Ibr Heat Loss: Fill & Download for Free

There are many factors which make boiler design a special field. All designs are difficult for under experienced and not very easy for experienced. See how many companies have name. Still for many types of utility boilers technology is from abroad. It is not only theorotical design but lot of research has gone into. Design is proven when it is performing for years as per design conditions. Applications need many combinations of pressure/ temperature. According to requirement of final output steam you need to adjust fuel, primary air, exhaust gas velocity etc. In big boilers whole operation is automised being operated from DCS.Boiler operation is tricky and risky also. Tube material, steam flow, combustion gases flow, erosion, expansion of material due to heat, dynamic load on structure, ash carryover, insulation, refractory are some of the factors considered in design. Any downtime is a big loss. Due to fluid dynamics proper timely maintenance is required. IBR compliance is require due to risks involved.Still there are many boiler installations giving more than 25 years life before overhaul.It is a special field for designers many of whom spend their whole career to achieve mastery.

It may be easier to explain the opposite which is “Why are some offspring infertile? “There are cases where mixed animal species will not be able to reproduce. A horse and a donkey may have a donkey, but that animal will not be able to have baby donkeys. Also zebras and horses can mate. but because of chromosomal differences their babies (Zebroids) cannot reproduce. Ligars (lion and tiger) offspring also cannot reproduce. Even though some bird types are very similar (as in different types of eagles) they may also produce chicks that will not be able to produce their own brood.Here are some more ideas which cause infertility in animals:INFERTILITY IN CATTLE Infertility is the diminished or absent capacity to produce viable offspring. There are many other causes of infertility in cattle. The goal of a breeding program should be to have 90-95% of cows bred in a 65 day breeding season. If pregnancy/calving rates are below this, finding out why is important. There are both infectious and non-infectious causes of infertility. Non Infectious Causes of Infertility Female • Nutrition • Stress • Genetics Male • Failing to use a bull that has passed a breeding soundness exam • Insufficient bull numbers for cow numbers and environment • Bull(s) with poor libido The most common cause of infertility in beef herds is poor cow nutrition. Over conditioning can also be detrimental, especially in heifers, but is far less common a problem. Body condition before calving, after calving, and at breeding can all contribute to infertility. Cows that calve thin but are gaining at breeding will have better conception rates than cows that remain thin. However, cows that maintain good body condition throughout pregnancy will have the best chance of breeding back. Most commonly protein and energy are deficient in beef cattle diets. But vitamin and mineral deficiencies can also cause infertility. Copper is deficient in forages in parts of LA which can lead to deficiencies in animals. Infertility, poor vaccine response, diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth, weak calves and calf health problems can all stem from copper deficiency. Stress can cause pregnancy wastage at any stage of gestation. Low stress handling when processing cattle will minimize this problem. Heat stress is also a major cause of infertility, especially early in pregnancy. High humidity exacerbates heat stress and would be expected to impact conception rates even more. Extending you breeding season late into the summer to get extra cows bred is probably a futile exercise. Finally, genetics and other environmental factors play a role in infertility. Selection for other production traits can sometimes lead to selection against reproductive ability. There are breed differences in reproductive efficiency, especially when comparing Bos taurus to Bos indicus breeds. In general, Bos indicus breeds are superior in subtropical climates, but have later puberty and longer intercalving interval than Bos Taurus breeds. There are wide variations between individuals, so selecting for early maturity and shorter intercalving interval will increase efficiency over time. Recent research has also focused on the influence of cow nutrition during gestation and its impact on subsequent growth and fertility in their female offspring (“fetal programming”). Heifers born to cows that are deprived of protein supplementation during late gestation, have lower average daily gains, delayed onset to puberty, and lower conception rates compared to heifers born to protein supplemented cows. Even if heifers are fed properly once they are born, nutrient deprivation in utero negatively impacts their future fertility. Bulls should have a