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Most of the following aren’t world famous but the idea is to showcase famous Finns from all walks of life, past and present, yet so that all names listed have received recognition, awards, medals, publicity and fame outside Finland. The names are divided into seven categories, 1) politics 2) sports 3) culture 4) entertainment 5) corporate world 6) Finnish roots and 7) miscellaneous. Updates are possible, there’s a lot more to Finland than what you normally hear about.***POLITICSSauli Niinistö, current presidentUrho Kaleva Kekkonen (1900-1986), longtime president 1956-1982Martti Ahtisaari, peace negotiator, Nobel Peace Prize winner and former presidentTarja Halonen, our first female president 2000-2012Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951), president 1944-46 and Marshall of FinlandAlexander Stubb, prominent figure in European politics but has also served in Finnish government as Prime Minister and as Minister of Finance, Foreign Trade and Foreign Affairs.Elisabeth Rehn, former politician and the first female Minister of Defence in EuropeOlli Rehn, head of Bank of FinlandDiplomatic representatives in international organizations: Kai Sauer (United Nations), Katja Pehrman (ETYJ), Terhi Hakala (League of Nations), Tuomas Tapio (OECD)Some Finnish embassadors: Kirsti Kauppi (USA), Vesa Lehtonen (Canada), Teemu Tanner (France), Anne Sipiläinen (Germany), Riitta Resch (Brussels), Markku Keinänen (UK), Mikko Hautala (Russia), Jarno Syrjälä (China), Nina Vaskunlahti (India)***SPORTSFormer football players: Jari Litmanen, Sami Hyypiä, Mikael Forssell, Teemu Tainio, Simo Valakari, Jonatan Johansson, Aki Riihilahti, Antti Niemi, Jussi JääskeläinenActive players: Lukas Hradecký (Bundesliga), Perparim Hetemaj (Serie A), Teemu Pukki (Premier League)Football family Eremenko: Alexei Sr (coach, former professional player from Moscow), Alexei Jr (Italy, Russia, England), Roman (Italy, Russia), Sergei (youngest brother, has played in Moscow and Finland)Retired NHL hockey players: Teemu Selänne, Jari Kurri, Esa Tikkanen, Saku Koivu, Teppo Numminen, Peter Ahola, Jere Karalahti, Olli Jokinen, Niklas Hagman, Janne Niinimaa, Niklas Bäckström, Miikka Kiprusoff etc.Defenseman Kimmo Timonen was specifically mentioned in Barack Obama's gongratulation speech in the White House after Chicago Blackhawks had won the Stanley Cup in 2015. It was Timonen’s first Cup and last season.Current NHL players: Patrik Laine, Aleksander Barkov, Tuukka Rask, Pekka Rinne, Sebastian Aho, Kasperi Kapanen, Mikael Granlund, Mikko Rantanen, Mikko Koivu, Valtteri Filppula, Joonas Donskoi, Kaapo Kakko etc.Jarmo Kekäläinen, General Manager of Columbus Blue JacketsNoora Räty, arguably the best female hockey goalieRiikka Nieminen/Välilä/Sallinen, international level athlete in hockey and rinkball plus national level ahtlete in bandy and Finnish baseball 1988-2019Alpo Suhonen and Juhani “Sun King” Tamminen, hockey coaches. Suhonen was the first European head coach in NHL and Tamminen has coached many national teams abroad. Including France from where he got that nickname.Kalervo Kummola, longtime prominent figure in international hockeyGöran Stubb, head of NHL’s European Office and a talent scout since 1984. Father of former Prime Minister Alexander Stubb.Lauri Markkanen, upcoming NBA star playing for Chicago BullsHenrik Dettman, basketball coachTuomas Sammelvuo, most successful Finnish volleyball player in Europe 1997-2013, coach of Finnish national team 2013-2019, Coach of the Year 2014 and the current coach of Team Russia. Speaks six languages.Paavo Nurmi (1897-1973), long and middle distance runner, 9 time Olympic winner with 22 world recordsLasse Virén, long distance runner, 4 time Olympic winner 1972-1976, later member of the parliamentOther log distance runners: Hannes Kolehmainen (4 Olympic golds and 1 silver 1912-20) and Ville Ritola (5 Olympic golds and 3 silvers 1924-28). Kolehmainen has said to have run Finland to the map around the time of our independence.Tapio Rautavaara (1915-1979), Olympic winner in javelin but also an archer, movie star and a bass-baritone, one of the most popular singers of his timeKimi Räikkönen and Valtteri Bottas, our current Formula 1 driversFormer F1 drivers: Leo Kinnunen, Mikko Kozarowitzky, Keke & Nico Rosberg (father and son, both World Champions), Mika Häkkinen (two-time World Champion), Mika Salo, Heikki Kovalainen and JJ LehtoOther Finns involved in Formula: Ossi Oikarinen (engineer), Tommi Pärmäkoski, Heikki Huovinen, Aki Kontsas, Petri Lehikoinen, Ville Vihola (drivers’ personal fitness coaches), Heikki Kulta (F1 journalist since 1983 and Kimi specialist), Erkki “Eki” Mustakari, (F1 journalist 1982-2013 and an Olympic pole vaulter)Aki Hintsa (1958-2016), sports doctor and orthopedist in Formula One for 11 seasons. He had a special clinic in Geneve where his clients were international leaders and athletes. Worked for McLaren 2008-2013, close friend of Lewis Hamilton. Previously he was a missionary doctor in Ethiopia. Hintsa is known for his life wisdoms and philosophies which he shared e.g. in a book called Anatomy of Winning. Hintsa’s daughter Lotta is Miss Finland 2013.Sakari Orava, surgeon and orthopedist. One of the world’s most respected sports surgeons, many big names have come secretly to his practice in Finland to get operated but he operates also in Madrid and Rome. Some of his patients: David Beckham, Didier Deschamps, Josep Guardiola, Merlene Ottey, Haile Gebreselassie, Serbian president Boris TadicMarko Yrjövuori, worked as Kobe Bryant’s personal physics coach in Lakers for 12 years. Their families were also friends with each other.Numerous rally car champions: Tommi Mäkinen, Juha Kankkunen, Marcus Grönholm, Markku Alén, Hannu Mikkola, Timo Salonen and Ari Vatanen. Henri Toivonen didn’t win the championship, he died young in an accident, but the annual event Race of Champions was founded in honor of this legendary driver.Kalle Rovanperä, son of succesful driver Harri Rovanperä, is the youngest driver in WRC today.Emma Kimiläinen, women's formulaKaisa Mäkäräinen, biathlete 2005-2020. Three time World Cup winner and World Champion in pursuitEva Wahlström, world champion in boxing (WBC). Also a painter, author, interior and furniture designer.Anita Mäkelä, European champion in drag racingSami Seliö, two-time F1 Boat World ChampionJarno Saarinen (1945-1973), Aki & Niklas Ajo (father and son), Niki Tuuli and Mika Kallio, motorcyclingJavelin throwers such as Seppo Räty, Kimmo Kinnunen, Aki Parviainen, Tero Pitkämäki, Tiina Lillak and Heli RantanenStrongman winners Jouko Ahola, Ilkka Nummisto, Riku Kiri, Janne VirtanenEdis “Prince” Tatli, European champion in boxing who focusing on becoming world champion (lightweight)Robert Helenius aka Nordic Nightmare, heavyweight boxer. Evander Holyfield predicted him to be the next world champion. It didn’t happen though, there were some problems with the German promoter.Makwan Amirkhani, UFC fighter. 15 wins, 4 defeats. Fought in Madison Square Garden in Halloween 2019 but lost the final.Jarkko Nieminen, former tennis player. Highest ATP ranking 13, prize money 7,7 million USD.Mikko Ilonen, retired pro golfer. Highest world ranking 37, prize money 8,5 million USD.Current PGA golfers: Sami Välimäki, Matilda Castren, Minea Blomqvist & Roope Kakko (couple)Jani Sievinen, swimmer. 5-time World Champion and 12-time European champion who held 4 world records.Hanna-Mari Seppälä, swimmer. World Champion and a 4-time European champion. Is married to previously mentioned Aki Hintsa’s brother.Robin Hull, snooker, 2-time European championMika Koivuniemi and Osku Palermaa, bowlingMika Kohonen, 4-time world champion and 5-time world’s best player in floorball. His career has lasted from 1995 and is still going on.Lizzie Armanto and Arto Saari, skateboardingSnowboarders: Enni Rukajärvi, Eero Ettala, Peetu Piiroinen, Rene Rinnekangas, Roope Tonteri, Antti AuttiKiira Korpi, former Olympic figure skater. Lives nowadays in New York with her husband studying sports psychology and performing in skating exhibitions organized by Olympic winner Scott Hamilton.Susanna Rahkamo and Petri Kokko, ice dancing. Torville & Dean of Finland.Sirpa Suutari-Jääskö and Jukka Haapalainen, ballroom dancers. Twotime European champions and 4 time British Open winnersKalle Palander, former world champion in alpine skiingMatti Nykänen (1963-2019) and Janne Ahonen, ski jumping championsCross-country skiers like Juha Mieto, Mika Myllylä, Eero Mäntyranta, Veikko Hakulinen, Kirvesniemi couple Harri & Marja-Liisa, Iivo NiskanenOlympic equestrians: Kyra Kyrklund (6 Olympic Games), Piia Pantsu, Christopher Wegelius (also a famous bank manager and a lawyer)Race horse jockeys with over 