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Most importantly: they don't have possession of customer's genomes.23andme is providing a service in which they provide limited genotyping (a small subset of the genome) in exchange for $99. They are custodians of that data, on loan from you, and if you want, you can request that they delete it. (see section 13, Terms of Service - 23andMe ) You continue to own and be accountable for what you share. Granted, I lean philosophically toward Proudhon on my view of the property value of data, but 23andme is a fairly respectable entity in making an attempt to secure your data.More importantly, why would you want to worry about this custody, why would you care? While some medical conditions and traits are strongly correlated with a certain genotype, there is vast complexity in the actual meaning of the genome, and most SNPs measured in genotyping are not definitive. (For example, I have blue eyes according to my SNPs, but close inspection might tell you otherwise). Your DNA is not fully sequenced by 23andme, and it is not currently economically feasible to conclusively and definitively sequence your personal genome. You might choose to biobank the sample with 23andme, and they could, in principle, (were they Evil) sequence your genome without informing you of the results, but so "could" any person who happened to collect skin flakes or hair follicles off of surfaces you touched. Anyone who chooses to delete their data from 23andme is committing a moral offense, in my book, akin to not sharing toys in the kindergarten playroom.To the extent that 23andme "owns" your data, (more so!) credit card companies "own" your SSN, as does the SSA- any information about yourself is shared at some time with others and you don't always know where that information is. But, in fact, very few non-tin-foil-hat-wearing people worry about what the government does with your SSN, and that is by far more identifying and useful to the nefarious-intented that your genotyping results. Most people never worry about the IRS or the SSA getting hacked and revealing personal data.But, let's say some nefarious entity, or 23andme themselves, "misuse" your data.Most single SNPs are binary (e.g. G/C, A/T, G/A, etc) and are shared by either 70-80% of the population or 20-30% of the population- it is extremely rare (probably impossible) that you are "the only" person with a given SNP result, because there had to be enough statistical samples exist for the original identification of the role of the SNP, and they wouldn't spend money on putting a SNP on the chip they use for the 0.00001% of samples which might have a rare given result: getting all "G"'s 99.9% of the time for a snp would be worthless to theit business. While the entire combination of those results is as identifying as a barcode, without a database of lots of barcodes, you are not going to be able to "do" anything with that info. In fact, it is likely that a certain small percentage of those SNP results (less than 1%) are probably "wrong". Furthermore, the database of "barcodes", the genotype results, and the database of your personal info, are kept separate to the best of 23andme's ability. As long as you don't answer questions, your data is actually worthless to them- less than worthless, because $99 probably doesn't cover cost of reagents.That said, 23andme retains the right to develop follow on information based on any data you do enter. This is no different when you shop with a credit card- any store can aggregate info about purchases on a particular card with other purchases made over time and "profile" you based on that. There are millions of ways in which we "leak" information constantly, and the fact that we are not continual victims of identity theft illustrates the lack of skill of the thieves, not the security of your data. If you are worried about those kind of privacy concerns, store cameras could easily capture enough info about you (white, older, male, whatever) to "mine" their sales database in the same way 23andme mines your genotyping, and you sign no such consent form when you walk around buying things.In summary- there are no genuine privacy concerns from being genotyped at 23andme. In my opinion, the idea that there are privacy concerns with regard to genotyping in particular, and possibly genomics in general, is a myth, a superstition, a boogeyman. 23andme is being extra cautious by warning you of the possibilities, but it is vain to think that you, as an individual, will be the first person to be the victim of genetic theft. As far as I know, it's a crime that's never happened. Sure, it would be traumatic, but the movie rights alone are probably worth the inconvenience.Unless you count the fact that my cousin got the better looking nose- now, that's a genetic crime.I encourage you to purchase and use the service, and answer as many questions as you feel comfortable answering. That's the point of it. Your data, in conjunction with tens of thousands of others might one day be useful and help others. Being open and honest, and a little brave (but not really *that* brave, in fact), is the only way toward achieving that worthwhile goal.