breeding soundness exam prior to each breeding season. Even if a bull passed last year, there is no guarantee he will pass this year. Bull infertility due to heat stress is a major problem in LA. Although there are general rules for how many bulls are needed for a group cows, this varies highly between herds. The age of the bulls, single vs. multi sire breeding groups, terrain and climate can all affect how many bulls are needed. Young bulls, particularly in breeding groups with older bulls, will not service as many cows as mature bulls. If bulls are not used to the heat, they may spend more time in the shade than servicing cows due to lack of libido. A breeding soundness exam does not test libido, so bulls should be watched to make sure they are breeding cows once they are turned out. Infectious and Toxic Causes of Infertility in Cattle Leptospirosis There are several serovars of leptospirosis that can infect cattle, but the most important serovar in the United States in cattle is hardjo-bovis. This serovar is host-adapted to cattle, meaning some cattle remain infected and become carriers. Carrier animals allow the infection to persist in a herd. Vaccination can help prevent infections. The 5-way lepto vaccines that have been available for years prevent the non-host adapted serovars. These vaccines contain a hardjo serovar, but it is hardjo-prajitno, not hardjo bovis. There is some cross protection, but not always. To prevent hardjo-bovis, select a vaccine that is specifically labeled for prevention of the hardjo-bovis serovar. Trichomoniasis .Campylobacteriosis Campylobacteriosis, also known as “Vibrio” causes problems similar to Trichomoniasis-temporary infertility and early embryonic death. Cattle have irregular estrous cycles and are repeat breeders leading to small calf crops and delayed/prolonged calving seasons. Like Trichomoniasis, it is venereally transmitted. The most effective vaccines against Campylobacter are oil-adjuvanted, and there is only one currently on the market. Herds at high risk should use the oil-adjuvanted vaccine and not rely on combination vaccines containing other adjuvants for protection against of Camplylobacter. Control of this disease is similar to Trichomoniasis and is centered on good biosecurity. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) This is the most frequently diagnosed viral cause of abortion in the US. This virus causes respiratory disease and pinkeye as well. IBR can cause failure to conceive, early embryonic death, and abortions later in pregnancy. Abortion “storms” where several animals abort in a short period of time can also occur. There are many commercial vaccines available to help control IBR. These should be incorporated into an overall herd health program. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD) BVD, like IBR can cause failure to conceive, early embryonic death, and abortions later in pregnancy. This virus can also cause fetal abnormalities, especially of the eye and neurologic system, and weak calves. It also causes persistent infections (PIs) which allow it to stay in a herd from year to year. Again like IBR, there are many vaccination options to help control BVD. Go to http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops_livestock/livestock/animal_health/beef_cattle/Bovine+Viral+Diarrhea+Virus+B VD+of+Cattle.htm for more information on BVD.Neospora Neospora is a protozoal disease that is mainly reported in dairy cattle, but is being increasingly diagnosed in beef herds. Fetal losses can occur at any time during gestation, but are most common in the second trimester of pregnancy. If the fetus survives, it can become infected and continue the infection in the herd, similar to what occurs with BVD. Canids (dogs, coyotes, foxes, etc.) spread the disease. There is only one vaccine currently available against this disease. Its efficacy is questionable. Anaplasmosis Although the most striking presentation of anaplasmosis is acute death, this disease can also cause significant reproductive losses. Anaplasmosis causes a decrease in the red blood cell count in cattle, making it difficult to get oxygen to tissues. A very small decrease in blood oxygen may not cause a cow to become ill, but the fetus requires very high oxygen levels. If the oxygen levels in the cows blood drops even a small amount, it can cause death of the fetus and abortion. Control of anaplasmosis is very herd specific. Producers should contact their veterinarian for help in developing an anaplasmosis control plan. Nitrate Toxicity Similar to anaplasmosis, nitrate toxicity decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, and can cause death of the fetus. Nitrate toxicity occurs most commonly in Louisiana in cattle grazing ryegrass pastures or consuming ryegrass hay. Diagnosis Infertility is one of the most frustrating problems to try to diagnose. Many times the actual disease or problem (infertile bulls for example) occurs