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Territorial Army Officer in India get embodied every year for a two to three months training camp and then, it gets disembodied. The personnel go back to their respective trades in the civil; some of them are banker, lawyer, agriculturists, etc.The rationale behind the above mentioned exercise is that the personnel get a reorientation training every year, so that they can be suitably employed as and when the need arises, without having to bear their persistent expenditure when not embodied i.e salary is given only for the period of embodiment.Why I have mentioned about embodiment at the start, because most of the queries regarding Territorial Army, ends up with this, so i took it up first.!The good news for the TA aspirants is that since there is a major shortage of officers, most of the officers, who volunteer to continue serving beyond their embodiment period every year, are retained. The promotion of the officers is based on their record of service and the length of active service they put in.Therefore, the TA officers in the present day context continue to serve and get promoted like other regular officers. The standard embodiment periods include the following:One month basic training in the first year of commission.Two months annual training camp every year including the first year.Three months Post Commissioning training within first two years at IMA Dehradun.This is an excellent opportunity given by Government of India to young men who are well settled in their professional life. They can now join Territorial Army as an officer and prove their dream of wearing army officer uniform. The best thing is, you can serve the nation in both way- as a civilian and as a soldier. On the top of this, you need to loose or primary professional, let it be a MNC job, govt job or your own business.The present role of the Territorial Army is to relieve the Regular Army from static duties and assist civil administration in dealing with natural calamities and maintenance of essential services in situations where life of the communities is affected or the security of the country is threatened, and to provide units for the Regular Army as and when required.Who is eligible for Territorial Army India?(Note : Serving Employees of Police/Paramilitary Forces are not eligible.)You must be well settled and employed in any of the profession mentioned above. Territorial Army is not for just passed out candidates or someone who has just 2-3 years of working experience. To make sure you clear the Territorial Army Exams, it is better you get well settled in your current profession first. Also if you have missed out regular entries due to age factor, it doesn’t mean you are perfect for Territorial Army now, you need to fulfil all eligibility requirements first and being gainfully employed will help you to get shortlisted for next round.Terms and Conditions of Territorial ArmyLike regular entries, TA grants you a commissioned rank of Lieutenant.Pay and Allowances and privileges will be same as regular Army Officers when embodied for training and military service.Promotions up to Lt Col by time scale subject to fulfilling laid down criteria. Promotion to Colonel and Brigadier by selection.Officers commissioned in TA Infantry may be called out for military service for longer duration depending on requirement.Training Details of Territorial ArmyOne month basic training in the first year of commission.Two months annual training camp every year including the first year.Three months Post Commissioning training within first two years at IMA DehradunAwards and RecognitionsThe officer and men of the Territorial Army have been decorated for their gallantry and distinguished services. So for they have earned 02 Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), 15 VSM, 05 Vir Chakra, 13 Sena Medal, 25 Mentioned-in-Despatches and 43 COAS commendation card.Mohan Lal Territorial ArmySachin Pilot Territorial ArmyAbhinav Bindra Territorial ArmyMS Dhoni Territorial ArmyKapil Dev Territorial ArmyHistorical BackgroundThe Indian Defence Force Act was promulgated in 1917 and it made conscription (compulsory military service) mandatory for all Europeans permanently residing in British India between the ages of 16 and 50.The Indian Defence Force incorporated the Europeans and Indians in separate sections, i.e. the British and the Indian sections. While Indians joined the force as volunteers, the Europeans were conscripted. The major reason to establish this force was to release regular troops from garrison duties during the First World War.Later in the year 1920, the Territorial Army was raised by the Britishers. It had two wings, 'The Auxiliary Force' for Europeans & Anglo-Indians and ‘The Indian Territorial Force’ for Indian Volunteers.Territorial Army Act was