search – Buffering a search area for a query when house hunting.736. Market Analysis – Expanding businesses through customer profiling, estimating sales potential and finding available lots.737. Home Evaluation – Getting a big picture to understand home value including proximity to schools or panoramic view.738. Parcel Dimensioning – Analyzing a property parcel shape to determine the area and dimensions of each identified parcel.739. Viewshed – Prospecting viewsheds through observation points remotely when setting property prices.740. Property Appraisals – Supporting accurate property appraisals741. Foreclosures – Scoping out the effects of recessions on real estate markets by mapping out foreclosures by neighborhood.742. Geocoded Real Estate – Fetching geocoded real estate in Germany through a JSON and R.743. Housing with Mortgages – Charting out occupied houses that have a mortgage or loan. (Housing with Mortgages)744. Wendy’s Restaurant – Prospecting optimal locations for a Wendy’s restaurants. (Real Estate Prospecting)745. Domino’s Pizza – Streamlining the planning of Domino franchise territories (Domino Pizza – Pitney Bowes)746. Retail Site Selection – Inspecting space usage for available commercial space.747. Comparative Real Estate Analysis – Comparing value per square meter in map-form to see how much the price is for similar properties on the block. (Real Estate Comparative)748. Wind Farm Noise – Assessing the population and number of affected buildings affected by the noise of a wind farm.749. High Rise Valuation – Characterizing commercial real estate by its unique age, size, location, and proximity to ensure that the property values are consistent between an assessed value and the sales price with Geomedia 3D visualization.750. Construction – Considering slopes for construction and livability as 15 degrees or less are considered buildable.751. Home Sharing – Scoping out shared homes and surroundings.752. Real Estate Metrics – Choosing the right house to buy or build based on distance to schools, parks, transit stops and other geospatial metrics.753. Google Cardboard – Visiting properties in Google Cardboard’s virtual reality experience.754. Walkability – Understanding health factors like active transportation, bike paths and walking paths in a neighborhood.45 Reporting/News GIS Applications755. Hurricane Andrew – Comparing geographically which homes fared better from Hurricane Andrew’s destruction because of changes in building code from Steve Doig’s piece that earned him a Pulitzer Prize.756. North Korea – Mapping how far North Korea’s missile projectiles threaten other nations – previously a buffer – now corrected. (North Korea Missile Extent)757. GeoJournalism – Assisting journalisms dive into a world of data visualization using geographic data.758. Geotagged Tweets – Spreading the word to make world headlines from local Missouri and eventually the whole world. (CartoDB Geotagged Tweets)759. Mapping Conflict – Putting any crisis, destruction or terror attack on the map.760. Google News Lab – Storytelling around the globe with Google Maps and Fusion Tables (Google News Lab)761. Super GIS – Estimating the number of protestors at a Hong Kong rally by obtaining the average density of the crowd and estimating the number of protesters through aerial photo interpretation. (Protestor Estimate – Super GIS)762. Highway Accidents – Reporting the location of highway accidents on a map763. Demographics Research – Delving into census information for a deep research news story764. Ballot Counts – Depicting the spatial Distribution of states, districts, and parties that won an election765. The Financial Times – Utilizing tools like Mapbox to create elegant basemaps with all the right details. (Financial Times – Mapbox Studio Classic)46 Society Applications – Built & Environment766. Thematic Mapping – Thematic mapping poverty with equal-intervals, quantiles, natural breaks and unique schemes. (“Making Maps Third Edition by John Krygier”)767. Socio-Economic Data and Application Center (SEDAC) – Serving socioeconomic and Earth science data as an information gateway between the Earth and social sciences focuses on human interactions in the environment. (SEDAC)768. World Languages – Mapping the world’s languages through social media and micro-blogging platforms. (World Languages)769. Poverty – Sizing up poverty with the FAO GeoNetwork socio-economic indicators. (FAO GeoNetwork)770. Hunting Zones – Tracing out hunting zones for cultures around the world.771. Citizen Engagement – Empowering populations who have little voice in the public arena to change geographic involvement and awareness on a local level. (Ushahidi Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS))772. Needs of Services – Allocating the proper needs and inclusion of marginalized populations.773. Census – Utilizing decennial TIGER data to support and improve selected demographic and economic studies.774. World Religions – Mapping the intricate details of religions internationally.775. Space-time GIS – Comparing scientific practice in the US and in China (Space-Time GIS – Michael F. Goodchild)776. Center of Population – Centering in on population drift watching its shift in dasymetric mapping. (Population Drift – Joseph Kerski)777. Earthworks – Downloading data from Stanford including labor supply, sex ratio and society data. (Earthworks)778. Gender Inequality – Showing the history of how women are working in the GIS field.779. Demography – Projecting populations worldwide with a dot density style map.780. Chart Symbology – Taking advantage of pie charts, line graphs and bar charts to display socio-economic data by area.781. Indigenous People – Keeping record of traditional land use of indigenous people.782. Public Transportation Availability – Reviewing public transit availability in societies.783. Population Disaggregation – Estimating per-building population through disaggregation of census blocks784. Distance Decay – Observing distance-decay between locations of ethnic groups- the further apart they are, the less likely it is that they will interact very much.785. Refugee Camps – Capturing the movement patterns of refugees through time. (Refugee Patterns)786. Traditional Knowledge – Preserving cultural beliefs and its associated location in a spatial database.787. Tapestry Segmentation – Dividing U.S. residential areas into 67 distinctive segments based on their socioeconomic and demographic composition—then