5000 wins: Esa Holopainen, Pekka Korpi, Tapio Perttunen, Ari Moilanen, Antti Teivainen plus Jorma Kontio with over 10 000 winsRoad race cyclists: Joona Laukka, Kjell Carlström, Pia Sundstedt, Tea VikstedtLeo-Pekka Tähti, wheelchair racer who has won 5 Paralympic golds, is 4-time World Champion, 8-time European Champion and has held several world records in 100 meter race.Esport gamers Jesse ”JerAx” Vainikka, Topias ”Topson” Taavitsainen, Joona “Serral” Sotala and Lasse “Matumbaman” Urpalainen have been successful in international tournaments and won millions within a year***CULTUREKaurismäki brothers Aki & Mika, film directorsSome opera artists: Karita Mattila, Jorma Hynninen, Matti Salminen, Jyrki Anttila, Martti Talvela, Jaakko Ryhänen, Johanna Rusanen-Kartano, Aino Ackté (1876-1944)Maria Ylipää, musical actor. Has worked a lot with Abba’s Björn and Benny who say she’s the most talented singer they’ve met, she has never missed a single note. Ylipää should really perform in West End or Broadway but she’s too Nordic to move to metropols. She considers Stockholm to be a big change for her. People travel from all over the world to see her.Linda Lampenius, violin player who also appeared in Baywatch and Playboy with an alias.Arja Saijonmaa, iron lady of a singer in her seventies. Popular in Sweden and is friends with the royal family. Used to be a political activist in her youth, known especially in Greece.Maria Sid, head of Stockholm city theatre, and Mark Levengood, journalist and author, two famous Finns in Sweden.Jörn Donner, author, film director, professor and a member of Finnish and European parliaments. The only Finn who has won an Oscar, he was the producer in Ingmar Bergman’s Fanny and Alexander (1982).Jorma Uotinen, Jorma Elo, Tero Saarinen and Mikko Nissinen, dancers and choreographers. Uotinen has danced in Paris Opera, La Scala as well as Royal Ballets of Sweden and Denmark. Elo is a resident choreographer in Boston Ballet but worked also for Vienna State Opera, New York City Ballet and Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. Saarinen is also known all over the dance world, from Europe and Asia to United States. Nissinen is the art director at Boston Ballet.Eero Saarinen, architect (1910-1961). Works include Gateway Arch in St Louis, CBS HQ in New York, John Deere HQ, technical center of General Motors, TWA Terminal at JFK airport, US embassys in London and Oslo etc.Some other architects: Alvar Aalto, Eliel Saarinen, Carl Ludvig Engel, Lars SonckSome designers: Eero Aarnio (ball chair), Kaj Franck, Timo Sarpaneva, Oiva Toikka (glass birds) and Tapio Wirkkala (Ultima Thule), Harri Koskinen (Block light), Stefan LindforsBjörn Weckström, sculptor and jewelry artist. One of Weckström’s necklaces, Planetary Valleys, was worn by Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) in the original Star Wars movie. John Lennon and Yoko Ono also bought many of Weckström’s jewelry and rings, such as a ring called Stoned Lake.Some painters: Helene Schjerfbeck, Albert Edelfelt, Eero Järnefelt, Hugo Simberg, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Pekka HalonenElias Lönnrot, the collector of Finnish national epic Kalevala. Also a doctor, a filologist and a botanist. After reading Kalevala, J.R.R. Tolkien got inspired to create elf language Quenya which is based in Finnish.Aleksis Kivi (1834-1872), author of national novel Seven Brothers and play Nummisuutarit. Originally Alexis Stenvall is translated to 36 languages.Frans Eemil “Taata” Sillanpää (1888-1964), Nobel winner in literatureVäinö Linna (1920-1992), author of war novel Unknown Soldier. The book is translated to 24 languages.Mika Waltari (1908-1979, The Egyptian), Arto Paasilinna (1942-2018), Mauri Kunnas, Kjell Westö and Sofi Oksanen, other much translated novelists.Hannu Rajaniemi, an awarded sci-fi novelist. Best-known for his Jean le Flambeur series. Also an entrepreneur, lives in Oakland California.Salla Simukka writes young adult fiction and is best-known for her Snow White trilogy which is quickly becoming the most translated piece of Finnish literature since Kalevala. Trilogy’s movie rights have already been sold to Hollywood.Max Seeck, first Finn since previously mentioned Mika Waltari to make it to New York Times’ bestseller list in November 2020. Has sold rights to 38 countries and to a Hollywood studio. His mother, professor Riitta Nelimarkka, is a famous artist.Linda Liukas, writes educational children books about codingTove Jansson (1914-2001), creator of MoominsJohanna Oras, painter educated in St Petersburg and Florence. Exhibitions in USA, Europe and Middle East. Lives in South of France with her husband, arts dealer Reijo Oras. Their daughter Olivia is famous in social media.Some photoghaphers: Caj & Stefan Bremer, Pentti Sammallahti, Hannu Hautala, Rax Rinnekangas, Perttu Saksa, Meeri Koutaniemi, Rami Hanafi, Arno Rafael Minkkinen, Elina Brotherus plus many moreJazz musicians: Kaisa Mäensivu double bass, Adele Sauros sax and flute, Timo Lassy sax, Teppo Mäkynen drums, Olli Soikkeli guitarSome composers: Jean Sibelius, Leevi Madetoja, Oskar Merikanto, Kaija Saariaho, Tuomas Kantelinen, Sebastian FagerlundSome conductors: Esa-Pekka Salonen (Los Angeles, London, San Fransisco), Jukka-Pekka Saraste (Cologne, Oslo, Toronto), Sakari Oramo (Birmingham, BBC Symphony), Leif Segerstam (Juilliard, Stockholm, Berlin), Osmo Vänskä (Grammy winner), Susanna Mälkki (Paris, Los Angeles), Mikko Franck (Berlin, Munich, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, London), Hannu Lintu (Barcelona, Sydney, Brussels etc.), Santtu-Matias Rouvali (London), Klaus Mäkelä (Ottawa, Toulouse, Oslo), Eero Lehtimäki (EDM and game music concerts)Jorma Panula, man behind tutoring most of the previous***ENTERTAINMENTRenny Harlin, Antti Jokinen and Dome Karukoski, movie directors who have worked in Hollywood. Harlin is best-known for movies like Cliffhanger and Die Hard 2 as well as relationships with Geena Davis and Laura Dern. Jokinen has worked with several Oscar winners but made a name for himself directing music videos for big names like Beyoncé, Will Smith and Eminem. Karukoski just finished a movie Tolkien, starring Nicholas Hoult.Timo Vuorensola and Jalmari Helander, movie directors who have worked in big international productions. Vuorensola is known for sci-fi films and Helander did e.g. a movie called Big Game starring Samuel L. Jackson as the president of United States.Markus Selin, godfather of Finnish movies. Selin knows everybody and everyone knows him, including Samuel L. Jackson who’s keeping regularly touch. Used to own Planet Hollywood with his partners and many movie stars visited there from Schwarzenegger and Stallone to Geena Davis.Rita Tainola, celebrity reporter. Knows personally nearly everyone on this list but most of all kings and queens from Middle East to UK as well as Hollywood stars. Some say she’s the biggest celebrity in Finland.Jasper Pääkkönen, upcoming Hollywood actor, entrepreneur, environmentalist and a fisherman. Pääkkönen is in a relationship with Prince Andrew’s ex-girlfriend. His estimated net worth is 20 million dollars.Joonas Suotamo, plays Chewbacca in Star Wars (2015-)Ville Haapasalo, really famous actor in Russia. Is fishing buddies with Putin who personally granted Haapasalo 3 time artist pension and a title State’s Artist.Other Finnish actors in Hollywood / international movies: Pihla Viitala (Hansel and Gretel), Laura Birn (worked with Liam Neeson), Irina Björklund and Samuli Vauramo (with George Clooney in The American), Peter Franzén (with Sean Penn and Javier Bardem), Samuli Edelmann (Mission Impossible with Tom Cruise), Jouko Ahola (Kingdom of Heaven), Åke Lindman (with Warren Beatty), Kati Outinen, Krista Kosonen, Pamela Tola, Outi Mäenpää, Minna Haapkylä and Anneli Sauli/Ann SavoAppearances have made also by Tony Halme (Die Hard), Kata Kärkkäinen (Ford Fairlane), Jari Kinnunen (Titanic) and Carl von Haartman (with Howard Hughes and Jean Harlow) as well as directors Teuvo Puro, Louis Sparre, Teuvo Tulio (original name Theodor Tugai), Caspar Wrede (with Sean Connery and Ian McShane), Matti Pellonpää, Kari Väänänen, Sakari Kuosmanen, Tomi Salmela and Eija Vilpas.Lauren Okadigbo, stunt woman in Hollywood. Her movies include such recent blockbusters as Wonder Woman, Ready Player One and Justice League.Miranda Chambers, one of the amazons in Wonder Woman 1984Anton Tammi, awarded music video director for Weekend and HalseyBands like Nightwish, HIM, The Rasmus, The 69 Eyes, Apocalyptica, Children of Bodom, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius, Sunrise Avenue, Hanoi Rocks plus numerous moreTuomas Holopainen, head of the band Nightwish. Has also worked with cartoonist Don Rosa who’s famous for Scrooge