passed in 1948 and TA was raised after it was formally inaugurated by the first Indian Governor General Shri C Rajagopalachari on 09 Oct 1949, which is celebrated every year as the Prime Minister's TA Day Parade.The Territorial Army initially had various types of units such as armoured regiments, infantry battalions, air defence, medical regiments, engineer field park companies, signal regiments, Electronic and Mechanical Engineers (EME) workshops, coast batteries, Army Service Corps GT Coy, ASC Compo Pl, and AMC field ambulances.By 1972 these units were either disbanded or converted into Regular Army units with the exception of infantry battalions.The Territorial Army has a present strength of approximately 40,000 first line troops (and 160,000 second line troops).Selection procedure of Territorial ArmyCandidates whose application forms are found correct are called for screening (Written Exam and Interview) by a Preliminary Interview Board (PIB) by the respective TA Group Headquarters.Successful candidates further undergo evaluation at a Service Selection Board (SSB), which is exactly similar to SSB for any other entry. The selection at the SSB is followed by a Medical Board for final selection.Syllabus for Exam, No of Questions & MarksTime: Maximum time for each paper is 02 hrs and will be conducted in two sessions from 10:00 hrs to 12:00 hrs and 14:00 hrs to 16:00 hrs.Type of Exam: Objective (OMR Answer Sheet will be used).Qualifying Marks: The candidates will have to score minimum 40% marks in each paper separately and have an overall average of 50% to qualify.Penalty for Wrong Answers: There will be penalty imposed for wrong answers marked by a candidate as under:-There will be four possible answers to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given by the candidate, half of the mark assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty.If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happens to be correct. Penalty will be imposed as above.There will be no penalty for questions not attempted.For Ex Service Officers OnlyEx Service Officers of three services as a candidate should send their application alongwith enclosures as mentioned in application form to Addl Directorate General TA, Integrated HQ of MoD (Army), ‘L’ Block, New Delhi-01.The candidates are screened by an Army HQ Selection Board (ASB) held at Addl Dte Gen TA Army HQ, ‘L’ Block, New Delhi which is followed by a Medical Board for successful candidatesPay and AllowancesPay and Allowances and privileges will be same as Regular Army Officers when embodied for training and military service. Promotions upto Lt Col by time scale subject to fulfilling laid down criteria. Promotion to Colonel and Brigadier by selection.Territorial Army Incentives and Service BenefitsPromotion to higher as per authorization.Free rations, CSD facilities and medical facilities to self and dependants when embodied for training, military service or when posted on permanent staff.Facilities of leave, leave encashment, accommodation and leave travel concessions when embodied for training, military service or on Permanent Staff.Entitlement to all medals and awards as applicable to the Regular Army.Rank Pay as applicable to Regular Army.DA as applicable during service embodiment.Special increments on completion of 3 to 5 Annual Training Camps.Entitlement to pension for officers with 20 years and JCOs and Other Ranks with 15 years aggregate embodied service (actual physical service).Facilities of Army Welfare Housing Organisation after 10 years of embodied/physical service.Terminal gratuity at the time of discharge/retirement (other than civil Govt employees).Ex-servicemen status and free medical facilities to pensioners.Certain State Govts and Departments give the following incentives to TA personnels :-Cash award varying from Rs 2500/- to 5000/- by State Govts on award of TA Decoration/TA Medal.Multi allowance and lump sum Daily allowance by departments like ONGC and IOC.Territorial Army Service EmbodimentAll personnel of infantry and Departmental TA will be called out for service embodiment by the Central Government or the authority empowered by it to do so, on the eve of national Emergency or for Internal Security duties and training exercises. Failure to report for service on such occasions is punishable under the Territorial Army Act 1948.Territorial Army personnel are entitled to the following benefits from the Defence Estimates during embodiment for training and service embodiment:A goods train manned by TA personnel during 1971 war operating in Eastern Sector.Pay and allowances and Service Benefits – When embodied as applicable to Regular Army.Camp allowance of Rs 10/- per day when attending camps or courses of instruction (For Officers).Increment On completion of 365 days of physical service.Bounty Rs 450/- to