further classifies the segments into LifeMode and Urbanization Groups. (Tapestry Segmentation)788. Migrant Rescue – Improving Humane operations and rescuing migrants through the deployment of emergency water stations on routes known to be used by migrants coming north through our desert. (Migrant Rescue)789. Prism Maps – Drawing each boundary object as a raised prism, where the height of the prism is relative to the associated data value. (Golden Software Map Viewer)790. Group Decision Making – Mediating interests and getting valued-concerns in community and society through PGIS.791. Maori Tribe – Recording, organizing, and making available information of traditional values from Maori elders. (Maori Tribe Elders)792. Human Mobility – Measuring of human mobility using mobile phone records enhanced with GIS data.793. Graffiti – Studying clusters of graffiti with other factors such as proximity to city constructs such as crossing guards, phone boxes and electricity boxes.794. Storytelling with Maps – Harnessing the power of story maps such as understanding the gap between minimum wage and high income earners. (Income Earning in Maps)795. Illiteracy in Myanmar – Building literacy in Myanmar and evaluating literacy programs in a GIS database with indicators such as budgeted funds, dropout levels and available training.796. Gender Studies – Exploring how transportation infrastructure support mobility access to basic services vital to achieving poverty reduction, gender equality, and sustainable development objectives in Ghana.797. Child Abuse – Allocating family service facilities to sites where child abuse is more prevalent.47 Soils GIS Applications798. Soil Types – Modelling soil types through Jenny’s model involving climate, organisms, topography, material and time.799. Soil Grid – Helping agriculture decision-making with ISRIC’s 1km scale soil property and class maps of the world. (SoilsGrid)800. Texture Classification – Digging up the dirt on soil texture through the USDA soil texture classification801. Soil Moisture – Estimating soil moisture from space with the SMAP and SMOS satellites802. Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) – Making sense of soil parameters like conductivity in the United States. (USDA SSURGO Database)803. Water Retention Capacity – Determining water retention capacity for different type of soils and topographic characteristics.804. Erosion Reduction Strategy – Identifying erosion hot spots through topography, soil and land-use characteristics. (Erosion and Sediment Control)805. Slope Parameters – Developing slope profiles such as convex and concave using 3D profile graphs.806. Soil Loss Equation – Measuring the average annual soil loss caused by rainfall and associated overland flow as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture.807. Lead Concentration in Soils – Collecting soil samples and mapping the lead geochemical landscape. (Mapping Lead Concentrations)808. LS Factor – Calculating slope length (LS) factor as part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) based on slope and specific catchment area.809. Angle of Repose – Computing the steepest angle (depending on the material) of a surface at which loose material such as soil will remain in place rather than sliding or crumbling.810. Salinity – Inspecting salinity with electromagnetic surveys to find the electrical conductivity in soils and interpolating the results to find unknowns.811. Peaks and Summits – Detecting peaks and summits on a landscape to help model salinity with elevation such as depression areas have higher salinity. (Landserf)812. Vegetation Erosion – Finding the dominant vegetation types dependent on aspect and enhancing erosion modelling using aspect and vegetation to see how slopes will erode over time along with precipitation, temperature and growing periods.813. Stereoscopy Tools – Creating stereo pairs from two aerial photographs with anaglyph and virtual-z mode. (PurVIEW)814. Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI) – Gauging soil water content from space using shortwave infrared, near infrared wavelength and NDSI.48 Sports & Recreation GIS Applications815. Strava Heat Map – Heating up the road with over 375 billion data points showing you exactly which routes other cyclists are taking. (Strava Bicycle Routes)816. Fitbit – Plugging in your Fitbit to map your runs.817. Tennis Analytics – Dominating your tennis opponent with in-depth spatial analytics. (Tennis Analytics)818. Ski Hill – Creating vicious triple black diamond ski runs using steepest path.819. Hiking Trail – Incorporating factors in trail development like gentle slopes for an accumulated least cost path.820. Optimal Road Trip – Planning a road trip of the century across the United States using the shortest route for all major landmarks.821. Golf Course Water Systems – Planning a golf course’s underground water system and sprinkler system in 3D.822. Rollercoaster – Creating realistic a fly-through from interpolated paths using 3D animation capability in ArcGIS Pro. (Rollercoaster Animation)823. Heli-skiing – Assessing the impacts of heli-skiing on mountain animal behavior using GPS trackers and frequently skiing areas.824. Stadium Security – Getting the big picture by giving police and emergency responders to track activities on a web-based geospatial platform.825. Mountaineering – Climbing steep slopes in Google Street View.826. Surf Breaks – Sizing up wave heights from satellite radar altimeters in orbit. (GlobWave Project)827. Marathon Routing – Planning the route of a marathon using elevation and base maps.828. 