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The statement 'It is unclear why human breast milk stands out among that of other mammals. It has five times as many types of H.M.O.s as cow’s milk, and several hundred times the quantity. Even chimp milk is impoverished compared with ours' is in a recent New Yorker article. Its premise is inaccurate. Published data from 2011 directly contradicts it, specifically, by showing chimpanzee and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are comparably diverse and abundant (see figure below from 1), though HMOs have higher degree of polymerization. Ironically, this paper is authored by University of California, Davis, researchers, including one of the persons interviewed in this New Yorker piece, Bruce German.Caveats: Problem is this study was conducted on just one milk sample from each species, the monkey and ape milk samples coming from animals in research centers, not in the wild. Not clear if they were fed regulated diet or could forage by themselves. Sole human milk sample used for comparison was from a mother in Gambia, Africa. Obviously since age, diet and genetics are all important factors, milk composition's known to vary greatly between mothers from different countries. Milk composition also differs greatly at different stages of lactation. Thus we cannot generalize much from what is more or less a case study. An overlapping team also published a 2010 paper comparing milk oligosaccharides from different primates that included more numbers of animals from each species, but unfortunately didn't include chimpanzees (2). Thus, this data needs to be verified by examining more milk samples from these primates. Would also be interesting, if possible, to compare milk from wild animals with those in research centers.I was also taken aback to read the following grossly inaccurate generalization in the same New Yorker piece,'The number of scientific publications about milk is tiny, compared with the number devoted to other bodily fluids—blood, saliva, even urine. The dairy industry has spent a fortune on extracting more and more milk from cows, but very little on understanding just what this white liquid is or how it works. Medical-funding agencies have generally dismissed it as irrelevant, German said, because “it doesn’t have anything to do with the diseases of middle-aged white men.”'Sure, there are likely many more scientific publications dealing with blood, saliva and urine compared to milk. After all, they're easily accessible sources to sample circulation to perform diagnoses, as well to simply study physiology. OTOH, milk is typically only made and secreted by lactating adult female breasts. Can't use milk to diagnose conditions in children, men and non-lactating women, who can usually provide blood, saliva or urine samples any time during their life. In other words, disingenuous to argue diseases of middle-aged white men preclude research funding for studying milk. By the way, all that greater effort into studying blood has still not yielded an adequate fully synthetic replacement to human plasma, i.e., expense and effort alone don't dictate outcome. As well, having spent several years on a project that used sheep milk proteins as Antigen* may not make me a milk expert but I know enough to know those statements in the article are gross exaggerations to say the least, for the following reasons.Embarking on that project, I soon discovered and consulted with a nearby world expert on one of those milk proteins. The recently retired Pradman K. Qasba from the Frederick, Maryland, campus of the National Cancer Institute, spent the bulk of his career studying just this one milk protein, Alpha-lactalbumin.Milk's of considerable interest to evolutionary biochemists interested in how milk components may have evolved as a result of Gene duplication events. For example, sequence comparisons suggest alpha-lactalbumin to be the product of Lysozyme gene duplication, an event that may have occurred around the time Mammals spilt from Birds.Alpha-lactalbumin's also a protein of tremendous interest to biochemists because it belongs to a select class of very intriguing proteins capable of existing in the Molten globule state.And how could one talk of alpha-lactalbumin and its capacity to assume a molten globule state without mentioning Catharina Svanborg – Wikipedia, the Swedish microbiologist, who since at least 2000 has shown repeatedly in the peer-reviewed scientific literature that HAMLET (Human Alpha-Lactalbumin Made Lethal To Tumors) can apparently kill tumors directly?This is barely scratching the surface of research on just this one milk component. And as recently as March 2012, Catharina Svanborg was an invited speaker at University of California, Davis' Foods