Officers Rs 300/- for JCOs and Rs 175/- to Other Ranks of infantry units, on completion of minimum 80% of annual training camp every year.TA Group Insurance benefits to personnel of non-departmental TA units.Terminal gratuity : After completing 5 years of physical service or 10 years of total service to personnel other than civil Govt. employees.Pension : On Completion of 20 years physical service to officers and 15 years to JCOs/OR other than civil Govt. employees.Family/disability Pension is also admissible as applicable to Regular Army.Leave as admissible to Regular Army personnel during embodiment of service and appointment on permanent instructional staff.Accumulation and encashment of leave accrued during the above period, as per terms and conditions laid down from time to time.Ex-servicemen status to pensioners and disability pension holders and Gallantry award winners.Free Medical treatment to self and dependants in respect of all pension holders.Outfit allowance: @Rs 6000/- at the time of commissioning and after every 7 years of physical service or 10 years of commissioned service to officers, Rs 3200/- to Honorary Commissioned officers and Rs 500/- to JCOs.Medals and Awards as applicable to Regular Army. In addition, TA officers are entitled to TA Decoration on completion of 20 years and JCOs and OR to TA medal on completion of 12 years meritorious service.Now, For many aspirants, earning a rank, and prefixing it in one’s name itself, wraps everything up, after reading various aspects of territorial army, ask yourself what would be your reason to join TA……!!!!!!!Do reply in comment sections.Source:-Officers Selectionhttp://www.olivegreens.co.in/blo...Territorial Army 2 2016 Entry Pay ScalesTerritorial Army India Full Recruitment ProcessExam Pattern and Syllabus of Territorial Army 2016All The BestThank You.!

Update: I have decided to update my answer after reading the answer of Noor Sayeed , which has several shortcomings.To begin with, I am not sure whether you have copied the points from somewhere or whether they are your own but I ll assume them to be your views.Nowadays, you can see a CA firm in every corner of the city. They just hang a board and rent a room and alas there is a brand new CA firm. I doubt any article will learn anything valuable form this kind of environment. I strongly recommend that ICAI should have a quality control towards setting up of CA firms.Yes, anybody can open a CA firm today but not everybody can hire a article, there are experience categories after which you can employ an article. In the first 3 years, they cannot even keep a article. So basically only a 3 year old firm can do it.Further, there is concept of Peer review which is undertaken in order to maintain the quality of firms.Friends, every year as per my rough calculation 60-70000 students clear CA IPCC and are eligible for doing articleship. But do we really have enough vacancies in these BIG 4s or other top firms who can actually provide you good training so that you can become a so called “Successful person” after Qualifying?? The answer is NO and thus a student is forced to do articleship in a small or mid size CA firm in order to not to delay his CA Final attempt where work is seasonal.Big 4 articleship has its advantages but articleship in small and mid sized does not make you unsuccessful. What if someone wants to start his own firm? Big 4 is definitely not the best place to learn that.Not every budding CA wants to be an auditor. If you want to get into finance or taxation, there is not much you will learn in your articleship.Now, you see what you did there? You assumed everybody does articleship in Big 4 where they hire only for audit. Apart from the big firms, nearly all the other firms and work in finance and taxation. Taxation is quite obvious, but for those who would argue on finance, let me clarify finance includes a lot of things some which being accountancy, financial projections etc. and these are given to articles in many firms.At present, students can start the course from Std 12 after appearing for an entrance exam or join directly after graduation. A commerce graduate need to score 55% marks and it is 60% for others.Why you can’t raise the % one should get in 12th to be eligible to sit in entrance exam as with such low % a students can’t even think of entering into a good commerce college and lot of students sit in this entrance just because they are not offered a seat in a college and thus even the non deserving candidates even sit for CPT and sometimes luckily clearWoah, this is a big blunder. I hope you read these two statements again. You have confused the minimum criteria of graduation with minimum percentage of 12th. But still, since the student is joining immediately after 12th std, he is made to appear CPT to check his calibre. The marks in 12th