many months before cattle are palpated for pregnancy or begin calving. There is no one test like a blood sample that will test for all of the diseases or problems. Each cause/disease has different procedures required for diagnosis. To diagnose Leptospirosis, urine samples are needed. To diagnose Trich and Campy, specific tests from bulls are required. Although blood samples may help diagnose IBR and BVD in unvaccinated herds if the samples are taken at the proper time, in many instances blood samples are not helpful. The placenta and fetus are the best samples for diagnosis of late term abortions. A good overall herd health history is also important to look for other problems that may be related and help narrow down the list of potential problems. Control Bull Management • Fertility test bulls • Buy virgin bulls or test for Trichomoniasis and Campylobacter • Have sufficient bull numbers for cow numbers and environment • Observe cattle closely during breeding season for bull libido and repeat breeding in cowsCow Management • Sound nutrition program, including minerals o Maintain cow body condition and a properly functioning immune system • Minimize stress, particularly during handling • Cull cows that are not reproductively sound • Palpate for pregnancy o Pregnancy check via rectal palpation by a veterinarian can identify problems early and make diagnosis of problems more likely • Raise or purchase only virgin heifers as replacement females o Purchasing open non-virgin females is a risk for Trichomoniasis and Campylobacter o Purchasing bred females is a risk for introducing BVD Vaccination and Biosecurity • A good vaccination program will help prevent major reproductive losses from infectious causes • Because vaccination is not 100% protective and because there are disease that can’t be controlled through vaccination, a good herd biosecurity program is necessary Authors Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS, DACVIM Extension Veterinarian, LSU AgCenter Department of Veterinary Science Soren P. Rodning Extension Veterinarian, Assistant Professor Animal Sciences, Auburn University

Commercial and small scale dairy farming in India is no doubt playing an important role in the total milk production and economy of our country. And almost all regions of India are suitable for setting up dairy farming business. Most of the dairy farmers in India are raising animals in small scale scale traditional methods. They are not aware about the modern farming methods and improved techniques for dairy farming. As a result, some farmers are losing their investment instead of being benefited. Proper business plan, well management and care can ensure maximum production and profit from dairy farming business. I have described here the importance, setting up steps and some problems of dairy farming in India.To be the part of a Dairy milk producing business t,he total milkproduction in the country for the year 2008-09 was estimated at108.5million metric tons and the demand is expected to be 180 million tons by2020.To achieve this demand annual growth rate in milk production has to beincreased from the present 2.5 % to 5%. Thus, there is a tremendousscope/potential for increasing the milk production through profitable dairyfarming.Burdwan being a milk producing district always recorded high milkproduction…There are many benefits of starting dairy contract -farming businessin India. Here describing the main importance and benefits of dairyfarming in India. Dairy farming business is a traditional business. So, you don’t have toworry about marketing your products. You can easily sell yourproducts in almost every place of India. And dairy product market isactive round the year. Dairy farming is eco-friendly and it doesn’t pollute the environment. Dairy farming business doesn’t required highly skilled labor. You caneasily setup small scale dairy farm with your family labor. Great business opportunities for unemployed educated young people.Proper plan and management can ensure maximum production. Numerous highly productive native Indian and foreign breeds aresuitable for farming according to the climate and environment of India. can apply for loan in yourBreeds :There are numerous native Indian indigenous A2 and highlyproductive foreign breeds available. We can raise bothcows and buffaloes together in separate rows under sameshed. Cow’s milk is lower in fat than buffaloes milk. Visit themarket and try to understand which product has highdemand. For profitable commercial dairy production milchbreeds Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar are popularcow breed. (You can also go with highly productive foreignbreeds like Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey etc.) Allthose breeds are suitable for farming in the Indian weather.Always keep in mind the market scenerio while choosingbreeds for your farm.Feeding :Feeding good and high quality nutritious foods ensure