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This answer is a collaboration between Athena Walker and Dr. Natalie Engelbrecht, BA MSc ND RP. As such it is divided between two posts. The first half is presented in Athena Walker’s post with a link to Natalie Engelbrecht and the second half is presented in Natalie Engelbrecht’s post with a link to Athena Walker’s. Please start with Athena Walker’s post. Both posts were a collaboration, with neither being written solely by either individual.Part 1 of 2: Athena Walker's answer to What is the latest research on brain structure, chemistry, physiology and genetics as well as emerging theories regarding psychopathy?What is the latest research on brain structure, chemistry, physiology and genetics as well as emerging theories regarding psychopathy? Part 2 of 2Changes to Specific Areas of the Brain that Relate to PsychopathyAmygdalaLocation: Studies have revealed that the amygdala is not a homogeneous structure and can be differentiated into approximately 13 nuclei. Although the functional specificity of the nuclei in the human amygdala remains unclear, considerable evidence from animal studies suggests that several nuclei of the amygdala are involved in the processing of emotion. For example seminal research demonstrated that monkeys with damaged amygdalas have been shown to lack fear cue processing, and attempt to pick up live cobras.Function: Significant correlations were found between reduced amygdala volumes and increased total and facet psychopathy scores, with correlations strongest for the affective and interpersonal facets of psychopathy.Psychopath Phenology: Individuals with psychopathy showed significant bilateral volume reductions in the amygdala compared with controls (left, 17.1%; right, 18.9%). Surface deformations were localized in regions in the approximate vicinity of the basolateral, lateral, cortical, and central nuclei of the amygdala.This article introduces a novel hypothesis regarding amygdala function in psychopathy. The first part of this article introduces the concept of psychopathy and describes the main cognitive and affective impairments demonstrated by this population; that is, a deficit in fear-recognition, lower conditioned fear responses and poor performance in passive avoidance, and response-reversal learning tasks. Evidence for amygdala dysfunction in psychopathy is considered with regard to these deficits; however, the idea of unified amygdala function is untenable. A model of differential amygdala activation in which the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is underactive while the activity of the central amygdala (CeA) is of average to above average levels is proposed to provide a more accurate and up-to-date account for the specific cognitive and emotional deficits found in psychopathy. In addition, the model provides a mechanism by which attentional-based models and emotion-based models of psychopathy can coexist. Data to support the differential amygdala activation model are provided from studies from both human and animal research. Supporting evidence concerning some of the neurochemicals implicated in psychopathy is then reviewed. Implications of the model and areas of future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).A model of differential amygdala activation in psychopathy.InsulaLocation: Located deep in the cerebral cortex.Function: Processing of disgust cues is not believed to rely upon amygdala; rather the relevant circuitry is thought to be the anterior insular cortex. The insula exhibits higher activity when neurotypicals make decisions and difficult personal moral dilemmas that they consider as repugnant acts.Psychopath Phenology: Hypofunctioning in psychopathy.Nucleus AccumbensLocation: In the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.Function: Plays a central role in the reward circuit. Its operation is based chiefly on two essential neurotransmitters: dopamine (promotes desire), and serotonin (satiety and inhibition).Psychopath Phenology: The volume of the nucleus accumbens was 13% smaller in psychopathy. The atypical morphology consisted of predominant anterior hypotrophy bilaterally.Orbitofrontal CortexLocation: The part of the prefrontal cortex that is positioned directly over the orbits or eye sockets. It is located at the base of the frontal lobe.Function: Social interactions, inhibition of impulsive behavior, ethics, morality, reward and punishment, regret, and projection of future outcomes based on implied expectations of planned near term actions. Involved in the regulation of many social functions, which include ethics and morality.Psychopath Phenology: Lower activity in psychopathy.Note: The terms Orbitofrontal Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex in research are sometimes used interchangeably, and at other times, ‘ventromedial prefrontal cortex’ is used to describe a broad area in the lower (ventral) central (medial) region of the prefrontal cortex, of which the medial orbitofrontal cortex constitutes the lowermost part.Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (Lower)Location: The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex.Function: The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, short term memory, planning and motivation. The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions (or better and best) (also known as conscience), the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events. The vmPFC is critical in regulating emotion, threats, decision-making and social behavior. Furthermore, the vmPFC also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task-based memories stored across the brain. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain’s limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms. It is known as the ethics and morality section of the brain.Psychopath Phenology: Notice that the normal scan shows much more activity (yellow and red) in the lower frontal lobe than Fallon’s (mostly blue).ConclusionBrain structural and functional changes in psychopathy suggest that psychopathic individuals have a different way of seeing the world. Further research suggests they may use alternative strategies—such as cognitive empathy and rationality—more than neurotypicals use to make moral judgments. Much of the current research presents psychopathy brain alterations as pathological. Words like “healthy people” (meaning neurotypicals), “brain damage” and “brain dysfunction” serve to bias readers and researchers to view psychopathy as a dysfunction. As psychopathy is inherited and not caused by environmental triggers such as abuse, the word variant may be a better alternative, and lead to less bias.Brain Chemistry Difference of Psychopathy.High resolution PET and fMRI scans suggest that alterations in the function of the brain’s reward system may contribute to psychopathy.Research indicates that dopamine genes leading to alterations in an increased amount of dopamine released in comparison with neurotypicals brains is associated with psychopathy. In fact research indicated that psychopaths release four times more dopamine in the nucleus accumbens than neurotypicals.Dopamine plays important roles in executive functions, motor control, motivation, arousal, reinforcement, and reward. Studies found that increases in dopamine resulted in a trait aggression and impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits. Further, an increase in dopamine reduces a hyper-altruistic tendency, altering it to prefer harming others over harming oneself.Research of the gene 5-HIAA also indicates lower levels of serotonin occur in psychopathy. Studies demonstrated that a decrease in serotonin resulted in a decrease in harm aversion for both self and others.Psychopathy also demonstrates higher methylation of oxytocin resulting in lower oxytocin levels. Lower circulating oxytocin results in decreased in interpersonal empathy. Although known for increasing bonding and trust, recent studies found that people who were given oxytocin had more envy and gloating during a game of chance. It appears that oxytocin increases both negative and positive emotions. Thus researchers are unclear as of yet whether the effect on increasing oxytocin will be to make a psychopath more social, as well as enhancing anger and aggression.Genes:IntroductionFourteen years ago (2003) the human genome was fully sequenced (in the year 2000 a rough draft was first identified). With this momentous discovery, the genetic basis of some of the most common disorders have begun to be revealed. One area of such research has been the genetics associated with psychopathy. Twin studies do support that psychopathy is strongly heritable. However no single SNP has shown a large or even moderate effect size for psychopathy. The idea of nature/ nurture is outdated. Instead it seems the effect of genes for psychopathy appears to be both polymorphic (tendencies are conferred by multiple genes of small effect size that probabilistically increase the risk for poor behavioural outcome), as well as epistatic (where one gene interacts with another gene at a different location) and epigenetic (environmental buffers that can be used to moderate the effects of risk genes).There are no good genes or bad genes, but there are alleles that are associated with violence and also a lack of empathy. For example antisocial behaviour (AB) is strongly heritable for callous-unemotional traits in