for Health Institute, where the afore-quoted Bruce German works (Dr. Catharina Svanborg Presents her Research on Cancer-Killing Proteins in Human Milk).Also important to note that the study of alpha lactalbumin is inextricably tied to that of milk sugars. Arguably among the most abundant of milk sugars, albeit a disaccharide, not oligosaccharide, Lactose synthesis requires alpha lactalbumin.A 2012 review on HMOs by Lars Bode helpfully includes a >100 year retrospective (see figure below from 3).Thus, it doesn't reflect well on the New Yorker to not have more carefully vetted this science-related article that contains such inaccurate generalizations. Lazy science journalism doesn't just do disservice to science, no, it's also dangerous in its potential to further fray the public's increasingly fragile trust in the scientific enterprise. Anyway, this brief deconstruction suggests to not take some of this article's assertions at face value.Differences in milk composition between species are several and well-documented. While primate milk tends to contain greater variety and quantity of oligosaccharides compared to those of ruminants like cows, milk from the latter is abundant in Beta-lactoglobulin, which is completely absent in human milk. Donkey milk contains a greater variety and amount of Omega-3 fatty acid and Omega-6 fatty acid compared to human milk (4), a difference that's stoking some interest in developing it as a Nutraceutical.What do such differences mean? At a minimum, they demonstrate exquisite adaptations of milk composition to different selection pressures imposed by specific ecological niches and specific life history-driven demands of babies of different mammalian species. What those different selection pressures specifically are remain speculations at present. Upon reflection, aren't differences in composition between milks from different species only to be expected? Different mammalian species may need to have different milk components toPrepare their newborn's gut to be colonized by different microbes, i.e., different milks with different Prebiotic (nutrition) potential accurately reflect the different ecological niche each species occupies. Such differing components would help different microbes to colonize a newborn's gut as well as help protect against pathogens that each newborn mammalian species would need protection from, obviously something where different mammals likely differ. One way milk sugars could protect against pathogen invasion is by binding to carbohydrate binding proteins, especially on viruses, i.e., functioning as decoy molecules to clear them from the body. For example, human milk glycosaminoglycans can bind to HIV 's Envelope glycoprotein GP120 (5).Satisfy different energetic/caloric requirements of different newborn species. For example, calves and foals start to graze and forage by themselves within a few days to few weeks of birth, obviously a drastically different situation from that of human babies. A calf or foal's nutritional demands on cow or horse milk would thus likely be far less onerous compared to those of a human baby's on human milk.Account for different Placentation strategies adopted by different mammalian species, account in terms of one species needing to provide post-birth some essential nutrient that another species may already provide in utero. A salient example is greater need for immediate post-birth Colostrum in bovines and equines, which have less invasive epitheliochorial placenta compared to primates, which have more invasive haemochorial placenta. One result of this placentation difference is relative lack of in utero transfer of maternal antibodies in cows, sheep and horses, which is why newborn calves, lambs and foals need to immediately post-birth drink colostrum, their main source of maternal antibodies.*: Tirumalai Kamala's answer to What Quora users have patents?Bibliography1. Tao, Nannan, et al. "Evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates." Journal of proteome research 10.4 (2011): 1548-1557. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katie_Hinde/publication/49736492_Evolutionary_Glycomics_Characterization_of_Milk_Oligosaccharides_in_Primates/links/0912f507ecdb8f3272000000.pdf2. Goto, Kohta, et al. "Chemical characterization of oligosaccharides in the milk of six species of New and Old world monkeys." Glycoconjugate journal 27.7-9 (2010): 703-715. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lauren_Milligan/publication/49654863_Chemical_characterization_of_oligosaccharides_in_the_milk_of_six_species_of_New_and_Old_World_monkeys/links/0fcfd507c136a640c5000000.pdf3. Bode, Lars. "Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama." Glycobiology 22.9 (2012): 1147-1162. Every baby needs a sugar mama4. Chiofalo, Biagina, et al. "Comparison of major lipid components in human and donkey milk: new perspectives for a hypoallergenic diet in humans." Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 33.4 (2011): 633-644. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paola_Dugo/publication/233868351_300_paper_37-11/links/09e4150c739ab03b3c000000.pdf5. NEWBURG, DAVIDS, et al. "Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit HIV glycoprotein gp 120 binding to its host cell CD4." J Nutr 125 (1995): 419. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Newburg/publication/15322144_Human_milk_glycosaminoglycans_inhibit_HIV_glycoprotein_gp120_binding_to_its_host_cell_CD4_receptor/links/0deec52a086a6cc182000000.pdfThanks for the R2A, Jonathan Brill.

Being an apex organization for the formulation, co-ordination, development and promotion of research on scientific lines in Ayurveda and Sowa-rigpa systems of medicine, CCRAS is committed to promote research in important disease areas of national priority. Therefore, the Research Policy of CCRAS is aimed at encouraging its scientists for the formulation, submission and execution of research projects aimed at generating quality data for scientific validation of safety and efficacy of formulations/ therapies and other interventions including basic principles.Clinical research and Drug development: The council is working toward validation of classical and folklore medicines and development of new formulations for disease/clinical conditions of National importance. Pharmacological studies of about 400 Ayurvedic drugs/ formulations have been conducted. The Council has generated scientific evidence on safety and efficacy of approximate 82 classical Ayurvedic formulations on 24 diseases/conditions viz. Allergic Conjunctivitis, Bronchial Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Cognitive Deficit, Dry Eye Syndrome, Dyslipidemia, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Essential Hypertension, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Iron Deficiency Anemia, Menopausal Syndrome, Osteoarthritis, Obesity, Osteoporosis/Osteopenia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rasayana for healthy ageing, Dysmenorrhea, Psoriasis, Gout, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Hemorrhoids, Mental Retardation, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Computer Vision Syndrome. 17 Ayurvedic formulations for Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) program have also been developed, which were used in integration under Reproductive Child health care program at Himachal Pradesh with very promising results.Validation of approximate 32 classical Ayurvedic formulations is continuing for generation of scientific evidence on safety and efficacy on 14 diseases/conditions viz. Psoriasis, Urolithiasis, Uterine Fibroids, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hemorrhoids, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Osteopenia/ Osteoporosis, Obesity, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Menopausal Syndrome, Cervical Spondylosis, Cognitive Deficit and Chronic Allergic Conjunctivitis.Till date, 12 technologies have been developed and commercialized through National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) for wider public utility including drugs for diseaseDiabetes: CCRAS has successfully developed an Anti diabetic drug Ayush 82. It was developed after series of safety toxicity studies which have shown no toxic sign even at 10 times of intended therapeutic dose. The drug have shown statistically significant reduction in fasting and post prandial blood sugar level along with clinical improvement in diabetes mellitus without any adverse effect. The drug is available in the market.Malaria: Malaria is still one of the major National Health problems. CCRAS has developed an Anti malarial drug Ayush-64 through extensive pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies. It has been patented by council through National Research and Development Corporation, New Delhi (Patent No. 152863). The study was done in collaboration with National Malaria Eradication program (Govt. of Haryana and Tamil Nadu) with 72-90% clinical improvement. The response of treatment in double blind controlled study with chloroquine and primaquine as active control, Ayush-64 have shown 89% to 95% of improvement without any side effect. The drug is available in the market.Rheumatoid Arthritis: CCRAS developed has developed a safe herbal Ayurveda drug Ayush SG (Shunthi Guggulu), for the management of Rheumatoid arthritis (Amavata) through series of clinical studies. Studies have shown its effectiveness in alleviation symptoms of R.A. viz. reduction in pain, morning stiffness, swelling in joints and also