3D Ski Maps – Touring a mountain virtually in realistic 3D virtual tours. (3D Ski Maps in Golden Software)829. Football Stadiums – Turn maps into straight line journeys with FME’s ShortestPathFinder transformer. (Football Stadiums Journeys)830. Google Earth Elevation Transect – Pulling out steep slopes using the elevation transect tool in Google Earth for any given cycling and jogging route.831. Geocaching – Hunting for treasures and even survey monuments through geocaching.832. Swisstopo – Sculpting beautiful topography maps in 3D. (SwissTopo)833. Fishing Maps – Creating 3D bathymetric maps in real-time with Sonar (Navionics)834. Ride Sharing – Providing optimal and dynamic ride sharing in urban areas.835. Mapbox Outdoors – Powering your fitness and outdoor applications with terrain maps that highlight thousands of biking, hiking and running trails as well as ascents through topography lines. (Mapbox Outdoors)836. Sports Stadiums – Viewing complex geometries like sports stadiums in 3D. (Vizitown QGIS 3D Plugin)49 Surveying/Geodesy GIS Applications837. Coordinate Calculator – Converting coordinate conversion tool of choice for GIS. (Geography Calculator – Global Mapper)838. Fibre Optic Cable Design – Extracting LiDAR ground points to assist in fibre optic cable design at water crossings.839. Tissot Circles – Characterizing distortion from map projections (Indicatrix Mapper QGIS Plugin)840. Global Positioning Systems – Locating the position of anything and anywhere on Earth.841. Ordnance Survey – Drafting out maps as one of the largest producers of maps in the World. (Ordnance Survey)842. Equator Bulge – Measuring the bulge of Earth at the equator843. Bearings – Importing bearings and distances from a survey for parcel mapping and transcribing it on a map.844. Triangulation – Using trigonometry to measure the angles in a triangle formed by three survey control points845. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) – Obtaining a global digital elevation model from inSAR. (SRTM)846. Geodetic National Adjustment – Adjusting datum positions with the Geodetic National Adjustment.50 Telecommunications GIS Applications847. Radio-Wave Propagation – Estimating the propagation of radio-waves for network with complex reflections and diffraction and line-of-sight.848. Locating Cell Towers – Locating cell tower placements in urban areas using 3D building structures.849. Network Management – Managing a network of telecommunication cables and towers in a network data set.850. Fresnel Zones – Finding the region of space between wireless transmitter and receiver where obstructions cause interference to the signal.851. Antenna Height Optimization – Optimizing antenna height using GIS 3D modelling.852. Operations Support Systems (OSS) – Ensuring that network functions properly including outages, billing, and testing through GIS shared services.853. Submarine Cable – Sketching out submarine cables that stretch across oceans. (Submarine Cable Map)854. Network Signal Interpolation – Clustering geographically high and low network signals and interpolating results in cellular signal maps855. Cellular Coverage Analysis – Maximizing cellular coverage using tower height by using interference analysis including viewshed and line-of-sight.856. Frequency Management – Regulating radio spectrum to evaluate frequency interactions when approving applications using use terrain, environment, and building data. (Spectrum Regulation)857. Fibre Optic Cable – Planning fibre optic cable infrastructure through network views showing capacity, equipment and customer demographics.858. Market Segmentation – Segmenting customers geographically and forecast the demand for services where growth is likely to occur.859. Operations – Investigating interruptions in service and managing repair and maintenance work with the Autodesk Topobase infrastructure model. (LIWEST and AutoCAD 3D)860. Signal Expansion – Planning expansion by better understanding signal strengths in three dimensional buildings – or mapping your home Wi-Fi signal in 2D.51 Tourism GIS Applications861. Personality Atlas – Assigning personality stereotypes to countries around the world based on a sample size of global population’s perspectives. (Personality Atlas)862. Tourist Map – Plotting out landmarks in tourist maps.863. Sunrise and Sunset – Finding the perfect sunrise and sunset during at any given location. (SunCalc)864. Subway Map – Simplifying maps for the reader to better understand such as the lines of a subway map in high contrasting colors.865. Linear Referencing – Using linear referencing along shorelines to track volumes of organic debris.866. Off-Beaten Tracks – Finding the off-beaten track for backpackers and marking its position with 3 words. (Off-Beaten Track Location – What3Words)867. Safe Travel – Advising travelers where unsafe location are on a map.868. Tourism Dollars – Tracking the exports of purchased goods and services using desire lines.869. Sustainable Tourism Planning – Identifying conflicting interests from tourism and solving issues by examining suitable locations for proposed developments.870. Hotel Search – Searching geographically for five star hotels using a circle radius.871. Horizon Blockage – Calculating the horizon blocking line in all directions from a given observation point with gvSIG’s Horizon Blockage.872. Travel Mode Detection – Detecting travel mode (walk, car, bus, subway and commuter rail) from a multi-modal transportation network using GIS and GPS in New York City.873. Finding Islands – Using satellite to find uninhabited islands around the world – Landsat found Landsat Island near the coast of Canada.874. Time Zones – Representing time zones around the world.875. Eco-Tourism Site Selection – Gauging environmental impacts for sustainable eco-tourism sites.876. Virtual Travel – Seeing your destination before physically being there. (Google Earth Street View)877. Geo-tagging – Discover places with 360 panoramic camera views. (Mapillary)878. Highway Planning – Constructing viewpoints with multiple layers like ecology, topography and cultural features for a three-dimensional visual highway.879. Virtual Arctic – Exploring the Arctic in Google Street View without getting out of your chair.880. 3D Synthetic Scene – Overlaying synthetic scenes over real scene. (Manifold)881. Life Travels – Accompanying travellers in their life travels in map-form. (Where in the World is Andrew?)882. Yellowstone – Putting all the pieces together in a GIS database at Yellowstone National Park including its geologic past, geyser recharge and seismic activity.883. Trip Planning – Adventuring around for your next road trip with pit stops and offbeat using suggested sites.884. Observer Points – Calculating visibility through multiple observer points.885. Historic Street View – Time-travelling in the past to see just how much a location has changed over time with historic street view.52 Transmission GIS Applications886. Corridor Analyst – Identifying possible corridors and preferred transmission routes using Least Cost Path engineering, environment and combined routing algorithms. (Trimble Corridor Analyst)887. Transmission Line Monitoring – Monitoring overhead transmission towers with active and passive satellite data.888. Viewshed – Understanding the impacts of how a transmission line would look using viewsheds.889. Right-of-way – Buffering proposed transmission lines which will be areas cleared for the transmission line.890. Transmission Line Design – Considering slope, soils and land use for factoring into transmission line design.891. Tree Encroachment – Reducing risk of falling trees with LiDAR in search for dead and dying trees near utility lines.892. Public Consultation – Visualizing the transmission line with towers during public using 2D and 3D environments.893. Line Vision – Synchronizing 2D viewing in 3D environments with viewports. (gvSIG 3D Plugin)894. 