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The question has since been edited. My answer is based on the question that was asked initially (a few hours ago).“Since Ramesses III descended from CT-M168 Caucasian Eurasian Adam, doesn’t it also mean the Ancient Egyptians were always Middle Eastern Semites”?The question only leaves me with more questions. Caucasian Eurasian? I’m going to assume Caucasian is meant in the racial sense of the term synonymous with "European descent" or "white". Eurasians are a mix of European and Asians. Asians are also ‘white’ in the racialized context of the word.The ancient Egyptians were NOT a Middle Eastern or Semitic people. They did not speak a Semitic language. They were autochthonous Nile Valley Africans who spoke an Afroasiatic language. Even though I disagree with the term Afroasiatic because it’s an antiquated term, I use it here as it is generally understood (for now) in science. It was much worse (formerly Hamito-Semitic).MAINSTREAM SCIENCE DOESN'T SUPPORT A FOREIGN MIDDLE EASTERN, MEDITERRANEAN OR MESOPOTAMIAN ORIGIN FOR THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS… AT ALLQuote:“THE ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN ETHNICITY LAY IN THE AREAS SOUTH OF EGYPT. The ancient Egyptian language belonged to the Afrasian family (also called Afroasiatic or, formerly, Hamito-Semitic). The speakers of the earliest Afrasian languages, according to recent studies, were a set of peoples whose lands between 15,000 and 13,000 B.C.stretched from Nubia in the west to far northern Somalia in the east. They supported themselves by gathering wild grains. The first elements of Egyptian culture were laid down two thousand years later, between 12,000 and 10,000 B.C., when some of these communities EXPANDED NORTHWARD INTO EGYPT, BRINGING WITH THEM A LANGUAGE DIRECTLY ANCESTRAL TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. They also introduced to Egypt the idea of using wild grains as food”.“During the long era between about 10,000 and 6000 B.C., new kinds of southern influences diffused into Egypt. During these millennia, the Sahara had a wetter climate than it has today, with grassland or steppes in many areas that are now almost absolute desert. New wild animals, most notably the cow, spread widely in the eastern Sahara in this period”.“One of the exciting archeological events of the past twenty years was the discovery that the peoples of the steppes and grasslands to the immediate south of Egypt domesticated these cattle, as early as 9000 to 8000 B.C. The societies involved in this momentous development included Afrasians and neighboring peoples whose languages belonged to a second major African language family, Nilo-Saharan (Wendorf, Schild, Close 1984; Wendorf, et al. 1982).The earliest domestic cattle came to Egypt apparently from these southern neighbors, probably before 6000 B.C., NOT AS WE USED TO THINK, FROM THE MIDDLE EAST”.Citation Source: Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture. Christopher Ehret, Professor of History, African Studies Chair, University of California at Los Angeles.Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff was a Russian historian, linguist, and translator and a renowned expert on the Ancient Near East and its languages.Quote:“..Egypt was essentially settled by INDIGENOUS elements CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH GROUPS FROM THE SAHARAN AND SUDANIC REGION MOVING UP INTO THE NILE VALLEY, AND EXCLUDED ANY SIGNIFICANT INFLUX FROM MEDITERRANEANS, MESOPOTAMIANS OR OTHERS NOT INDIGENOUS TO THE AREA. Migration theories sometimes rely on the introduction of cattle herding, but archealogical data (Wendorf 2001, Wettstrom 1999) suggests that the peoples of the Sahara had ALREADY independently domesticated cattle in the early Holocene eastern Sahara, followed by the gradual adoption of grain cultivation, or gradual adoption of Near Eastern domesticates into an already established foraging and subsistence economy, rather than an influx of outsiders bringing benefits to the MODERN SCHOLARSHIP HAS MOVED AWAY FROM EARLIER NOTIONS OF A "HAMITIC" RACE SPEAKING HAMITO-SEMETIC LANGUAGES, AND PLACES THE EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE IN A MORE LOCALIZED CONTEXT, CENTERED AROUND ITS GENERAL SAHARAN AND NILOTIC ROOTS (F. Yurco "An Egyptological Review", 1996).Citation Source: M.Diakonoff, Journal of Semitic Studies, 43,209 (1998).Donald Bruce Redford (born September 2, 1934) is a Canadian Egyptologist and archaeologist, currently Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University.Quote:“THE EVIDENCE ALSO POINTS TO LINKAGES TO OTHER NORTHEAST AFRICAN PEOPLES, not coincidentally approximating the modern range of languages closely related to Egyptian in the Afro-Asiatic group. THESE LINGUISTIC SIMILARITIES PLACE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN IN A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH LANGUAGES SPOKEN TODAY AS FAR WEST AS CHAD, AND AS FAR SOUTH AS SOMALIA. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ALSO STRONGLY SUPPORTS AN AFRICAN ORIGIN. A widespread northeastern African cultural assemblage, including distinctive multiple barbed harpoons and pottery decorated with dotted wavy line patterns, appears during the early Neolithic (also known as the Aqualithic, a reference to the mild climate of the Sahara at this time). SAHARAN AND SUDANESE ROCK ART FROM THIS TIME RESEMBLES EARLY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY. STRONG CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NUBIAN (SUDANESE) AND EGYPTIAN MATERIAL CULTURE CONTINUE IN LATER NEOLITHIC BADARIAN CULTURE OF UPPER EGYPT. Similarities include black-topped wares, vessels with characteristic ripple-burnished surfaces, a special tulip-shaped vessel with incised and white-filled decoration, palettes, and harpoons...Other ancient Egyptian practices showstrong similarities to modern African cultures including divine kingship, the use of headrests, body art, circumcision, and male coming-of-age rituals, ALL SUGGESTING AN AFRICAN SUBSTRATUM OR FOUNDATION FOR EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION..”Source: Donald B. Redford (2001) The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford University Press. p.28.Note: “Strong connections between Nubian (Sudanese) and Egyptian material culture of Upper Egypt”. “All suggesting an African substratum or foundation for Egyptian civilization”.Frank J. Yurco was an Egyptologist from Chicago. He died on 6 February 2004 at the age of 59. He contributed to controversy on a number of issues, but he’s probably best known for arguing that the ancient Egyptians were racially not substantially different from the modern Egyptian. That was early on in his career. Also a well-known critic of Afrocentricity.Quote:“THE GENERAL CONSENSUS OF THE FIELD HAS MOVED AWAY FROM EARLIER MASS MIGRATION NOTIONS OF OUTSIDE PEOPLES INTO EGYPT, OR OF SIGNIFICANT FOREIGN MOVEMENT DURING THE FORMATIVE AND EARLY STAGES OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION. Assyrians, Hyskos, Greeks, Romans, Arabs and others WERE TO COME LATER, when the flowering of the Nile Civilization was ALREADY WELL UNDERWAY AND ITS BASIC CONTOURS ESTABLISHED”.Source: Frank Yurco, "An Egyptological Review," 1996 in Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, 1996, The University of North Carolina Press, p. 62-100. Review, 15: 24-27, 29, 58.Christopher Ehret currently holds the position of Distinguished Research Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, is an American scholar of African history and African historical linguistics particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record.Ehret has made a career of studying the development of African languages, teasing from the linguistic history evidence for ancient social, economic, technological, and religious development. Ehret acknowledges that some readers may have trouble "getting comfortable with language evidence." The effort is worth the trouble. Languages "contain immense vocabulary resources that express and name the full range of cultural, economic, and environmental information available to their speakers."Quote:“Over the long run of northeastern African history, what emerges most strongly is the extent to which ANCIENT EGYPT’S CULTURE GREW FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN ROOTS. The earliest foundations of the culture that was to evolve into that of dynastic Egypt were laid, as we have already discovered, by Afrasan immigrants from the general direction of the southern Red Sea hills, who arrived probably well before 10,000 B.C.E. The new inhabitants brought with them a language directly ancestral to ancient Egyptian. They introduced to Egypt the idea of using wild grasses or grains as food. They also introduced a new religion Its central belief, in the efficacy of clan deities, explains the traceability of the ancient Egyptian gods to different particular Egyptians localities: originally they were the deities of the local communities, whose members in still earlier times had belonged to a clan or a group of related clans."Citation Source: Christopher Ehret. (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. p. 93.Günter Dreyer was an Egyptologist at the