children. AB+/ CU+ children show low emotional reactivity to punishment and distress, as well as poor ability to empathize with others. On the other hand non-callous AB (AB+/CU–) children show mainly environmental influences for their antisocial behaviour. They are emotionally reactive to threat, and are created via environmental risk influences (such as harsh parenting) epigenetically driving the expression of antisocial behaviour for this group. However, certain genes create a significant risk for violence when activated via appropriate epigenetic factors. Studies demonstrate that it is unlikely that genes directly code for violence; rather, allelic variations are responsible for individual differences in neurocognitive functioning that, in turn, may determine differential predisposition to violent behavior. Of the genes associated with psychopathy, MAOA-L is the most well-known and was among the first evidence that the variant MAOA-L interacts with childhood maltreatment to modulate antisocial tendencies (Caspi et al, 2002). “Specifically, severely maltreated participants carrying the low-activity allele of the MAOA gene displayed the highest scores in disposition toward violence and antisocial personality disorder scores, and demonstrated the greatest proportions of adolescent conduct disorder and convictions due to violent behavior.” (Buades-Rotger & Gallardo-Pujol, 2014). Recent research suggests that genetic vulnerability to violence conferred by the low-activity allele of MAOA-L variant may only become evident in the presence of environmental triggers of maltreatment. In favorable conditions, genetic predisposition alone may be of little consequence for behavior.Gene & Their Associated SNPs (alphabetical order)5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter gene)SNP: rs25531 (G;G) The long allele of the serotonin transporter gene is a potential risk factor for psychopathy. It is associated with less pain sensitivity.ARL6IP6 (ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 6 )Associated with autistic psychopathy (form of autism spectrum disorder that is less severe than other forms, characterized by difficulty with social interaction and communication and by repetitive behavior or restricted interests) in childhood.SNP rs11682518DRD2 and DRD4Positively correlated with a continuously coded psychopathic personality traits scale.HTR1B (Serotonin 1B Receptor Gene)Serotonin 1B Receptor Gene (HTR1B)Methylation as a Risk Factor for Callous-Unemotional Traits in Antisocial Boys. One neurochemical system that has been implicated both theoretically and empirically in CU traits and psychopathy is the serotonin system. For example, recent research identified an association between SNPs in the genes encoding serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) and serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) as well as CU traits in children with antisocial behaviour problems.HTR1B is of particular interest because it has been found to be linked with behaviors and characteristics commonly associated with CU traits. Most notable are the animal studies which have demonstrated that mice without the serotonin 1B receptor gene show significantly elevated levels of aggression and lower levels of anxiety; both of which are typically associated with psychopathy. Studies in humans have also found an association between HTR1B and impulsive aggression, suggesting that serotonin 1B receptors may be involved in the control of aggression and impulsivity in humans.SNP rs11568817 (T;T)Associated with traits linked with ‘psychopathy’ including alcohol dependence, self-reported anger and hostility in young men, and autism spectrum disorder which is characterized by deficits in empathy that overlap those found in people with high CU traits. However, as psychopaths have been shown to be immune to dependence on addictive substances, it is unclear whether this gene is present in psychopathy, or if it may be a genetic marker for ASPD, which does have significant issues with substance dependence.HTR2A (serotonin receptor 2A)Provoked aggression associated with primary psychopathy traits. Hostility, Anger and Physical Aggression—but not verbal aggression—were associated with this gene, but only for provoked incidents.SNP rs7322347 (T;T)MAOA-L (Monoamine oxidase A)“MAO-A has been named the ‘warrior gene’, and also more unfavourably the ‘psycho gene’. The gene is a variation of a gene on the X chromosome and therefore inherited from your mother. Females have two X chromosomes and males have an X and a Y chromosome. Mothers always pass an X chromosome on to their children. While if a father passes on his X chromosome (leading to a pair of X chromosomes and a female offspring) or his Y chromosome (leading to one X and one Y chromosomes and a male offspring).This variation occurs in the X chromosome gene that produces monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), an enzyme in the brain that breaks down the neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine.People with the low-activity MAO-A gene (2R, 3R) are overall more prone to violence, impulsiveness and aggression. Specifically, when people with the MAOA-L feel very provoked or socially isolated their aggression will come out. Again, from an evolutionary perspective, this makes sense; a warrior needs to respond to threat, rather than act in a chaotic manner. Research demonstrates that low-activity MAO-A people are more likely to take revenge for someone who does something to leave them in a bad situation; however they do not act on small misdeeds.Those with MAOA-L also showed hyperresponsiveness of the amygdala during tasks such as copying facial expressions. This accounts for an increased ability in this group to recognize emotions and also mimic them (the psychopathic mask).”Natalie Engelbrecht's answer to What are the effects of having MAOA?What are the effects of having MAO-A? Scientists believe it leads to impulsive behavior (such as as hypersexuality), sleep disorders, mood swings, and violent tendencies.SNP: rs909525: Warrior; M: C= 3 allele; F: CC= 3 alleleSNP: rs12551906(G;G)SNP: rs10865864 (G;G)SNP: rs151997 (T;T)OXTR (oxytocin receptor gene)Polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene are associated with the development of psychopathy. Evidence suggests that epigenetic changes in the OXT receptor gene (OXTR) are associated with lower circulating OXT and social–cognitive difficulties. Oxytocin promotes emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy; however increasing oxytocin can have the effect of increasing aggression.SNP: rs53576 (A;A) Associated with lack of empathy.SNP: rs2254298 (A;A) Smaller amygdala volume, both right and left sides.SNP: rs1042778(T;T) Polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene are associated with the development of psychopathy.SNP: rs237887 (A;A) Lower emotional empathy.SNP: rs4686302 (T;T) Lower emotional empathy.Other Top Potential SNPs: rs124111132; rs7531603; rs2514788; rs4383690; rs6846114; rs2376016; rs2311846; rs11088618; rs41516949; rs7640807; rs1490666; rs293844; rs4241597; 6446569; rs1441990; rs1893815; rs11637779; rs10859716; rs1785633; rs4479686; rs10050093; rs12647756; rs1345959; rs13064369; rs8059321; rs6560704In conclusionEmerging research in psychopathy has begun to focus on psychopathy as a normal variant of neurotypical personality and brain function. Genetic brain scans and brain chemistry are all lending to this turn in the tides form psychopathy as a mental illness to psychopathy as a unique personality.SummaryPsychopathy is a distinct personality variation. In psychology, psychopathy is referred to as a personality disorder, often associated with criminal behaviour, however researchers are now arguing that psychopathy is a neurological variation.Researchers in the area of psychopathy have stated that psychopathy does not equal ASPD, but that ASPD is a behavior that may co-occur in some with psychopathy.The preferred method of assessment is no longer the PCL-R, but instead is now the PPI-R. It is intended to measure the psychopathic personality traits on a spectrum, without assuming particular links to antisocial or criminal behaviors. The test has been standardized to a non-prison population.Emerging research in genetics shows that MAOA-L has a significant role in psychopathy, however psychopathy is polygenetic, and it is the interplay of the genes and the effects of the environment that creates the person.Brain scan images demonstrate a smaller amygdala, a lower activity PFC, and a down-regulated pathway between the two in psychopathy, along with other brain changes.Areas such as the insula and nucleus accumbens are also different in psychopathy. An increased amount of dopamine is released in psychopathy in comparison with neurotypicals. Serotonin levels and oxytocin levels are lower in psychopathy.References:Buades-Rotger, M., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2014). The role of the monoamine oxidase A gene in moderating the response to adversity and associated antisocial behavior: a review. Psychology research and behavior management, 7, 185.Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., ... & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851–854Dutton, K., & McNab, A. (2014). The Good Psychopath's Guide to Success. Random House.Viding, E., Hanscombe, K. B., Curtis, C. J., Davis, O. S., Meaburn, E. L., & Plomin, R. (2010). In search of genes associated with risk for psychopathic tendencies in children: a two‐stage genome‐wide association study of pooled DNA. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 51(7), 780–788.Sources:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3230167/Is-child-psychopath-Traits-lack-emotion-empathy-detected-just-THREE-years-old.htmlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124068/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763410001181https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933872/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874384?dopt=Abstracthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874384?dopt=Abstracthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208749?dopt=Abstracthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357335?dopt=Abstracthttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0065789http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ten-years-ago-today-it-was-revealed-that-the-human-genome-had-been-decoded-a-medical-revolution-2011016.htmlhttp://www.bremertonschools.org/cms/lib/WA01001541/Centricity/Domain/222/Psychopaths%20How%20Can%20You%20Spot%20Once%20article%201415.pdfhttp://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume3_2/Symposium/Fallon-PDF-03-29-06.pdfhttp://www.businessinsider.com/what-a-psychopath-brain-looks-like-2015-7http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215005953http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235213000238http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/pn.45.9.psychnews_45_9_022https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603572/http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/48/17348http://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/the-dark-side-of-oxytocin.html#.WLQ_qhLyuRshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/232579271_Psychic_blindness_and_other_symptoms_following_bilateral_temporal_lobectomy_in_Rhesus_monkeyshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458834/Edits:From Q&A in commentsQuestion 2. from: Martin Silvertant“You need both the genes and changes in brain pattern to result in psychopathy. By themselves neither will result in psychopathy.”Could you elaborate on this? What would one without the other do?Martin SilvertantEpigenetics has the potential to explain various biological phenomena that have heretofore defied complete explication. Ultimately, the environment presents these various factors to the individual that influence the epigenome, and the unique epigenetic and genetic profile of each individual also modulates the specific response to these factors. During the course of human life, we are exposed to an environment that abounds with a potent and dynamic milieu capable of triggering chemical changes that activate or silence genes. There is constant interaction between the external and internal environments that is required for normal development and health maintenance as well as for influencing disease load and resistance. For example, exposure to pharmaceutical and toxic chemicals, diet, stress, exercise, and other environmental factors are capable of eliciting positive or negative epigenetic modifications with lasting effects on development, metabolism and health. These can impact the body so profoundly as to permanently alter the epigenetic profile of an individual. We also present a comprehensive new hypothesis of how these diverse environmental factors cause both direct and indirect epigenetic changes and how this knowledge can ultimately be used to improve personalized medicine.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207041/Answer: Athena Walker & Natalie EngelbrechtEpigenetics is revolutionizing how scientists think about genetics. Epigenetics refers to external changes to DNA that turn genes “on” or “off” without altering the DNA sequence. Gene expression—the manifestation of genetic potential—is modified in epigenetic processes, even though the gene itself stays intact.The research indicates:gene + brain changes =psychopathygene + 0 brain changes = NT who has increased resilience to stress (monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)-COMT interaction that affects endocrine responses to a psychological challenge)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2833107/#R580 + brain changes = pseudopsychopathy; brain changes due to early (teen) drug abuse, trauma, etc.Question 4. from: Martin Silvertant“As psychopathy is inherited and not caused by environmental triggers such as abuse, the word variant may be a better alternative, and lead to less bias.”I agree dysfunctional is not a proper term to describe psychopathy, although it seems that should depend on whether the individual is leading a dysfunctional life. Perhaps you would rather assign that term to ASPD than psychopathy in that case. However, in Athena’s answer you spoke of disorder not being a proper term, and I’m not sure I can agree with that. It depends on how you contextualize it. A disorder seems to be defined as a “disruption of the systematic functioning or neat arrangement of” the brain, so when compared to a neurotypical I reckon psychopathy can be defined as a disorder, though that term may not be meaningful to the individual. On the other hand, I wonder if the psychopath’s feelings on this matter are relevant, as by definition they would not experience their pathology as a disorder. For me as an autistic individual it’s different, because I struggle where Athena would not. Not struggle in the same sense, in any case, my autism is likely inherited as well. Should autism then be considered a variant? I don’t quite follow this line of reasoning. I understand you want to prevent bias, but I fail to see how calling it a variant is making a difference, or describing it more accurately. Variant, disorder, dysfunction—it’s a deviation from neurotypical functioning, either way.Martin SilvertantAnswer: Athena Walker & Natalie EngelbrechtThe answer to Q&A #3 (located on Athena’s post, answers this question. It has been copied here for ease).The issue with conflation rests not here in the paper, but in the very dilemma that psychopathy faces currently as to what it is, and how it should be considered. So long as the argument can be made that the majority of the people with this variant should be defined by the minority that have antisocial traits as a core feature of their personality, the conflation cannot and will not disappear.The word at its root, psychopathy is not an informative word for the neurological condition, and yet it is the one that we are constrained by. The word originates from Greek psycho- , meaning and spirit, soul, mind; and -pathy again Greek, where it meant “suffering,” “feeling” ( antipathy; sympathy); in compound words of modern formation, often used with the meaning “morbid affection,” “disease”. So the very word means mind disease. The issue of course other than it’s very definition being related back to a disorder, it that there is no differentiation between those that are identified for their actions that are antisocial, and those that will never see the inside of a courtroom.What’s to be done about this? At the moment there is little that can be done without a consensus that the word is inadequate to describe something that is a neurological formation without the assumed standardized criminal features. I think it is appropriate that the word psychopathy stay along with the notion of the brain formation that includes the antisocial manifestations and another, more accurate term be found to address what is being called pro-social psychopathy presently. It cannot be ignored that the majority of the understanding directed at psychopathy is from the side that views it as a disorder, a malfunction, and something that at it’s core is a toxic entity. The newest voice is the smallest, and easily shouted down currently in terms of it being taken seriously. Anything other than disorder, disruption or variant, it’s a conflation, that at its inception is a beleaguered castle. New terminology stands against the ramparts of the old mentality, while the accepted understandings assault new information. Not for being wrong, but for the crime of disagreement.If we look throughout history, we see many people prosecuted for what the masses disagree with. For example Pope Paul V ordered Galileo,to abandon the opinion that heliocentrism (the planets revolve around the sun) was physically true. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition. He remained under house arrest for the rest of his life.Helicobacter pylori, or H. Pylori is the cause of ulcers. This is known medical science that seems to go without question. This was not always the case. Back in the late seventies when this was a thought in two doctors’ minds, and they pressed forward to have it be accepted into general medical understanding when they hit an absolute stone wall. Their theory called preposterous and the paper that they wrote with their findings was rejected. It took many years, and one of the two doctors to do the unthinkable, make himself the human guinea pig ingesting a drink infested with the bacteria, and having an ulcer as the result. In time with dogged determination their theory was proven to the rest of the world. In 2005 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine delivering a permanent blow to the established assumptions regarding the human body.Operations without anesthetic:, Letter by an Dr. George Wilson , Edinburgh doctor in the 1850’s to the prominent advocate of anaesthesia, the famous obstetrician, Dr Simpson.Pain was not just an unavoidable side effect of surgery. Most surgeons operating in a pre-anaesthetic era believed it was a vital stimulant necessary for keeping the patient alive. This is why opiates and alcohol were used sparingly, and typically administered shortly before (not during) a procedure, as the loss of consciousness was considered to be extremely dangerous.George Wilson—a Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh University—underwent a foot amputation in 1842. He remembered ‘the fingering of the sawed bone; the sponge pressed on the flap; the tying of the blood-vessels; the stitching of the skin; and the bloody dismembered limb lying on the floor’.