3D Geometry – Sketching up custom 3D transmission towers and lines for import into ArcScene. (Google SketchUp and COLLADA)895. Line Profile – Utilizing slope profiles to generate terrain profiles with Manifold GIS.896. Environmental Monitoring – Referencing environmentally sensitive sites along a linear transmission and reporting conflicting points.897. Map Automation – Generating maps automatically from tiles along a transmission corridor with ArcGIS Data Driven Pages or QGIS Atlas.53 Transportation GIS Applications898. Travelling Salesman – Constructing efficient journeys that visit any number of points on a network in no particular order. (Travelling Salesman)899. Hadoop – Leveraging the Hadoop framework for millions of data points with big data spatial analytics. (Hadoop Framework)900. Deadliest Roads – Pinpointing the safest and deadliest roads on the planet with the Roads Kills Map. Spoiler: Dominican Republic has the most dangerous roads. (Roads Kill Map)901. Multimodal – Getting cars off the road for multi-modal options by studying cycling paths and walkability.902. Turn Restrictions – Adding restrictions to U-turns in a network dataset. (TNT Network Analysis)903. Parking Demand – Estimating parking demand and its fit with parking capacity with Python. (PARKFIT)904. A/B Testing – Making real-world choices sending cars to various routes for the fastest deliveries. (Spatial A/B Testing)905. Closest Facility – Solving the cost of traveling between incidents and facilities for which are nearest to one other.906. Infrastructure Damage – Reporting damaged infrastructure in a browser web mapping system.907. Motor Vehicle Collisions – Correlating motor vehicle collisions with spatial attributes such as speed limits, guardrails and on-street parking.908. Intersection Analysis – Improving intersection safety through crash and road safety analysis with the MapWindow Safety Software Plugin.909. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) – Feeding data from GPS units, video cameras, and road monitoring units to advance efficiency and safety of transportation systems.910. Shortest Path – Generating the shortest, fastest, or least-costly route between any number of origins and any number of destinations, with any number of intermediate points. (Shortest Path)911. Vessel Tracking – Plotting automatic identification system (AIS) points on a map in real-time.912. Network Travel Costs – Determining travel costs from each origin to all destinations913. Road Asset Management – Using ground survey data showing assets on a roadway in Manifold GIS.914. UPS Parcel Delivery – Seeing every driver in near-real time to study safety and find shorter routes – saving time, tire tread, and costs.915. Floating Car Systems – Displaying taxi fleet in one hour. (Floating Car Systems – Anita Graser)916. Logistics Management – Planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient effective flow and storage of goods and services from a point of origin to point of consumption.917. Street Repair – Inventorying and reporting repairs on streets.918. Road Assessment – Taking measure of pavement through aerial and mobile LiDAR.919. Trip Generation/Production – Estimating the number of trips that are produced or originate in each zone of a study area. (TransCAD Trip Generation and Production)920. Railways – Tying railways together with CartoDB’s railways map – from cargo to passenger trains. (Railroads – A Staple for Growth)921. Service Areas – Identifying service areas from a fixed points along a network route to show response coverage for emergency vehicles.922. OD Cost Matrix – Improving coordination amongst transportation providers when given multiple origins and multiple destinations.923. Paratransit – Accessing rides through address entry and buffering points to find nearest routes.924. World Traffic – Helping drivers get to destinations efficiently with traffic conditions around the world. (World Traffic Map)925. Transportation Master Plan – Planning future highways and roads by looking at growth of communities and traffic demand.926. Airline Planning – Navigating to safer airspace by including nearby land use to runway lighting systems.927. Routing Workers – Optimizing routes by seeing overlap which saves fuel costs.928. Traffic Ways – Seeing the world as only traffic ways. (Traffic Ways)929. Carpooling – Adding carpool lots by analyzing the number of incoming trips in a city.930. Bus Route – Designing transit routes with cost and demographic impacts. (TransMix Transit Planning)931. Active Transportation Planning – Leveraging the public with Participatory Geographic Information Systems and active transportation932. Conflation – Conflating two road datasets with OpenJump Vivid extension “Road Mapper” or Spatial Adjustment in ArcGIS.933. Infrastructure Life Cycle – Reiterating the process of planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining a transportation system.934. Inter-modal Transportation – Compiling two different modes of transportation (such as rail and truck) to move goods or passengers.935. Rails-to-Trails Conservancy – Converting unused railway into a paved multi-use paths. (Rails-to-Trails)936. Traffic Congestion – Alleviating traffic congestion by making the best possible use of the existing transportation network and gathering data to improve decisions for modifying the network.937. Sidewalk Inventory – Storing sidewalk data in a database with attributes like width, surface type and clearing priority.938. Transit Ridership – Collecting statistics on how many passengers ride transit in a given neighborhood.939. National Bridge Inventory – Making a repository of bridges in a national-wide database.940. UPS Telematics – Monitor performance and safety of package cars Safety including seatbelt usage, speed and whether or not a door was shut.941. Urban Traffic Air Pollution – Recording urban traffic air pollution and quality trough 3D visualization in planar and non-planar views.942. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis – Selecting highway route using multiple criteria. (Multi-criteria Decision Analysis QGIS Plugin)943. Walkability – Mapping out hot spots and cold spots with walkability and kernel density.944. Bike Sharing – Optimizing locations bike-sharing programs stations.54 Utilities GIS Applications945. Billing Systems – Updating and correcting billing system for the cost of street and security lighting. (Spatial Billing Systems)946. Network Management – Visualizing complex spatial webs of utility networks as the foundation to manage the lifecycle of network assets for utilities. (GE Smallworld)947. Emergency Repairs – Flagging potential emergencies with weather forecasts, staging support where needed and logistics for the movement of people.948. Underground Utilities – Penetrating the ground with radar for precise locations of underground gas, water, electrical and telephone utilities.949. Pole Inventory – Pinning down with GPS accuracy utility poles.950. Power Distribution – Figuring out where in a distribution line could take down an entire network.951. Vegetation Encroachment – Overlaying LiDAR data with transmission to see where and how much vegetation is encroaching952. Subsurface 3D Utility Model – Viewing underground utilities in 3D.953. Lifecycle Management – Updating life cycle status of utility information as existing or proposed in GE SmallWorld954. Permafrost – Assessing the impacts of permafrost freezing and thawing on utility lines.955. Utility Pole Replacement – Obtaining all the information when replacing utility poles and other business operations (Asset ID, construction date, overhead/underground conductor and conductors it supports with number of wire and cable segments956. Power Outages – Helping customers keep the lights on with assets and attributes such as poles and transformers in AutoCAD Map 3D.957. Cost Path – Laying out a gas pipeline from one location to another location with a CAD schematic in AutoCAD 3D.958. Energy Usage – Mapping trends of electricity usage that are metered to a network.959. Smart Grids – Determining optimal locations for smart grid and real-time analytic components.960. Infrastructure Design – Planning network infrastructure, build, operations and maintenance with Smallworld Core.961. Energy Demand Estimation – Combining building volume, number of floors and other characteristics to predict the energy demand for heating and cooling using 3D city models in Germany. (Energy Demand Estimates)962. Schematics – Representing a complex utilities network in a simple schematics diagram with ArcGIS Schematics.963. Street View Measure – Examining utility operations in street view and measuring distances (MM Plugin in ArcGIS)964. Line Extension Easements – Creating electrical line extension easements (legal rights of access) in GE SmallWorld Electric Office Geospatial Asset Management965. Cloud Computing – Building and sharing maps in the cloud for common operating and faster decision-making. (GIS Cloud)55 Volunteer GIS and Open Technology966. GIS Corps – Volunteering in GIS projects such as bridging the divide between the world’s insurance markets and the most vulnerable, low-income people. (GIS Corps)967. National Geographic Society – Preserving and protecting our planet as a global non-profit organization funding hundreds of projects each year. (National Geographic Society)968. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) – Solving challenges in local and national governments through GIS and other information technologies. (URISA)969. Wikimapia – Describing the world in online, editable maps and mashups with free data available for you to experiment with and create unique applications. (Wikimapia)970. OpenStreetMap – Establishing open information as a free, editable map through volunteered input. (Founder Steve Coast)971. Open Geospatial Consortium – Making quality open standards for the global geospatial community. (Open Geospatial Consortium)972. USGS Earth Explorer – Opening up satellite data to the world for free. (USGS Earth Explorer)973. NASA World Wind – Monitoring weather patterns, visualize cities and terrain, track the movement of planes, vehicles and ships, analyze geospatial data, and educate people about the Earth with the cross-platform, Java-based NASA World Wind. (NASA World Wind)974. Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) – Supporting the collaborative development of open source geospatial software, and promoting its widespread use. (OSGeo)975. ArcGIS Open Data – Exploring tens of thousands of data sets around the world from thousands of organizations around the world. (ArcGIS Open Data)976. Real-Time Collaboration – Collaborating in OpenStreetMap with multiple user entries. (Real-time Collaboration)977. Natural Earth – Producing public domain data with beautiful cartography layers.978. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) – Harnessing tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individuals (Citizens as Sensors – Goodchild, 2007)979. QGIS – Pioneering the #1 option for open GIS software. (QGIS Founder – Gary Sherman)56 Weather GIS Applications980. Real-time Lightning – Capturing real-time lightning strikes in a map with monitoring stations located around the world. (Real-time Lightning)981. Global Wind Vectors – Displaying gusting winds with vectors as directions. (Global Wind – Null School)982. Albedo – Measuring albedo for Earth’s heat budget using surface reflectance satellite data – bright areas reflect more than dark areas.983. Solar Irradiance – Harnessing the power of solar energy with the Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance. (Global Horizontal Irradiance)984. Night-Day Boundary – Illustrating which parts of the Earth that people are fast asleep and are wide awake with the night-day boundary map. (Night-Day Boundary)985. Rainfall – Illustrating rainfall in NOAA’s National Weather Service web map.986. NASA Ocean Color – Downloading chlorophyll-a concentrations and sea surfaces temperature data sets for studying the increasing risk from ocean acidification and hypoxia. (NASA Ocean Color)987. Historical Weather – Discerning weather patterns by studying old weather. (Old Weather)988. Temperature – Mapping out temperature with multi-dimensional NetCDF which includes dimensions of latitude, longitude, altitude, and time. (NASA Temperature NetCDF)989. Snowfall – Knowing how much snowfall occurred where. (NOAA Snowfall Data)990. Azimuth – Calculating solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours in the sky for each location (R.Sun – GRASS GIS)991. Weather Anomalies – Tracking weather events in a spatial database such as snow in the Sahara desert or southern Algeria.992. 