McDuck.Kari Korhonen and Rosi Kämpe, comic book artists. Korhonen draws Donald Duck and Kämpe works for Marvel, best-known for Spider Gwen.Ville Valo, Tarja Turunen, Lauri Ylönen and Mr. Lordi (Tomi Putaansuu), rock band vocalistsAlexi “Wildchild" Laiho (1979-2020), Children of Bodom. Awarded as the best metal guitarist in the world.Michael Monroe, Andy McCoy and Sami Yaffa, rock musicians. Originally famous for band Hanoi Rocks but enjoy cult fame in rock circles. Monroe was also recognized by Wall Street Journal a few years back. Yaffa has also played in New York Dolls and with Joan Jett as well as made an awarded music documentary series called Sound Tracker.Lordi, the only Finnish artist that has won Eurovision Song Contest (2006)Samu Haber, singer of Sunrise Avenue and a judge in Voice of GermanyPirkko Mannola, Miss Finland 1958, actress and singer in Finland as well as a pop star in Germany.Saara Aalto, multilinguistic singer. Placed second in X Factor UK in 2016 and has since built a career in the UK.Sara Maria “Saara” Forsberg, another multilinguistic who received international fame in Youtube, got a record deal from Capitol Records in LA and invented an alien language for Star Wars.Jimi Tenor, composer and multi-instrumentalist. Was married to American-Finnish soul singer Nicole Willis, whose music got into Barack Obama’s playlist.Maila Nurmi (1922-2008), tv personality in 50s America. Best known for her gothic character Vampira. Close friend of Elvis Presley, Marlon Brando and James Dean, dated Orson Welles. Was suspected of using black magic to cause Dean’s car crash.Taina Elg, two-time Golden Globe winning singer and actress in Hollywood and Broadway in 1950sArmi Kuusela, the first Miss Universe in 1952. Anne Pohtamo won the title in 1975. Finland has won Miss Europe’s title six times: Ester Toivonen (1934), Britta Wikström (1937), Sirkka Salonen (1938), Inga-Britt Söderberg (1955), Leena Brusiin (1968) and Riitta Väisänen (1976). In addition, Marita Lindahl was Miss World in 1956.Laila Snellman (Paparazzi) and Marjo Sjöroos (Fashion Team), heads of famous model agencies. Tough women.The Dudesons: Jukka, Jarppi, Jarno and HP, media personalities whose tv show has aired in 150 countries.Riku Rantala and Tuomas Milonoff, adventurers from tv show Madventures. It became the most widespread Finnish tv show when National Geographic bought its rights in 2009.The Dudesons’ production company Rabbit Films distributes Madventures as well as fighting show Kill Arman, which is sold to 135 countries. The show is hosted by a Finnish-Iranian tailor Arman Alizad.Tapani Parm, director of the Summer and Winter Games since 2000Alma, pop singer and co-writer to Miley Cyrus. Wrote songs for soundtrack of the new Charlie’s Angels movie and is warming up for Christina Aquilera on her UK tour.Robin Packalen and Isac Elliot are young pop singers and names to watch in the future. Isac just signed an international record deal and Robin is even better than him.Joalin Loukamaa, model, singer and dancer in Simon Fuller’s pop group Now United. Constantly travelling the world. The most followed Finn in Instagram with 3,3 million followers.Benjamin Peltonen had recently fame in Spain as a pop star.Jaakko “JS16” Salovaara, music producer and musician. Man behind such Finnish successes as Bomfunk MC’s and Darude.Jori Hulkkonen, DJ and EDM producer.Ville Virtanen aka Darude, EDM artist best-known for SandstormOther DJ’s touring the world: Orkidea, Proteus and YottoPaavo Siljamäki, member of trance group Above & Beyond and owner of record company Anjunabeats. His group has been number 3 on Billboard 200 album chart. Net worth 13 million dollars.Writers and producers for music artists in Los Angeles: Henri “MGI” Lanz, Teemu Brunila, Axel Ehnström, Janne Hyöty, Jaakko ManninenIndian-Finnish music producer Narinder “Napa” Singh. Works in Los Angeles with his wife, Michael Jackson’s niece Autumn, but they have a home also in Korso, Vantaa where they plan to raise their future children.Ville Juurikkala, photographer. Has worked with many great rock musicians in Hollywood, some have even asked him to take pictures of their family Christmases. Was inducted to Morrison Hotel Gallery which has a collection from 125 of the most prestigious music photographers since 1960s.Iiro Seppänen, film producer / extreme sports specialist / magicianInternational and awarded mentalist magicians: Pete Poskiparta (world’s best), Noora Karma, Jose Ahonen plus many moreFelix Zenger, beatbox and footbag. According to many, including Pharrell Williams, Zenger is the best beatboxer in the world.Rudi Rok, sound effects and beatboxing. Tutored by Michael Winslow from Police Academy movies.Ismo Leikola, comedian. Won the title of World's Funniest Person in 2014 and tours currently in US. His appearance in Conan is the most viewed clip in the show's history.Hessu Reijonen, manager who made connections in US to bring celebrities from soap opera stars to David Hasselhoff to visit Finland. His son is EDM musician who goes by the name Waldo. In the 90s he was so popular that one time Destiny’s Child (with young Beyoncé) warmed up for them in Canada.Another famous manager from the the past is Tauno “Tappi” Suojanen, who more or less hi-jacked Peyton Place star Ryan O’Neal from Copenhagen airport, flew him across Finland with a helicopter to attend several midsummer festivals in one evening. Tappi also fixed Rolling Stones to the country as well James Drury, western star Virginian.Antti Einiö, Grand Old Man of Finnish show business. Has organized over 2000 shows from Sinatra to Stones since the 50s. Still going strong at 85.Kalevi Keihänen, founder of Keihäsmatkat and Seiväsmatkat. Legendary travel agent in the 60s and 70s who flew Finns to Southern Europe cheaply but with questionable quality. Keihäs-Kalevi was known for his hippie/pimp style appearance including a 20 000 dollar chinchilla coat.Tony “Viking” Halme (1963-2010), professional boxer, bodyguard, actor and a WWF wrestler in US. Later tv gladiator, writer, musician and a politician in Finland.Rachel Flame (Rakel Liekki) and Henry the Great (Henry Saari), adult entertainers. Liekki is also an artist, journalist on national tv and a media personality. Saari is Mr. Finland and a second runner-up for Mr. Europe who’s appeared in Hollywood movies and tv roles.Tiina Virenius aka Gina Goldberg, Kata Kärkkäinen, Linda Brava, Anna Easteden and Susanna Penttilä, Finnish women in Playboy’s US versionFamous Youtube channels: The Relaxing End (unboxing - 6,7 million subs), Hydraulic Press Channel (crushing - 2,8 million subs), Pongfinity (ping pong tricks - 2,2 million subs). White House sent a cable box for HPC to crush a couple of years back.***CORPORATE WORLDLinus Torvalds, creator of LinuxRisto Siilasmaa, founder of F-SecureMårten Mickos, former CEO of MySQLArmi Ratia (1912-1979), founder of Marimekko. Her son Risto-Matti Ratia is also a famous designer.Jenni Ahtiainen, founder of gTie. Provides ties, scarves and jewelry for Oscar and Golden Globe galas.Paola Suhonen, fashion designer, entrepreneur and cinematographer. Best-known for clothing brand Ivana Helsinki. When it was launched in US, Donald Trump’s ex-wife Ivana sued Suhonen for using the same name she has. Eventually they settled because the name was just a coincidence. Suhonen has also made movies, such as a documentary of American adult entertainer Nina Hartley.Minna Parikka, shoe designer. Parikka’s shoes have been presented in Vogue, Elle, Glamour etc. and have been worn such celebrities as Sarah Jessica Parker, Beth Ditto, Taylor Swift, Paloma Faith, Fergie and Cara Delevingne. Parikka also designed platinum shoes for Lady Gaga when she received a platinum album for The Fame Monster. Parikka is perhaps best-known for her bunny shoes.Aki Choklat, shoe designer. Was planning a career as a diplomat but when he was interning as an assistant for senator Dan Coates, he realised politics wasn’t for him. His first shoe line got into Barney’s and he has since designed more of them as well as teached in design schools in Italy and UK.Katri Niskanen, fashion and jewelry designer. Her products are sold in Europe, Asia, Middle East, and United States.Anne Kukkohovi, former model in Europe and Japan. Also an art director, tv presentor and an entrepreneur lately known for her cosmetics line Supermood which has global distribution and is sold in places like Beverly Hills, Broadway and London’s West End.Emelie Björnberg, fashion designer educated in Milán, known for store House of Björnberg. Also heiress of Myllykoski Group, reportedly she’s worth over 30 million dollars.Jere Hietala, an awarded photographer and director, keynote speaker, serial entrepreneur and an adventurer. Has worked for numerous