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Disclaimer :All of the content I mentioned below has been my experience and understanding of the situation and I do not claim that this is the only way to do things. The purpose of this post is to give an idea on how I studied for AIIMS PG entrance exam. Also I am not getting paid by any institute or authors to promote them, this is an honest review of the material I used. Feel free to disagree with me totally!!(edit: I decided to add a section of FAQ at the end of this post based on the questions I received…so keep on contributing as questions/comments and I will keep on adding more to this article…the aim is to compile everything for your prep…what to study and HOW TO STUDY!)(the FAQ section has my approach to “smart study” in somewhat detail so even if that FAQ is not your question still give it a read because it might help you in some other way)(also the aim of this post is to connect to you as a fellow student so i have written it in a very informal way with a lot of “…”and ”!! “.)Credentials for answering the question :I joined AIIMS NEW DELHI as a MBBS Student in 2013 (All India Rank - 7).Completed my Internship during Jan 2018 to Dec 2018 period from AIIMS.Gave AIIMS PG entrance exam in November 2018 during my internship :RANK 152 ( the old pattern exam)Joined as a Non academic Junior Resident in AIIMS NEW DELHI in Department of Cardiac Radiology & Endovascular Intervention from January 2019( which I am continuing at the time of writing this post) .Gave AIIMS PG entrance again in may 2019 :RANK 26 (the new pattern exam)(For the exam pattern of AIIMS PG entrance and how to tackle the "new pattern" you can refer to another question that I have answered.)Komal Gupta's answer to What do you think about the new paper pattern introduced in the AIIMS PG entrance exam?Now on the topic of preparation :1.I joined DAMS (PG Medical Entrance Coaching Institute, NEET PG )during my pre-final year (from Jan 2016) in foundation batch2. I had joined DAMS and DBMCI ( Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute ) TND during my internship year (from Jan 2018)3. I was a MARROW(Gold standard for NEET PG & SS ) pro plan B user from July 2018 till may 20194. I had also joined various facebook groups by subject faculties5. I had attended separate classes by various faculties : including -Medicine lectures (10 days) by Dr. Thameem Saif (Welcome to Bright Medicos )Orthopedics lecture(2 days) by Dr. Apurv Mehra (Dr. Apurv Mehra )Ophthalmology lecture (3 days) by Dr. Utsav Bansal (SOCH | Dr. Utsav Bansal )Anatomy lecture (4 days) by Dr. Rajesh kaushal (HUMANANAT-ACADEMIA )6. I had a full subscription for Uptodate (Smarter Decisions. Better Care. ) (which all AIIMS UG & PG students get for free from the institute)(in case you don't know about Uptodate-- it's an online learning platform that is a point-of-care medical resource and is marketed as an evidence-based clinical resource... Envision it as Harrison - but on steroids...online + getting updates ASAP + has information on all the clinical subjects... But super expensive)7. I had a lot of review books and notes.8.I Read few topics which I could not find anywhere else from wikipedia (Wikipedia ) and Medscape (Today on Medscape )too(on a side note : I didn't pay for a lot of these resources or got them on a discount which was provided to me because of my performance in college professional exams)DO YOU NEED IT? ALL OF IT?NOI just mentioned what options I had.Looking back at it now I feel most of it was just to prevent FOMO.(Because FOMO during entrance preparation is a real thing. May be that one lecture or one book can stand between selection and taking another year drop. May be this, may be that, a lot of may be! )In reality i was a very very very very selective reader.And this along with my exam day strategy was what made my preparation "smart work" instead of hard work.(you can read my exam strategy in the article I mentioned above)HOW MANY MONTHS I PREPARED FOR?All the studying i did during 2018 (during internship) was very irregular and rare... But I attended all the lectures and TND that i needed during that time and made good notes so that when I start my "serious" prep for may 2019 I have all the sources already available.Overall i gave it - 4 months of dedicated studyingWith January - February 2019 : focusing on 1st and 2nd year subjectsMarch - april 2019 : for revision of all 19 subjectsAnd I feel 4-6 months is enough time if you have a good understanding of your topics and have read from standard textbooks during your professional exams.You will need to give more time to cover up whatever deficit you have in your knowledge.So decide for yourself.Now...Coming to the actual point...WHAT AND HOW I STUDIED :(again mentioning that this is just my personal experience and we can agree to disagree here...)I studied only the important topics!How i knew what was important?I referred to previous year AIIMS PG question papers and marked all the topics from that subject that were asked previously into my review books even before I would start studying that subjectLogic behind it :1. 60 - 70 % questions in AIIMS are from repeat TOPICS (not saying questions are repeated though they are a lot of times, but the topics which are usually asked are almost consistent)2. Topper scores around 70%-80% marks usually3. No one knows answers to the weird and new and cool questions, not even the topper4. Everything "new" is either something that no one knows or an update to previous guidelines.5. I should know the strength and weakness of my enemy before I start preparing for the fight.6. I didn't want to read all the topics in all the chapters (!)Refer to previous 3 - 4 years of question papers (total 6-8 papers)(older questions based on older patterns and older guidelines are not needed... Also pattern changed a lot from November 2016 onwards and now again from may 2019)Now...The subjects...What I actually studied...ANATOMY :I attended Dr Ashwani's TND class (DBMCI) (Anatomy App by Dr. Ashwani Kumar ), it was really good.But i needed someone to teach me all that is needed for the exam once so that I don't have to read and get lost in anatomy on my ownI attended Dr. Rajesh kaushal 's class... It covered anatomy very well... Almost 100%... If he didn't teach something in the class then I never tried to read it on my own to prevent myself from getting lost in anatomy.(but spoiler alert :class is boring and long... Because that's how anatomy is... He repeats every topic a million times in the class... Listen to it... Imprint it in your brain... Try to survive through it)Must do electron microscopy images of cell from grey's anatomy (41 edition)PHYSIOLOGY :Dr. Somman Manna's review bookFirst aid to step oneGraphs from Ganong review of physiologyALL THE FORMULAS!RBC, WBC and platelet count calculation as we did during 1st year practicalBIOCHEMISTRY :First aid to step oneFew topics from Dr. Rebecca james ' review like porphyria, glycogen disorders.List of all the enzymes affected by insulin and glucagonProtein, starch and ketone testsPATHOLOGY:First aid to step oneDr Devesh Mishra' s reviewIMAGES (in AIIMS images are not asked from any book... They just ask the most typical image from the Google image page... So I compiled screenshot of those... Also Google gives you many perspectives of the same image so that helps too)Blood transfusion protocolMICROBIOLOGY :Dr. Apurb Shastri's review bookTND notes of Dr. Shivika (DBMCI)First aid to step oneIMAGESParasitology life cyclesFORENSIC :Dr Magendran 's review book ( felt more colourful and readable than sumit seth... I didn't die of boredom while reading it!)PHARMACOLOGY :Dr. Gobind rai garg' s review bookALL THE FORMULAS!(I was told to read the new drugs that are approved from FDA in the previous year.. Just Google it and you will find the list.. I tried... Couldn't memorize even 1... So decided to take the risk of leaving that question if asked.. It wasn't asked)Make a lists of drugs safe & Contraindicated in renal disease, liver disease, pediatrics and pregnancyMechanism of action of all drugsList of drugs of choice for infectionsMEDICINE :Dr. Thameem 's notesKnow how to identify ECG, acid - base imbalance questionsSummary of Uptodate articlesNew topics and updates of latest CMDT .