reduction in ESR. The drug is available in the market.Apart from these Bal Rasayan - Preparation for general resistance in children, AYUSH Ghutti - Preparation for Cough, Cold, Fever & Diarrhea of children, AYUSH-56 - Anti-Epileptic preparation, AYUSH –SS granules - preparation to enhance the quality and quantity of breast milk in mother having deficient lactation, AYUSH AG Tablet - Preparation for Ante Natal Care (Anemia), AYUSH PK Avleha - Preparation for Post Natal Care (to enhance the process of recovery after delivery and other complications of puerperal period), AYUSH PG Tablet - Preparation for Ante Natal Care (Oedema), AYUSH B R Leham - Preparation for Pediatric Care are also developed.Drug development studies in progress: CCRAS has undertaken the development of the various coded formulations for different disease conditionsMental retardation/cognitive deficit: CCRAS has completed a multi centric clinical study for validation of a coded drug named AYUSH Manas drug for Mental retardation/cognitive deficit.Cancer: CCRAS has undertaken work for developing a coded drug named AYUSH QOL 2C for improving Quality of Life of Cancer patients in stage III & IV Non Small Cell Lung Cancer and patients of Local Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer to prevent side effects of Chemotherapy. Clinical study for this has been completed successfully.Geriatric health: Collaborative Multi-centric Clinical trial to study the effect of Ayush Rasayana (A&B) on Ageing on apparently healthy elderly subjects is going on at AIIMS New Delhi, IMS BHU and CARIDD Kolkata.Wound healing: Controlled clinical Trial to assess the effectiveness of topical application of C1 herbal oil on superficial external wound and split thickness skin graft donor’s site for surgical wound healing at AIMMS New Delhi.Dengue: CCRAS is working on a collaborative research work for the assessment of safety and efficacy of a coded drug AYUSH PJ-7 for the management of DengueApart from these collaborative studies are going on for the development of coded drug for several disease of National importance including: AYUSH M-3 for Migraine, AYUSH SL for Filariasis, AYUSH A for Bronchial Asthma, AYUSH D for Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Carctol S for Cancer, AYUSH K1 for Chronic Kidney Diseases which are at different phases of drug development. These studies are being conducted in collaboration with reputed institutes like AIIMS New Delhi, NIMHANS Bengaluru, BHU, ICMR, St. John’s Medical College Bengaluru etc.CCRAS initiatives and achievement toward integration of AYUSH with modern system of medicine: Integration of all system of medicine with true medical pluralism can be the way forward to achieve the ultimate goal of health for all in preventive and curative aspect without putting burden on national budget as mentioned in National Health Policy 2017. CCRAS has undertaken following work toward integration of AYUSH system of medicine:Integration of Ayurveda in RCH program: CCRAS carried out the study in a pilot mode for introducing Ayurveda health care system in the conventional system for Antenatal, postnatal and neonatal care with technical support from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India. It was implemented in some selected areas of Himachal Pradesh. Significant improvement in various outcome indicators such as improvement in Hb%, minimal complications such as vomiting, Edema etc. during pregnancy, achievement of full term pregnancy and zero still birth and neonatal death were observed in the study. No adverse drug reaction (ADR) or adverse event (AE) was reported during the study period.Osteoarthritis (Knee): The Council-WHO India country office conducted an operational study to explore the feasibility of integrating Ayurveda with modern system of medicine in a tertiary care hospital (Safdarjung Hospital New Delhi) for the management of Osteoarthritis (Knee) in 2007. The Ayurvedic treatment provided to 201 patients was found effective in the management of Osteoarthritis Knee with respect to reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and reducing the intake of rescue medication (analgesics). The project established a cross referral system and revealed a shift in service seeking behaviour of the patients.Integration of AYUSH (Ayurveda) with National Program for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardio-vascular disease and Stroke (NPCDCS) Program: CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH in collaboration with Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has implemented and executed a program viz. Integration of AYUSH (Ayurveda) component with NPCDCS program in the identified districts of 3 states, Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Surendranagar (Gujarat) and Gaya (Bihar) to cater health care services and reduce the burden of NCDs by combining the strength of Ayurveda and Yoga.The aforesaid program is now successfully functional in 52 centers (49 CHCs and 3 District Hospitals) of the all 3 identified districts, through AYUSH- NPCDCS Clinic/Lifestyle modification Clinics, established for prevention and management of selected NCDs by Ayurvedic intervention, Lifestyle modifications and Yoga Advice. An interim analysis has revealed that the dosage or components of conventional medicines/ prescription were either reduced or discontinued, in consultation and supervision of Modern doctors, after integrating the intervention of Ayurveda, lifestyle modification & Yoga in patients of Diabetes, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia. Till December 2017, 241886 patients have been screened and, out of which 54991 patients have been enrolled for selected NCDs under this program. Total beneficiaries of Yoga classes are 84,418.Literary and Fundamental research: Council is also dedicated in revival and retrieval of texts from ancient manuscripts/ rare books, collection, and compilation of references relating to drugs and diseases from classical treatises, lexicographic work, contemporary literature and publications related to Ayurveda and other medical systems have been continued further under the Literary Research Program. So far about 235 books, monographs, technical reports etc. have been published besides IEC material like brochures, booklets etc. for the dissemination of Ayurveda among masses.Research Journal: The Council has been publishing periodicals "Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (JRAS)" available at http://www.jrasccras.com, "Journal of Drug Research in Ayurveda Sciences (JDRAS)" available at http://www.jdrasccras.com and "Journal of Indian Medical Heritage (JIMH)" available at www.ccras.nic.in.National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminology Portal (NAMSTP): In order to enhance the global footing of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine, the Ministry of AYUSH has been actively pursuing efforts to include AYUSH systems of medicine in the Traditional Medicine chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). In this regard, CCRAS has been involved in the development of Standardized Terminologies and Morbidity codes for various disease conditions mentioned in Ayurveda for uniform usage of terminologies and also to create a system for centralized morbidity data collection. The National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminology Portal (NAMSTP) is a web-based portal exclusively dedicated to the centralized collection of morbidity statistics of various health care provider institutions under all AYUSH systems spread over the country. This portal was formally launched by Shri Narendra Modi, the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, on the occasion of 2nd Ayurveda Day (October 17, 2017). This portal has the potential to revolutionize morbidity statistics data collection and may have a huge impact on the future policy-making decision by bringing to light the contributions of various AYUSH systems in the health care delivery system of the country.Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies: In the era when Ayurveda is gaining popularity throughout the world, there is need to develop effective communication about Ayurveda within the stakeholders and supporting groups to ensure rationality and scientific rigor. Ayurveda has its own specialized terminology mostly in Sanskrit and few vernacular languages of India. However, when it comes to the utilization of the same into applied medical documentation e.g., for the purpose of academic/ research communication, health records, coding etc., there is variation in terminology in terms of ambiguities in translation such as use of different English words for the same Sanskrit term etc. creating confusion and very often misuse/ disuse of certain terms leading to inconsistency. The trend of correlation of one disease name in Ayurveda to a condition in bio-medical terminology has also given rise to lots of confusion due to various authors correlating different diseases mentioned in the classical textbooks of Ayurveda to various different conditions of bio-medicine. To overcome these difficulties, CCRAS has taken up the task of Standardization of Ayurvedic Terminologies in consultation with all the stakeholders and also taking leads from previous attempts in this regard. The document would be published in ten parts in the name ‘Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies’ and also be uploaded on National AYUSH Morbidities and Standardized Terminologies Portal (NAMSTP) for wider utility. One