std can never form the basis of entrance in CA.IIT's and IIM's are prestigious degree just like Chartered Accountancy. There entry is limited, they maintain a standard. This is what should be followed.I do not understand this comparison. How can you compare a college with a degree?? If there is something to compare, then compare CAT with CPT you will get the idea where more students are taken in for the course.In my opinion the entry for CA course should be made tough. After 3 to 4 years the student realiases that he is not fit to become CA with lot of failures to his credit, not only that even the family suffers thinking that their child will be a CA one day or the otherSo you want the institute to start asking Income tax sections to the 17 year olds appearing for CPT?? The course has been designed by keeping a standard set of students in mind. Normally a student gives CPT after 12 th std, so level has been decided accordingly, some appear very late so for them it is easier.For this very reason direct entry scheme was introduced which skips the CPT level and they give IPCC directly, which by no means is easy.I would also comment on the controversial Regulation 39 by using a quote of the Court. Court explained the standard process of moderation in Sanjay Singh v. U.P. Public Service Commission - 2007 (3) SCC 720 thus:“When a large number of candidates appear for an examination, it is necessary to have uniformity and consistency in valuation of the answerscripts. Where the number of candidates taking the examination are limited and only one examiner (preferably the paper-setter himself) evaluates the answer-scripts, it is to be assumed that there will be uniformity in the valuation. But where a large number of candidates take the examination, it will not be possible to get all the answer-scripts evaluated by the same examiner. It, therefore, becomes necessary to distribute the answer-scripts among several examiners for valuation with the paper-setter (or other senior person) acting as the Head Examiner. When more than one examiner evaluate the answer-scripts relating to a subject, the subjectivity of the respective examiner will creep into the marks awarded by him to the answer- scripts allotted to him for valuation. Each examiner will apply his own yardstick to assess the answer-scripts. Inevitably therefore, even when experienced examiners receive equal batches of answer scripts, there is difference in average marks and the range of marks awarded, thereby affecting the merit of individual candidates. This apart, there is 'Hawk- Dove' effect. Some examiners are liberal in valuation and tend to award more marks. Some examiners are strict and tend to give less marks. Some may be moderate and balanced in awarding marks. Even among those who are liberal or those who are strict, there may be variance in the degree of strictness or liberality. This means that if the same answer-script is given to different examiners, there is all likelihood of different marks being assigned. If a very well written answer-script goes to a strict examiner and a mediocre answer-script goes to a liberal examiner, the mediocre answer-script may be awarded more marks than the excellent answer-script. In other words, there is 'reduced valuation' by a strict examiner and 'enhanced valuation' by a liberal examiner. This is known as 'examiner variability' or 'Hawk-Dove effect'. Therefore, there is a need to evolve a procedure to ensure uniformity inter se the Examiners so that the effect of 'examiner subjectivity' or 'examiner variability' is minimised”This document has explained it in detail. Refer here http://www.techeduhry.nic.in/RTI/ICAI-Vs-Shaunak.pdfI will not comment on Subjects and Soft skills topic because it is redundant. Not because it is not a valid point but the new amendments of ICAI seeks to take care of these things. New subjects are being introduced and CPE hour like concept for students is under way. Since ICAI is a statutory body, Govt approvals are needed and hence it will take some time.Considering the teacher’s spoon feed, there is a huge tendency of cramming concepts over and over again without understanding the practical application. As a result people get the degree but lack on knowledge. Further, CAs lack on analytical and reasoning skills because of the lack of case studies in curriculumYou have given the best reason why articleship is needed.Most of the students have the tendency of taking lessons taught in tuitions at face value without questioning or going to the extent of researching further over the net.We live in a democratic country and so nothing can be forced upon them.Lastly, I agree there are some flaws in the system and constructive criticism is always welcome. Blaming the system does not help because at the end of the day it is we only who make the ICAI, so it is imperative upon us to make the changes.Original AnswerThe one fact which is well known in the entire community is CA's are sterotyped. If you talk to a typical laymen, for him CA means someone who does tax filing work. Even audit is a far off thing for them.Now, for someone who does not primarily practice in tax and did not get much exposure in tax during the articleship period, it becomes very difficult to save his face in the society as people consider him as a fake CA and just downgrade him.