(refer to FAQ section to know more about CMDT)Emergency medicine from emergency medicine module on DAMS emedicoz app by Dr Naman (Emergency Medicine, AIIMS)Dr. Arvind' s notes (DAMS) for CVS examinationSURGERY :ATLS manual (10th edition) (just Google it and you will get the pdf)Few selective topics from Dr. Pritesh Singh' s review(in surgery in AIIMS hardly anything other than trauma is asked... So just read that in very much detail)DAMS DVT (for cannula, sutures & catheters etc)PSM :High yield biostatistics for USMLE 4th editionDAMS DVTMalaria, TB, HIVWhatever new disease is famous that yearUpdates that are added in the latest Parks textbookALL THE FORMULAS!OBS-GYNAEDr. Deepti Bahl's TND / regular batch notesUptodate summaryImagesPEDIATRICSDr Meenakshi Bothra's reviewNeonatal resuscitationI was told to read "AIIMS standard treatment protocol" (they are treatment protocol for all diseases which are published by AIIMS faculty, available on google for free download and also as a book), I didn't get time for it(New Born Baby )AIIMS pediatrics youtube channel ( you will find the video of Silverman score that was asked in November 2018 there)OPHTHALMOLOGYDr. Utsav bansal 's class(for the first time in MBBS i understood what was going on in that subject)IMAGES from GoogleORTHOPEDICSDr Apurv Mehra' s class /review bookImages of tests and x rays from GoogleENTRead the chapter on hearing assessment from Dr. Sakshi Arora's bookThe multiple versions of the image of mastoidectomyANESTHESIADr. Ajay Yadav 's book from dbmiMedscape ( Today on Medscape ) for reading how to do procedures - I read how to take bp, insert foley, ryles, rapid sequence intubation and arterial sampling.RADIOLOGYDr Sumer Sethi' s TND classImages from GooglePSYCHIATRYDr Praveen Tripathi 's reviewFirst aid to step oneDAMS DVTUptodateDERMATOLOGYDr Saurabh Jindal' s review bookDAMS DVTImages from GoogleMISCELLANEOUS STUFF/MUST DO1.PEP & Blood spill guidelines ( just Google "AIIMS blood spill protocol"... A pdf from AIIMS Jodhpur will appear... Read these 2 topics from it)(https://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/quick%20docs/HIC%20FINAL%20MANUAL%20AIIMS%20JDH%202-1-2018.pdf )2.DAMS DVT slides (will cover most images, instruments, clinical stuff and updates )3. IF IT HAS BEEN ASKED IN AIIMS EXAM PREVIOUSLY THEN YOU MUST KNOW IT4. Keep your eyes and ears open during your postings and grab as much information as you can. Examining a patient is the best way of understanding a disease. With the recent trend in the exam of more clinical knowledge and procedures based questions attending postings sincerely will surely give you an advantage.Question practice :1. MUST SOLVE PREVIOUS YEAR AIIMS QUESTION PAPERS (I have done them 5 times till now and revise all the topics from it)2. Give 3 hour grand tests / CBT/CLT (whatever you would like to call it)... Make a strategy on how to attempt questions... Knowledge and information doesn't matter... Just know how to solve questions... Learn how to find answers by logic even when you have no idea about the question. To get knowledge use your books, don't rely on any question bank for that.(read FAQ section below for more on this)3.Know your weakness4. I have given a detailed plan on how to manage time during the exam in the article that I have mentioned above. Give it a try on one of the grand test.In conclusion,Take advice from everyone, but do only what you find Useful/doableDon't go crazy due to FOMOAvailable knowledge in endless but you have a limit to your efforts so be selectiveAll the best.(EDIT!)So I decided to add a FAQ section based on comments I received here and in Facebook messages and to continue updating it frequently . Hope it solves any further doubts you have.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSQUESTION : Is DAMS notes (or any other notes that you studied from) enough?ANSWER: I cross checked DAMS notes / DAMS books / review books/ notes from some subject faculties.I felt all these have almost the same content.So I decided to go ahead and read review books ( I am more comfortable reading from a book rather than reading hand written notes…probably because I have a very bad hand writing… so choose one of these sources (or whatever other notes you have) based on what you find most comfortable)I had used my foundation notes from DAMS a lot during my prefinal year when I was reading my final year textbooks for the first time . After that during my final year I felt a lot of topics were updated (like there was a new Parks PSM that year so foundation notes of PSM felt useless) so I read only my standard textbooks . During my internship I read from only the latest review books ( reading 2 year old notes at that time didn't make sense to me) and TND notes of the classes I liked of DAMS/DBMCI.Whatever you choose…just stick to one source…trust them with your heart and soul…don't waste time because of FOMO.QUESTION : How to manage time along with internship /whatever other work post you have.ANSWER :I was very irregular with my studies during my internship (it wasn't because I could not get sufficient time off from postings, it was because I wanted to take some time off from studies for a while)I studied regularly during January 2019 - April 2019 period.I was doing Non Academic Junior Residency in Department of Cardiac Radiology and Endo vascular Intervention at AIIMS NEW DELHI during that time.It helped a lot because :It was only few hours of work in the morning. I used to always get free before 1 pm and I could study in afternoon then.It provided me with a structured day…work every day in morning…study in afternoon… I needed that kind of structure for myself a lot at that time. For the first time during my MBBS I was sleeping on a fixed time and waking up on a fixed timeI have a tendency of binge watching TV series for days but going for work in the morning would break that cycle of endless binge and I would get to study after work so I wasn't binging anything for more than half day.I changed my perspective…I need 8 hours of sleep…at maximum on any day I can study only for 8 hours ( even 8 hours feel like torture to me…4-6 hours is my comfort level)…so even if I have to work for upto 8 hours my schedule should be OK. We worry so much about the time we are working that we ignore that during the time when we are not working we are actually wasting it away on youtube /facebook etc or wasting it on complaining about work. My focus was that non work time and how to utilize it most effectively.I feel I am addicted to my phone (aren't we all these days!)…so I used apps which would block me out of whatsapp/facebook/Instagram /youtube (there are literally endless number of such apps on play store) (also as we say poison kills poison…so using apps for my phone addiction! )…I would adjust block time in such a way to give me 1 hour slots of study and 10 min break after each slot.QUESTION : Which book you used for AIIMS previous year question papers and did you read the explanation?ANSWER : I had used Dr. Pritesh Singh AIIMS essence review and also Aim4AIIMS question papers (for the latest question papers which were not there in my AIIMS essence) … They both need corrections to be made to their answers…when in doubt search that topic (just type the key word in the search option ) in DAMS exclusive facebook page/any other subject faculty facebook page you follow…you will surely find that question already asked by someone and answered by faculty. Stick to that answer instead of what is given in the question paper.Use these books only for seeing the question…then go ahead and read the explanation from your notes /review book that you usually use.QUESTION : Is Harrison a must??!??!??ANSWER : It is not, but reading any good medicine book for building your concepts is.I didn't read Harrison.I gave it a try during my pre final year( read CNS, CVS, leukemia from it) . It was TOO much for me. I could not finish chapters. Those chapters which I could finish didn't make any sense in my head at the end.The best test for knowing whether you understand your topic well is by teaching it to others or trying to write it down for yourself in a single sheet of paper without referring to the book.You will be able to write a flow chart for it if you understand it…there will be deficits of factual values which you can always look up in books/latest guidelines …for example…symptoms /signs of stroke…do NCCT head…it's either hemorrhagic stroke…then do nothing just manage the blood pressure if it is more than *insert the latest BP cutoff for hemorrhagic stroke here*…or it could be ischemic stroke…then check for *latest* contraindications of thrombolysis…if it not contraindicated then check BP…too high BP becomes a contraindication *insert the latest BP cutoff for thrombolysis here*…then do thrombolysis…post thrombolysis management. Hope i made some sense here!I failed both those tests with Harrison. I was trying to read Harrison only because everyone around me was doing it and i had FOMO.I read CMDT + “choti harri” instead.CMDT (CURRENT MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT by McGraw-Hill publications) :It's a book which gets updated every year and a new edition is released every year. It has investigations and treatment explained very beautifully…it uses the words like “drug of choice is” (and all everyone cares about is what to answer…I don't want to read 2 huge pages in any book where I am left on my own to decide what should be the drug of choice!)…it doesn't have Pathology part in much detail (I was okay with that because Robbins is the best source to read Pathology from…not Harrison!)…. DR. THAMEEM TEACHES FROM IT DURING HIS LECTURE (I know i could have written just that last line and it would have been sufficient)“choti harri / baby harry (!)” (Harrison MANUAL of medicine):This book is the short version of Harrison PRINCIPLES of internal medicine (badi harri /papa harry) from the same authors. It has ALL the algorithms, flow charts, tables and a summary of everything from badi harri. So you don't have to carry around the burden of badi harri and still you get all the needed information. Highly recommend it.