salient feature of the document is that the terms are arranged in tree form with a major term followed by related sub-terms so that all terms of similar context being grouped together for contextual understanding. Both short and long definitions for each term have been given. Another feature is the emphasis given to the grammatical correctness of the terms in terms of Sanskrit grammar. The National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes (NAMC) is an important part of this document which is also being used for morbidity data collection under NAMSTP.AYUSH Research Portal (http://www.ayushportal.nic.in): The Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India intends to disseminate the merits of AYUSH systems across the globe. A web-based AYUSH Research Portal has been initiated to showcase the related information of these systems viz. evidence-based Research data, CCRAS headquarter and the National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage (NIIMH) Hyderabad is coordinating and maintaining the web portal in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, Hyderabad.About 24433 research abstracts have been uploaded in the AYUSH Research Portal by the contributing AYUSH Research Councils, National Institutes, Universities, etc. Around 416931 visits to this AYUSH Research Portal, 255514 Article views, 51350 Article downloads; and visits from 157 Countries (of which, 125 countries are with 100% site usage) across the globe have been recorded so far.Development of standardized Prakriti assessment tool: Ayurveda advocates individualized treatment; hence the CCRAS has taken up the work to standardize Prakriti (a major parameter to assess health and disease in individualized form). The designing of the Prakriti Assessment Scale has been done following Ayurvedic classics and consulting various subject experts in the following steps viz. Development of comprehensive Questionnaire for assessment of Prakriti, Development of User Manual containing SOPs for capturing predictors, and Double Blind Validation of the Questionnaire to see Inter Rater Agreement. A comprehensive Prakriti Assessment Scale based on Ayurvedic texts has been developed and presently it is under clinical validation. (available at www.jrasccras.com)Medicinal Plant Research: CCRAS is carrying out various Medico-Ethno Botanical Survey, Cultivation, Pharmacognosy and Drug standardization Research. Under Medico-Ethno Botanical Survey, parts of major Forest divisions have been surveyed. Council is preserving more than 120,000 plant species in the form of herbarium and approx. 5,000 crude drug samples were collected for museums at CCRAS peripheral institutes at Ranikhet, Gwalior, Jhansi and Mandi. Around 2,500 folk claims were collected and 14 books were published out of Medico Ethno Botanical Survey. The Pharmacognostical studies on 400 single drugs, Phytochemical studies of 220 drugs, physicochemical constants of 889 single drugs (samples) and 623 formulations (samples) have been carried out.Public oriented outreach Activities:Tribal Health Care Research Program: This program has been implemented under Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) and services have been extended to 14 states through 15 CCRAS Institutes to provide health care facilities at door step of tribal people. In this program, CCRAS has covered a population of 367,074 and 704 folk claims/LHTs have been documented.Swasthya Rakshan Program: This program has been initiated during the month of November, 2015. A total 193 villages/colonies covered through 4011 tours in 19 states and medical aid provided to 120498 patients. During these tours, awareness about hygiene was also provided to the peopleAyurveda Mobile Health Care Program under Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCSP): This program has been initiated during the month of November, 2015. A total 268 villages/colonies covered through 3385 tours in 18 states and medical aid provided to 122648 patients. During these tours, awareness about hygiene was also provided to the peopleAyurvedic Health Centres under NE Plan: CCRAS has sanctioned 20 OPDs in 20 districts of North-East states during 2015-16, viz. 10 OPD in Assam state, 6 OPD in Arunachal Pradesh state and 4 OPD in Sikkim state. In Arunachal Pradesh, 6 Ayurvedic Health Centres viz. District Hospital, Bomdila; District Hospital, Namsai; District Hospital, Tezu; District Hospital, Seppa; CHC, Likabali and CHC, Ruksin/General Hospital Pasighat are continuing under the supervision of RARI, Itanagar and a total 6860 patients were attended in these Centres. In Sikkim - 4 Ayurvedic Health Centres viz. Gayzing, Jorethang, Mangan, and Singtham are functioning under the supervision of RARI, Gangtok and a total 4106 patients were attended in these Centres. In Assam, 9 Ayurvedic Health Centres viz. Kamrup, Nalbari, Morigaon, Darrang, Barpeta, Tezpur, Golaghat, Goalpara and Nagaon are functioning under the supervision of RARIGID, Guwahati and a total 4778 patients were attended in these Centres.For more read, CCRAS Vision Document 2030 at http://www.jrasccras.com and ccras.nic.in