international companies, celebrities and magazines like Vanity Fair. Has influenced in Milán fashion week, Cannes and Dubai. Hietala is a dedicated environmentalist and ferociously fighting against poaching.Björn “Nalle” Wahlroos, banker, also known as the king of Helsinki stock exchange. Is friends with royalty and goes annually bird hunting with the king of Sweden. Self-made “Teddy Bear” has a net worth of about 780 million dollars although he has lately transfered some of that to his children. Has a villa near Nice but lives mostly in Stockholm.Anders Wiklöf, self-made millionaire from Åland. Recently former US president Bill Clinton visited Finland specifically to attend Wiklöf’s birthday party.Martin Saarikangas, shipbuilder and vuorineuvos (honorary title). Masa-Yards was named after him, nowadays it’s known as Meyer Turku. Also a former member of parliament.Peter Nygård, awarded clothing millionaire in North America. Since accused of sex crimes and human trafficking.Harry “Hjallis” Harkimo, got name for himself sailing solo across the world in the 80s. Has since owned a hockey team Jokerit (nowadays in KHL), built Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, sold them to Russian oligarks, started a party in Finnish Parliament as well as been involved in numerous companies. Estimated net worth 300 million dollars.Roman Rotenberg, billionaire businessman who has operations in Russia and Finland. Mostly do with ice hockey. Used to own the previously mentioned hockey team Jokerit with his father, uncle and one other rich Russian.Miki Kuusi, start up entrepreneur. Co-founder of Slush, worked also as an analyst for Supercell, co-founder and CEO of Wolt. One of the most influencing people in European technology according to Wired and Forbes.Niklas Hed, co-founder of Rovio with Mikael Hed and Peter Vesterbacka, company behind Angry Birds.Peter “Mighty Eagle” Vesterbacka, serial entrepreneur (e.g. Angry Birds, Slush start up event, Tallinn railway tunnel). In 2011, Time Magazine selected Westerbacka on their list of 100 most influential people in the world. Learned Mandarin Chinese in 8 weeks.Remedy Entertainment (est. 1995), company behind games like Max Payne, Alan Wake and Quantum Break. Started its operations in a garage owned by founder Samuli Syvähuoko’s parents.Jorma Ollila and Kari Kairamo, former CEOs of NokiaJussi Pesonen, CEO of paper company UPM Kymmene. The only Finn on Harvard Business Reviews’s list of successful leaders.Karl Fazer (1866-1932), founder of Fazer candy company, best-known for its chocolatesWenzel Hagelstam, antiques specialist. Owner of Finland’s most famous auction house.Toni Fingerroos, mobile game millionaire. Has a 20-million-dollar boat called Africa 1 which he rents to interested ones, recently to Christiano Ronaldo. Week price with private service is 240 000 dollars.Other mobile game millionaires: Ilkka Paananen, Mikko Kodisoja, John Derome, Lassi Leppinen plus several more from company Supercell (Clash of Clans, Clash Royale, Hay Day etc.) Annual incomes in tens of millions of dollars each.Antti Aarnio-Wihuri, billionaire businessman and an honorary doctorate. Has sponsored Finnish Formula 1 drivers.Heikki Kyöstilä, billionaire entrepreneur in the field of medical technology. His company is called Planmeca.Mika Anttonen, self-made head of gas company St1. One of the biggest sponsor of Finnish sports with net worth of 2 billion dollars.Herlin family, owners of Kone. Kone manufactures elevators, escalators and automatic doors. Forbes ranks the company annually in the top ten of European companies and top 50 worldwide. Herlin family’s net worth in 2019 is 8,2 billion dollars.Chaim ”Poju” Zabludowicz, billionaire investor and art collector in London and New York. Poju means ‘sonny boy’ in English. Son of an Israeli arms dealer speaks six languages and has a close friendship with Madonna. In 2015, Poju’s wife Anita Zabludowicz received an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) for her services to the arts.***FINNISH ROOTSMatt Damon, Oscar winnerJessica Lange, two-time Oscar winnerLeslie Mann and Renée Zellweger, actressesNancy Juvonen, Hollywood producer. Owns a production company with Drew Barrymore and is married to Jimmy Fallon.Bonita ”Bonnie” Pietila, American-Finnish producer, three-time Emmy winner, worked in the Simpsons for nearly 30 yearsTheresa Repola Mohammed, has cut over 200 Hollywood movies.Elsa Hosk, Victoria’s Secret angel, has a Finnish mother named MarjaChristine Lahti, American-Finnish actress best-known for the series Chicago Hope from which role she won an Emmy and Golden Globe.Pamela Anderson, 90s sex symbol from Baywatch and PlayboyDavid Chokachi, another Baywatch actor, has a Finnish motherPuma Swede, adult entertainer in SwedenDave Mustaine, vocalist of MegadethMark Hoppus, bassist of Blink-182. Markku Lappalainen played also bass for 10 years in a Billboard chart-topping band Hoobastank in 2000s but he’s not that famous.Aileen Wuornos, serial killer. Charlize Theron played her in Monster (2003) and won an Oscar.Eric Dane, actor best-known for playing Dr. Mark Sloan in Grey’s AnatomyMarissa Mayer, the president and CEO of Yahoo 2012-2017Mary Barra, CEO of General Motors has four Finnish grandparentsJean M. Auel, novelist. Originally Jean Marie Untinen-Auel is known for her book series Earth’s Children.After Joseph B. Strauss, Alfred Finnila was second in charge in building the Golden Gate Bridge in 1932-37. Finnila also designed an art deco styled diner / gift shop to the other end of it, called Round House. Over the years it has been one of the most popular restaurants in San Fransisco.Jorma Kaukonen, guitarist and a singer-songwriter best-known from band Jefferson Airplane. Rolling Stone listed him as top 100 guitarists of all time.Vanessa Williams, singer, actress and Miss America 1984. I admit that this one is pretty far-fetched but according to trustworthy DNA tests she’s 12 % Finn. Although, also Tyra Banks has told she has Finnish heritage. Only 1% but still.Brian Littrell from the Backstreet Boys has a bit of Finn in him as well, 7%David Lynch, director, screenwriter, producer, painter, musician, sound designer, photographer and actor. Known for tv series Twin Peaks and movies like Eraserhead, Blue Velvet, Lost Highway, Mulholland Drive etc.Jussi Björling, considered to be one of the best opera singers of all timeTop hockey defenceman Chris Pronger’s mother is from Pori, Finland. New York Rangers’ forward Mika Zibanejad’s mother is from Paltamo (Kainuu), Finland.Timothy “Tim” Kopra, American astronaut who’s a Finn from father’s sideJohn Morton, American-Finnish politician who signed the Declaration of Independence. He was also a chairman in a committee which prepared the first Constitution, Articles of Confederation.Argentinian dictator Juan Perón - at one point married to legendary Eva “Evita” Perón - has been rumoured to have descented either from family Peronius in Åland or inner Finland family Peronkoski but there is no concensus on that“Buffalo Bill”, or William Fredrick Cody, is one the Wild West’s most legendary characters and according to some sources he was Finnish-American.***MISCELLANEOUSLenita Airisto (b. 1937), could fit into nearly all previous categories. An entrepreneur, writer, tv journalist, beauty queen, lecturer, business life influencer, economist, business woman of the year and First Class Knight of Finnish Lion. Let’s just say that when she educated Americans about Finland as a Stanford intern in Steve Allen’s Tonight Show in 1950s, it was the least famous thing she has ever done.Simo Häyhä (1905-2002), a sniper. During a three month period in Winter War he shot over 500 Russians and is considered to be one of the deadliest snipers of all time. The Russians called him White Death. Häyhä is still today known across the world.Lauri Törni aka Larry Thorne (1919-1965), fought in Finnish Army during Winter and Continuation Wars, German Army as a captain in World War II and as a captain in US Army Special Forces in Vietnam. He received 8 decorations from from Finnish Army including Mannerheim Cross, Iron Cross from German Army, two badges as well as 10 medals and decorarations from US Army including Purple Heart.Antero “Antti” Rokka, fictional character from Unknown SoldierKyösti Pietiläinen aka Karl Peters, Finn who has served the longest time in French Foreign Legion (1972-2000)Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895-1973), Nobel winner in chemistryBengt Holmström, awarded economistHelena Ranta, forensic dentistTeivo Teivainen, professor of world politics at University of HelsinkiPetteri Taalas, Secretary-General of World Meteorological Organization WMO, European of the Year 2021 by Reader's DigestMarutei Tsurunen, born