( on a side note, choti harri is usually released 1 year after that edition of badi harri…so 20th edition of choti harri is yet to be released as of June 2019).I didn't read any other textbook like Davidson /Matthew's. So I don't know how they are and i dont like to give a judgement about a book without actually reading it. So I will suggest you to ask someone who has read it themselves.OrJudge a book for yourself. Take an important topic…say asthma…read it from every source available…Harrison/CMDT/Davidson /whatever book you want to give a try…record how much time it took for you to complete each source, the amount of information given and how understandable it is/ease of reading. Then stick to what you like the most. All 3 factors are equally important.QUESTION :How to memorize so much content available?ANSWER: I feel if you can understand the logic behind something then you can avoid adding it to your things to remember list. And logic stays in your head for much longer. While what you try to memorize, you will eventually forget.I also analysed AIIMS previous year question papers well and felt that they very very rarely ask factual information so I was able to skip those.So I just used a small notebook in which I would write down all that i wanted to memorize for example all the formulas, cutoff for BP in strokes, and other such key information which is relevant clinically . I don't have a good memory for factual stuff so I didn't try to force myself in memorizing stuff which is not asked in AIIMS exam and is not relevant clinically like diameter of eye, length of some nerve etc. If you can look it up in your book then why should we memorize it and thus should not be asked in a good quality exam. The notebook which I mentioned here I used to carry with me all the time, I used to read it if i would get free time during postings and because it had clinically relevant stuff only so I used it few times to look up something for patient management too.QUESTION : I couldn't find the mock test on AIIMS website which you had mentioned in your previous post.ANSWER : It is available on your registration page from where you download your admit card. It will be available 1-2 week before your exam.(I wanted to add screenshots of that page here to give you idea about it in advance but it has already been removed from my page…may be one of you can send those to me when you get to access the mock test in November 2019 session)QUESTION : How much MARROW question bank you used and is it worth buying?ANSWER : I was a MARROW PRO plan B user from July 2018 - May 2019. Plan B contain test series and question bank, it doesn't include lecture videos. I didn't use MARROW much, I had solved only few modules in it. Also as I didn't have access to the videos i dont know how they are. I don't like giving judgement about a source without using it myself. MARROW test series had previous year question papers given in the form of tests which I thought was a great initiative from their side.My view point on the amount of question practice one needs is a little different.What is the logic behind question solving :To know how to apply your knowledge into the questions ( if you can't use your knowledge in getting marks by answering questions correctly then you need to do more practice…no excuses allowed!)Solve 3 hour grand tests /CBT /CLT/whatever your coaching calls it : start around mid year…don't leave it for the end…don't wait till you have “sufficient” knowledge to start solving it…YOU WILL NEVER FEEL YOU HAVE SUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE…so start today…test takes around 3 hours or 3.5 hours based on the pattern…doing an analysis of the test takes another 5-6 hours (without the analysis part the 3.5 hours that you spent giving the test is almost useless). I used to watch discussion videos of the test at 1.5* times speed and add the new information to my notes…I used to try and see the entire explanation video because even when I knew a topic very well there was always something new that faculty could add and it makes a great revision source as the most important topics get repeated in every test and listening to it again and again just works as revision. ( you have no idea how many times till now I have heard Dr. Deepti Bahl explain the most common and 2nd most common uterine anomaly in a video discussion and I dont think I can ever forget it).Don't leave grand tests for the month just before your exam as I mentioned above each test takes around 9-10 hour (3 hour for the test and 5-6 hours for the explanation)…that's atleast one entire day worth of studying!!…you should be doing revision of your notes during the last month instead.Try to solve every question, especially those that you have no idea about. You learn how to apply logic in question solving by those questions. You will never know all the answers accurately. But you can learn how to rule out options, how to identify keywords, how to increase speed of question solving. Initially you will apply faulty logic, eventually you will learn and get better at it and finally you will have the confidence to take those risks in your main exam. (also if you can solve 150 questions when you have knowledge about just 100 questions sounds like a good deal to me)Make your own exam strategy. (I have mentioned my exam strategy in the post whose link i have mentioned above, feel free to take inspiration from it)Having said all this, don't use question banks as your source of learning a subject (you need notes or textbook for it) and don't do stuff because of FOMO. I feel DAMS /DBMI content in itself is sufficient but you should decide it for yourself.QUESTION : I just have * insert any time duration in months * before exam left, is it sufficient?ANSWER : I think 4-6 months of dedicated studying is sufficient if you already have good understanding of your subjects. If you are weak in any subject then you will need to give it extra timeOf these 4-6 months keep last 2 months for revision and 1 week before the exam for quick revision.QUESTION : How many revisions you did?ANSWER : I did 2 structured revisions before the exam as I mentioned above. Having said that everytime you hear or talk about a topic with your friend is a revision and everytime you solve a question in a grand test and listen to the discussion video is a revision.

NDA examination is conducted twice a year by UPSC. Basic requirements as obtained from UPSC website:CONDITIONS OF ELIGIBILITY :(a) Nationality : A candidate must either be :(i) a citizen of India, or(ii) a subject of Bhutan, or(iii) a subject of Nepal, or(iv) a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before the 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or(v) a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka and East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.Certificate of eligibility will not, however, be necessary in the case of candidates who are Gorkha subjects of Nepal.(b) Age Limits, Sex and Marital Status :Only unmarried male candidates of age between 16-1/2 - 19–1/2 are eligible. (Confirm the exact dates on UPSC website: UPSC)The date of birth accepted by the Commission is that entered in the Matriculation or Secondary School Leaving Certificate or in a certificate recognised by an Indian University as equivalent to Matriculation or in an extract from a Register of Matriculates maintained by a University which must be certified by the proper authority of the University or in the Higher Secondary or an equivalent examination certificates. These certificates are required to be submitted only after the declaration of the result of the written part of the examination. No other document relating to age like horoscopes, affidavits, birth extracts from Municipal Corporation, service records and the like will be accepted. The expression Matriculation/Higher Secondary Examination Certificate in this part of the instruction includes the alternative certificates mentioned above.NOTE 1 : Candidates should note that only the date of birth as recorded in the Matriculation/Higher Secondary Examination Certificate available or an equivalent certificate on the date of submission of applications will be accepted by the Commission and no subsequent request for its change will be considered or granted.NOTE 2 : Candidates should also note that once a date of birth has been claimed by them and entered in the records of the Commission for the purpose of admission to an Examination, no change will be allowed subsequently or at any subsequent examination on any ground whatsoever.NOTE 3 : The candidates should exercise due care while entering their date of birth in the respective column of the Online Application Form for the Examination. If on verification at any subsequent stage any variation is found in their date of birth from the one entered in their Matriculation or equivalent Examination certificate, disciplinary action will be taken against them by the Commission under the Rules.NOTE 4 : Candidates must undertake not to marry until they complete their full training. A candidate who marries subsequent to the date of his application though successful at this or any subsequent Examination will not be selected for training. A candidate who marries during training shall be discharged and will be liable to refund all expenditure incurred on him by the Government.