Integrated Water Resources: Fill & Download for Free

Apart from restoration of territorial integrity and rights of refugees?One of the main of problems of Azerbaijan is scarcity of drinkable water resources. Only two rivers (Kura and Araxes) passing through territory of Azerbaijan have 500km length. These two rivers are being polluted by neighboring countries and make it useless for drinking. Several projects have been implemented to overcome the problem but could not cover whole country. After liberation of Karabakh Azerbaijan can increase its drinkable water resources.Azerbaijan suffers from scarcity of forests. Soil of Kura-Araxes lowland is mainly arid and saline so that huge area is less useless for agriculture.

Try to choose a topic which is important for your country/state and have a scope of work. Because as a researcher you have responsibility solve to the problem of your own area first. I have some suggestions for your thesis topic:A numerical model to reduce Salinity in the coastal area.Integrated Water resources management (IWRM) - Hot topicIntegrated River basin managementTransboundary river issue, water war - Hot topicHydropower development - Hot topicIntegrated Flood Management (IFM)Sustainable use of water (Gray Water Reuse)Fluvial systems and riverine processesWatershed management (Numerical model)Wish you best of luck for your thesis. Thank you.

Before starting my answer my sincere request to all of you is, please don’t involve yourself in any kind of violence, sharing hate messages, hate speeches. We are not two states but we are one Nation! Yes, we are Indians and Kaveri belongs to all of us. Let us resolve the problem peacefully.Kaveri river water dispute is very sensitive issue between states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.I will try my level best to address this issue without any bias.What is the problem?States of Karnataka (K), Kerala (M), Tamil Nadu (T) and Puduchery (P) are riparian states of the river Kaveri,claims for water of Kaveri [6]Karnataka (K): 425 billion ft³Tamil Nadu(T): 566 billion ft³Kerala (M) : 100 billion ft³Puduchery (P): 10 billion ft³Total requirement of the water by all these states comes around 1100 billion ft³ but average estimated water available in the river is around 730 billion ft³.Kaveri water is very crucial for the states Karnataka & Tamil Nadu as most of the farmers in the Kaveri delta dependent on the water. Considering the fact that significant area of these regions of both the states comes under drought prone area, water of Kaveri is very essential.Approximately, 30% of the water river sources are in Tamil Nadu and 53% are in Karnataka. Approximately 54% of the river basin area is in Tamil Nadu and 42% is in Karnataka [5]. Since maximum water resources of Kaveri comes under Karnataka, state wants to use the maximum extent of water. Since Tamil Nadu has maximum river basin area and using the maximum water from ancient time, claims for more water from Karnataka.Whenever I look into facts of Kannadigas and Tamilians, I feel both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu has some valid points in their arguments. What are their arguments.What are Karnataka's Arguments ?Karnataka has 42% of total Kaveri basin area but getting only 37% of total water share. Hence water sharing formulas to be reviewed considering the river catchment area into account. [1]Karnataka should get even more share considering the fact that 63% of Kaveri basin area of Karnataka comes under drought affected area, whereas only 29% of the Kaveri basin of Tamil Nadu is drought affected.[2]Giving water to Tamil Nadu at the cost of Karnataka farmers is not justifiable during monsoon failed years.Karnataka gets benefits from South western monsoon and it shares significant amount of water with Tamil Nadu. Whereas Tamil Nadu gets good amount of rainfall during North eastern monsoon which need not to be shared with anyone. This is unfair.What are Tamil Nadu's Arguments ?From ancient times Tamil Nadu consumes maximum amount of Kaveri water. Constructing the dam and using the water for new requirements hamper the people who are dependent on the water resources. Karnataka should stop diverting the water to new requirements.Tamil Nadu has 70% of the geographical area of the Karnataka but it's population is 120% of Karnataka. ( Population density of Karnataka: 319, Tamil Nadu:555) Hence Tamil Nadu should get more water as most of these people dependent on the water of Kaveri.[3]1924 agreement is foundation to the development of key projects in both the states therefore, it cannot be changed now as any such change will have significant detrimental effects.[4]Denying the water to Tamil Nadu just considering the farmers of Karnataka is not correct. As a nation we should share the water in equitable manner to get equal benefits to both of the states.Arguments of both of these states are valid considering the fact that both of these states dependent on the river. Let us analyse some more data before considering any action steps.How water allocated and utilized ?As per the final guidelines of water tribunal, water get shared from the states as below.