German Archaeological Institute. In southern Egypt, Dreyer discovered records of linen and oil deliveries which have been carbon-dated to between 3300 BCE and 3200 BCE, predating the Dynastic Period.Quote:“THE SOUTHERN AREA OF THE NILE VALLEY NOT ONLY PRODUCED ADVANCED MATERIAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION, BUT ALSO PIONEERED IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING AND COMMUNICATION VIA WRITING, CONTRADICTING CLAIMS OF AN OUTSIDE MEDITERRANEAN OR MESOPOTAMIAN INFLUX RESPONSIBLE FOR SUCH DEVELOPMENTS. In 1998 a German archaeological team under scholar Günter Dreyer, head of the German Archaeological Institute, excavated tombs associated with the Naqada culture and retrieved hundreds of clay artifacts inscribed with proto-hieroglyphs, dating to the 33rd century BC.”.Citation Source: Gunter Dreyer, Umm El-Quaab I-Das pradynastische Konigsgrab U-j and seine fruhennSchriftzeugnisse (1998)- translation: Umm El-Quaab I-The Predynastic Royal Tomb U-j and Its Early Writing-Evidence]; see also Allen, James Paul. 2000. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20.Joseph Harold Greenberg, (born May 28, 1915, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.—died May 7, 2001, Stanford, California), American anthropologist and linguist specializing in African languages and in language universals. Greenberg was the first to present a unified classification of African languages.Egyptian state founded from the south, and indigenous in character. State formation in ancient Egypt is not connected to or affiliated with any outside groups such as Mesopotamians, Mediterraneans or Levantine:Quote:“STATE FORMATION IN THE ANCIENT NILE VALLEY DOES NOT APPEAR TO HAVE TAKEN THE SUDDEN FORM SUGGESTED BY THE INFLUX OR INSPIRATION OF A DYNASTIC MEDITERRANEAN OR MESOPOTAMIAN RACE. INSTEAD MATERIAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES EVOLVED THE STATE GRADUALLY, in a slowly phased process SUGGESTING A DEGREE OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION WELL BEFORE THE 1st DYNASTY. These phases involved the emergence of dispersed kingdomsBOTH IN EGYPT (Kaiser and Dreyer 1982) AND POSSIBLY IN NUBIA (Williams 1987), WITH UP TO TEN INDIGENOUS RULERS IN PLACE BEFORE THE 1st DYNASTY. (Kaiser and Dreyer 1982). Such CONTINUITY CONFIRMS THE FORENSIC DATA of Zakrzewski (2007) and others noted above, and provides FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE INDIGENOUS GENESIS OF THE PHARAONIC STATE”.Source: Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) The Languages of Africa. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2.Kathryn A. Bard, Professor of Archaeology and Classical Studies. Title Professor of Archaeology and ... of the role of ideology in the evolution of complex society in Egypt, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.Quote:”Present evidence suggests that the state which emerged by the First Dynasty had its roots in the Nagada culture of Upper Egypt, where grave types, pottery and artifacts demonstrate an evolution of form from the Predynastic to the First Dynasty. This cannot be demonstrated for the material culture of Lower Egypt, which WAS EVENTUALLY DISPLACED BY THAT WHICH ORIGINATED IN UPPER EGYPT. Hierarchical society with much social and economic differentiation, as symbolized in the Nagada II cemeteries of Upper Egypt, does not seem to have been present, then, in Lower Egypt, a fact WHICH SUPPORTS AN UPPER EGYPTIAN ORIGIN FOR THE UNIFIED STATE. THUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE CANNOT SUPPORT EARLIER THEORIES THAT THE FOUNDERS OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION WERE AN INVADING DYNASTIC RACE FROM THE EAST..”Source: (Bard, Kathryn A. 1994 The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(3):265-288).References cited: https://www.researchgate.net/fil...“In this context the physical anthropological evidence indicates that the early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an AFRICAN LINEAGE, but EXHIBITING LOCAL VARIATION”.“This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection influenced by culture and geography”.Citation Source: Kathryn A. Bard (STEPHEN E. THOMPSON Egyptians, physical anthropology of Physical anthropology)Kathryn, A. Bard: The Encyclopedia of of the Archaeology of Ancient EgyptDr. Sonia Zakrzewski, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton, Faculty Member. Studies Biological Anthropology, Funerary Archaeology, and Bioarchaeology.Quote:“This CONTINUITY holds into the early dynastic period, in that elements from the South, (a region closer to the SAHARA and the SUDAN), BROUGHT ABOUT THE UNIFICATION OF UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT, USHERING IN THE EARLY EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES. This union is of monumental significance in Egyptian history, and was considered as such by the Egyptians themselves. It does not appear to be a crude tribal polity awaiting inspiration from Mediterranean or Near Eastern outsiders, as asserted by the now DISCREDITED DYNASTIC RACE THEORY. Union provided a stable umbrella that helped shape the creative and productive energies of their civilization for millennia to come. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1984 ed. Egypt, History of," p. 464-65)”.Citation Source: Zakrzewski, S.R. (2007). "Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132 (4): 501-509.Quote:“Studies of cranial morphology also support the use of a NUBIAN (Kerma) POPULATION FOR A COMPARISON OF THE DYNASTIC PERIOD, AS THIS GROUP IS LIKELY TO BE MORE CLOSELY GENETICALLY RELATED TO THE EARLY NILE VALLEY INHABITANTS THAN WOULD BE THE LATE DYNASTIC EGYPTIANS, WHO LIKELY EXPERIENCED SIGNIFICANT MIXING WITH OTHER MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS”.Source: Zakrzewski, S. (2002) Exploring Migration and Population Boundaries in Ancient Egypt: A Craniometric Case Study. Tempus, 7, 195-204.Population continuity or population change: formation of the ancient Egyptian state.Dr. Robert Bianchi received his Ph.D. in Egyptian, Greek and Roman Art from New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts and served as a curator for 15 years in the Department of Egyptian, Classical and Ancient Middle Eastern Art at The Brooklyn Museum.Dr. Bianchi has served as an advisor for the Learning Channel’s cable TV series, Archaeology. Dr. Bianchi is a popular lecturer and has led tours for Archaeological Tours to Greece, Sicily, Egypt, Syria, and the Balkans for more than 25 years.Quote:“Saharan-Sudanic inheritance of Nile Valley settlers. DATA ON THE PEOPLING OF THE NILE VALLEY DO NOT APPEAR TO SUPPORT EARLIER HISTORICAL NOTIONS OF AN INITIAL WAVE OF CAUCASOIDS INVADERS ENTERING FROM THE NORTH IN ORDER TO INTRODUCE CIVILIZATION. MAINSTREAM DATA SHOWS GRADUAL MOVEMENT AND PEOPLING FROM THE SOUTH, THE SAHARAN ZONE AND ASSOCIATED PARTS OF THE SUDANIC REGION, FUSING WITH INDIGENOUS NILOTIC ELEMENTS ALREADY IN PLACE, LEADING INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WELL-KNOWN EGYPTIAN KINGDOMS, NOT SWEEPING INSERTIONS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN, MESOPOTAMIA OR ELSEWHERE”.Source: Robert Bianchi (American Journal Anthropology 83:35-48, 1990).Professor S.O.Y. Keita M.D., Shomarka Omar Yahya Keita (also known as Shomarka Keita), DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy) , Professor Department of Biological Anthropology at Oxford, Professor of Anthropol Adjunct Assistant, Professor Department of Anthropology, American University College of Arts & Sciences, Senior Research Associate at the National Human Genome Center at Howard University, and a medical officer at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in the District of Columbia. He received the doctorate in medicine from Howard University, a masters in general anthropology from SUNY-Binghamton, and the master of science and doctorate in biological anthropology from Oxford University.Egypt was indigenous and closely related to people’s of the Sudan and the Sahara:Quote:“Analysis of skeletal and cranial remains reveals that the ancient Egyptians of the early Dynastic and pre-Dynastic phases, LINK CLOSER TO NEARBY SAHARAN, SUDANIC AND EAST AFRICAN POPULATIONS THAN MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EASTERN PEOPLES. GREEKS, ROMANS, HYKSOS, ARABS AND OTHERS WERE TO APPEAR LATER IN EGYPTIAN HISTORY. Craniometric studies generally place ancient UPPER EGYPTIAN POPULATIONS CLOSER TO THE RANGE OF TROPICAL AFRICANS IN THE NILE VALLEY AND EAST AFRICA THAN TO MEDITERRANEANS, OR MIDDLE EASTERNERS”.Citation Source: S.O.Y. Keita, "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993) 129-54.Ian Shaw, FSA is an Egyptologist and academic, who was formerly Reader in Egyptian Archaeology at the University of Liverpool.Quote:”In summary we may say that Egypt was a distinct North African culture ROOTED IN THE NILE VALLEY and on the Sahara. THE DYNASTIC RACE THEORY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN OUTDATED MYTH generated by the "Aryan Model."Source: Shaw, Ian. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p. 109. British Museum Press, 1995.Mary R. Lefkowitz is an American classical scholar and Professor Emerita of Classical Studies at Wellesley College. She is best known to non-Classicists for her book, Not Out of Africa, where she criticizes the Afrocentric theory that Greek civilization was "stolen" from Ancient Egypt.Quote:“Recent work on skeletons and DNA suggests that the people who settled in the Nile valley, like all of humankind, came FROM SOMEWHERE SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; THEY WERE NOT (AS SOME NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCHOLARS HAD SUPPOSED) INVADERS FROM THE NORTH.Source: Lefkowitz, Mary "Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History," Basic Books, 1997].Stephen Howe, Professor Emeritus, Bristol University”NO SERIOUS CONTEMPORARY SCHOLAR, however, appears to doubt that THE GREAT BULK OF THE PREDYNASTIC AND PHAROANIC POPULATION WAS OF INDIGENOUS AFRICAN ORIGIN (Hoffman 1991; Rice 1991)”.Citation Source: Stephen Howe (1999) Afrocentrism: mythical pasts and imagined homes. Verso. pg 132.Dr. Ann Rosalie David OBE FRSA is a British Egyptologist and emeritus professor at the University of Manchester. She served as director of the International Mummy Database.Quote:“These historical documents and depictions CONTRADICT CLAIMS (Emery 1961, Edwards 1971, David 1998 for example) that a MIDDLE EASTERN DYNASTIC RACE SWEPT INTO EGYPT EARLY ON TO GIVE IT CIVILIZATION. SERIOUS FOREIGN INVASIONS DID NOT OCCUR UNTIL MUCH LATER IN THE DYNASTIC ERA”.Citation Source: Egyptologist A. Rosalie David, The Ancient Egyptians: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press: 1998, pp. 19-27 who uses the framework an incoming Dynastic Race to explain numerous early Egyptian achievementsEvidence of state formation and the cultural weight of the southQuote:“The consensus among Egyptologists is that the south (Upper Egypt), achieved ascendacy over Lower Egypt (the Delta/north,) to usher in the well-known Egyptian dynastic period. The exact nature of the unification is still a matter of ongoing research, but the northern culture does not appear to be as elaborated as that of the south as regards conditions near the establishment of the dynastic civilization. According to the mainstream Cambridge History of Africa: "While not attempting to underestimate the contribution that Deltaic political and religious institutions made to those of a united Egypt, many Egyptologists now discount the idea that a united prehistoric kingdom of Lower Egypt ever existed”.Source: The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 1, From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC, (Cambridge University Press: 1982), Edited by J. Desmond Clark pp. 500-509.EURASIAN ADAM was a Northeast African:M168 is considered the ancestor of all extra African male lineages, as well as many intra African male lineages. On the standard version of that type of map, as on the Genographic Project site, "Adam" is pin pointed between the Great Lakes and the Horn diverging from M91 along with M60.Quote:The very widely dispersed M168 marker can be traced to a single individual—“Eurasian Adam”. THIS AFRICAN MAN, who lived one 31,000 to 79,000 years ago, IS THE COMMON ANCESTOR OF EVERY NON-AFRICAN PERSON LIVING TODAY. His descendants migrated out of Africa and became the only lineage to survive away from humanity's home continent.M168 gave rise to M174, AN ANCIENT AFRICAN LINEAGE THAT FIRST APPEARED IN A DIRECT DESCENDANT OF "EURASIAN ADAM." This lineage likely accompanied M130-bearing populations on their great migration some 50,000 years ago.M174 is one of two African lineages defined by the presence of the YAP polymorphism—the other is M96.The origins of M96 are unclear, though geneticists believe that the marker arose in northeast Africa. Further data, such as that collected by international projects currently underway, may shed light on the precise origin of this lineage.Parents of "Eurasian Adam" and "Eurasian Eve" came from Africa modern DNA analysis shows:Quote:“The vast majority, perhaps all, men with European and Asian genetic backgrounds can trace their Y-chromosome lineage back to a particular male (named M168, after the marker that defines these chromosomes). M168 thus can be considered the Eurasian Adam. Although the Y-chromosome Adam and mitrochondrial Eve did not meet, it is quite possible that the Eurasian "Adam" M168 could have met his equivalent, the Eurasian Eve (known as L3). The estimates of their dates overlap (around five thousand years ago) and they both probably lived in northeast Africa.Africa? Yes, Africa.Although nearly all Eurasian mtDNA and Y chromosomes currently existing can be traced back to L3 and M168 respectively, M168 and L3 also had AFRICAN DESCENDANTS”.Citation Source: Norman