(c) Educational Qualifications:(i) For Army Wing of National Defence Academy :—12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination conducted by a State Education Board or a University.(ii) For Air Force and Naval Wings of National Defence Academy and for the 10+2 Cadet Entry Scheme at the Indian Naval Academy :—12th Class pass of the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent with Physics and Mathematics conducted by a State Education Board or a University.Candidates who are appearing in the 12th Class under the 10+2 pattern of School Education or equivalent examination can also apply for this examination.Such candidates who qualify the SSB interview but could not produce Matriculation/10+2 or equivalent certificate in original at the time of SSB interview should forward duly self-attested Photocopies to ‘Directorate General of Recruiting, Army HQ, West Block.III, R.K. Puram, New Delhi-110066’ and for Naval Academy candidates to ‘Naval Headquarters, DMPR, OI&R Section, Room No. 204, ‘C’ Wing, Sena Bhavan, New Delhi-110011’ by date mentioned in the respective advertisement failing which their candidature will be cancelled. All other candidates who have produced their Matriculation and 10+2 pass or equivalent certificates in original at the time of attending the SSB interview and have got the same verified by the SSB authorities are not required to submit the same to Army HQ or Naval HQ as the case may be. Certificates in original issued by the Principals of the Institutions are also acceptable in cases where Boards/Universities have not yet issued certificates. Certified true copies/photostate copies of such certificates will not be accepted. In exceptional cases the Commission may treat a candidate, who does not possess any of the qualifications prescribed in this rule as educationally qualified provided that he possesses qualifications, the standard of which in the opinion of the Commission, justifies his admission to the examination.NOTE 1 : Candidates appearing in the 11th class exam are not eligible for this examination.NOTE 2 : Those candidates who have yet to qualify in the 12th class or equivalent examination and are allowed to appear in the UPSC Examination should note that this is only a special concession given to them. They are required to submit proof of passing the 12th class or equivalent examination by the prescribed date (i.e. 24th June, 2017) and no request for extending this date will be entertained on the grounds of late conduct of Board/University Examination, delay in declaration of results or any other ground whatsoever.NOTE 3 : Candidates who are debarred by the Ministry of Defence from holding any type of Commission in the Defence Services shall not be eligible for admission to the examination and if admitted, their candidature will be cancelled.NOTE 4 : Those candidates who have failed INSB/PABT earlier are not eligible for Air Force.(d) A candidate who has resigned or withdrawn on disciplinary grounds from any of the training academies of Armed Forces is not eligible to apply.(e) Physical Standards:Candidates must be physically fit according to physical standards for admission to National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination as per the following guidelines:GUIDELINES FOR PHYSICAL STANDARDS FOR ADMISSION TO THE NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY.NOTE : CANDIDATES MUST BE PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY FIT ACCORDING TO THE PRESCRIBED PHYSICAL STANDARDS. THE GUIDELINES FOR THE SAME ARE GIVEN BELOW.A NUMBER OF QUALIFIED CANDIDATES ARE REJECTED SUBSEQUENTLY ON MEDICAL GROUNDS. CANDIDATES ARE THEREFORE ADVISED IN THEIR OWN INTEREST TO GET THEMSELVES MEDICALLY EXAMINED BEFORE SUBMITTING THEIR APPLICATIONS TO AVOID DISAPPOINTMENT AT THE FINAL STAGE.Candidates are also advised to rectify minor defects/ailments in order to speed up finalisation of medical examination conducted at the Military Hospital after being recommended at the SSB.Few of such commonly found defects/ailments are listed below :(a) Wax (Ears)(b) Deviated Nasal Septum(c) Hydrocele/Phimosis(d) Overweight/Underweight(e) Under Sized Chest(f) Piles(g) Gynaecomastia(h) Tonsillitis(i) VaricoceleNOTE : Permanent body tattoos are only permitted on inner face of forearm i.e. from inside of elbow to the wrist and on the reverse side of palm/back (dorsal) side of hand/Permanent body tattoos on any other part of the body are not acceptable and candidates will be barred from further selection. Tribes with tattoo marks on the face or body as per their existing custom and traditions will be permitted on a case to case basis. Comdt Selection Centre will be competent auth for clearing such cases.Civilian candidates appearing for all types of commission in the Armed Forces will be entitled to out-patients treatment from service sources at public expense for injuries sustained or diseases contracted during the course of their examination by the Selection Board. They will also be entitled to in-patient treatment at public expense in the Officer’s ward of a hospital provided—(a) the injury is sustained during the tests or,(b) the disease is contracted during the course of the examination by selection board and there is no suitable accommodation in local civil hospital or it is impracticable to remove the patient to the civil hospital; or,(c) the medical board requires the candidate’s admission for observation.NOTE : They are not entitled to special nursing.A candidate recommended by the Services Selection Board will undergo a medical examination by a Board of Service Medical Officers. Only those candidates will be admitted to the academy who are declared fit by the Medical Board. The proceedings of the Medical Board are confidential and will not be divulged to anyone. However, the candidates declared unfit will be intimated by the President of the Medical Board and the procedure for request for an Appeal Medical Board will also be intimated to the candidate. Candidates declared unfit during Appeal Medical Board will be intimated about the provision of Review Medical Board.(a) The candidate must be in good physical and mental health and free from any disease/disability which is likely to interfere with the efficient performance of Military duties.(b) There should be no evidence of weak constitution, bodily defects or underweight. The Candidate should not be overweight or obese.(c) The minimum acceptable height is 157 cms(162.5 cms. for Air Force). For Gorkhas and individuals belonging to hills of North-Eastern regions of India, Garhwal and Kumaon, the minimum acceptable heights will be 5 cms. less. In case of candidates from Lakshadweep the minimum acceptable height can be reduced by 2 cms. Height and weight standards are given below :HEIGHT/WEIGHT STANDARDS FOR ARMY/AIR FORCETABLE-IHEIGHT/WEIGHT STANDARDS FOR NAVYTABLE-II“Individual’s weight is considered normal if it is within ±10% departure from average weight given in the table I and II”. However, in individuals with heavy bones and broad build as well as individuals with thin build but otherwise healthy this may be relaxed to some extent on merit.NOTE 1 : Height relaxable upto 2.5 cm. (5 cm. for Navy) may be allowed where the Medical Board certifies that the candidate is likely to grow and come up to the required standard on completion of his training.NOTE 2 : To meet special requirement as a pilot in the Air Force the acceptable measurements of leg length, thigh length and sitting height will be as under :(d) Chest should be well developed. Fully expanded chest should not be less than 81 cms. The minimum range of expansion after full inspiration should be 5 cms. The measurement will be taken with a tape so adjusted that its lower edge should touch the nipple in front and the upper part of the tape should touch the lower angle of the shoulder blades behind. X-Ray of the chest is compulsory and will be taken to rule out any disease of the chest.(e) There should be no maldevelopment or impairment of function of the bones or joint.Spinal Conditions-(f) Past medical history of diseases or injury of the spine or sacro iliac joints, either with or without objective signs which have prevented the candidate from successfully following a physically active life, is a cause for rejection for commissioning in IAF. History of spinal fracture/prolapsed intervertebral disc and surgical treatment for these conditions will entail rejection. The following conditions detected radiologically during medical exam will disqualify a candidate for Air Force service:(i) Granulomatous disease of spine(ii) Arthritidies/spondylosis— Rheumatoid arthritis and allied disorders— Ankylosing spondylitis— Osteoarthrosis, spondylosis and degenerative joint disease— Non articular rheumatism (e.g. lesions of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, recurrent lumbago etc.)