I read the response that Dirk sent to you. Very scary. But - if there is a possibility of Liver impairment - there ARE Two things that can help dramatically. You can use one - or both. BUT - DO SOMETHING QUICKLY.1. MILK THISTLE. It has even saved people from Mushroom poisoning. You can get it at any Health Food Store.Milk Thistle contains Silymarin, which will cause the Liver to release toxins. And, also has healing effects of the liver. Silymarin is often used in hospitals to treat Liver conditions.It’s important to get this into your dog ASAP to prevent permanent Liver Damage.You can get Milk Thistle in most Health Food Stores.Try to get a Milk Thistle that has been extracted with Alcohol. If you get a liquid that still contains alcohol - you can get rid of the alcohol content by leaving the bottle open for a while. The Alcohol will evaporate. (Alcohol is not good to give to your dog.)I prefer liquids, and have used “Herbal Authority” in a Dropper Bottle. (I don’t know if this is still sold).Because it causes the liver to release toxins - Milk Thistle could initially make the dog feel SIcker - because of all the toxins released into it’s bloodstream. SO - start with a small amount (depending on the size of your dog - maybe 1 -5 drops). And keep giving it through the day. IF YOU CAN GET ADVICE FROM A HOLISTIC VET on the dosage - this would be best. Even if you do it online with the Vet.2. 4 Life “TRANSFER FACTOR CLASSICIN my own experience - This Formula already SAVED A CAT FROM POISONING: This cat had eaten SIX leaves from a Lily Plant. She was already comatose at the Vet Office. NO ONE expected the cat to survive. Fortunately, this vet was open-minded enough to take my suggestion – and give her TF Sub-cutaneously (Powder from 6 capsules in 30ml Lactated Ringers –as per a TF-knowledgeable vet I know. She will consult, if needed.). The cat regained consciousness very quickly – and went home. And – when blood work was done 21 days later – it showed NO damage to the kidneys whatsoever. (Lilies kill by severely damaging the kidneys.) The cat Recovered – and Recovered with no Kidney Damage – UNHEARD OF. The vet was flabbergasted.As per the Doctors at 4Life - The TF acted by Destroying Free Radicals. So, should destroy any Free Radicals from the Algae.I am not a Vet or Doctor. All the info I’ve garnered on Transfer Factor Classic and Milk Thistle is from reading – and – from my own experiences with it. I cannot offer you a guarantee that it will work for you/your animals as it has been presented here. Also, forgive any mis-statements or misinformation that I may have unintentionally presented. I do my best to be accurate and clear – but, I am not perfect! And, you must use your own research and judgements to decide whether you want to try it.****************************************4Life “Transfer Factor Classic “ contains Transfer Factor Molecules. “Transfer Factor Molecules” is the Medical Term for the molecules that are in First Mother’s milk (Colostrum) which transmit immunities to the baby. It is very safe. And, it does not interfere with any medications (usually helps them work) - Except for HIGH-Dose Steroids. [This action is indirect: The Steroids knock out immune cells –while, the Transfer Factor builds them up. With Low-Dose Steroids, I think it’s OK.]Transfer Factor molecules help by adding immune cells to the body directly– and also –increasing the body’s own production of immune cells. I have seen this documented in Blood Work many times. So – you don’t even have to ID the germ.TF is written up in the Physician’s Desk Reference (Starting in 2001 or 2003). In pre-antibiotic days – Doctors sometimes used it for serious conditions – making people bring in their own donors to have the Transfer Factor molecules extracted from their blood!4LIfe “Transfer Factor Classic” is a Human Formulation - but - it can be used cross-species - on ANY animal. (Even Horses, Rodents, Birds, Fish, etc.)The reason this Formula can be used Cross-species is because it contains ONLY Transfer Factor molecules. It contains NO/VIRTUALLY NO milk.And, because it contains Only Transfer Factor Molecules - it can be used Sub-Cutaneously - Like for a comatose animal (Even IV by Vets or Doctors). The (few) vets I have seen - who know about TF – use this formula.I have found other companies that list Transfer Factors in their ingredients. But they DO NOT include TF Molecules per se. They are