“I have recently read, with mingled sadness and surprise, the declarations of some surgeons that anesthetics are needless luxuries, and that unendurable agony is the best of tonics. Those surgeons I think can scarcely have been patients of Those surgeons, I think, can scarcely have been patients of their brother surgeons, and jest at scars only because they have never felt a wound; but if they remain enemies of anesthetics after what you have written, I despair of convincing them of their utility.” (p 210)“Of the agony it occasioned, I will say nothing. Suffering so great as I underwent cannot be expressed in words, and thus fortunately cannot be recalled. The particular pangs are now forgotten; but the black whirlwind of emotion the horror of the black whirlwind of emotion, the horror of great darkness, and the sense of desertion by God and man, bordering close upon despair, which swept through my mind and overwhelmed my heart, I can never forget, however gladly I would do so I would do so.” (p 211)“For a long time they haunted me, and even now For a long time they haunted me, and even now they are easily resuscitated they are easily resuscitated; and though they ; and though they cannot bring back the suffering attending the cannot bring back the suffering attending the events which gave them a place in my memory, they can occasion a suffering of their own, and be the cause of a disquiet which favours neither the cause of a disquiet which favours neither mental or bodily health mental or bodily health... (p 214) ... (p 214)The static mindset of many in the medical and psychological communities can be the largest barrier in the advancement of knowledge. How this status quo is allowed to go on is something difficult to grasp. Like a great Orobus consuming itself, it is a chain that needs breaking so new ground can be broken. For the moment however we have a stalemate that has been reached.Standing in their concrete shoes, many on the psychological side refuse to give an inch. Redefining, reeducating, and rebranding the brain formation as a variant, instead of either a disorder or a disruption would make a good deal of headway in the more moderate community that is unaware that there is even a war happening. Those that are steadfast and stubborn will be cleared away in time, and hopefully more level headed and logical replacements, with cross field interests take their place to provide a clearer ground for understanding. First however, the bloated corpse of ASPD needs to be cleared off the battlefield before a step towards a truce can be made.Athena Walker & Natalie EngelbrechtQuestion 6. from: Martin Silvertant“Associated with autistic psychopathy”My goodness. Why would you use such a long-depreciated term that risks being conflated with psychopathy? Is there a reason why you’re not calling it Asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism?Martin SilvertantAnswer: Athena Walker & Natalie EngelbrechtThe term autistic psychopathy was formerly used to mean Asperger’s, however in the literature it now literally means ASPD + Autism. We will likely remove that gene from the final paper as it is referring to ASPD, not psychopathy.Question 8. from: Martin Silvertant“Even Kevin Dutton who dared to find positive aspects of psychopathy and lectures on it is called a maverick. He is a tenured psychology research professor at Oxford University, one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Despite this he is not only ignored, but often attempts to dismiss his work over understanding is the norm.”So when you say “the preferred method of assessment is no longer the PCL-R”, you mean according to Dutton and Blair, right? If so, I would say you are probably mischaracterizing the field. I understand this is where the assessment criteria should be headed, but to my knowledge it’s not (yet) the preferred method of assessment.Martin SilvertantAnswer: Athena Walker & Natalie EngelbrechtThe preferred method for diagnosing what is known as Psychopathy. The PCL-R works well for Psychopathy with ASPD. The PCL-R is never used outside prison walls. It is an assessment meant for use only on the criminal population and is far-leaning to antisocial traits over psychopathic traits. It has garnered a great deal of criticism for this, and its sister test, the PCL-SV is not honed much better for a non-criminal population.

Overview over 3D printing technologies - Additively - your access to 3D printingAdditive Manufacturing (AM) is a term to describe set of technologies that create 3D objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material. Materials can vary from technology to technology. But there are some common features for all Addictive Manufacturing, such as usage of computer together with special 3D modeling software. First thing to start this process is to create CAD sketch. Then AM device reads data from CAD file and builds a structure layer by layer from printing material, which can be plastic, liquid, powder filaments or even sheet of paper.The term Additive Manufacturing holds within such technologies like Rapid Prototyping (RP), Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM), Layered Manufacturing and 3D Printing. There are different 3d printing methods that were developed to build 3D structures and objects. Some of them are very popular nowadays, others have been dominated by competitors.This article is focused at the following 3d printing technologies or some may call them types of 3D printers:Stereolithography(SLA)Digital Light Processing(DLP)Fused deposition modeling (FDM)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)Selective laser melting (SLM)Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)Stereolithography (SLA)Stereolithography is a 3d printing method that can be used to implement your projects that involve 3D printing of objects. Although this method is the oldest one in history of 3D printing it’s still being used nowadays. The idea and application of this method are amazing. Whether you are a mechanical engineer, who needs to verify if the part can fit to your design, or creative person who wants to make a plastic prototype of new coming project, Stereolithography can help you to turn your models into a real 3D printed object.This method was patented by Charles Hull, co-founder of 3D Systems, Inc in 1986. The process of printing involves a uniquely designed 3D printing machine called a stereolithograph apparatus (SLA), which converts liquid plastic into solid 3D objects.Most printing techniques require computer aid design (CAD) file to process the object. This file contains information about dimensional representation of an object. CAD file must be converted into a format that a printing machine can understand. There is Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format that is commonly used for stereolithography, as well as for other additive manufacturing processes. The whole process consists of consequent printing of layer by layer hence STL file that printing machine uses should have the information for each layer.SLA printing machines don’t work as usual desktop printers which extrude some amount of ink to the surface. SLA 3D printers work with excess of liquid plastic that after some time hardens and forms into solid object. Parts built with 3D printers type like this usually have smooth surfaces but its quality very depends on the quality of SLA machine used.The process of printing includes several steps. It starts from creation of 3D model in CAD program, special piece of software processes the CAD model and generates STL file that contains information for each layer. There could be up to ten layers per each millimeter. Then SLA machine exposes the liquid plastic and laser starts to form the layer of the item.After plastic hardens a platform of the printer drops down in the tank a fraction of a millimeter and laser forms the next layer until printing is completed. Once all layers are printed the object needs to be rinsed with a solvent and then placed in an ultraviolet oven to finish processing.The time required to print an object depends on size of SLA 3d printers used. Small items can be printed within 6-8 hours with small printing machine, big items can be several meters in three dimensions and printing time can be up to several days long.Stereolithography is widely used in prototyping as it doesn’t require too much time to produce an object and cost is relatively cheap comparing to other means of prototyping. Although this 3d printing method is rarely used for printing of the final product.Although Stereolithography is considered to be the oldest 3D printing technology many companies still use it to create prototypes of their projects. 