— Miscellaneous disorders including SLE, , polymyositis, vasculitis.(iii) Spondylolisthesis/spondylolysis.(iv) Compression fracture of vertebrae.(v) Scheuerman's disease (Adolescent kyphosis)(vi) Loss of cervical lordosis when associated with clinically restricted movements of cervical spine.(vii) Unilateral/Bilateral cervical ribs with demonstrable neurological or circulatory deficit.(viii) Scoliosis more than 15 degree as measured by Cobb's method.(ix) Degenerative Disc. Disease.(x) Presence of schmorl's nodes at more than one level.(xi) Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial anomalies.(xii) Hemi vertebrae and/or incomplete block (fused) vertebrae at any level in cervical, dorsal or lumbar spine and complete block (fused) vertebrae at more than one level in cervical or dorsal spine.(xiii) Unilateral Sacralisation or lumbarisation (Complete or incomplete) at all levels and bilateral incomplete sacralisation or lumbarisation.(xiv) Any other abnormality if so considered by the specialist.(g) Mild Kyphosis or Lordosis where deformity is barely noticeable and there is no pain or restriction of movement will not preclude acceptance.(h) In case of noticeable Scoliosis or suspicion of any other abnormality or spinal deformity, more than mild, appropriate X-rays of the spine are to be taken and the Examinee referred for specialist’s advice.(i) The following conditions detected on X-ray examination will be disqualifying for entry to Armed Forces :(i) Granulomatius disease of spine.(ii) Arthritidies/spondylosis(iii) Scoliosis more than 15 degree as measured by Cobb’s Method (10 degree for Army and Navy).(iv) More than mild Kyphosis/Lordosis(v) Spondylolisthesis/Spondylosis/Spondylolysis(vi) Herniated nucleus pulposes.(vii) Compression fracture of Vertebra.(viii) Sacaralisation Disease(ix) Cervical ribs with demonstrable neurological or Circulatory deficit.(x) Presence of Schmorl’s node at more than one level.(xi) Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial anomalies.(xii) Incomplete Sacaralisation Unilateral or Bilateral(xiii) Spina Bifida other than SV 1 and LV 5 if completely Sacralised(xiv) Any other abnormality, if so considered by specialist.(j) A candidate should have no past history of mental breakdown or fits.(k) The hearing should be normal. A candidate should be able to hear a forced whisper with each ear at a distance of 610 cms. in a quiet room. There should be no evidence of present or past disease of the ear, nose and throat. Audiometric test will be done for AF. Audiometric hearing loss should not be greater than 20 db in frequencies between 250 and 8000 Hz. There is no impediment of speech.(l) There should be no signs of functional or organic disease of the heart and blood vessels. Blood pressure should be normal.(m) There should be no enlargement of liver or spleen. Any evidence of disease of internal organs of the abdomen will be a cause for rejection.(n) Un-operated hernias will make a candidate unfit. In case of Hernia which has been operated, a minimum of 6 months must have passed prior to final medical examination before commencement of the course.(o) There should be no hydrocele, varicocele or piles.(p) Urine examination will be done and any abnormality if detected will be a cause for rejection.(q) Any disease of skin which is likely to cause disability or disfigurement will also be a cause for rejection.(r) Visual standards:- The distance vision (corrected) should be 6/6 in better eye and 6/9 in worse eye. Myopia should not be more than 2.5 D and hypermetropia not more than 3.5 D including Astigmatism. Internal examination of the eye will be done by means of opthalmoscope to rule out any disease of the eye. A candidate must have good binocular vision. The colour vision standard will be (CP-III) for Army. A candidate should be able to recognise red and green colours. Candidates will be required to give certificates that neither he nor any member of his family has suffered from congenital night blindness. Candidates who have undergone or have the evidence of having undergone Radial Keratotomy, to improve the visual acuity will be permanently rejected for all the Services. Candidates who have undergone Laser Surgery for correction of refractive error are also not acceptable to defence services.Vision standard for Naval candidatesVisual Standards for Air ForceCandidates who habitually wear spectacles are not eligible for Air Force, Minimum distant vision 6/6 in one eye and 6/9 in other, correctable to 6/6 only for Hypermetropia. Colour vision CP-I Hypermetropia : +2.0 D Sph Manifest Myopia : Nil Retinoscopic Myopia : 0.5 in any Meridian permitted Astigmatism : + 0.75 D Cyl (within + 2.0 D.Max) Maddox Rod TestHand held Stereoscope–All of BSV grades Convergence–Up to 10 cm Cover test for distant and near–Lateral divergence/convergence recovery rapid and complete Radial Keratotomy, Photo Refractive Keratotomy/laser in Situ, Keratomileusis (PRK/LASIK) surgeries for correction of refractive errors are not permitted for any Air Force duties. Candidates having undergone cataract surgery with or without IOL implants will also be declared unfit.Binocular vision must possess good binocular vision (fusion and stereopsis with good amplitude and depth).Candidates who have undergone LASIK surgery are not considered fit for permanent commission in flying branch in IAF.(s) USG abdomen examination will be carried out and any congential structural anomaly or disease of the abdominal organs will be a cause for rejection in Armed Forces.(t) The candidates should have sufficient number of natural and sound teeth. A minimum of 14 dental points will be acceptable. When 32 teeth are present, the total dental points are 22. A candidate should not be suffering from severe pyorrhoea.(u) Routine ECG for Air Force candidates must be within normal limits.(v) Physical conditioning : Prospective candidates are advised to keep themselves in good physical condition, by following the undermentioned routine :—(a) Running 2.4 km in 15 minutes(b) Skipping(c) Pushups and sit ups (minimum 20 each)(d) Chin ups (minimum 08)(e) Rope climbing 3-4 metres.ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE RESULTS OF THE WRITTEN EXAMINATION, INTERVIEW OF QUALIFIED CANDIDATES, ANNOUNCEMENT OF FINAL RESULTS AND ADMISSION TO THE TRAINING COURSES OF THE FINALLY QUALIFIED CANDIDATES :The Union Public Service Commission shall prepare a list of candidates who obtain the minimum qualifying marks in the written examination as fixed by the Commission at their discretion. Such candidates shall appear before a Services Selection Board for Intelligence and Personality Test where candidates for the Army/Navy wings of the NDA and 10+2 Cadet Entry Scheme of Indian Naval Academy will be assessed on Officers Potentiality and those for the Air Force in Computerised Pilot Selection System (CPSS) and Pilot Aptitude Test (which forms the whole PAB Test) and for Officers Potentiality. PABT applicable to candidates with Air Force as First choice would also be conducted for all SSB qualified candidates with one of the choice as Air Force subject to their eligibility and if they are so willing.TWO-STAGE SELECTION PROCEDURETwo-stage selection procedure based on Psychological Aptitude Test and Intelligence Test has been introduced at Selection Centres/Air Force Selection Boards/Naval Selection Boards. All the candidates will be put to stage-one test on first day of reporting at Selection Centres/Air Force Selection Boards/Naval Selection Boards. Only those candidates who qualify at stage one will be admitted to the second stage/remaining tests. Those candidates who qualify stage II will be required to submit the Original Certificates along with one photocopy each of : (i) Original Matriculation pass certificate or equivalent in support of date of birth, (ii) Original 10+2 pass certificate or equivalent in support of educational qualification.Candidates who appear before the Services Selection Board and undergo the test there, will do so at their own risk and will not be entitled to claim any compensation or other relief from Government in respect of any injury which they may sustain in the course of or as a result of any of the tests given to them at the Services Selection Board whether due to the negligence of any person or otherwise. Parents or guardians of the candidates will be required to sign a certificate to this effect.To be acceptable, candidates for the Army/Navy/Naval Academy and Air Force should secure the minimum qualifying marks separately in (i) Written examination as fixed by the Commission at their discretion and (ii) Officer Potentiality Test as fixed by the Services Selection Board at their discretion.Over and above candidates for the Air Force, and all the SSB qualified candidates as per their willingness, eligibility and preference for Air Force, should separately qualify the PABT.Subject to these conditions the qualified candidates will then be placed