How long is Covid active on packages (cardboard), door knobs (steel, copper), plastic, and in the air?[Update 1/19/21]: A newer Oct 2020 study shows up to 14 days on cloth under indoor conditions (no sunlight). 28+ days on other surfaces.At 20 °C, infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus was still detectable after 28 days post inoculation, for all non-porous surfaces tested (glass, polymer note, stainless steel, vinyl and paper notes). The recovery of SARS-CoV-2 on porous material (cotton cloth) was reduced compared with most non-porous surfaces, with no infectious virus recovered past day 14 post inoculation.The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces (Virology Journal, 10/7/20)Covid virus ‘survives for 28 days’ in lab conditions (BBC, 10/11/20)Back in Mar 2020, there were two major studies: Hong Kong & US.(1) Hong Kong University: 3/15/20 preprint (4/2/20 published in Lancet)Studied pipetted dropletsPaper & Tissue: 30 min+, undetectable at 3 hrsWood, Cloth: 1 day+, undetectable at 2 daysGlass, Banknote: 2 days+, undetectable at 4 daysSteel, Plastic, Surgical Mask (inner layer): 4 days+, undetectable at 7 daysSurgical Mask (outer layer): 7 days+5 min hand soap is not long enough to inactivate virus.20 sec of hand-washing might be enough to flush virus down the sink.- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions (Chin et al., medRxiv preprint, 3/15/20)- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions (Chin et al., Lancet, 4/2/20). Supplemental tables https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3/attachment/cb3624c2-996e-4202-a337-5cf60df1021e/mmc1.pdf (link in the paper doesn’t seem to work properly on my laptop).(2) US: Princeton, UCLA, NIH (National Institutes of Health): 3/9/20 preprint (3/17/20 published in NEJM)Studied aerosols.Air: 3 hoursCardboard: 1 day, 2 days to be undetectableSteel: 2–3 days, 4 days to be undetectablePlastic: 3 days, 4 days to be undetectableAt room temperature. Scientists store viruses in freezers for years.Note: No data yet on fabric (clothing), different temperatures or humidities.- How long can the novel coronavirus survive on surfaces and in the air? (Economist diagram, 3/19/20)How to clean packages:Hello I'm not trying to panic but my question is I ordered a package from China before the outbreak is this package safe for me to open once it gets here I know a lot of people are wondering the same thing? in Coronavirus WatchIf you don’t want a lot of details, you can skip the rest of this answer.Stay safe.Medium-length answer:(1) Hong Kong University: 3/15/20 preprint (4/2/20 published in Lancet)Studied pipetted droplets. This research group also looked at virus lifetimes at different temperatures.It is poorly written. Unclear what temperature these surfaces were studied at.Paper & Tissue: 30 min+, undetectable at 3 hrsWood, Cloth: 1 day+, undetectable at 2 daysGlass, Banknote: 2 days+, undetectable at 4 daysSteel, Plastic, Surgical Mask (inner layer): 4 days+, undetectable at 7 daysSurgical Mask (outer layer): 7 days+5 min hand soap is not long enough to inactivate virus.20 sec of hand-washing might be enough to flush virus down the sink.- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions (Chin et al, medRxiv preprint, 3/15/20)- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions (Chin et al., Lancet, 4/2/20). Supplemental tables https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3/attachment/cb3624c2-996e-4202-a337-5cf60df1021e/mmc1.pdf (link in the paper doesn’t seem to work properly on my laptop).(2) US: Princeton, UCLA, NIH (National Institutes of Health): 3/9/20 preprint (3/17/20 published in NEJM)Update 3/21/20: Previous half-life numbers from a 3/9/20 preprint were wrong. They have been revised (dropped by 50–70%) in the final 3/17/20 version (after peer-review).From bioXriv preprint by Princeton, UCLA, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) (3/9/20) and final NEJM correspondence (3/17/20)Old pre-print Covid half-lives were TOO HIGH:Aerosol 2.74 hrs (1.65–7.24 hrs)Copper 2.4 (2.4–5.11)Cardboard 8.45 (5.95–12.4)Steel 13.1 (10.5–16.1)Plastic 15.9 (13–19.2)Final NEJM version half-lives:Boldface numbers are visual estimates from small graphs.Regular numbers are from text in the paper.Copper 0.8 hrs (0.43–1.3 hrs)Aerosol 1.1–1.2 hrs (0.64–2.64 hrs)Cardboard 3.5 hrs (2–5 hrs)Steel 5.6 hrs (4.5–7 hrs)Plastic 6.8 hrs (5.5–8.5 hrs)- Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 | NEJM (NEJM final correspondence, 3/17/20)——Long version (more than you ever wanted to know):Twitter comments from Dr. Angela Rasmussen about the impact of this paper.