as Martti Turunen, was first Westerner to work in House of Lords of Japan Parliament between 2002-2013.Rauli Virtanen, retired journalist for YLE (Finnish BBC). During his 50-year career he travelled all independent countries in the world networking in order to bring news to Finland.Maria Guzenina has worked as a member of Parliament and Minister of Health and Social Service but also as a journalist and a presentor like in MTV in the 90s where she gained name for herself as DJ Maria G. Used to be married to Skunk Anansie drummer Mark Richardson from which relationship she has a son Alexander.Bruce Oreck, former embassador of US in Finland 2009-2015 who later wanted to stay live here. He’s a tax lawyer, businessman, investor, university lecturer and a body builder who in 2018 made a 12 million dollar real estate investment in Finland.Janne Miikkulainen and Mikko Paasi, heroic divers in Thailand during tsunami in 2004 (Miikkulainen) and when the Thai soccer team got trapped in the cave in 2018 (Paasi)Tiina Jauhiainen, helped a saudi princess from Dubai to escape from her persecutors and has been in international news several times about it.Otto and Vivika Heino, American-Finnish pottery millionaires. Otto was a bomber pilot during World War II and later worked for NASA until Pablo Picasso invited him to a ceramics competition which he won.Risto Helin and Riku Campo, hairdressers and make-up artists for international celebritiesTapio Salmi, make up artist in Hollywood and a member of the Oscar Academy. Clients include among others Helen Mirren, Keira Knightley, Tom Hanks, Leonardo Di Caprio and Brad Pitt.Max Perttula, founder of Max Joacim Cosmetics. Perfumer who designs 20 000 euro perfumes for Russian and Middle Eastern markets.Sauli Koskinen, tv personality who had a longterm relationship with pop star Adam Lambert (currently Queen’s vocalist). Lambert’s fans became also fans of Sauli.Petri Räisänen, yoga teacher who dated Hollywood actress Lisa Edelstein, best known for TV series House.Stefan Richter, chef who placed second in Top Chef USA and owned celebrity restaurants in Los Angeles.Sara La Fountain, tv chef. Has been selected as one of the most beautiful chefs in the world, travels a lot making shows and cooking for famous people. For example in June she was Christiano Ronaldo’s private chef during his summer holiday in 2019. La Fountain was previously engaged to Hollywood and music video director Antti Jokinen.Some other famous chefs: Tomi Björck (Sydney, Stockholm), Jaakko Sorsa and Erik Räty (Hong Kong), Antti Lukkari (Stockholm, Copenhagen), Filip Langhoff (ex-El Bulli), Michael Björklund (Nordic countries), Mickael Viljanen (Dublin), Sauli Kemppainen (Berlin), Jouni Törmänen (France) and Helena Puolakka (Paris, London). These people have had several Michelin stars, owned many restaurants, worked with the best and are all-around very good at what they do.Pasi Pennanen, car designer. Worked for Jaguar and Honda, invented fully electric supercar Toroidon.Suvi Riggs, international runway modelSome other successful models abroad: Angelika Kallio, Ninja Sarasalo, Kim Herold, Janina Frostell/Fry, Marita Hakala, Vera Jordanova, Maryam Razavi, Saimi Nousiainen/Hoyer, Niina Kurkinen, Pia Lamberg, Kirsi PyrhönenHeli Vaaranen, model in the 80s in Paris, Tokyo and in New York where she went an art academy and worked in a gallery. Art collector Stuart Pivar, who was Andy Warhol’s best friend, owned the academy and the three of them formed an inseparable trio as Vaaranen among other things hosted Warhol’s celebrity parties. Warhol died in 1987 but Vaaranen is still best friends with Pivar.Arthur Borges, director at Tom Ford in New York and a former model in MilánTeemu Muurimäki, fashion designer for among others Dolce & Gabbana, Bottega Veneta and Giorgio ArmaniKari Voutilainen, clocksmith in Switzerland. Multiple award winner, described as an Oscar winner in clock world and Fabergé of modern times. Not a household name but if you buy handmade Swiss watches, you know about him.Konsta Punkka, self-taught nature photographer who has 1,3 million followers in Instagram. Known as “squirrel whisperer”. Another great nature photographer in IG is less-known Ossi “Soosseli” Saarinen.Patrik Antonius, Ilari Sahamies, Jens Kyllönen and Pauli Äyräs, professional poker players touring the world winning millionsTouko Laaksonen (1920-1991) aka Tom of Finland, erotic artistVäinö Myllyrinne (1909-1963), briefly the tallest man in the world (247 cm)Santa Claus aka Joulupukki***If you made it till the end, thank you for your interest :)

Steps to Improve Relationship with Overseas IndiansThe efforts made so far to make relationship of overseas Indians with India more cordial and mutual include various schemes for Overseas Indians comprising Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizenship of India matters, Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards, Scholarships to NRI/PIO students in India and new initiatives to promote interaction and cordial relationship of overseas Indians with India in tourism, media, youth affairs, education, culture among other areas. The details are as follows:(i) Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)To connect India to its vast overseas diaspora and bring their knowledge, expertise and skills on a common platform, the PBD Convention - the flagship event of MOIA is organized from 7th-9th January every year since 2003.Twelve PBDs have been held earlier in various places of India so far as follows:YEARDatesVenue20039-11 January, 2003New Delhi20049-11 January, 2004New Delhi20057-9 January, 2005Mumbai20067-9 January, 2006Hyderabad20077-9 January, 2007New Delhi20087-9 January, 2008New Delhi20097-9 January, 2009Chennai20107-9 January, 2010New Delhi20117-9 January, 2011New Delhi20127-9 January, 2012Jaipur20137-9 January, 2013Kochi20147-9 January, 2014New DelhiThe 12thedition of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention was held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi from 7th– 9thJanuary, 2014. The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports was the Partner Ministry for the PBD 2014. The theme of this year’s PBD was ‘Engaging Diaspora: Connecting across Generations’. The Prime Minister inaugurated the annual flagship event of the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs on 8thJanuary and the Hon’ble President delivered the Valedictory Address and conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards on 9thJanuary to 13 distinguished overseas Indians for their notable contributions in different field.Dato’ Seri G. Palanivel, Federal Minister for National Resources and Environment, Government of Malaysia was the Chief Guest of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas held at New Delhi in January, 2014.PBD 2014 had special sessions on youth on 7thJanuary called the “Youth PBD”. Further, there were various sessions on India’s Growth & Development, India’s Soft Power, Issues of NRIs in the Gulf, Media and Entertainment Industry, Meeting of Diaspora Organisations, the PBD Oration, and sessions on Investment Opportunities in States, Innovation and Technology, Healthcare Opportunities in India etc. on the 2ndand 3rddays of PBD. Enthusiastic participation of nearly 2000 delegates from different heterogeneous and diverse overseas Indian community spread across the globe and India had made PBD Convention 2014 a hugely successful one.(ii) Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards (PBSA)The Award shall be conferred on a Non-Resident Indian, Person of Indian Origin or an organization or institution established and run by Non-Resident Indians or Persons of Indian Origin, who has made significant contribution in any one of the following fields:(a) Better understanding abroad of India;(b) Support to India’s causes and concerns in a tangible way;(c) Building closer links between India, the overseas Indian community and their country of residence;(d) Social and humanitarian causes in India or abroad;(e) Welfare of the local Indian community;(f) Philanthropic and charitable work;(g) Eminence in one’s field or outstanding work, which has enhanced India’s prestige in the country of residence; or(h) Eminence in skills which has enhanced India’s prestige in that country (for non-professional workers).It is conferred by the President of India as a part of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention. PBSA is the highest honor conferred on overseas Indians. So far, 164 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards have been conferred on PIOs and NRIs. During PBD 2014, 13 prominent Overseas Indians were given PBSAs for their notable contributions in different fields. PBSA 2014 was conferred on the