in a single combined list on the basis of total marks secured by them in the Written Examination and the Services Selection Board Tests. The final allocation/selection for admission to the Army, Navy, Air Force of the National Defence Academy and 10+2 Cadet Entry Scheme of Indian Naval Academy will be made upto the number of vacancies available subject to eligibility, medical fitness and merit-cum-preference of the candidates. The candidates who are eligible to be admitted to multiple Services/Courses will be considered for allocation/selection with reference to their order or preferences and in the event of their final allocation/ selection to one Service/Course, they will not be considered for admission to other remaining Services/Courses.N.B.: EVERY CANDIDATE FOR THE AIR FORCE IS GIVEN COMPUTERISED PILOT SELECTION SYSTEM (CPSS) AND PILOT APTITUDE TEST (WHICH FORMS THE WHOLE PAB TEST) ONLY ONCE. THE GRADE SECURED BY HIM AT THE FIRST TEST WILL THEREFORE HOLD GOOD FOR EVERY SUBSEQUENT INTERVIEW HE HAS WITH THE AIR FORCE SELECTION BOARD. A CANDIDATE WHO FAILS IN THE FIRST PILOT APTITUDE TEST CANNOT APPLY FOR ADMISSION TO THE NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAMINATION FOR THE AIR FORCE WING OR GENERAL DUTIES (PILOT) BRANCH OR NAVAL AIR ARM.Candidates who have been given the Computerised Pilot Selection System (CPSS) and Pilot Aptitude Test (which forms the whole PAB Test) for any previous N.D.A. course should submit their application for this examination for the Air Force Wing only if they have been notified as having qualified in the Pilot Aptitude Test.The form and manner of communication of the result of the examination to individual candidates shall be decided by the Commission at their discretion and the Commission will not enter into correspondence with them regarding the result.Success in the examination confers no right of admission to the Academy. A candidate must satisfy the appointing authority that he is suitable in all respects for admission to the Academy.THOROUGH MEDICAL EXAMINATION WILL BE CONDUCTED FOR THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES AFTER SSB INTERVIEW AND BEFORE DECLARING THE FINAL RESULT.SCHEME OF EXAMINATION1. The subjects of the written examination, the time allowed and the maximum marks allotted to each subject will be as follows :—2. THE PAPERS IN ALL THE SUBJECTS WILL CONSIST OF OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ONLY. THE QUESTION PAPERS (TEST BOOKLETS) OF MATHEMATICS AND PART “B” OF GENERAL ABILITY TEST WILL BE SET BILINGUALLY IN HINDI AS WELL AS ENGLISH.3. In the question papers, wherever necessary, questions involving the metric system of Weights and Measures only will be set.4. Candidates must write the papers in their own hand. In no circumstances will they be allowed the help of a scribe to write answers for them.5. The Commission have discretion to fix qualifying marks in any or all the subjects at the examination.6. The candidates are not permitted to use calculator or Mathematical or logarithmic table for answering objective type papers (Test Booklets). They should not therefore, bring the same inside the Examination Hall.B. SYLLABUS OF THE EXAMINATIONPAPER-IMATHEMATICS(Code No. 01)(Maximum Marks-300)1. ALGEBRAConcept of set, operations on sets, Venn diagrams. De Morgan laws, Cartesian product, relation, equivalence relation. Representation of real numbers on a line. Complex numbers—basic properties, modulus, argument, cube roots of unity. Binary system of numbers. Conversion of a number in decimal system to binary system and vice-versa. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions. Quadratic equations with real coefficients. Solution of linear inequations of two variables by graphs. Permutation and Combination. Binomial theorem and its applications. Logarithms and their applications.2. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS :Types of matrices, operations on matrices. Determinant of a matrix, basic properties of determinants. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix, Applications-Solution of a system of linear equations in two or three unknowns by Cramer’s rule and by Matrix Method.3. TRIGONOMETRY :Angles and their measures in degrees and in radians. Trigonometrical ratios. Trigonometric identities Sum and difference formulae. Multiple and Sub-multiple angles. Inverse trigonometric functions. Applications-Height and distance, properties of triangles.4. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY OF TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS:Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate system. Distance formula. Equation of a line in various forms. Angle between two lines. Distance of a point from a line. Equation of a circle in standard and in general form. Standard forms of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Eccentricity and axis of a conic. Point in a three dimensional space, distance between two points. Direction Cosines and direction ratios. Equation two points. Direction Cosines and direction ratios. Equation of a plane and a line in various forms. Angle between two lines and angle between two planes. Equation of a sphere.5. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS :Concept of a real valued function–domain, range and graph of a function. Composite functions, one to one, onto and inverse functions. Notion of limit, Standard limits—examples. Continuity of functions—examples, algebraic operations on continuous functions. Derivative of function at a point, geometrical and physical interpretation of a derivative—applications. Derivatives of sum, product and quotient of functions, derivative of a function with respect to another function, derivative of a composite function. Second order derivatives. Increasing and decreasing functions. Application of derivatives in problems of maxima and minima.6. INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :Integration as inverse of differentiation, integration by substitution and by parts, standard integrals involving algebraic expressions, trigonometric, exponential and hyperbolic functions. Evaluation of definite integrals—determination of areas of plane regions bounded by curves— applications. Definition of order and degree of a differential equation, formation of a differential equation by examples. General and particular solution of a differential equations, solution of first order and first degree differential equations of various types—examples. Application in problems of growth and decay.7. VECTOR ALGEBRA :Vectors in two and three dimensions, magnitude and direction of a vector. Unit and null vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication of a vector, scalar product or dot product of two vectors. Vector product or cross product of two vectors. Applications—work done by a force and moment of a force and in geometrical problems.8. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY :Statistics : Classification of data, Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution—examples. Graphical representation—Histogram, Pie Chart, frequency polygon—examples. Measures of Central tendency—Mean, median and mode. Variance and standard deviation—determination and comparison. Correlation and regression.Probability : Random experiment, outcomes and associated sample space, events, mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, impossible and certain events. Union and Intersection of events. Complementary, elementary and composite events. Definition of probability—classical and statistical— examples. Elementary theorems on probability—simple problems. Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem—simple problems. Random variable as function on a sample space. Binomial distribution, examples of random experiments giving rise to Binominal distribution.PAPER-IIGENERAL ABILITY TEST(Code No. 02)(Maximum Marks—600)Part ‘A’—ENGLISH (Maximum Marks—200)The question paper in English will be designed to test the candidate’s understanding of English and workman like use of words. The syllabus covers various aspects like : Grammar and usage, vocabulary, comprehension and cohesion in extended text to test the candidate’s proficiency in English.Part ‘B’—GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (Maximum Marks—400)The question paper on General Knowledge will broadly cover the subjects : Physics, Chemistry, General Science, Social Studies, Geography and Current Events.