proper growth and good health of the animals. So, always try to feed them sufficient amount of nutritious food. Try to add as much green food as possible with their regular food. Because, green food helps the animal to produce more milk and helps the producer to reduce feeding costs. If possible, try to make a grazing place for your animals. Along with nutritious foods, always provide them sufficient amount of clean and fresh water. Dairy animals need more water than other animals. Generally, a milk producing animal need five liters of water for producing one liter milk. So, always serve them sufficient amount of clean and fresh water.Providing balanced nutrition is the foundation for productive and profitableanimal husbandry. Without adequate nutrition, animals cannot expresstheir full genetic potential nor will they be productively efficient. Low milkproduction, low reproductive rates, poor growth and increased illness maybe the result of imbalance or deficiency of nutrients. Proper balance ofprotein, energy, vitamins and minerals are needed in the ration of animalsto ensure best performance with respect to production, reproduction andhealth. Therefore, providing nutritionally balanced ration to the animal isnecessary to gain economic returns from dairying.Feeding is an important aspect of dairyingas it accounts for around 70% of total costof milk production. Different types of dietaryfeed ingredients for dairy cows and buffaloesinclude concentrates such as compound cattlefeed, oil cakes, grains and grain byproductslike brans and chunnies; cultivated greenfodders and grasses; crop residues like strawsand stovers.Following points are includedin this section:A. Feeding of dairy animals.B. Importance of Ration Balancing Programme.C. Importance of compound cattle feed inmilk production.D. Importance of bypass protein feed.E. Importance of feeding mineral mixture.F. Urea Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB)– Afeed SupplementG. Importance of drinking water for dairyanimals.H. Care of pregnant animals.I. Nutritional care after calving.J. Examples of preparing Total Mixed Ration(TMR) for cow.K. Examples of preparing Total Mixed Ration(TMR) for buffalo.FEEDING OF DAIRY ANIMALSA normal adult animal should be fed 6 Kg dry and 15-20 Kg green fodder per day.Legume and non-legume green fodder should be fed in 1:3 proportion.Green fodder should be harvested at 50% flowering stage.Surplus green fodder should be conserved in the form of ‘hay’ or ‘silage’ .Conserved fodder becomes useful during summers or when green fodder is scarce.HousingGood housing play an important role for keeping the animal healthy, diseases free and productive. For proper production you should give your animal required space inside the house. Generally 40 square feet inside shed and 80 square feet open space is required per animal. In small scale production for 20 animals, you have to ensure availability of 3000 square feet land area. For medium scale producers with 100 animals, 13,000 to 15,000 square feet space is required. However, ensure availability of all types of essential facilities in the house. Essential facilities includes proper ventilation, sufficient flow of fresh and clean air, sufficient space etc.To optimize milk production and to meet the nutrient requirement of animals, balanced feeding using user-friendly software developed by NDDB may be adopted. Animals fed only on dry fodder may be provided Urea Molasses Mineral Block as a supplement to the diet, depending upon its availability .For body maintenance and higher efficiency of milk production, ‘compound cattle feed’ / ‘bypass protein feed’ should also be given . Minerals are essential for all metabolic functions of the body, animals’ ration should be supplemented with area specific mineral mixture .Changing from one feed to another should not be suddenbut in a gradual manner.Fodder should be chaffed before feeding, to avoid wastageand increase digestibility.Various feed ingredients including the additives, shouldbe mixed to make Sani or total mixed ration (TMR). Itwould be more appropriate to feed this ration in 3-4equally divided parts in a day. This would reduce spoilageand increase the digestibility.IMPORTANCE OF COMPOUND CATTLE FEED IN MILK PRODUCTIONCattle feed produced by the Milk Unions/Federations is a balanced source of essentialnutrients required for body maintenance, growth and milk production.It is manufactured using good quality grains, oil cakes/ meals, brans, molasses, common salt,minerals and vitamins.It is comparatively cheaper and highly palatable to the animals.