following:Sr. No.Awardees NameCountry1.Ms. Senator Lisa Maria SinghAustralia2.Mr. Kurian VargheseBahrain3.Mr. Vasdev ChanchlaniCanada4.Ramakrishna Mission, FijiFiji5.Mr. Bikas Chandra SanyalFrance6.Mr. Satnarainsing Rabin BaldewsinghThe Netherlands7.Mr. Sasindran MuthuvelPapua New Guinea8.Shri Shihabudeen VavaKunjuSaudi Arabia9.Mrs. Ela GandhiSouth Africa10.Dr.Shamsheer Vayalil ParambathUAE11.Mr. Shailesh Lakhman VaraUK12.Dr. Parthasarathy Chiramel PillaiUSA13.Ms. Renu KhatorUSA(iii) Regional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (RPBD)This Ministry organizes Regional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (RPBD) to allow participation of the Indian diaspora who are unable to attend annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas in India. So far, 7 Regional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas have been held at New York, Singapore, The Hague, Durban, Toronto, Mauritius and Sydney. These have elicited enthusiastic support from the Indian diaspora and the local Government and have been highly successful.7thRegional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (RPBD) Convention was organized by MOIA in Sydney, from 10th - 12thNovember, 2013 to have interaction & discussion with Indian Diaspora to ensure their connectivity with their ancestral motherland as well to know their expectations & concerns. Secondly, the guiding spirit of the decision to hold the 7thRPBD in Australia was on account of the sentiments of the Indian diaspora in the region. Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea represent an important region for our diaspora, and the Indian community has been taken note of by the leadership of all political parties, there.The theme of the PBD Convention in Sydney was “Connecting for a Shared Future: The Indian Diaspora, India and the Pacific”. This was appropriate, as the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas seeks to reach out to both members of the Indian origin community as well as all those persons who are interested in plugging into India’s growing relationship with Australia and its neighboring countries.The programme for the event included an inaugural session on Sharing Experiences and breakout sessions on different topics including Bilateral Business Opportunities in Services, Resources, Primary Commodities, Engagement through Culture, Indian Languages, Skills, Infrastructure (Airports, Ports, Road and Construction), Manufacturing, Education, Culture and Youth Dialogue. There were breakout sessions also on Sharing Experiences, The Indian Diaspora in the Pacific, Honoring the Success Stories, Scientists and Academics, Women in Business and Community, Power of Media in the Asian Century and India Australia Strategic Partnership.Eighth (8th) Regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas is scheduled to be organized in London from 17th October to 19th October, 2014.(iv) Know India Programme (KIP)The objective of the Ministry's Know India Programme is to help familiarize Indian Diaspora youth, in the age group of 18-26 years, with developments and achievements made by the country and bringing them closer to the land of their ancestors. KIP provides a unique forum for students and young professionals of Indian origin to visit India, share their views, expectations and experiences and to bond closely with contemporary India. The Ministry has conducted 28 editions of KIPs so far and a total of 866 overseas Indian youth participated in these programmes. +The participants are selected based on nominations received from Indian Missions/Posts abroad. They are provided hospitality and are reimbursed 90% of their economy class return airfare from their respective countries to India. The programme content broadly includes the following:(a) Presentations on India, the Constitution, the political process, etc.(b) Interaction with faculty and students at a prestigious University / College / Institute(c) Presentation on industrial development and visit to some Industries(d) Visit to a village to better understand the typical village life in India(e) Exposure to Indian media and cinema(f) Interaction with NGOs and organizations dealing with women's issues(g) Visits to places of historical importance or monuments(h) Participation in Cultural programmes(i) Exposure to Yoga(j) Call on high dignitaries, which may include the President of India, the Chief Election Commissioner of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, and Ministers in-charge of Overseas Indian Affairs, Youth Affairs and Sports, etc.(v) Study India Programme (SIP)The first 'Study India Programme' (SIP) was organized from 25 September to 23 October, 2012 in Symbiosis University, Pune, Maharashtra with participation of 9 youths of Indian origin from four countries like Trinidad & Tobago, Malaysia, Fiji and South Africa. Like KIP, SIP has immense potential of connecting youth Indian Diaspora with India through the channel of educational institutions.The SIP enables Overseas Indian youth to undergo short term course in an Indian University to familiarize them with the history, heritage, art, culture, and socio-political, economic developments etc. of India. The focus of the programme is on academic orientation and research. Cost of boarding, lodging, local transportation, course fee during the programme and 90% of the cost of air-ticket by economy class is borne by Govt. of India. Gratis Visas by Indian Missions are granted to the participants.The 2ndSIP was conducted from 01.11.2013 to 28.11.2013 at the Symbiosis University, Pune, and Maharashtra with the participation of 14 youths of Indian origin.(vi) Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC)A scheme called 'Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC)' was launched in the academic year 2006-07. Under the scheme 100scholarships upto US$ 4000 per annum are granted to PIO and NRI students for under graduate courses in Engineering/Technology, Humanities/Liberal Arts, Commerce, Management, Journalism, Hotel Management, Agriculture/Animal Husbandry etc. The scheme is being implemented by Educational Consultants India Limited (Ed. CIL), a Government of India Enterprise under the Ministry of Human Resource Development. The scheme is open to NRIs / PIOs/OCIs from 40 countries with substantial Indian Diaspora population. A total of 660 candidates have availed the scholarship since inception of the scheme. SPDC scheme has been modified and it has been decided to do away with the "Common Entrance Test (CET)" for selecting PIO/OCI and NRI students for the award of scholarships. The applications from students who meet the prescribed eligibility criteria are evaluated and short listed by a selection committee consisting of officers from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Ed.CIL (India) Ltd. and MOIA and recommended for selection to the competent authority.(vii) Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card SchemeKeeping in view Government's deep commitment of engaging Persons of Indian Origin with the land of their ancestors in a mutually beneficial relationship, the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Scheme was launched in August, 2005 by amending the Citizenship Act, 1955. The OCI Scheme is operated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Scheme provides for registration as Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) of all Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) who were citizens of India on or after 26 January, 1950 or were eligible to become citizens of India on 26 January, 1950and who are citizens of other countries, except Pakistan and Bangladesh.The Scheme provides for the issue of OCI documents consisting of OCI registration certificate and universal visa sticker to PIOs. The Scheme has been operational since January 2006and as on 31 March, 2014, a total number of 15,25,890 PIOs had been registered as OCIs.A registered Overseas Citizen of India is granted multiple entry, multi-purpose, life-long visa for visiting India, and is exempted from registration with Foreigners Regional Registration Office for any length of stay in India. As mandated under the Allocation of Business, the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs has issued notifications granting registered OCIs further benefits as under:(i) Parity with Non-Resident Indians in the matter of inter-country adoption of Indian children;(ii) Parity with resident Indian nationals in matters of tariffs in domestic airfares;(iii) Parity with domestic Indian visitors in respect of entry fee for visiting national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India;(iv) Parity with non-resident Indians in respect of:(a) entry fee for visiting the national monuments, historical sites and museums in India;(b) practicing the following professions in India, in pursuance of the provisions contained in the relevant Acts, namely:· Medicine, dentists, nursing and pharmacy;· Law;· Architecture; and· Chartered Accountancy; and(v) Entitlement to appear for the All India Pre-Medical Test or such other tests to make them eligible for admission in pursuance of the provisions contained in the relevant Acts.However, the OCI is not 'dual nationality'. OCI does not confer political rights. Detailed instructions and procedures concerning the OCI Scheme are available in the MHA's website: www.mha.nic.in.An on-line OCI miscellaneous service is now available for issuance of duplicate OCI documents, in case of issuance of new passports, change of personal particulars, such as nationality, name, change of address/occupation etc. and loss/damage of OCI registration certificate/visa.