- The syllabus given below is designed to indicate the scope of these subjects included in this paper. The topics mentioned are not to be regarded as exhaustive and questions on topics of similar nature not specifically mentioned in the syllabus may also be asked. Candidate’s answers are expected to show their knowledge and intelligent understanding of the subject.Section ‘A’ (Physics)Physical Properties and States of Matter, Mass, Weight, Volume, Density and Specific Gravity, Principle of Archimedes, Pressure Barometer. Motion of objects, Velocity and Acceleration, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Force and Momentum, Parallelogram of Forces, Stability and Equilibrium of bodies, Gravitation, elementary ideas of work, Power and Energy.Effects of Heat, Measurement of Temperature and Heat, change of State and Latent Heat, Modes of transference of Heat. Sound waves and their properties, Simple musical instruments. Rectilinear propagation of Light, Reflection and refraction. Spherical mirrors and Lenses, Human Eye. Natural and Artificial Magnets, Properties of a Magnet, Earth as a Magnet. Static and Current Electricity, conductors and Non-conductors, Ohm’s Law, Simple Electrical Circuits, Heating, Lighting and Magnetic effects of Current, Measurement of Electrical Power, Primary and Secondary Cells, Use of X-Rays.General Principles in the working of the following:Simple Pendulum, Simple Pulleys, Siphon, Levers, Balloon, Pumps, Hydrometer, Pressure Cooker, Thermos Flask, Gramophone, Telegraphs, Telephone, Periscope, Telescope, Microscope, Mariner’s Compass; Lightening Conductors, Safety Fuses.Section ‘B’ (Chemistry)Physical and Chemical changes. Elements, Mixtures and Compounds, Symbols, Formulae and simple Chemical Equations, Law of Chemical Combination (excluding problems). Properties of Air and Water. Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbondioxide, Oxidation and Reduction. Acids, bases and salts. Carbon—different forms. Fertilizers—Natural and Artificial.Material used in the preparation of substances like Soap, Glass, Ink, Paper, Cement, Paints, Safety Matches and Gun-Powder. Elementary ideas about the structure of Atom, Atomic Equivalent and Molecular Weights, Valency.Section ‘C’ (General Science)Difference between the living and non-living. Basis of Life—Cells, Protoplasms and Tissues. Growth and Reproduction in Plants and Animals. Elementary knowledge of Human Body and its important organs. Common Epidemics, their causes and prevention. Food—Source of Energy for man. Constituents of food, Balanced Diet. The Solar System—Meteors and Comets, Eclipses. Achievements of Eminent Scientists.Section ‘D’ (History, Freedom Movement etc.)A broad survey of Indian History, with emphasis on Culture and Civilisation. Freedom Movement in India. Elementary study of Indian Constitution and Administration. Elementary knowledge of Five Year Plans of India. Panchayati Raj, Co-operatives and Community Development. Bhoodan, Sarvodaya, National Integration and Welfare State, Basic Teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Forces shaping the modern world; Renaissance, Exploration and Discovery; War of American Independence. French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and Russian Revolution. Impact of Science and Technology on Society. Concept of one World, United Nations, Panchsheel, Democracy, Socialism and Communism. Role of India in the present world.Section ‘E’ (Geography)The Earth, its shape and size. Lattitudes and Longitudes, Concept of time. International Date Line. Movements of Earth and their effects. Origin of Earth. Rocks and their classification; Weathering— Mechanical and Chemical, Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Ocean Currents and Tides Atmosphere and its composition; Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure, Planetary Winds, Cyclones and Anti-cyclones; Humidity; Condensation and Precipitation; Types of Climate, Major Natural regions of the World. Regional Geography of India—Climate, Natural vegetation. Mineral and Power resources; location and distribution of agricultural and Industrial activities. Important Sea ports and main sea, land and air routes of India. Main items of Imports and Exports of India.Section ‘F’ (Current Events)Knowledge of Important events that have happened in India in the recent years. Current important world events. Prominent personalities—both Indian and International including those connected with cultural activities and sports.NOTE :Out of maximum marks assigned to part ‘B’ of this paper, questions on Sections ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’ will carry approximately 25%, 15%, 10%, 20%, 20% and 10% weightages respectively.Intelligence and Personality TestThe SSB procedure consists of two stage Selection process - stage I and stage II. Only those candidates who clear the stage I are permitted to appear for stage II. The details are :(a) Stage I comprises of Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR) tests are Picture Perception * Description Test (PP&DT). The candidates will be shortlisted based on combination of performance in OIR Test and PP&DT.(b) Stage II Comprises of Interview, Group Testing Officer Tasks, Psychology Tests and the Conference. These tests are conducted over 4 days. The details of these tests are given on the website Join Indian Army | Government of India.The personality of a candidate is assessed by three different assessors viz. The Interviewing Officer (IO), Group Testing Officer (GTO) and the Psychologist. There are no separate weightage for each test. The mks are allotted by assessors only after taking into consideration the performance of the candidate holistically in all the test. In addition, marks for Conference are also allotted based on the initial performance of the Candidate in the three techniques and decision of the Board. All these have equal weightage.The various tests of IO, GTO and Psych are designed to bring out the presence/absence of Officer Like Qualities and their trainability in a candidate. Accordingly candidates are Recommended or Not Recommended at the SSB.(For more details, check UPSC website: UPSC)SSB interview is the world's toughest army test and typically these TOP 15 OFFICER LIKE QUALITIES (OLQs) are tested during the entire interview process:Effective Intelligence.Reasoning Ability.Power of Expression.Self Confidence.Determination.Organizing Ability.Initiative.Courage.Cooperation.Sense of Responsibility.Stamina.Group Influencing Ability.Liveliness.Social Adaptability.Speed of Decision“Origin of this type of testing belongs to first world war era. In the First World War, large numbers of casualties on battlefields necessitated recruitment of best fighting talent in armed forces. For this need, psychologists designed some scientific tests which assess candidate's Officer Like Qualities (OLQs). Over the years SSB testing has been improved based on feedback and has been proved to be an effective and accurate way of selecting candidates who are capable of being at least an average officer after training.”

The brain activity may continue after the pump has failed, but usually when the pulse stops and the EKG flatlines people are considered dead. People have had recollections of conversations in the period in which they were not presumed to be present and alive by medical standards, but in an emergent situation people do not generally pay attention to brain activity unless they are on brain wave monitor because they have a head injury and they want to monitor waves for indications of intercranial pressure. CPR without spontaneous respiration and pulse can still perfuse the brain although they are technically presumed dead until spontaneous heart contractions resume, they may be paced and then have contractions of their heartbeat resume if the heart’s synchronicity was off, and be on a ventilator and be presumed alive until brain death is confirmed. But pulselessness is the sign that generally marks the point at which the person is considered to have died. People stop CPR when the doctor present believes that the perfusion to the brain has been inadequate and that medical interventions like an intra-arotic balloon pump to imitate the hearts circulatory function will not bring the patient back to a functional life due to overall myopathy or perfusion problems.Check this out:Although death is an integral part of life, whether and how the dying brain is capable of generating conscious activity has been vigorously debated.But in this week’s PNAS Early Edition, a U-M study shows shortly after clinical death, in which the heart stops beating and blood stops flowing to the brain, rats display brain activity patterns characteristic of conscious perception.“This study, performed in animals, is the first dealing with what happens to the neurophysiological state of the dying brain,” says lead study author Jimo Borjigin, Ph.D., associate professor of molecular and integrative physiology and associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan Medical School.