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FEEDING CATTLE FEEDCattle feed contains protein, energy, minerals and vitamins required for the growth, maintenance and milk production of animals. It is advantageous to feed extra cattle feed to pregnant animals for proper development of foetus.It increases reproductive efficiency, milk production as well as fat percentage of milk.Growing animals should be fed 1 to 1.5 kg of compound cattle feed daily.Milking animals should be fed 2 kg of compound cattle feed for body maintenance and additional 400 g to cows and 500 g to buffaloes for every litre of milk produced.In addition to this quantity, 1 kg compound cattle feed and 1 kg good quality oil cake should also be given to pregnant animals during the last two monthsBENEFITS OF FEEDING MINERAL MIXTURE :Helps improving growth rate in calves.Better utilization of absorbed nutrients.Increases milk production in animals.Improves reproductive efficiency and reduces inter-calving period.Increases productive life of animals.Improves immunity status.Prevents metabolic diseases like milk fever, ketosis, haematuria etc., which occur aroundcalving period.IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING WATER FOR DAIRY ANIMALSWater is required for :▪ Digestion of feed and fodder.Distribution of absorbed nutrients to various organs.Excretion of undesirable and toxic elements through urine.Maintenance of body temperature.Normally, an adult healthy animal requires 75 to 80 litres of water daily. Since milk contains about 85% water, for every litre of milk produced, additional two and half litres water is required.Arrangement to be done :Animal will have a free access to clean drinking water round the clock.During summer, crossbred cows and buffaloes should be given bath twice daily and at least 100 litres of water per day to manage heat.Care & ManagementTaking good care is the key to every livestock farming business. So, you also have to take good care of your animals. Try to keep the animals free from all types of cattle diseases. Vaccinate them timely. Provide them nutritious food and clean water regularly. Make a stock of necessary medicines and other materials.CARE OF PREGNANT ANIMALSAdequate health care and nutrition can ensure rapid growth of female calf as well as attaining puberty at an early age. Timely insemination of such animals can help them to calve at 2 to 2 ½ years of age.As foetus develops rapidly during last 3 months of pregnancy, adequate care needs to betaken during this time.NUTRITIONAL CARE AFTER CALVINGImmediately after calving, the cow/buffalo has a low appetite and will not eat as much feed as the body may require.Cow/buffalo undergoes a lot of stress while calving, therefore, the animal should be given light, palatable, mild laxative ration containing warm rice gruel, boiled rice/wheat bran, boiled millet or wheat mixed with edible oil, bypass fat, Jaggery, Soya, Asafoetida, Methi, Black Cumin, ginger etc. for 2 to 3 days after calving. This kind of diet is also helpful in early expulsion of placenta.In addition, the animal should be given tender green fodder and fresh water as much as it wants to drink, but do not give hot water.Ensure the milking cow has constant access to clean drinking water and receives required quantity of Area Specific Mineral Mixture daily.Feeding and management during the transition period has a significant bearing on thelactation length and total milk yield.DISEASES PREVENTABLE BY VACCINATIONOur country is endemic to many diseases thatcause severe economic losses due to drasticreduction in the production capacity . Some ofthe diseases are even highly fatal. Fortunately,vaccines are available for most of these diseases(except IBR)in our country and can be easilycontrolled if timely vaccination is carried outin a mass scale, covering a large proportion ofthe susceptible population (at least 80%). Thissection describes the following diseases thatcan be easily prevented by resorting to timelyand regular vaccination:Status of Milk Product items in India:A brief description of the Dairy products of West Bengal : - definition, composition, & manufacturing procedure.Preface :The major regular indigenous milk products that rules the Indian market are paneer, ghee, curd, lassi, and resultant sweets in west Bengal widely popular viz. kalakand, rasgulla, sitabhog, srikhand, sandesh and many more mouthwatering relishing sweets that have been recognised as significant contributors of important nutrients to the human diet. In India, there exist huge varieties of indigenous milk products, specific to the different regions, across the country. Most indigenous milk products are produced and sold loose by local halwais/ mithaiwalas (David, 2013). Several government and private organisations have been conducting research on the mechanised and hygienic production as well as distribution of the indigenous milk products. With the current upward trend in national and international health awareness among the consumers, the demand for functional, herbal, low fat food has increased. This has forced the food industry for launching indigenous dairy products in the market with acceptable sensory characteristics.For More InformationPhone Number : +918981529691Whatsapp : +918981529691Email Id : [email protected]