(viii) Tracing the RootsThe Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs is running a scheme since October 2008 known as "Tracing the Roots" to facilitate PIOs in tracing their roots in India. PIOs who intend to trace their roots in India need to apply in a prescribed Form, through the Indian Mission/Post in the country of their residence. Application Form for this purpose is available on the website. Persons of Indian origin desirous of tracing their roots in India would be required to fill up the prescribed application form and deposit it with the concerned Indian Mission/Post located in the country of their residence along with a fee of Rs.30,000 (Rupees Thirty Thousand only) in equivalent US $, Euro or any other foreign currency acceptable to the Indian Mission/Post. The traced details of roots in India, i.e. name of close surviving relative(s); place of origin of their forefathers (paternal and maternal side); and a possible family tree, are made available to the applicant.In case the attempt is not successful, the Indian Mission is authorized to refund Rs.20, 000(Rupees Twenty Thousand only) to the applicant. For further details/information regarding the Scheme, the nearest Indian Embassy/High Commission/Consulate General may be contacted.(ix) Scheme for Legal/Financial Assistance to Indian Women Deserted / Divorced by their NRI HusbandsIssues related with desertion of Indian women by their overseas spouses are complex and sensitive. They also fall within the purview of private international law. The approach of the Ministry in addressing these issues is to create awareness amongst prospective brides and their families regarding their rights and responsibilities and the safeguards to be adopted while entering into matrimonial alliances with grooms residing overseas.The Ministry has taken various proactive steps in this direction during the year 2011-12. Scheme of providing legal/financial assistance to Indian women deserted by their overseas spouses, launched by the Ministry in 2007, has been revised with effect from 30th November, 2011 and its scope has been widened to include marriages solemnized in India or overseas, with an Indian or foreigner husband. Besides, the quantum of assistance under the scheme has been almost doubled. The scope of the scheme has also been liberalized to covercertain categories of Indian women married to overseas husbands who had not been included earlier. The objective of the scheme is to provide financial assistance to needy women in distress due to being deserted/divorced by their overseas spouses, for getting access to counseling and legal services. The counseling and legal services are provided through credible Indian Women’s Organisations/Indian Community Associations and NGOs empanelled with the Indian Missions/Posts abroad in the countries like USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore (included in 2013-14) and the Gulf countries.Twenty seven (27) NGOs have been empanelled by the Indian Missions/Posts abroad to provide the assistance. A sum of nearly Rs.1.34 crore has been disbursed by the Indian Missions/Posts to the NGOs overseas and 136 Indian women have been assisted.As part of awareness campaign to appreciate legal, social and related issues in the context of marriages falling in cross-country jurisdiction, a Seminar was organized in Bengaluru in December,2013 which was attended by the officers of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Maharashtra, Lawyers, Researchers and some NGOs.The Ministry plans its engagement with Overseas Indians through the aforementioned schemes. Indian Missions/ Posts abroad also engage proactively with the Overseas Indian Community and provide necessary assistance from time to time.This information was given by Minister of State Overseas Indian Affairs General (Retd.) V.K. Singh in Rajya Sabha today.

As a new era of the 2020s begins, there is a unilateral agreement for worldwide foreign policymakers to prevent a nuclear arms race in the Middle East in the best interest of global security. This includes but is not limited to — a proportional response to the spread of militant groups similar to those who orchestrated 9/11. As EU, UN and NATO policymakers vie for the survival of humankind; it’s now up to you to decide the best way to implement a legal democratic vote for your nation and lead it to victory.**Timeline of important events in Iran’s recent history (1900-present)**1900’s1901 May 28, at Tehran's Sahebqaraniyyeh Palace Shah Mozzafar al-Din signs an 18 Point concession with Australian-British investor Mr William K. D'Arcy to secure a sixty-year contract for the exclusive rights to explore, extract and market crude oil, natural gas, asphalt and ozocerite as part of an oil concession of 500,000 square miles of the Persian Empire, modern-day Iran. In return, D’Arcy agrees to pay 16% in shares/royalties in income derived from its activities; and transfer gratuitously to the Iranian Government all properties movable or immovable once the 60-years expires.1910’s191?, the Baḵtīārī pipeline is cut-off from a German regiment resulting in a temporary halt in oil flow from Iran; this estimates to roughly £614,000 in damages. Royalty payments are suspended until the matter is resolved and the claims are settled.191?, British Treasury Official Sydney Armitage Smith finds the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. at fault for non-payment to Iran as well as advancing unreasonable demands.1914 March 14, the Foreign Office Agreement is made at the British Foreign Office between representatives of the British Empire and Deutschland Governments, the National Bank of Turkey and Royal Dutch-Shell through Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd, the D’Arcy group and Deutsche Bank. An agreement is made with the D’Arcy Group via Anglo-Persian Oil Company to distribute stock interest in Turkish Petroleum Co. into three major recipients; 50% to D’Arcy [Group], 25% to Deutsche Bank and 25% to APOC. A 5% beneficiary interest is paid to Mr C. S. Gulbenkian from the stock interest to help future negotiations with the option to purchase Gulbenkian interest upon death.1914 May, The British Government appoints two APOC board directors of their choosing with the power to veto proposals from other board members without the ability to make commercial management decisions.1914, oil concession negotiations cease with the outbreak of war in Europe.1916, Russian subject A. M. Khoshtaria purchases an Iranian Oil concession unratified by the Majlis.1917, Sir Percy Sykes creates the South Persia Rifles Regiment for the sole purpose of protecting British-Iranian Oil interests; the Iranian Government officially accepts the South Persia Rifles into its military core.1919, APOC offers £1,000,000 in a settlement to Iran up until March 1919.1919 April 15, Under the Secretary of State for India, India’s Director of Military Operations forwards Foreign Office Letter No. 24282/W/34 to Tehran dated February 20. After a personal visit to the Oil Field himself the G.O.C. Mesopotamia instructs the Commanding officer of Mesopotamia for the formation of a small unit of Indian police at the Anglo-Iranian Oil Field to maintain order amongst Indian and Chinese labourers.1919, APOC acquires a concession purchased by a Russian subject A. M. Khoshtaria in 1916.1919 October 26, Mohammad Reżā Shah Pahlavi is born in Tehran, Iran.1919, D’Arcy’s oil company makes no royalty payments to the Iranian Government for 19-years. English Chartered accountant discovers several cases of erroneous errors and falsifications in the accounts of D’Arcy’s Oil company with a view to decrease royalty payments. D’Arcy pays only £1million and opts to arrear its payments until 1920.1919, Britain Partners with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company providing