“It will form the foundation for future human studies investigating experiences occurring in the dying brain, including seeing light during cardiac arrest,” she says.For some scientists, seeing the light during near death experiences is only associated with the brain’s attempt to create electrical activity. For others, there’s much more to it.A near-death experience (NDE) refers to personal experiences associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light.These phenomena are usually reported after an individual has been pronounced clinically dead or very close to death. Many NDE reports, however, originate from events that are not life-threatening. With recent developments in cardiac resuscitation techniques, the number of reported NDEs has increased. The experiences have been described in medical journals as having the characteristics of hallucinations, while parapsychologists, those of religious faith and some scientists have pointed to them as evidence of an afterlife and mind-body dualismMany scientists now believe that near-death experiences cannot be considered as something imagined. On the contrary, the origins could lead them to be perceived although not lived in this reality, but another.From bright white lights to out-of-body sensations and feelings of life flashing before their eyes, the experiences reported by people who have come close to death but survived are common the world over.Near Death Experience Research Foundation is the largest NDE website in the world in over 23 languages with thousands of people who have described their NDE in detail.Study DetailsResearchers analyzed the recordings of brain activity called electroencephalograms (EEGs) from nine anesthetized rats undergoing experimentally induced cardiac arrest.Within the first 30 seconds after cardiac arrest, all of the rats displayed a widespread, transient surge of highly synchronized brain activity that had features associated with a highly aroused brain.Furthermore, the authors observed nearly identical patterns in the dying brains of rats undergoing asphyxiation.“The prediction that we would find some signs of conscious activity in the brain during cardiac arrest was confirmed with the data,” says Borjigin, who conceived the idea for the project in 2007 with study co-author neurologist Michael M. Wang, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of neurology and associate professor of molecular and integrative physiology at the U-M.“But, we were surprised by the high levels of activity,” adds study senior author anesthesiologist George Mashour, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of anesthesiology and neurosurgery at the U-M. ” In fact, at near-death, many known electrical signatures of consciousness exceeded levels found in the waking state, suggesting that the brain is capable of well-organized electrical activity during the early stage of clinical death.”These pulses are one of the neuronal features that are thought to underpin consciousness in humans, especially when they help to “link” information from different parts of the brain.The brain is assumed to be inactive during cardiac arrest. However the neurophysiological state of the brain immediately following cardiac arrest had not been systemically investigated until now.Dr Borjigin said it was feasible that the same thing would happen in the human brain, and that an elevated level of brain activity and consciousness could give rise to near-death experience. The reality of that experience and how it is perceived by a clinically dead patient would be impossible to measure, but there is evidence that something very real occurs after death.“This study tells us that reduction of oxygen or both oxygen and glucose during cardiac arrest can stimulate brain activity that is characteristic of conscious processing,” says Borjigin. “It also provides the first scientific framework for the near-death experiences reported by many cardiac arrest survivors.”This doesn’t mean NDE experiences are imagined or that the brain creates an experience that is imagined, but it tells us that their is clinical evidence of something occuring within the brain that should be otherwise impossible according to what we have previously known about the brain.Striking“Like ‘fire raging through the brain’, activity can surge through brain areas involved in conscious experience.” But he added: “One limitation is that we do not know when, in time, the near-death experience really occurs. Perhaps it was before patients had anaesthesia, or at some safe point during an operation long before cardiac arrest, and because that point is not measurable, it is impossible for any objective data to be drawn from the NDE subjective experience. In essence, only those experiencing the NDE can provide the details.Dr. Michael Sabom is a cardiologist whose latest book, Light and Death, includes a detailed medical and scientific analysis of an amazing near-death experience of a woman named Pam Reynolds.She underwent a rare operation to remove a giant basilar artery aneurysm in her brain that threatened her life. The size and location of the aneurysm, however, precluded its safe removal using the standard neuro-surgical techniques.She was referred to a doctor who had pioneered a daring surgical procedure known as hypothermic cardiac arrest. It allowed Pam’s aneurysm to be excised with a reasonable chance of success. This operation, nicknamed “standstill” by the doctors who perform it, required that Pam’s body temperature be lowered to 60 degrees, her heartbeat and breathing stopped, her brain waves flattened, and the blood drained from her head.In everyday terms, she was put to death. After removing the aneurysm, she was restored to life. During the time that Pam was in standstill, she experienced a NDE. Her remarkably detailed veridical out-of-body observations during her surgery were later verified to be very accurate. This case is considered to be one of the strongest cases of veridical evidence in NDE research because of her ability to describe the unique surgical instruments and procedures used and her ability to describe in detail these events while she was clinically and brain dead.When all of Pam’s vital signs were stopped, the doctor turned on a surgical saw and began to cut through Pam’s skull. While this was going on, Pam reported that she felt herself “pop” outside her body and hover above the operating table. Then she watched the doctors working on her lifeless body for awhile. From her out-of-body position, she observed the doctor sawing into her skull with what looked to her like an electric toothbrush.Pam heard and reported later what the nurses in the operating room had said and exactly what was happening during the operation. At this time, every monitor attached to Pam’s body registered “no life” whatsoever. At some point, Pam’s consciousness floated out of the operating room and traveled down a tunnel which had a light at the end of it where her deceased relatives and friends were waiting including her long-dead grandmother. Pam’s NDE ended when her deceased uncle led her back to her body for her to reentered it. Pam compared the feeling of reentering her dead body to “plunging into a pool of ice.”For practical purposes outside the world of academic debate, three clinical tests commonly determine brain death. First, a standard electroencephalogram, or EEG, measures brain-wave activity. A “flat” EEG denotes non-function of the cerebral cortex – the outer shell of the cerebrum. Second, auditory evoked potentials, similar to those [clicks] elicited by the ear speakers in Pam’s surgery, measure brain-stem viability. Absence of these potentials indicates non-function of the brain stem. And third, documentation of no blood flow to the brain is a marker for a generalized absence of brain function.Some scientists theorize that NDEs are produced by brain chemistry. But, Dr. Peter Fenwick, a neuropsychiatrist and the leading authority in Britain concerning NDEs, believes that these theories fall far short of the facts. In the documentary, “Into the Unknown: Strange But True,” Dr. Fenwick describes the state of the brain during a NDE:“The brain isn’t functioning. It’s not there. It’s destroyed. It’s abnormal. But, yet, it can produce these very clear experiences … an unconscious state is when the brain ceases to function. For example, if you faint, you fall to the floor, you don’t know what’s happening and the brain isn’t working. The memory systems are particularly sensitive to unconsciousness. So, you won’t remember anything. But, yet, after one of these experiences [a NDE], you come out with clear, lucid memories … This is a real puzzle for science. I have not yet seen any good scientific explanation which can explain that fact.”There are three websites devoted to different aspects of consciousness. NDERF Home Page (Near death experience), After Death Communication Research Foundation (After death communication), and Out of Body Experience Research Foundation (everything else that is not a NDE or ADC). These three websites have grown to the largest of their kind in the world. The websites are free. They also have a way to share their experiences with us. Jeff reviews them and I then post them to the website so all can read these remarkable experiences.“The modern tradition of equating death with an ensuing nothingness can be abandoned. For there is no reason to believe that human death severs the quality of the oneness in the universe.” – Larry Dossey, MDSources:uofmhealth.orgpreventdisease.comnear-death.com nderf.orgRELATED ITEMS:HEALTH, LIFE, NEWSExposing the truth one lie at a timeWe update our site with news articles and full-length documentaries free of charge, with no registration needed. We gather the news and films as we search the web and present them to our viewers. 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