3D Snow Depths – Plotting out 3D snow depths at ski resorts using Golden Software. (Snow Depth Map)993. Pacific Ocean Blob – Mapping the extent of “The Blob” – an anomalous body having sea surface temperature much above the normal.994. 3D Atmospheric Data – Visualizing layers of the atmospheric features as a vertical profile.995. Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real-Time (OSCAR) – Delivering near real-time global ocean surface currents. (OSCAR Data)996. Weather Warnings – Feeding out live warnings with physical locations from National Weather Service. (Weather Warnings)997. Historical Precipitation – Observing historical precipitation from ground stations and radar in NetCDF with MapWindow Meteobase.998. Cirrus Clouds – Detecting cirrus cloud with Landsat’s Cirrus band.999. Hovmoller Diagrams – Plotting meteorological data with latitude and longitude as axis. (Hovmoller Diagrams – ILWIS)1000. Doppler Radar – Predicting rainfall using Doppler Radar.1001. Sky View Factor – Considering the visible sky and topographic influences to estimate radiation balances, temperature and evapotranspiration.1002. Weather Stations – Obtaining the latitude and longitude positions of weather stations around the world.

Someone once said: “ The white man does science. The African goes to the witchdoctor. That’s the way it is.”https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/african-traditional-medicine-journals-articles-ppts-list.phpJournal of Traditional Medicine & Clinical NaturopathyAfrican Traditional MedicineTraditional African medicine is a comprehensive control including indigenous herbalism and African otherworldly existence, commonly including seers, maternity specialists, and cultivators. Experts of Traditional African medicine case to have the capacity to cure different and differing conditions, for example, growths, psychiatric issue, hypertension, cholera, most venereal ailments, epilepsy, asthma, dermatitis, fever, uneasiness, dejection, generous prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract diseases, gout, and mending of wounds and smolders and even Ebola.…………Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal PlantsM. Fawzi Mahomooda1. IntroductionTraditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve, or treat physical and mental illnesses [1]. Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations (outside its indigenous culture) is often termed complementary or alternative medicine (CAM) [1, 2].The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 80% of the emerging world’s population relies on traditional medicine for therapy. During the past decades, the developed world has also witnessed an ascending trend in the utilization of CAM, particularly herbal remedies [3]. Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients. While 90% of the population in Ethiopia use herbal remedies for their primary healthcare, surveys carried out in developed countries like Germany and Canada tend to show that at least 70% of their population have tried CAM at least once [2, 3]. It is likely that the profound knowledge of herbal remedies in traditional cultures, developed through trial and error over many centuries, along with the most important cures was carefully passed on verbally from one generation to another. Indeed, modern allopathic medicine has its roots in this ancient medicine, and it is likely that many important new remedies will be developed and commercialized in the future from the African biodiversity, as it has been till now, by following the leads provided by traditional knowledge and experiences [2–5].…..2. African Traditional MedicineAfrican traditional medicine is the oldest, and perhaps the most assorted, of all therapeutic systems. Africa is considered to be the cradle of mankind with a rich biological and cultural diversity marked by regional differences in healing practices [2, 6]. African traditional medicine in its varied forms is holistic involving both the body and the mind. The traditional healer typically diagnoses and treats the psychological basis of an illness before prescribing medicines, particularly medicinal plants to treat the symptoms [2, 6–8]. The sustained interest in traditional medicine in the African healthcare system can be justified by two major reasons. The first one is inadequate access to allopathic medicines and western forms of treatments, whereby the majority of people in Africa cannot afford access to modern medical care either because it is too costly or because there are no medical service providers. Second, there is a lack of effective modern medical treatment for some ailments such as malaria and/or HIV/AIDS, which, although global in distribution, disproportionately affect Africa more than other areas in the world.The most common traditional medicine in common practice across the African continent is the use of medicinal plants. In many parts of Africa, medicinal plants are the most easily accessible health resource available to the community. In addition, they are most often the preferred option for the patients. For most of these people, traditional healers offer information, counseling, and treatment to patients and their families in a personal manner as well as having an understanding of their patient’s environment [2, 6, 7]. Indeed, Africa is blessed with enormous biodiversity resources and it is estimated to contain between 40 and 45,000 species of plant with a potential for development and out of which 5,000 species are used medicinally. This is not surprising since Africa is located within the tropical and subtropical climate and it is a known fact that plants accumulate important secondary metabolites through evolution as a natural means of surviving in a hostile environment [9]. Because of her tropical conditions, Africa has an unfair share of strong ultraviolet rays of the tropical sunlight and numerous pathogenic microbes, including several species of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, suggesting that African plants could