“…suggesting that HCoV-19 doesn't last more than a day on cardboard. People who are concerned about receiving packages should take note. People who handle packages/delivery people should take extra hand hygiene/protection precautions.”- Dr. Angela Rasmussen on Twitter (3/11/20)“The key takeaway is that #SARSCoV2 #HCoV19 is very similar to SARS classic in how long the virus can remain infectious in all these circumstances. Both retain infectivity longest on plastic and stainless steel, although this is reduced substantially after 48-72 hours.Furthermore, both viruses also showed a 3-log decrease in infectious virus on stainless steel and plastic surfaces after 48-72 hours. This suggests that, while viruses can stay on some surfaces for days, their infectious titer is greatly reduced (1000-fold).”- Dr. Angela Rasmussen on Twitter (3/11/20)“This data suggests that aerosolized virus half-life is measured in hours, and aerosols generated by these medical procedures will not persist for days, for example in the hospital procedure rooms.Both SARS-2 and SARS classic viruses remain infectious after 3 hours as experimentally-generated aerosols. However, there is a 1-log reduction in virus titer, meaning that the number of infectious virus units decreased by a factor of 10 after 3 hours.It's also important to note that neither SARS-CoV classic nor SARS-CoV-2/HCoV19/COVID-19 normally form aerosols. These are only generated under very specific circumstances during certain hospital procedures (bronchoscopy, intubation).”- Dr. Angela Rasmussen on Twitter (3/11/20)Diagrams and text excerpts from preprint:Note: The first four diagrams are ok.The table and aerosol chart are incorrect. Possibly, reviewers pointed out to the authors that calculations were off.Note: This TEXT IS OUT-OF-DATE.“We found that viable virus could be detected in aerosols up to 3 hours post aerosolization, up to 4 hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.HCoV-19 and SARS-CoV-1 exhibited similar half-lives in aerosols, with median estimates around 2.7 hours.Both viruses show relatively long viability on stainless steel and polypropylene compared to copper or cardboard: the median half-life estimate for HCoV-19 is around 13 hours on steel and around 16 hours on polypropylene.Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of HCoV-19 is plausible, as the virus can remain viable in aerosols for multiple hours and on surfaces up to days.We found that the half-life of HCoV-19 on cardboard is longer than the half-life of SARS-CoV-1. It should be noted that individual replicate data were noticeably noisier for this surface than the other 5 surfaces tested (Figures S1–S5), so we advise caution in interpreting this result.”- Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217v1.full.pdf (3/9/20)Newer information (3/17/20) with updated half-life numbers:“The half-lives of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 were similar in aerosols, with median estimates of approximately 1.1 to 1.2 hours and 95% credible intervals of 0.64 to 2.64 for SARS-CoV-2 and 0.78 to 2.43 for SARS-CoV-1.The half-lives of the two viruses were also similar on copper.On cardboard, the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was longer than that of SARS-CoV-1.The longest viability of both viruses was on stainless steel and plastic; the estimated median half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was approximately 5.6 hours on stainless steel and 6.8 hours on plastic.”- Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 | NEJM (NEJM final correspondence, 3/17/20)Older info on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and “common cold” viruses.“Coronaviruses like the Wuhan virus can travel only about six feet from the infected person. It’s unknown how long they live on surfaces.Some other viruses, like measles, can travel up to 100 feet…”- How Bad Will the Coronavirus Outbreak Get? Here Are 6 Key Factors (New York Times, 1/31/20)“Both influenza virus and SARS-CoV surrogates have been shown to survive for extended periods on N95 respirator material. This survival represents a barrier to the reuse of N95 respirators. One approach is to disinfect the N95 respirators. Several candidate technologies have been evaluated for the disinfection of N95 respirators; UV light, hydrogen peroxide vapour, and ethylene oxide show most promise.We reviewed the capacity of viruses with pandemic potential, influenza SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, to survive on dry surfaces. The experimental methods used to test survival are important, but it seems that surface survival of SARS/MERS-CoV is greater than that of influenza virus.”- Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. (2015)“The human coronavirus associated with the common cold was reported to remain viable only for 3 hours on environmental surfaces after drying, although it remains viable for many days in liquid suspensionIn the present study, we have demonstrated that SARS CoV can survive at least two weeks after drying at temperature and humidity conditions found in an air-conditioned environment. The virus is stable for 3 weeks at room temperature in a liquid environment but it is easily killed by heat at 56°C for 15 minutes. This indicates that SARS CoV is a stable virus that may potentially be transmitted by indirect contact or fomites.It may also explain why Singapore, which is also in tropical area, had most of its SARS outbreaks in hospitals (air-conditioned environment).Interestingly, during the outbreak of SARS in Guangzhou, clinicians kept the windows of patient rooms open and well ventilated and these may well have reduced virus survival and this reduced nosocomial transmission.SARS CoV can retain its infectivity up to 2 weeks at low temperature and low humidity environment, which might facilitate the virus transmission in community as in Hong Kong which locates in subtropical area.“- The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus (2011)“SARS-CoV has been reported to survive for 36 h on stainless steel…At ambient ATs (around 20°C), coronaviruses can survive for 2 days while losing only 1 to 2 log10 infectivity, depending on the RH.Nasopharyngeal aspirates from infected individuals with SARS can have viral loads ranging from 105 to 108 genome templates/ml, suggesting that respiratory secretions from SARS patients may contain infectious virus.If deposited on surfaces in these types of secretions, coronaviruses could potentially survive on surfaces in health care environments for days.Evidence of SARS-CoV nucleic acids on surfaces and inanimate objects in hospitals has been reported. However, there are no data on the occurrence of infectious SARS-CoV on these surfaces.The dose-response relationship and minimal infectious doses for infection of humans by SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses have also not been defined.”- Effects of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Coronavirus Survival on Surfaces (NIH, 2010)“Laboratory studies have shown that the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus can survive up to 2 days on plastic surfaces and at least that long in human feces, the World Health Organization (WHO) has announced.The studies, done by WHO network labs in Hong Kong, Japan, and Germany, also show that the virus can survive in urine for at least 24 hours, the WHO reported. Virus from the feces of patients suffering diarrhea, which is less acidic than normal stool, was found to survive for 4 days."However, the dose of virus needed to cause infection remains unknown," the WHO statement said.”- SARS virus can last 2 days on surfaces and in feces (WHO, 2003)“Many different types of viruses can cause colds. The viruses can sometimes survive on indoor surfaces for more than 7 days. In general, viruses survive for longer on non-porous (water resistant) surfaces, such as stainless steel and plastics, than porous surfaces, such as fabrics and tissues. Although cold viruses have been shown to survive on surfaces for several days, their ability to cause an infection reduces rapidly and they don't often survive longer than 24 hours.Most viruses which cause colds only survive on hands for a short amount of time. Some only last for a few minutes but 40% of rhinoviruses, a common cold-causing virus, are still infectious on hands after an hour.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), another cold-like virus that can cause serious illness in children, can survive on worktops and door handles for up to 6 hours, on clothing, and tissues for 30 to 45 minutes and on skin for up to 20 minutes.”- How long do bacteria and viruses live outside the body? (UK NHS, National Health Service)“Surgical masks are highly effective against large airborne droplets.These traditional masks are less effective with small droplets, as they can travel farther and in unpredictable paths affected by wind and other gusts. The droplets can be inhaled around the sides of the masks.”- Blisse Edgerton's answer to What should you know about the new strain of coronavirus in China?Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents (2/12/20) is an analysis of 22 previous SARS/MERS/virus studies.It’s the source of “survive up to 9 days on uninfected surface, study finds”.See also Mitchell Tsai's answer to How serious is the 2019–20 Coronavirus?