3D Systems Inc., the company that started to use this method for prototyping, sells SLA machines to businesses and manufactures. Some of them can be found here.Home 3D printers usually use additive manufacturing(AM) processes and not stereolithography to produce 3D objects. But anyone interested in this technology can purchase SLA machine for home use and try this process on their own. One of examples of home use SLA 3d printer was created by Formlabs.For those who are interested in DIY experience, it can be useful to look at the following tutorial on Instructables.Digital Light Processing(DLP)Digital Light Processing is another 3D Printing process very similar to stereolithography. The DLP technology was created in 1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments and became very popular in Projectors production. It uses digital micro mirrors laid out on a semiconductor chip. The technology is applicable for movie projectors, cell phones and 3D printing.For 3D printing DLP as well as SLA works with photopolymers. But what makes SLA and DLP processes unalike is a different source of light. For DLP 3D amateurs generally use more conventional sources of lights such as arc lamps. The other important piece of process is a liquid crystal display panel, that is being applied to the whole surface of building material during single run of DLP process. The material to be used for printing is liquid plastic resin that is placed in the transparent resin container. The resin hardens quickly when affected by large amount of light.The printing speed is pretty impressive. The layer of hardened material can be created with such printer in few seconds. When the layer is finished, it’s moved up and the next layer is started to be worked on.Digital Light Processing (DLP) photo-credit: Video Effects ProdThe results of such printing are robust and have excellent resolution. Big advantage of DLP over SL is much less materials to be used for detail production, that results in lower cost and less waste. Examples of DLP rinses are the Envision Tec Ultra, MiiCraft High Resolution 3D printer, and Lunavast XG2.Fused deposition modeling (FDM)Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was developed and implemented at first time by Scott Crump, Stratasys Ltd. founder, in 1980s. Other 3D printing companies have adopted similar technologies but under different names. A well-known nowadays company MakerBot coined a nearly identical technology known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF).With help of FDM you can print not only functional prototypes, but also concept models and final end-use products. What is good about this technology that all parts printed with FDM can go in high-performance and engineering-grade thermoplastic, which is very beneficial for mechanic engineers and manufactures. FDM is the only 3D printing technology that builds parts with production-grade thermoplastics, so things printed are of excellent mechanical, thermal and chemical qualities.Credits:3DMT3D printing machines that use FDM Technology build objects layer by layer from the very bottom up by heating and extruding thermoplastic filament. The whole process is a bit similar to stereolithography. Firstly special software “cuts” CAD model into layers and calculates the way printer’s extruder would build each layer. Along to thermoplastic a printer can extrude support materials as well. Then the printer heats thermoplastic till its melting point and extrudes it throughout nozzle onto base, that can also be called a build platform or a table, along the calculated path. A computer of the 3d printer translates the dimensions of an object into X, Y and Z coordinates and controls that the nozzle and the base follow calculated path during printing. To support upper layer the printer may place underneath special material that can be dissolved after printing is completed.When the thin layer of plastic binds to the layer beneath it, it cools down and hardens. Once the layer is finished, the base is lowered to start building of the next layer. Printing time depends on size and complexity of an object printed. Small objects can be competed relatively quickly while bigger or more complex parts require more time. Comparing to stereolithography this technique is slower in processing. When printing is completed support materials can easily be removed either by placing an object into a water and detergent solution or snapping the support material off by hand. Then objects can also be milled, painted or plated afterwards.FDM technology is widely spread nowadays in variety of industries such as automobile companies like Hyundai and BMW or food companies like Nestle and Dial. FDM is used for new product development, model concept and prototyping and even in manufacturing development. This technology is considered to be simple-to-use and environment-friendly. With use of this 3d printing method it became possible to build objects with complex geometries and cavities.Different kind of thermoplastic can be used to print parts. The most common of those are ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and PC (polycarbonate) filaments. There are also several types of support materials including water-soluble wax or PPSF (polyphenylsulfone).Pieces printed using this technology have very good quality of heat and mechanical resistance that allows to use printed pieces for testing of prototypes. FDM is widely useful to produce end-use products, particularly small, detailed parts and specialized manufacturing tools. Some thermoplastics can even be used in food and drug packaging, making FDM a popular 3D printing method within the medical industry.The price for those 3D printers depends on size and model. Professional ones usually cost from $10,000 and more. 3D Printers designed for home use are not so expensive. There are several models like Replicator of MakerBot, Mojo of Stratasys and Cube of 3D Systems. The price for these models varies from $1,200 to $10,000. However, new start-ups offer more and more affordable versions of FDM 3D printers, the price of which can be just about $300-$400.Also there are many fans of 3D printing or DIY’ers that prefer to create their own 3D printers from the very scratch. There are websites that offer big variety of DIY kits and parts for RepRap printers. For more information please refer to the following article where you can find basic things about how to build 3d printers from scratch.Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a technique that uses laser as power source to form solid 3D objects. This technique was developed by Carl Deckard, a student of Texas University, and his professor Joe Beaman in 1980s. Later on they took part in foundation of Desk Top Manufacturing (DTM) Corp., that was sold to its big competitor 3D Systems in 2001. As was stated previously, 3D systems Inc. developed stereolithography, which in some way is very similar to Selective Laser Sintering. The main difference between SLS and SLA is that it uses powdered material in the vat instead of liquid resin as stereolithography does.Unlike some other additive manufacturing processes, such as stereolithography (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), SLS doesn’t need to use any support structures as the object being printed is constantly surrounded by unsintered powder.Like all other methods listed above the process starts with creation of computer-aided design (CAD) file, which then needs to be converted to .stl format by special software. The material to print with might be anything from nylon, ceramics and glass to some metals like aluminum, steel or silver. Due to wide variety of materials that can be used with this type of 3d printer the technology is very popular for 3D printing customized products.SLS is more spread among manufactures rather than 3D amateurs at home as this technology requires the use of high-powered lasers, which makes the printer to be very expensive. Though there are several start-ups the work on development of low-cost SLS printing machines. For example, Andreas Bastian has shared details about his developed SLS printer that uses carbon and wax for printing. Another great example is the Focus SLS printer that can be easily used at home conditions and initially was presented at Thingiverse. More details about it can be found following this link.Selective laser melting (SLM)Selective laser melting (SLM) is a technique that also uses 3D CAD data as a source and forms 3D object by means of a high-power laser beam that fuses and melts metallic powders together. In many sources SLM is considered to be a subcategory of selective laser sintering (SLS). But this is not so true as SLM process fully melts the metal material into solid 3D-dimentional part unlike selective laser sintering. The history of SLM started with German research project held by group of Fraunhofer Institute ILT in 1995.Similarly to other 3d printing methods CAD file needs to be processed by special software to slice the CAD file information into 2D layers. The file format used by printing machine is also a standard .stl file. Right after the file is loaded the printing machine’s software assigns parameters and values for construction of the path.The fine metal powder is evenly distributed onto a plate, then each slice of 2D layer image is intensively fused by applying high laser energy that is directed to the powdered plate. The energy of laser is so intense that metal powder melts fully and forms a solid object. After the layer is completed the process starts over again for the next layer. Metals that can be used for SLM include stainless steel, titanium, cobalt chrome and aluminum.This method of printing is widely applied to parts with complex geometries and structures with thin walls and hidden voids or channels. Lots of pioneering SLM projects were dedicated to aerospace application for different lightweight parts. SLM is great for project that experience such kind of problems like tooling and physical access difficulties to surfaces for machining, as well as restrict the design of components. The technology is not widely spread among at-home users but mostly among manufactures of aerospace and medical orthopedics. But the whole process of acceptance, certification and final approval takes some time which results in long time for development and qualification for this technology.You also may be interested in reading about MX3D-metal printer that can create metal constructions in mid-air.Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)EBM is another type of additive manufacturing for metal parts. It was originally coined by Arcam AB Inc. in the beginning of this century. The same as SLM, this 3d printing method is a powder bed fusion technique. While SLM uses high-power laser beam as its power source, EBM uses an electron beam instead, which is the main difference between these two methods. The rest of the processes is pretty similar.The material used in EBM is metal powder that melts and forms a 3D part layer by layer by means of a computer, that controls electron beam in high vacuum. Contrary to SLS, EBM goes for full melting of the metal powder. The process is usually conducted under high temperature up to 1000 °C.Comparing to SLM the process of EBM is rather slow and expensive, also the availability of materials is limited. So the method is not so popular though still used in some of manufacturing processes. Currently the most well spread materials that are used for EBM are commercially pure Titanium, Inconel 718 and Inconel 625. The application of EBM is mainly focused on medical implants and aerospace area.Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is one more rapid prototyping system that was developed by the California-based company Helisys Inc.During the LOM process, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic or metal laminates are fused together using heat and pressure and then cut to shape with a computer controlled laser or knife. Post-processing of 3D printed parts includes such steps as machining and drilling.The LOM process includes several steps. Firstly, CAD file is transformed to computer format, which are usually STL or 3DS. LOM printers use continuous sheet coated with an adhesive, which is laid down across substrate with a heated roller. The heated roller that is passed over the material sheet on substrate melts its adhesive. Then laser or knife traces desired dimensions of the part. Also the laser crosses hatches of any excess material in order to help to remove it easily after the printing is done.After the layer is finished, the platform is moved down by about one-sixteenth of an inch. A new sheet of the material is pulled across substrate and adhered to it with a heated roller. The process is repeated over and over again until 3D part if fully printed. When any excess material has been cut the part can be sanded or sealed with a paint. If paper materials were used during printing, then the object would have wood-like properties, which means it needs to be protected from moisture. So to cover it with a lacquer or paint might be a very good idea.Probably LOM is not the most popular 3D printing method but one of the most affordable and fastest. The cost of printing is low due to not expensive raw materials. Objects printed with LOM can be relatively big, that means that no chemical reaction needed to print large parts.Currently Cubic Technologies, the successor to Helisys Inc., is the main manufacturer of LOM printers. There are not too many companies these days that work with LOM technology. But it’s worth mentioning the Irish company Mcor Technologies Ltd. that sells LOM 3D printers. Their devices are widely being used by artists, architects and product developers to create affordable projects from usual letter paper.The printers that are being sold by Cubic Technologies for home use are pretty expensive comparing to Makerbot Replicator or 3D System’s Cube devices. However printers from Mcor Technologoes can become more popular in the nearest future, as they came to partnership with office supplier retailer Staples. They offer in-store printing services including printing of predefined parts like phone cases, pens, jewelry and many other useful things. Also there can be custom objects ordered that would be based on customers own design.We have include only most popular 3D printers type into this article and if you have anything to add to it, feel free to leave your comments. We will gladly enrich it with additional information.

Getting Married in IndonesiaMoslem Marriage/Wedding CeremonyGeneral RequirementsTo be legally married in Indonesia requires a religious ceremony. According to Indonesian law, both parties must be on the same religion. Each religion has different requirements, so the Indonesian fiance needs to e in contact with their religious body to find out what those requirements are. A few that we know:If your fiance(e) is Moslem, the ceremony should be held at the Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) or the Office of Religious Affairs.These offices will issue a Marriage Book (Buku Nikah), which is proof that you are legally married.Persons married through a Muslim ceremony are issued a Marriage Book and therefore do not need to record their marriage with the Civil Registry, for Indonesian government purposes.DocumentsThe following are marital requirement documents for a Muslim Ceremony:Copy of passportCopy of Birth CertificateIndonesian authorities require that all non-Indonesian citizens obtain a Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage from their embassy prior to conducting the marriage ceremony in Indonesia. This certificate serves as a sworn affidavit witnessed by a Consular Officer at the Embassy or Consular office stating that the foreign bride/groom is legally free to marry. The embassy may have a particular form that you must complete, just contact the consular office and ask what the procedure is. The Indonesian fiance(e) must obtain a similar document from the government district office, or Kelurahan. Be advised that these No Impediment documents are only valid for 4 months.Copy of Divorce Decree, if applicablePassport sized pictures of you and your fiance with red or blue backgroundTax receipt or proof of tax settled (for foreigner who works in Indonesia)Copy of ITAS (Temporary Residence Permit Card) or your visa, if applicableCitizenship letter and Endorsement Letter by Police (for those who live and reside in Indonesia).All foreign language documents have to be translated into Indonesian by an authorized translator.Note: The Muslim traditional marriage Nikah Siri is not accepted as a legal marriage by foreign governments. There are numerous disadvantages due to this lack of legal status.Non-Moslem Marriage/Wedding CeremonyAn expatriate/Indonesian couple will experience two type of ceremonies. The religious ceremony will be performed first, followed by a civil ceremony. The religious ceremony will be conducted by a representative of the couple’s own religious belief (i.e., a Priest for Catholics, a Minister for Protestants, or a Celebrant for Hindu and Buddhist followers).There will be two certificates presented at the end of ceremony, one from the church/temple/other, and the other which you will present to the Civil Registry OfficeGeneral RequirementsAfter you hold the religious ceremony, then you MUST record the marriage with the Civil Registry. Failure to do this will cause paperwork headaches later.The Civil Registry will then issue a Marriage Certificate which is evidence that you are legally married. A non-Moslem wedding which is not recorded by the Civil Registry is not considered legal.There is normally a ten-day waiting period in order to register your marriage with the Civil Registry after you have submitted all the required documents. Recording by Civil Registry officials can sometimes be arranged directly at the religious ceremony for an additional fee.DocumentsThe following documents must be completed:Copy of passport (both partners)Copy of birth certificate (both partners)Copy of proof of legal termination of any and all previous marriage, i.e., Absolute Divorce Decree (If applicable) or Death Certificate;Copy of passports of two witnesses;Six identical 4x6 cm photographs of you together with your spouse (with the groom on the right side);Letter of No Impediment stating that you are legally free to marry from the foreign fiance's Embassy in Jakarta;Indonesian Police Certificate stating that you intend to get married in Indonesia and have not committed any crimesOur thanks to Asep A. Wijaya of Wijaya & Co for this information www.wijayaco.comNote: Countries outside Indonesia generally don't recognize the church issued marriage certificate as legal. It's fine inside