including Colostrum - which contains TF molecules. Colostrum has nowhere NEAR the same effectiveness. And – Colostrum contains milk. AND the 4Life TF Molecules are concentrated – Transfer Factor Classic contains about 200 (2000? I forget!) times more TF molecules than in Colostrum.4Life is the only company I have found that has a formula with only PURE Transfer Factor Molecules alone. The 4Life Company uses a process that EXTRACTS the TF molecules from Colostrum – so – it contains NO/VIRTUALLY NO MILK (Which IS in Colostrum) - SO – No cross-species Milk reactions.TF IS EASY TO ADMINISTER TO CATS and Dogs -. Most seem to like the taste – you can simply empty the powder from the capsules and put it on top of their food. Or, mix it into a SMALL amount of pet food (so you know they get it all.) Or add the powder to a SMALL amount of Gerber’s Chicken & Gravy (Or Beef & Gravy) Baby Food (The Small Jars!) – and – If Needed - hand-feed/force-feed the Baby Food + TF. ! (Use Gerber’s Baby Spoons – They have a Rubber coating, so won’t hurt cat’s teeth.)There are Cat/Dog formulas made by 4Life. But – they can be used ONLY orally. (NOT Subcutaneously/IV). And - they contain too much of OTHER ingredients to use in the high doses that are needed for serious conditions!I also avoid the formulas containing mushrooms – which can result in a bad reaction to the mushrooms – especially if the person/animal is harboring ANY yeast/fungus in his/her system – even unrecognized.(I myself took a 4-Life Formula containing mushrooms – and – got MUCH WORSE – I became so weak that couldn’t even Stand up easily.)DOSAGES: Transfer Factor should be taken in at least 3 separate doses each day, because it is out of the body in about 12 hours (In Humans). Cats/Animals may eliminate it more quickly.)If you want to be cautious – start with a low dose, as it RARELY can trigger Diarrhea. (For EMERGENCIES - don't be cautious! Use a LOT– right away.)If you take a very high dose at the start - RARELY - it can result in Diarrhea. This appears to be because – if there is a high germ load in the body it will kill off a lot of germs quickly. So - the toxins from the GERMS being eliminated can cause the diarrhea. As long as this doesn't happen – you can increase the dosage very quickly - With EACH subsequent dose!Keep some Gerber's Baby Rice Cereal around in case diarrhea does result.If Diarrhea does occur – DON’T stop the TF. Just lower it a bit temporarily, and, mix Gerber’s Baby Rice Cereal in with cat/dog food - or in “Gerber's Meat & Gravy Baby Food”. Gerber’s Baby Rice Cereal will dissolve INSTANTLY in wet food. If you useCanned Pet Food – it may become very dry as the rice absorbs water quickly – So - you may have to add a bit of water to make the food palatable (Or add Unflavored Pedialyte - or Lactated Ringer’s Sub-Q Fluids).Also - I wouldn't STOP the TF suddenly. I seem to notice a rebound effect when I've done this. (I have a high germ load!)Serious conditions require rather high doses – More than what is recommended on the TF Label. If you ever need help with dosages, I may be able to help. Just ask.WHERE TO GET 4LIFE TRANSFER FACTOR: This is not generally sold in retail stores. Only through Local Distributors - or - on the internet.I prefer to order directly from the 4LIfe company. Seems like they have the best prices - I usually order the "Buy 10-Get 2 Free" Deal from 4Life.com - so I get it for about 34.50/bottle (with shipping factored in). Cost otherwise is currently about $50-60 (or more) for 1 bottle. I use Paypal Credit to pay – so I get a 6-month deferred interest deal (Over $99!). So, I pay it off slowly with no interest charges.If you want to get TF ASAP - You can find a local Distributor on 4Life.com - or by calling them. OR - If you’re in/mear New York City (Manhattan) you can pick some up from me. I usually have Transfer Factor Classic in my home, as I use it all the time. If you want to pick some up from me.Again, the formulation to order is 4Life Transfer Factor Classic. (90 Capsules per bottle.)I usually have Transfer Factor Classic in my home, as I use it all the time. If you want to pick some up from me. I’m in Manhattan, E 60’s.I am not a Vet or Doctor. All the info I’ve garnered on Transfer Factor Classic and Milk Thistle is from reading – and – from my own experiences with it. I cannot offer you a guarantee that it will work for you/your animals as it has been presented here. Also, forgive any mis-statements or misinformation that I may have unintentionally presented. I do my best to be accurate and clear – but, I am not perfect! And, you must use your own research and judgements to decide whether you want to try it.If you want help on dosages I’ve used, etc. - please contact me through my personal email - animalnetwork@pobox. com