“Synthetic Identity Fraud | LexisNexis Risk Solutions”“What is Synthetic Identity Fraud ?Synthetic identity fraud is a problem that is growing in sophistication, intensity, and frequency. A synthetic identity is a combination of fabricated credentials where the implied identity is not associated with a real person. Fraudsters may create synthetic identities using potentially valid social security numbers (SSNs) with accompanying false personally identifiable information (PII). For example, the synthetic may have a real, “shippable” address and the SSN may appear valid, but the SSN, name, and date of birth combination do not match with any one person.A major contributing factor to the heightened risk associated with synthetic identities is the implementation of social security number randomization, the Social Security Administration’s (SSA’s) new approach to SSN issuance that took effect in July 2011. While this new approach was designed to provide higher safeguards for the public, it has also made it more difficult for fraud detection systems to identify a fictitious SSN. Compounding the problem is that synthetic identities are not created equally. The method fraudsters use to compose a fake identity has an impact on the level of financial harm a synthetic identity can do and how easily it can be detected.The methods fraudsters use to create synthetic identities currently fall into two categories:1. Manipulated SyntheticsSynthetic identities based on a real identity where limited changes are made to the SSN and other elements. Individuals often use these manipulated identities to hide a previous history and gain access to credit and may or may not be used with malicious intent. Individuals with bad credit histories may create fictitious identities to be approved for new credit for legitimate purchases that they intend to repay. The good news for enterprises is that manipulated identities can be detected. The key to identifying manipulated synthetics is that they often collide with the real identity they are augmenting and do not pass validity checks.2. Manufactured SyntheticsOriginally, these synthetic identities were composed of valid data assembled from multiple identities – sometimes referred to as ‘Frankenstein’ identities because fraudsters cobble together bits and pieces of personally identifiable information (PII) from real people to create fake identities. More recently, they are built from invalid information, including SSNs that fraudsters choose from the same range of numbers the SSA now uses to randomly issue SSNs. The PII used to create the account does not belong to any known consumers. This new form of manufactured synthetics is difficult to identify with current techniques.The Dangers of Synthetic Identity FraudThe true danger of synthetic fraud is that, unlike third-party fraud where an entire identity is stolen and used to defraud enterprises and victims, synthetic fraud frequently has no specific consumer victim. That can sound like a good thing – until you realize that consumer victims are a critical tool in detecting and stopping fraud. The lack of a clear victim presents two challenges to enterprises.Without a consumer to alert an organization of fraudulent activity during account life, fraudsters can use synthetic identities to keep accounts open for months-to-years, garnering credit line increases and improved credit standing, only to eventually max out the credit line and disappear without a trace.Once the account charges off synthetic frauds are often categorized as credit bad – since there is no clear evidence of fraudulent activity. For enterprises, this makes it difficult to identify a synthetic fraud problem – and even harder to know if new defences are proving effective.These examples show the difficulty in tracking and quantifying losses from synthetic identities. Additionally, there are often inconsistencies within organizations on what constitutes a synthetic identity and even disagreement on whether this is a fraud or credit problem. Without a paper trail leading to a real person, the true victims of synthetic identity fraud are the lenders and service providers who are left to absorb what can be high-frequency and high-dollar losses.Protecting Against Synthetic Identity FraudIn May of 2018 new legislation was passed called the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act. The Act includes a provision directing the SSA to make a mechanism available to facilitate the verification of SSNs, upon request by a certified financial institution. Currently, to verify an SSN, an institution must collect and submit a hard-copy wet signature on an SSA consent form, which is a significant obstacle to using current SSA services. This provision would allow a certified financial institution to obtain consent from a consumer electronically. Electronic consent will allow financial institutions to verify identities more quickly, and at scale, in connection with a credit transaction.While this regulation has the long-term potential to help reduce synthetic identity fraud, uncertainty around the SSA’s timeline for implementation, and limitations on the industries and use cases which can benefit from it make the level of impact unclear.Synthetic identity fraud is a complex challenge that is growing by the day – solving it requires effective strategies that examine the core issue of identity legitimacy and the typical outcomes. By creating a holistic defence capable of addressing the entire issue, enterprises can better maintain performance once synthetic fraudsters shift their methodology.Combating synthetic fraud should not be done in a silo. Connect with other industry partners and law enforcement to share information, identify trends, behaviours, and threats. By leveraging these best practices, you can help improve your ability to detect and mitigate synthetic identity fraud”.