accumulate chemopreventive substances more than plants from the northern hemisphere. Interestingly, Abegaz et al. [10] have observed that of all species of Dorstenia (Moraceae) analysed, only the African species, Dorstenia mannii Hook.f, a perennial herb growing in the tropical rain forest of Central Africa contained more biological activity than related species [9–11].Nonetheless, the documentation of medicinal uses of African plants and traditional systems is becoming a pressing need because of the rapid loss of the natural habitats of some of these plants due to anthropogenic activities and also due to an erosion of valuable traditional knowledge. It has been reported that Africa has some 216 million hectares of forest, but the African continent is also notorious to have one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, with a calculated loss through deforestation of 1% per annum [7, 12]. Interestingly, the continent also has the highest rate of endemism, with the Republic of Madagascar topping the list by 82%, and it is worth to emphasize that Africa already contributes nearly 25% of the world trade in biodiversity. Nonetheless, the paradox is that in spite of this huge potential and diversity, the African continent has only few drugs commercialized globally [2, 12, 13].The scientific literature has witnessed a growing number of publications geared towards evaluating the efficacy of medicinal plants from Africa which are believed to have an important contribution in the maintenance of health and in the introduction of new treatments. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated comprehensive compilation of promising medicinal plants from the African continent.The main aim of the present review is to highlight the importance and potential of medicinal plants from the African biodiversity which have short- as well as long-term potential to be developed as future phytopharmaceuticals to treat and/or manage panoply of infectious and chronic conditions. The review might also provide a starting point for future studies aimed at isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive compounds present in these plants as well as exploring the potential niche market of these plants. In this endeavor, major scientific databases such as EBSCOhost, PubMed Central, Scopus (Elsevier), and Emerald amongst others have been probed to investigate trends in the rapidly increasing number of scientific publications on African traditional medicinal plants. Ten medicinal plants (Acacia senegal, Aloe ferox, Artemisia herba-alba, Aspalathus linearis, Centella asiatica, Catharanthus roseus, Cyclopia genistoides, Harpagophytum procumbens, Momordica charantia, and Pelargonium sidoides) of special interest were chosen for more detailed reviews based on the following criteria: medicinal plants that form part of African herbal pharmacopeia with commercial importance and those plants from which modern phytopharmaceuticals have been derived.The intersection of culture and science in South African traditional medicineJean-Francois SobieckiTraditional African medicine often carries with it a perception and stigma of being irrational and ungrounded in scientific method in academia. One reason for this common prejudicial view of traditional African medicine is the failure to effectively interpret African traditional medicine concepts, as these are often metaphorical descriptions of the biological and psychological effects of plants or combinations of them used in the traditional medicine preparations. When translated into other languages such as English, these metaphorical descriptions of medicinal plant use can seem to incorrectly reflect mysticism and/or superstition with no scientific basis. This difficulty in interpreting cultural descriptions of medical phenomena, together with the fact that there are hardly any academic papers engaging the science of South African traditional medicine in the biological sciences, is an indication of the disconnection between the humanities studies and the biomedical studies of South African traditional medicine.This paper investigates some popular examples of spiritual plant use in traditional South African medicine using phytopharmacological studies together with anthropological fieldwork methods, demonstrating the empirical basis for use of some plants in divination (by producing clarity of thought or dreams). The examples also reveal the phytochemical and biomedical foundations of the South Bantu speaking traditional healers' explanations of why and how various spiritually used plants have medicinal value. The challenge for scientists (such as botanists) is to effectively translate and interpret cultural and language based descriptions of spiritual medicinal plant use made by indigenous peoples while recognizing and discarding cultural prejudices that prevent a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of the science that intersects and forms the basis of many, though not all, cultural healing practices.……Some South African traditional medicine examples and their cultural and scientific basisThis section provides some popular examples of plants used for spiritual healing purposes in South African traditional medicine and discusses their interrelated pharmacological, psychological and spiritual healing dynamics. I have documented these dynamics as part of my anthropological fieldwork studies.Mlomo mnandi 'Sweet mouth'On one occasion while visiting Mrs Maponya, I mentioned that I was feeling under stress as a result of the day's activities. She offered me some short stick-twigs called mlomo mnandi (meaning 'sweet mouth' in Zulu) on which to chew. She remarked that I should just chew on them as if they were gum. I did so and found the taste peculiarly sweet. After some time talking to her, I felt more relaxed, and what started off as an anxious conversation ended with laughing and joking. Later, at home, I researched the botanical meaning of mlomo mnandi, discovering that it is referred to Glycyrrhiza gabra L. or licorice in Western cultures. Licorice is a well-known tonic plant used in Europe and America for fatigue, adrenal exhaustion and to improve vital energy (Vanrenen, 2000). When I relayed this information to Mrs Maponya the next time I saw her, she was unsurprised and said that the plant is often used before meetings to "make one talk nicely, that is to have a sweet mouth" (i.e. to open communication). Subsequently, I have repeatedly used this licorice powder in stressful situations. In my experience it has a distinctly uplifting psychoactive and tonic effect that promotes relaxation and improved communication.The scientific mechanism underpinning this use is the energy and mood boosting actions of tonic plants such as ginseng and licorice through the action of triterpenoid saponins that stimulate production of hormones by the adrenal glands (Chevallier, 1996; Vanrenen, 2000). In Ayurveda or traditional Indian medicine, licorice is reported as "nourishing the brain, promoting contentment and harmony. It improves voice, vision, hair and complexion and gives strength" (Frawley & Lad, 1993, p. 127). 