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The existence of multiple psychological differences between the sexes is very well established in the literature. In relation to men, women tend to present:Greater propensity towards valuing tolerance, understanding and the promotion of well-being (Schwartz & Rubel-Lifschitz, 2009; Lippa, 2010);Greater frequency and intensity of negative emotions, such as anger, sadness, anxiety, and fear (Schmitt et al., 2008; Caballo et al., 2014; Else-Quest et al., 2012);Greater Neuroticism, Extroversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Schmitt et al., 2008);Less permissive sexual attitudes, less engagement in masturbation, use of pornography and casual sex, as well as more negative views of promiscuity (Peterson & Hyde, 2010);Greater interest in people-interpersonal interaction and less interest in things-systematization (Lippa, 2010).Cognitively speaking, women tend to be worse than men at hand-eye coordination, mental 3D visualization and spatial navigation, as well as having a slightly lower mean IQ. However, there are signs that females have greater verbal ability, better communication skills and more empathy. They are also known to be better at perceiving the differences between very similar shades of color, also tending to naturally subdivide the visual spectrum into a larger number of categories. See Halpern (2012), Irwing and Lynn (2005), Jackson and Rushton (2006), Liu and Lynn (2015), and Weiss et al. (2003).Neurologically, men have brains that are more connected in the front-to-back axis whereas women are more connected between cerebral hemispheres, which allows one to say that the sexes are, literally, “wired” differently (Ingalhalikar et al., 2014).Given what is known about brain functioning, this could explain many of the observed differences between men and women.Some authors argue that the psychological differences observed between the sexes have been exaggerated and/or are instilled by stereotypes from society and culture, with little basis in biological sex per se (Hyde, 2005; Ickes, Gesn & Graham, 2000, Johns, Schmader & Martens, 2005, Lindberg et al., 2010). However, the prevailing evidence is that such differences are statistically significant, relevant at the group level, and remain or even intensify when one controls for variables such as nationality, education, income, and even public policies of gender equality (Schmitt et al., 2008; Caballo et al., 2014; Else-Quest et al., 2012; Halpern, 2012; Irwing & Lynn, 2005; Jackson & Rushton, 2006; Lippa, 2010; Liu & Lynn, 2015; Peterson & Hyde, 2010; Schwartz & Rubel-Lifschitz, 2009; Weiss et al., 2003).Of course, such differences are between the means and frequencies for each sex. Individually speaking, anything goes. It is far more likely that men have higher values in masculine traits and women higher values in feminine traits, but it is also true that one is hard-pressed to find a man with a high value for all male traits or a woman with a high value for all female traits.ReferencesBuss, D.M., & Schmitt, D.P. (2011). Evolutionary psychology and feminism. Sex Roles, 64, 768-787.Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO-A Research Team (2014). Differences in social anxiety between men and women across 18 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 35-40.Else-Quest, N. M., Higgins, A., Allison, C., & Morton, L. C. (2012). Gender differences in self-conscious emotional experience: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 947-982.Halpern, D. (2012). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities (4th ed). New York: Psychology Press.Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(6), 581-592. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581.Ickes, W., Gesn, P. R., & Graham. T. (2000). Gender differences in empathic accuracy: Differential ability or differential motivation? Personal Relationships, 7(1), 95-109.Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A. Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T.D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C. and Verma, R. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. PNAS January 14, 2014 111 (2) 823-828; Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brainIrwing, P., & Lynn, R. (2005). Sex differences in means and variability on the progressive matrices in university students: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 505-524. doi:10.1348/000712605X53542Jackson, D. N., & Rushton, J. P. (2006). Males have greater g: Sex differences in general mental ability from 100,000 17- to 18-year-olds on the Scholastic Assessment Test. Intelligence, 34(5), 479-486.Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens (2005). Knowing Is Half the Battle: Teaching Stereotype Threat as a Means of Improving Women's Math Performance. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175-179.Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., Petersen, J. L., & Linn, M. C. (2010). New trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1123-1135. doi:10.1037/a0021276Lippa, R. A. (2010). Gender Differences in Personality and Interests: When,Where, and Why? Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4(11), 1098-1110. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00320.x.Liu, J., & Lynn, R. (2015). Chinese sex differences in intelligence: Some new evidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 90-93.Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993-2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 21-38.Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168-182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168Schwartz, S. H., & Rubel-Lifschitz, T. (2009). Cross-national variation in the size of sex differences in values: effects of gender equality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 171.Vandermassen, G. (2011). Evolution and rape: A feminist Darwinian perspective. Sex Roles, 64, 732-747.Weiss, E. M., Kemmler, G., Deisenhammer, E. A., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Delazer, M. (2003). Sex differences in cognitive functions. Personality & Individual Differences, 35, 4, 863-875.