We are in the US and we adopted a child from Korea. Our process had many, many steps in it it took 16 months from initial paperwork until the child was placed with us, and then another 9 months for the adoption to be finalized.Most of the steps are designed to protect the child by making sure the adoptive parents have truly thought through their decision, are healthy, financially stable, have no history of criminal activity, drugs or child abuse, live in a place suitable for raising a child, etc.To prove my point, here is my exhaustive list of to-do items from our adoption in 2005-2008. Each of these items took time and many steps required extra fees.Fill in & file agency's preliminary application, including photos of us and the houseWrite medical statement, elaborating on treatment for any medical conditionsLine up four non-relative referencesOne copy of tax returns from past three yearsPay $200 fee to adoption agencyNotarize agency's adoption services agreementFill in the "Home Study Part 1 Paperwork" . Each spouse does the following:Fill in "Personal Data" form with 67 essay questions1 photocopy birth certificateComplete Authorization of Release of Information - Employer VerificationCriminal Record StatementLiveScan fingerprint form (for State of California: criminal and child abuse index)Schedule & attend LiveScan fingerprinting appointmentsMedical Exam, including HIV and TB tests, with Medical Report filled out by doctorComplete detailed Financial Statement1 photocopy marriage licensePhoto of baby's future roomPrint Map & directions to homeCopy all, keep for recordsEach of 4 non-relative references return 3-page, 10-essay questionnaires directly to agencyHome Study Part 2:Receive & pay invoice for home studySchedule social worker visitsSocial worker visit #1 (both husband and wife)Acceptable Medical Conditions Form filedSocial worker visit #2 (wife only)Social worker visit #3 (husband only)Sign up & take module 1 & 2 of agency's parenting classReceive 2 completed, certified, notarized copies of Home Study from social workerAgency sends Home Study to Korea (HSTK)Sign up & take modules 3 & 4 of agency parenting classI-600A filed with US-CIS (Advanced Processing of Orphan Petition for Visa) (4/6/2006), including the I600A form, Copy of certified home study, copies of each spouse's birth certificate, photocopy of marriage license, copy of most recent federal tax return, proof of medical insurance, $800 fee, cover letter.FBI FingerprintingReceive I-171H (Approval of I-600A) from US-CISReceive Referral to a Child, which is a packet of information with the child's history, photos, medical records, etc.Medical evaluation of Referral by Oakland Children's HospitalFile Referral Acceptance Paperwork to agency, along with huge fee to adoption agency.File 3 Placement Agreements with agency - all notarizedhusband: 4 Statements of Adoption (for child's Korean passport) - all notarized3 Travel Option forms1 Foreign Travel Release - notarizedhusband: 2 Affidavit re INS Vaccination Requirementshusband: two I-864 Affidavit of Support for Immigration filed with US-CISwife: two I-864A Contract between Sponsor and Household Member filed with US-CISSend US-CIS: copy of entire last year tax return, last year's W2 & 1099s, photocopies of both our birth certificates (again), copies of both our paystubs, Photocopy of marriage license (again)Receive child's "legals" from Korea (in English & Korean)I-600 visa petition form filed w/ US-CIS. Includes copies of legals, I-600, I-171F, child report & photos, copy of most recent 1040 tax form, copy of I-864, copy of I-864A, letter to American Embassy in Seould with visa cable instructionsMeanwhile, the Korean adoption agency worked away:Our application was translated into KoreanKorean agency applied for Emigration Permit ("EP") with Korean Ministry of Health and WelfareMinistry approves Emigration PermitAgency gets I-171 (I-600 approval) cable from US Embassy in SeoulVisa physical for baby, including Hepatitis B & HIV testsSubmit application for baby's IR-4 VisaResubmit our I-600 visa petition after US-CIS screws up and loses the first oneThen, we went go the "Travel" call and flew to Korea.Plan trip & travel to KoreaIn-Korea pre-flight medical examGo to US Embassy in Seoul to process Class-B Waiver (acceptance of medical condition)Get the final Visa paperworkTake custody of child!Once home, there was more paperwork:Receive Placement Confirmation Notice from AgencyReceive baby's Green Card in mailGet social security number under baby's Korean Name as permanent resident4 post-placement visits from social worker, where I also had to create 5 page "progress reports" with answers to questions and photos.File US Physician's Examination Report with AgencyOur adoption agency finishes the "post placement phase" and gives us approval to officially adopt the child in American court.File Adoption Finalization Paperwork in our county in California: Forms ADOPT-200, ADOPT-210, ADOPT-215, and ADOPT-230Receive "Consent to Adoption" from agencyAdoption Finalization hearing in County CourtSend agency/Korea copy of child's adoption decree (child is no longer considered a Korean citizen)Secure proof of US citizenship for child: Complete & file N-600 with US-CIS, pay feeReceive Certificate of CitizenshipFile passport applicationReceive passportApply to SSA to get status changed from resident alien to citizen, SS# name changed (passport is proof)Start the process all over again for kid #2!