[6]Tamil Nadu : 419 TMCKarnataka : 270 TMCKerala : 30 TMCPuduchery : 7 TMCUtilization of waterKaveri is one of the best utilized river in India. Almost 95% of the water get utilized. Major portion of the water goes to irrigation (85% approx.) and some extent for drinking water purposes (15%). Karnataka has major contribution in utilizing the water for drinking purposes. For example Bangalore, Mandya etc.Canals are main resources of irrigation in Kaveri districts.1/4th of total food grains of Karnataka is grown in these area.1/3rd of the rice cultivation of TN comes from these districts.Mandya and Mysore utilizes most of the water in Karnataka. Similarly Tanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Erode districts of Tamil Nadu utilizes the maximum water for irrigation.Major parts of these irrigated areas grow water intensive crops like sugarcane and paddy.How can we solve the problem ?1. Reduce water intensive cropsConsidering the fact that most of these Kaveri basin grows water intensive crops like Paddy and Sugarcane which consumes huge amount of water. It is very good idea to gradually shift from water intensive crops to oil seeds, pulses and millets can help to resolve the issue for certain extent. [7] Also paddy varieties that use half the water per KG can be implemented.SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method for agriculture of paddy helps to substantially reduce the water consumption by improving yield. Government should try to encourage such system in the river basin area.2. Reduce dependency on agricultureContribution of of agriculture to Karnataka's GDP is approx. 16-18 % whereas 65% of people dependent on it. That is similar in case of Tamil Nadu too. [8] That keeps farmers always poor as lot of people dependent on very small portion of the income. Unavailability of the water becomes very big issue as it is a matter of huge population.Reducing this burden on agriculture by giving more opportunities to industry and service sectors reduces the total number of farmers dependent on small piece of land. That helps to introduce effective utilization of water in bigger farms.3. Use technology and develop adaptive farming techniques.Develop mathematical models to estimate the water availability in the river based on the rain estimation of the particular year. Based on the details decide the particular crop/crops to be grown in the particular area.For example, if estimation says monsoon fails in the particular year then ask the farmers to grow oil seeds, millets etc. If the monsoon is good ask to grow sugarcane , paddy etc.4. Develop/Revive alternative water resourcesBangalore is one of the major consumer of drinking water from Kaveri river. Which can be systematically addressed by reviving the lakes of Bangalore. Also reviving the rivers like Arkavati etc will help to reduce the dependability of the river.Similarly Tamil Nadu for instance had 40000 lakes in the year 1960. By the year 2000, it had lost 10,000 lakes! That's a huge number of lakes lost to pollution, industrial waste and encroachment. [5]Conservation methods like rain water harvesting etc. can reduce the dependency of Kaveri water upto 10%.5. Give and take policiesKarnataka also facing similar problems with Maharashtra, where Karnataka gets water by paying money.[10] Similar-way negotiations can be made between Karrnataka and Tamil Nadu.For example, Karnataka can ask for power (since it is facing lot of issues) from Tamil Nadu for the for the water that is provided. Such policies helps to both of the states.6. River linking projectsLinking the water access rivers to the river like would be one of the good idea as it increases the water level of the river. Godavari Kaveri river linking is one of the proposed project. However, actions to be taken considering the pros and cons of the project into consideration.[11]7. Conserve waterThere are many ways to reduce the water usage in urban and rural areas. Even for irrigation purposes. Introducing such effective methods helps to reduce the water usage.8. Promotion of micro irrigationDrip irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation etc. can be effectively implemented wherever possible. Effective implimentation of recently launched PM Krishi Sichayi Yojna can reduce the dependency on the water to great extent.9. Creation of Kaveri water management boardIndependent and integrated water management board with complete autonomy to water sharing, water management, dam and reservoir management in the entire river basin would help to de-politicization and efficient management of water.[12]Conclusion:Though Kaveri river water problem is a challenge, it can be effectively addressed by existing technology and expertise. However the politicization of the issue posing very high difficulty to bring change in the system.Political parties of both of the states using the issue as trump card to get votes. In-order to effectively address the issue, it is very important to keep away politics in the Kaveri river water problem.Thank you for reading! We can resolve the problem peacefully. Damaging the vehicle, troubling anyone is not a solution to the problem. Please, don’t involve yourself from such activities.References:[1] Cauvery tribunal[2] Page on brad.ac.uk[3] Density of India[4]Page on wrmin.nic.in[5] Kaveri River Water Sharing : What Are The Solutions?[6]Centre notifies Cauvery Tribunal final award[7] Moving from paddy and sugarcane to less water-intensive crops such as oilseeds, pulses and millets can help resolve the Cauvery water dispute[8]Page on iosrjournals.org[9] http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/wlc12/O%20-%20Social%20Cultural%20Aspects%20Participation%20for%20Management/O-20.pdf.[10] Karnataka to pay advance for water release[11] India's National River-Linking Project[12] Return of the Cauvery crisis