Partly because it separated from Antarctica, partly because it is mostly flat and geologically inactive, and, controversially, some scientists are starting to think partly because of Aboriginal Bushfires in the last 40,000 years.When Australia was part of Antarctica, the connection between the two likely trapped lots of rain. Additionally, Antarctica was higher in elevation than most of Australia (as it was being squished between what is now South America and Australia), which would have the same effects as a mountain range anywhere.Many types of plants help prevent Desertification by trapping soil and preventing dust from being kicked into the air decreasing humidity, and exposing infertile lower layers of soil that then bake in the sun. Many of those plants require nutrient-rich soils to grow in large numbers.The last volcanic eruption in Australia was over 4,000 years ago (see Australian Volcanoes). Volcanic ash itself mixes with soil and forms an Andisol which is very rich in nutrients. As all of Australia’s volcanoes went dormant in the last few million years, they also stopped producing ash.For the last, most controversial proposal, Notaro, Wyrwoll & Chen (2011) conducted a study that measured the effects of decreased vegetation due to bushfires, on the summer monsoon. They found a strong correlation between Aboriginal Bushfires, also known as Fire-stick farming, in Northwestern Australia, and decreased rainfall in both the pre-Monsoon and Monsoon seasons. Notaro et al., blame Aboriginal land clearing practices for the conversion of forests to savannah, and the increase in desertification in the last 18,000 years.Earlier studies however, such as Horton (1982), claimed that most of the prehistoric fires in Australia reflected desertification between the Glacial Maximas of the last Ice Age, and that Australian Aboriginals had very few adverse effects on the climate.There is other research to suggest that human-made fires have a correlation with drought. Charney (1975) claimed that drought and desertification in the Sahel was a feedback mechanism, partly human-made, and partly caused by intentional land clearing through fires for farms.This proposal is controversial because Aboriginal Australians have been viewed, in recent decades, as the shepherds of the environment who cared for Australia far better than Europeans did. Early on, European settlers were also very suspicious of intentionally-lit Aboriginal fires. Some of the literature, such as Horton (1982), was, in some ways, trying to dispel these claims. Additionally, the Australian government has adopted intentionally starting bushfires to thin the forest, and make potential bushfires less severe.Many people view Aboriginal bushfires as ancient wisdom and a solution to making future bushfires less severe.Obviously, more research needs to be done in this area.References:Charney, J., Stone, P. H., & Quirk, W. J. (1975). Drought in the Sahara: a biogeophysical feedback mechanism. science, 187(4175), 434-435.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Quirk/publication/6005938_Drought_in_the_Sahara_A_Biogeophysical_Feedback_Mechanism/links/02e7e53026649ceba6000000.pdfHorton, D. R. (1982). The burning question: Aborigines, fire and Australian ecosystems. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 13(3), 237-252.Notaro, M., Wyrwoll, K. H., & Chen, G. (2011). Did aboriginal vegetation burning impact on the Australian summer monsoon?. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(11).Did aboriginal vegetation burning impact on the Australian summer monsoon?

Syntax:Haegeman, L. (1991). Introduction to government and binding theory.Poole, G. (2011). Syntactic theory. Palgrave Macmillan.Adger, D. (2003). Core syntax: A minimalist approach (Vol. 33). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Givón, T. (2001). Syntax: An Introduction. 2 Volumes (set). John Benjamins Publishing.This book is not an introduction. But, it provides good amount of work of various topics.Kiss, T. (Ed.). (2015). Syntax-Theory and Analysis. Volumes. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.