Indonesia, but if you're planning on getting residency (or even a tourist visa) for your wife in the expat's home country, you'll need the Catatan Sipil issued marriage certificate. As it's 80% in English, you shouldn't need to have much translated on it for future use.Additional detailsIn accordance with Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning marriages in Indonesia Article 2 (1):“a marriage is legitimate if it has been performed according to the laws of the respective religious beliefs of the parties concerned. All couples who marry in Indonesia must declare a religion. Agnosticism and Atheism are not recognized. The Civil Registry Office (Kantor Catatan Sipil) can record marriages of persons of Hindu, Buddhist, Christian-Protestant and Christian-Catholic faiths. Marriage partners must have the same religion, otherwise one partner must make a written declaration of change of religion/conversion.”The Religious Marriage under Islam is performed by the Office of Religious Affairs (Kantor Urusan Agama), in a ceremony at a mosque, in a home, a restaurant, or any other place chosen by the couple. A Christian, Hindu or Buddhist marriage is usually performed in a church or temple.Persons of non-Islamic faith are required to file with the Civil Registry Office in the Regency where they are staying first a Notice of Intention to Marry as well as a Letter of “No Impediment to Marriage” (Surat Keterangan tentang tidak adanya halangan terhadap perkawinan) obtained from their consular representatives.Different countries may have different requirements, so contact the Consular Representative of your country in their Jakarta Embassy for details well before the intended date of marriage.For the Notice of Intention to Marry you have to submit some or all of the following documents for both partners to the Civil Registry Office. (Show the original and give them a photocopy - all documents should not be older than three months prior to the wedding):Certificate of the religious marriage,Passport for foreign citizens,Surat Tanda Melapor Diri (STMD) from the Police for the foreign spouse,Photocopy of KK/KTP which has been legalized by the Lurah for Indonesian citizens,Certified birth certificate, legalized and translated into Bahasa Indonesia,Certified divorce decree (absolute) or death certificates regarding the termination of all previous marriages,SKK from Immigration for the foreign spouse,Proof that all taxes for the foreigner were paid,Certificate of the structure of your familyCertificate of birth for all your legal childrenCertificate of religionCertificate of your marital statusFive 4 x 6 cm photos, both partners side by side, with a red background,Foreign citizens: 'Letter of No Impediment to Marriage*' issued by your Consular Representative,For Indonesian citizens: never married: a Surat Keterangan Belum Kawin from RT, Kepala Desa or Lurah (district chief)Men aged 18-21 and women aged 16-21 require a parental letter of consent, signed across the Rp 10,000 meterai/tax stamp.2 witnesses, over the age of 21Before the marriage, you and your fiance(e) would be strongly advised wish to file with the Civil Registry a prenuptial Property Agreement(Surat Pernyataan Harta)which must be signed before a local Notary Public. This contract is necessary if the Indonesian spouse wishes to hold property separately during the marriage. In the absence of such a document, Indonesian 1974 Marriage Law assumes joint ownership of property. Two witnesses over the age of 18 are required. They must show the originals and present photocopies of their passports if they are foreign citizens or KTP (identity cards) if they are Indonesian citizens. Civil Registry employees can act as witnesses.The Civil Registry office has a Mandatory Waiting Period of 10 working days from the date of filing. This waiting period may be waived for tourists presenting a guest registration form (Form A). Islamic Marriage Certificates (Buku Nikah) issued by the Office of Religious Affairs (Kantor Urusan Agama) are legally valid in Indonesia and do not require registration with any other agency if you are going to live in Indonesia.However, if you might move somewhere else in the future, get a marriage certificate issued by the Civil Registry and an officially certified translation right away (see below). All other Marriage Certificates will be issued by the Civil Registry usually on the same or next day. A sworn English translation of the marriage certificate should be obtained for use abroad. It may be necessary for the marriage certificate or translation to be registered by your Consular Agency. Or you may choose to have the sworn translation of the marriage certificate verified or a special translation made by the Consular Agency of your home country or the Consular Agency of your country of residence might prove useful.*Letter of No Impediment to Marriage :Bring the original of the following documents for both yourself and your fiance(e) to the Consular Agency. A certified document bears an original raised press seal or ink stamp from the official custodian of the original document, such as the state Department of Health Services or Family Court, not a notary public seal. A photocopy of a certification seal is not acceptable, although the document may be a photocopy, it must bear an actual raised seal or ink stamp.Passport for foreign citizen and the KTP (ID card) for Indonesian citizen.Certified divorce decrees (absolute/final) or death certificates regarding termination of all previous marriages.Based upon these documents and an affidavit prepared by the applicant, the Consular Agency will issue a Letter of No Impediment, usually within a few minutes.Basically the letter needs to say something like:We have reviewed the legal documents and status of _______ and can find no legal reason that would prevent his/her from marrying again. She/He is legally single and has never married (or) is legally divorced (whichever is appropriate).Process of Legalization of DocumentsLegalization of all documents is done by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kementerian Luar Negeri), Directorate for Consular Affairs - Legalization Section, Jl. Taman Pejambon 6, Jakarta Pusat.Then these documents have to be translated into Bahasa Indonesia by a certified translator.The translations have to be validated by the Ministry of Justice (Kementerian Hukum dan HAM), Legalization Section, Jl. Rasuna Said 3, Kuningan, Jakarta Selatan and also by the Ministry of Foreign AffairsWhen you finish all the paperwork detailed above, take it to your government's embassy in Jakarta where they can validate any necessary documents. In your home country, you can present these wide array of official documents to the local government to get a legal wedding certificate in your home country. Foreign embassies can not register marriages as marriage is a local government responsibility. If you want to register your marriage in the expat spouse's home country, contact the embassy to find out what that procedure would be.After reading through the extensive bureaucracy involved for foreigners marrying Indonesians ... you can see why a lot of them opt to marry overseas instead!Getting Married AbroadA foreign marriage certificate will be recognized by the Indonesian government (for the purposes of Indonesian paperwork) if you take your foreign marriage certificate to the Indonesian consular office and have an Indonesian translation of the foreign marriage certificate "consularized" by the Indonesian consular office for the area which you live. The consularization process means that the verify the validity of the document and stamp the back of the document and sign it and use an official stampl. The Consular office can usually help you to translate your marriage certificate, for a fee. If you're not sure which consulate you should do the paperwork through, contact the Consular office of the Indonesian Embassy in your capital city, tell them which city/state/province you live in and they will tell you which consular office to go to for your paperwork.In a few cases (usually due to differing religions) the foreign spouse may be asked to convertor the couple must remarry, but in most cases a consularized translation of the marriage certificate is adequate. Especially in cases where the couple already have children and have been married for some time, there are fewer questions about the legality of their marriage.Indonesian government marriage law of 1974 stipulated that you must register your marriage with the Civil Registry (Kantor Catatan Sipil) within one year after you return to Indonesia (Marriage Law). However in December of 2006, a new bill passed called Undang undang 23 tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan, in which new regulations are now in affect. The prevailing law is now the Law of Administration of the Population (2006) and not the Marriage law (1974):Indonesian citizens who have married abroad (outside Indonesia) are obligated to register with an appropriate Indonesian government consular office (consulate or embassy) in the country where the marriage took place, in order to report this marriage officially to the Indonesian government.A report must also be made to the appropriate government authority in your hometown in Indonesia in order to assure that your marriage is legal under Indonesian law. If you are Muslim, you report your overseas marriage to the Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) in Indonesia, if you are from another religion, you report to the Catatan Sipil in the hometown of the Indonesian spouse. Without reporting in this way, you are not considered married by the Indonesian government! This should be done, at the latest, 30 days after the Indonesian citizen returns to Indonesia. The fine for a late registration is of a maximum of IDR 1.000.000 and is further regulated by regional regulations.The civil registry officer will check the date of your marriage and the date of your arrival to Indonesia after you have performed the marriage abroad. If the day you arrive to record your marriage exceeds the limit, then the Civil Registry Office in Jakarta may also require a court decree in order for the marriage to be recorded (Jakarta Municipal Regulation). When you register you will obtain a Tanda Bukti Laporan Perkawinan, which makes your marriage legal in Indonesia.The Kantor Catatan Sipil may ask you for ... are you ready ... a letter from the foreign spouse's parents saying they give permission for the marriage, even after the fact! Seems strange ... but this request has come up repeatedly. So, if you want to avoid hassles, get a letter from you folks or other senior family member before you start through the bureaucracy at Kantor Catatan Sipil.They may also ask for a certified letter from the foreign spouse's embassy verifying that the marriage certificate is legal ... which shouldn't be any problem if it is notarized, and especially if you have had the translation consularized by the Indonesian consular officials abroad. If you have children, you can bring them with you to these meetings ... more proof that you're married! Don't despair, often the officials are happy with just seeing a copy of your foreign marriage certificate, consularized by the Indonesian consulate and that is adequate to register you. But as with everything else - there is an exception to every rule!It is customary in Indonesia to throw a big reception to which everyone one of the Indonesian partner's family members, friends and acquaintances is invited. Some couples who have married abroad may opt to have a reception in Indonesia which, in theory, demonstrates the Indonesian spouse's family's support of the marriage. Or, another way to go is to have a "tunangan" (engagement ceremony) in Indonesia in traditional fashion before the wedding,One visitor to the site wrote about his experience returning to Indonesia after marrying abroad:We experienced family pressure to make our marriage "syah" after returning from the US in 1997 and registering with the Catatan Sipil. My wife found a sort of kyai in her father's village who performed a ceremony that looked a lot like the standard Muslim ceremony I've seen at KUA two days ago (witness/wali, prayer, etc.) but without the buku nikah. In fact, the kyai and I and anyone in attendance who cared about accuracy knew that I was "declaring respect for Islam" but not converting. This may be enough for some families.Prevailing law - Undang-Undang nomor 23 tahun 2006 stipulates:Pasal 37(1) Perkawinan Warga Negara Indonesia di luar wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia wajib dicatatkan pada instansi yang berwenang di negara setempat dan dilaporkan pada Perwakilan Republik Indonesia.(2) Apabila negara setempat sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak menyelenggarakan pencatatan perkawinan bagi Orang Asing, pencatatan dilakukan pada Perwakilan Republik Indonesia setempat.(3) Perwakilan Republik Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) mencatat peristiwa perkawinan dalam Register Akta Perkawinan dan menerbitkan Kutipan Akta Perkawinan.(4) Pencatatan perkawinan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dilaporkan oleh yang bersangkutan kepada Instansi Pelaksana di tempat tinggalnya paling lambat 30 (tiga puluh) hari sejak yang bersangkutan kernbali ke Indonesia.Pasal 90(1) Setiap Penduduk dikenai sanksi administratif berupa denda apabila melampaui batas waktupelaporan Peristiwa Penting dalam hal:a. kelahiran sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1) atau Pasal 29 ayat (4) atau Pasal 30ayat (6) atau Pasal 32 ayat (1) atau Pasal 33 ayat (1):b. perkawinan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 34 ayat (1) atau Pasal 37 ayat (4):c. pembatalan perkawinan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 39 ayat (1);d. perceraian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 40 ayat (1) atau Pasal 41 ayat (4);e. pernbatalan perceraian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 43 ayat (1);f. kematian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 44 ayat (1) atau Pasal 45 ayat (1);g. pengangkatan anak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 47 ayat (2) atau Pasal 48 ayat (4):h. pengakuan anak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 49 ayat (1):i. pengesahan anak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1);j. perubahan nama sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 52 ayat (2);k. perubahan status kewarganegaraan di Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 53 ayat (1); ataul. Peristiwa Penting lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 56 ayat(2).(2) Denda administratif sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) paling banyak Rp.1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah).Registration at Catatan SipilThe official fee is Rp 50,000 for "Pelayanan Pencatatan Perkawinan". You can do this registration at:1. Kantor Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Propinsi2. Kantor Suku Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan SipilCost Rp. 50.000 (Pencatatan/Registration),Rp. 25.000 (Pemakaian Ruang WNI)Rp. 50.000 (Pemakaian Ruang WNA)Catatan Sipil West Jakarta / Civil Registry Office of Population and CapilJl. S . Parman No. 7 West Jakarta Tel. (021) 564-2808. Fax (021) 564-2808.Catatan Sipil South Jakarta / Civil Registry Office of Population and CapilJalan V No Radio. 1 South Jakarta. Tel. 7280-1284-85See the Civil Registry's website (http://dki.kependudukancapil.go.id/)for more information.Inter-faith MarriagesIndonesian government regulations make it difficult for people of different faiths to marry. If you want to be married in Indonesia, the official government regulation is that either the bride or groom must convert to the other's religion. This can be done in the Kantor Urusan Agama in the Religious Affairs Ministry. While for some this is a true conversion, for others this is simply a paperwork formality to enable the couple to marry and ease documentation procedures. As with everything else - you may find yourself the exception, with no one asking anything about your faith when you go to get married or register your marriage. In many cases the man is asked (by the girl's family or religious leaders in her community) to get circumcised. In some cases they'll ask for visual proof, in others, they'll take your word for it ... !In Islam, it is forbidden for a Muslim woman to marry a man who is not Muslim - thus the pressure will build from the Indonesian fiance and her family for the expatriate non-Muslim man to convert. Conversely, a Muslim man may marry someone who is one of the "People of the Book" who share the historic religious roots of Islam - Christian and Jewish women. The understanding though is that the children of these couples must be raised Muslim. In fact, these mixed religious couples will raise their children as they see fit. We've seen examples of strict Muslim upbringing, strict Christian upbringing, no religious participation/attendance, and even indifference to religious upbringing.Some inter-faith Indonesian couples purposefully get married while they are overseas and return with the marriage a fait accompli ... legal documents and all ... and that is one way out of one of the Indonesian partners having to convert in order to marry.Mind you we are simply discussing legalities here. Once you move to Indonesia, one may find that the pressures from the Indonesian spouse's family and friends may influence the foreign spouse's previous decision to convert or not to convert to the Indonesian spouse's religion. Indonesian society tends to have more of the "image of religiosity" than western societies. Even if your Indonesian fiance isn't particularly religious, be prepared for his/her family to be so. Generally speaking Indonesians find it very difficult to go against their family's wishes.There is a support group for foreign women married to Indonesian men who are considering converting to Islam, called Sisters.For more information, Conversion to Islam: for expatriate men marrying Indonesian Muslim women.Registration of Indonesians Spouses Living OverseasBe advised that all Indonesians living overseas must register their presence with the nearest Indonesian consular office. The penalty, if you do not do this within two years of your arrival, is almost-certain complications when you need to renew your passport, and ina worst case scenario can even entail loss of Indonesian citizenship.For more information on Indonesian citizenship issues.Tourists Getting Married in BaliIf neither spouse resides in Indonesia, but you want to have a destination wedding in Bali, just Google "wedding planners in bali" to find companies that can assist you.See also Weddings in Indonesia for information on customs and culture surrounding weddings in Indonesia.