Johnson (2007) Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes. p. 100.Edited version of The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (16:40)Ramesses III, Muséum of Fine Arts, BostonQuote:“Haplogroup E1b1 now contains two basal branches, E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, with frequency peaks in western (about 80%) and central Africa (about 60%)”.Citation Source: Trombetta et al 2011. A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) PLoS ONE 6(1): e16073.The Western media has remained silent on this BMJ study, which is in sharp contrasts to the way the Abusir results were celebrated.Quote:“For group E, we observe a geographic gradient from west to east as well as a partitioning from south to north.The sample collections from the western sub-Saharan populations (Benin and Bamileke) are represented exclusively by group E, whereas the frequencies of these chromosomes are somewhat lower in the east (94.2%, 85.1%, 81.4%, and 82.8% for the Hutu, the Tutsi, Tanzania, and Kenya, respectively) and drop sharply in the northern-most populations of Egypt (39.5%) and Oman (23.1%)”.Citation Source: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human MigrationsNote: E1b1a, is not most common among ethnics groups of Ethiopia and East Africa, but most common among West, South and Central Africans as well as African-Americans.Tomb painting of Rameses III before Horus, Valley of the Queens, Luxor, Egypt, c12th century BC. from the tomb of a prince (a son of Rameses III).Quote:“The 2012 study published in the BMJ done on the mummified remains of Ramesses III and his son determined that both y-chromosomes belonged to Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA). The pharaoh’s y-chromosome belongs to the most frequent haplogroup among contemporary Sub-Saharan y-chromosomes”.Source: Hawass (2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/185393/joc05008_638_647.pdfRelative to the 18th dynasty mummies, Ramesses III and his son have some differing alleles at the following loci: D2S1388, D21S11, D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA, though some of the alleles are shared at those sites as well. Repeats that occur in Ramses III and man E, but not in the 18th dynasty mummies.I ran the data sets through PopAffiliator2 myself and here are the results:“Ramesses III”"Unknown Man E"D2S1388:15, D21S11:28, D21S11:29.2, D16S539:12, D18S51:26, CSF1PO:10, FGA:34.216/23 (69.6%) of the combined repeats of Ramses III and man E are shared with the 18th dynasty mummies. Ramesses III and Unknown man E are haplogroup E-M2 orderly E1b1a.As previously mentioned, back in 2012, a study conducted by Zahi Hawass et al. published in the BMJ demonstrates that the Pharaoh Ramesu (Ramesses III) – who ruled around 1200 BC, carries the E-M2 (E1b1a) gene, which is an African gene. This gene is quasi-specific to populations of Africa south of Sahara and to Africans in the Americas. It is maximal among Angolans for example.Quote:“Our analysis showed that Ramesses III and unknown man E shared the same paternal lineage and had identical alleles at autosomal markers, strongly suggesting that they were father and son. However, based on the genetic testing, any differentiation among the several sons of Ramesses III was not possible. Historically, Pentawere was the only son who revolted against his father in contrast to all his brothers. According to the Judicial Papyrus of Turin, Pentawere was involved in the harem conspiracy, was found guilty at trial, and then took his own life”.“The unusual mummification process of unknown man E, including the ritually impure use of a goat skin to cover the body, could be interpreted as evidence for a punishment in the form of a non-royal burial procedure. Together with the genetically proven family relationship with Ramesses III, we therefore believe that unknown man E is a good candidate for Pentawere”.Citation Source: Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic studyhttps://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/187711?path=/bmj/345/7888/Yesterday_s_World.full.pdfQuote:“Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies (table 1); using the Whit Athey’s haplogroup predictor (Haplogroup Predictor), we determined the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a. The testing of polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci provided similar results in at least one allele of each marker (table 2)”.Citation Source: Hawass et al 2012. Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III. British Medical Journal, BMJ2012;345:e826Quote:“Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies (table 1); using the Whit Athey’s haplogroup predictor, we determined the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a. The testing of polymorphic autosomal microsatellite loci provided similar results in at least one allele of each marker”.Citation Source: Hawass et al 2012. Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III. British Medical Journal, BMJ2012;345:e8268.Usermaatre-Meryamun Ramesu-Hekaiunu, meaning "The Ma’at of Ra is strong, Beloved of Amun, Born of Ra, Ruler of Heliopolis".In 2013, DNA Tribes took that testing further with the DNA of Ramesu (Ramesses III) and his son Pentawer. The results are similar: they are related to the peoples of the Great Lakes, Southern Africa, Central Africa/West Africa, and the Horn of Africa.Quote(s):“These results indicate that both Ramesses III and Unknown Man E (possibly his son Pentawer) shared an ancestral component with present day populations of Sub-Saharan Africa. This preliminary analysis based on eight STR markers does not identify the percentages of Sub-Saharan African ancestry for these ancient individuals. This preliminary analysis also does not exclude additional ancestral components (such as Near Eastern or Mediterranean related components) for these ancient pharaonic Egyptians.In addition, these DNA match results in present day world regions might in part express population changes in Africa after the time of Ramesses III. In particular, DNA matches in present day populations of Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes might to some degree reflect genetic links with ancient populations (formerly living closer to New Kingdom Egypt) that have expanded southwards in the Nilotic and Bantu migrations of the past 3,000 years (see Figure 1)”.Citation Source http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2013-02-01.pdfNote: Credible data and scholars show that the Haplogroup E does originate in "sub-Saharan" Africa.STR PROFILE RAMESSES III AND UNKNOWN MAN E (possibly PENTAWER)Quote:“AMONG PRESENT DAY WORLD POPULATIONS, RAMESSES III’s AUTOSOMAL STR PROFILE IS MOST FREQUENT IN THE AFRICAN GREAT LAKES REGION, WHERE IT IS APPROXIMATELY 335.1 TIMES AS FREQUENT AS IN THE WORLD AS A WHOLE(see Table 1 and Figure 2). Unknown Man E’s AUTOSOMAL STR PROFILE IS MOST FREQUENT IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION, where it is approximately 134.6 times as frequent as in the world as whole (see Table 1 and Figure 3). Both autosomal STR profiles are also found in the Levantine region that includes populations of present day Egypt, but are substantially more frequent in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa (see Table 1)”.“Specifically, both of these ancient individuals inherited the alleles D21S11=35 and CSFIPO=7, which are found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are comparatively rare or absent in other regions of the world. These African related alleles are different from the African related alleles identified for the previously studied Amarna period mummies (D18S51=19 and D21S11=34). THIS PROVIDES INDEPENDENT EVIDENCE FOR AFRICAN AUTOSOMAL ANCESTRY IN TWO DIFFERENT PHARAONIC FAMILIES OF NEW KINGDOM EGYPT”.Citation Source http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2013-02-01.pdfPeer review scientists replicated the results published by DNA TRIBES:Quote:“Other DNA data show substantial African affinity: “Results that are likely reliable are from studies that analyzed short tandem repeats (STRs) from Amarna royal mummies (1,300 BC), and of RAMESSES III (1,200 BC); Ramesses III had the Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1a, an old African lineage. Our analysis of STRs from AMARNA AND RAMESSIDE ROYAL MUMMIES with popAffiliator based on the same published data indicates a 41.7% to 93.9% probability of SSA affinities (see Table 1); most of the individuals had a greater probability of affiliation with “SSA” which is not the only way to be “African”- a point worth repeating.”Source: Ancient Egyptian Genomes from northern Egypt: Further discussion, Jean-Philippe, Shomarka Keita, Jean-Luc Gourdine, Alain Anselin, August 16th, 2018, https://osf.io/ecwf3/Missing values=18Note: Of the 34 values expected, 16 were provided, meaning 16 were usable (47.058823529412%). In other words, only ~47% of the required STRs were provided.If more STRs are provided the reliability percentages will go up…..but based upon what is provided the result is accurate to greater than 90%. So, at the very least, we know the Armana family is 47% so-called sub-Saharan.Keep in mind, each geographic population ie “race” has STRs profile that are UNIQUE to them.