'Sweet mouth' is thus a good example of an indigenous metaphorical term used to describe the medical application of the licorice plant.Imphepho: African incense of the ancestorsImphepho (the flowers of the everlasting family Helichrysum) is an important and widely used plant that is used as ritual incense in South African traditional medicine. Bundles of the dried flowers are often seen on the medicinal plant markets in Johannesburg where they are sold to the public and to healers alike. The dried flowers and stems are often burnt by diviners to invoke the ancestral spirits while practicing divination for clients. In 2010, while conducting a public workshop on ethnobotany, a colleague and I burnt a large bundle of imphepho in a room with attendants. The smoke filled the room and we inhaled the smoke and talked about its use. Within a short time, the group became quiet and meditative and an atmosphere of calm prevailed. Having noted its calming effects among the group, we discussed its ritual use and we made a connection with the use of frankincense, the resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia, that has been used since antiquity in various religious ceremonies in Christian churches (Moussaieff et al., 2008). Frankincense has been shown to have an anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) psychoactive effect in studies conducted by the Johns Hopkins University (Moussaieff et al., 2008). Likewise, the psychoactive chemistry of impepho has been indicated in phytochemical studies, where Stafford, Jager and van Staden (2005) determined the GABA-receptor binding effect of extracts from various Helichrysum species used in South Africa. GABA is a significant inhibitory neurotransmitter chemical responsible for relaxation. Thus, there is an empirical basis that, at first hand, is not apparent to the use of imphepho and frankincense alike for spiritual healing purposes. The inhalation of these plants' psychoactive chemicals promotes a calm and relaxed state of mind that is conducive to religious and spiritual practices such as praying. Other South African plants, such as Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb, that are used for "invoking the ancestors" or "arousing the spirits" (Sobiecki, 2008) have sedative effects and narcotic alkaloids have been isolated from the bulbs (Watt & Breyer Brandwijk, 1962). A similar example relates to ubulawu plant preparations, which are used by Southern Bantu diviners to open a connection to the ancestral spirits. These plant preparations have sensitivity and intuition enhancing psychoactive effects (Sobiecki, 2012). Thus, the hypothesis can be made that the African cultural descriptions of 'arousing or invoking the spirits' are often metaphorical indicators for the relaxing and mind-opening actions and effects of South African psychoactive plants.Ubulawu spiritual medicines and luckClosely related to this use of impepho to invoke and connect with the ancestral spirits is the use of ubulawu. The term ubulawu refers to traditional South African plant preparations for 'cleaning the body' and to 'bring luck'. These preparations are made mostly from the roots (e.g. Silene bellidioides Sond.) and stems (e.g. Helinus integrifolius, Lam., Kuntze.) of various plants (Sobiecki, 2012). These ingredients are ground and made into cold water infusions that are churned with a forked stick to produce foam. Both the foam and liquid of ubulawu preparations are drunk as part of vomiting (emesis) therapy by diviners and laypeople alike (Sobiecki, 2012). The psychoactive effects and possible chemistry of various ubulawu plant species has been recorded. For example, Triterpenoid saponins are confirmed to be in popular ubulawu species such as Agapanthus campanulatus F.M. Leight. and Maesa lanceolata Forssk. (Hutchings, Scott, Lewis, & Cunningham, 1996).While the 'cleansing' effect of ubulawu preparations is evident, their reported ability to 'bring luck' is less evident. Mrs Maponya explained that ubulawu is important, in the first instance, to "clear the lungs" to enable her "inner vision" so as to remember her dreams (Sobiecki, 2012, p. 219). In this way "ubulawu will connect you with your ancestral spirits, to give you what you need, they open your way, and in this way all the plants can give you spiritual help" (Sobiecki, 2012, p. 219). This aspect of ubulawu is similar to vamana (emesis) therapy in Ayurvedic medicine, which aims to remove the body of excess mucus and water (kapha) that collects on the lungs and "disturbs the mind and clouds the senses" (vide Frawley, 2000, p. 156). The physiological mechanism of this use of emetics was elaborated by a pharmacist colleague who explained that the reported clarity of thought and improved dreaming could be due to the medicines having a highly effective expectorant effect, removing viscous mucus and other impurities (e.g. carbon) from the lungs; thereby allowing more oxygen to enter the lungs and, possibly, increasing the functional surface areas of the blood-air barrier which would result in an overall increase in cognitive abilities as more oxygen would be reaching the cerebral cortex (Florczak, personal communication, March 2012). Accordingly, I suggest that it is possible that ubulawu preparations 'bring luck' in the sense of enabling the user to attain a positive frame of mind that comes from the feelings of well-being and of clarity of thought resulting from the consumption of psychoactive chemicals contained in the plants and the use and effects of emesis therapy. Thus, the culturally defined term 'bringing luck' could be further investigated as a metaphorical indicator of psychoactive plant effects used by Southern Bantu traditional healers and laypeople to connect with their ancestral spirits.