military and political support to the minister of defence Rheza Khan.1920’s1921, British Empire openly intervenes with the general elections in Iran; no member could set foot in Parliament without the Government’s consent. Iranians, therefore, lose the right to self-govern.1921, Persian Oil production increases to 16,673,000 barrels of crude oil; Iraq was not yet an important producer of crude oil and the Bahrein Island, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar fields had not yet been discovered.1921 [1299 Š.] coup d’état makes Reżā Khan Iran’s new strongman.1924, the Majlis approve a fifty-year concession with Sinclair; excluding business activity in the Gīlān province and forbidding the transfer of rights to non-American and non-Persian third parties for a loan of $10,000,000 to the Iranian Government.1924, American vice-consul Robert Imbrie is murdered in Tehran by a religious lead mob dampening the American enthusiasm for Iranian operations.1925, Reżā Khan dethrones the Qujar dynasty crowning himself Reżā Shah Pahlavi.1929 April, Iraq Petroleum Co. Ltd has shares distributed as follows; Deutsche Bank (25%), National Bank of Turkey (50%), Anglo Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd as a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell (25%).1929 September 4, The Great Depression starts in the U.S. following Black Tuesday.1930’s1931, British Empire threatens Iran with diplomatic severance sending several men-of-war to make manoeuvres on the oil company and Iran’s internal affairs.1932, The Oil company generates £80million in total profit from 1920 to 1930 and pays less than £10million (13%) in royalties to the Iranian Government. The additional 3% in the agreed-upon 16% in royalties is paid to private landowners in the concession.1932 November, Iranian Government notifies the APOC for a cancellation on the D’Arcy concession on the grounds it conflicted with the survival of the nation.1932, Britain brings the D’Arcy concession dispute to the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague; the Iranian Government dismisses the Court's competence.1932 December, Great Britain submits the dispute to a second legal entity the Council of the League of Nations; the Court determines the Iranian national wealth is being disproportionately squandered through a concession signed by an unconstitutional Government under duress and further maintains Iran is not responsible for damage to the Baḵtīārī pipeline in 191?.1933, a new 60-year concession is ratified for D’Arcy by the Majlis extending the concession for an additional 32 years; reducing the APOC control by 100,000 square miles and requiring tax to the Iranian Government in lieu of Iranian income tax with a set annual payment of £750,000 to the Iranian Government and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd is exempt from import or customs duties.1933, AIOC produces 7,087,000 tonnes of oil paying Iran £1,785,000.1935, APOC is renamed to AIOC to conform to Reżā Shah’s wish that foreign governments would call the country Iran rather than Persia.1936, Iranian government insists the total number of foreign employees in AIOC and Government officials should decrease in favour of Iranian’s; especially for notable positions.1937 March 23, in a Reiteration of restrictive clauses; a 50% stock interest in Kuwait Oil Co. Ltd consisting of 100,000 shares at £1 par value owned by AIOC, is transferred to a subsidiary D’Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd.1938, Ābādān refinery increases its storage capacity to 6,000,000 barrels.1939, Ābādān refinery increases its storage capacity to 10,000,000 barrels.1939 September 1, Deutschland invades Poland, French Empire and British Empire ally with Poland to begin a conflict in Europe.1939, Reżā Shah Pahlavi declares Iran to be a neutral nation in the conflict accounting for over 40% of Iranian exports to Deutschland and 60% to unknown destinations.1939, AOIC oil production increases to 11,327,000 tonnes, and payment to Iran is £4,300,000.1940’s1940, AOIC agrees to a minimal annual payment of £4,000,000 for two years and an indemnity of £1,500,000 for 1938–1939.1941, Deutschland invades the Russian Empire (USSR).1941, British Empire and USSR submit a strategic plea for Deutsch advisors to be removed from Iran and to end trade with the Deutsch Empire.1941, Reżā Shah Pahlavi declines the submission, the British Empire and USSR annexe Iran to secure oil supply lines to Moscow.1941 September 16, Reżā Shah Pahlavi abdicates to his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi who ascends to the throne of Iran aged just 22.1945 May 7, Deutschland unconditionally surrenders ending the conflict in Europe.1945, on May Day, several thousand Iranian employees of the AIOC demonstrate for better working conditions, benefits and higher wages.1945, The United States of America and the British Empire withdraw from Iran while the Soviet Union (USSR) remain.1945, President of the United States of America, Truman, sends a letter to Stalin insisting the Soviet Union withdraws from Iran or face American combatants.1945, concern over the American capability of nuclear warfare in the battlefield Stalin decides to withdraw Soviet troops from Iran.1945, the United Nations is founded as a paladin for the preservation of world peace and international justice. Iran joins…1948, the balance sheet of the oil company made a profit of £62million, £28million is paid in income tax to the British Government and £1.4million is paid to the Iranian Government.1948, internal oil prices in Iran are fixed based on oil prices in the Gulf of Mexico, with a 10% reduction to the people and 25% reduction to the Government costing Iranians 4–5 times more than the original price for oil in Iran.1949, The International Petroleum Cartel estimates Iran’s total crude oil reserves to be 7,000,000,000 barrels — 8.94% of the world’s reserves.1949, Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd announces its subsidiary, British Tanker Co. operates 134 ships chartering 2,000,000 dead-weight tonnes and employs 14% of the worlds tanker fleet. A noteworthy asset is Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. has a pipeline system running from the Kirkuk Field in Iraq to Haifa and Tripoli in the Mediterranean Sea with a capacity exceeding 500,000 barrels flowing from the producing fields of the Persian Gulf.1949, Middle East Pipelines Ltd. proposes the construction of a large oil pipeline from Iran to the Mediterranean Sea; Anglo-Iranian Oil Co owns a 60.9% majority share. Ltd, 24.7% by Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey), and 14% by Socony-Vacuum.1949 June 17, Golšāʾīān agreement is reached to increase Iran’s royalty from four to six shillings per tonne of oil without specifying the refinement [from £7.11 to £10.67 per tonne; 2017 currency conversion].1950’s1950 April 27, a bulletin mimeographs 820 copies to the following destinations; Baghdad (115), Northern Iraq (476), Iran (116), Syria (102), miscellaneous (11) and broadcasts Kurdish music and cartoons with Kurdish soundtracks. The Acting Directing General of Propoganda & Broadcasting, Hussain Rahhal, remarks “the bulletin was satisfactory in every respect”.1950 May 1, Department of State of the U.S.A issues an outgoing aerogramme [communications with civilian populations of Beirut, Damascus, Amman, Baghdad, Tel Aviv, Jidda, Cairo, Jerusalem] to “re-direct the attention of the Arab peoples to their own internal problems and encourage them to devote their energies to the tremendous social and economic improvements long overdue”.1951 February 14–21, Agreed conclusions and recommendations [Excise] for the Conference of Middle East Chief Missions; concludes Iran should continue to receive military and financial support with the possibility of Pakistani support for Iran in the event the nation is attacked with a fundamental desire to assist in general development.1951 March 7, Primeminister General ʿAlī Razmārā is assassinated following an election campaign debate with The National Front leader Dr Moḥammad Moṣaddeq.1951 March ?, the new Primeminister Ḥosayn ʿAlā finds he can no longer continue office in a highly emotional atmosphere.1951 March 20 [1329 Esfand 29] His Excellency the Minister of Finance and representative of the former Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. passes a law of nationalisation throughout Iran with the condition of an International price for oil purchases from the Christian year 1948 up until the Persian Calendar date 29th of Esfand 1329.1951 April 29, His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi appoints Muhammad Mosaddeq as the Primeminister of Iran.1951 April 15, a report on the Abadan happenings slaughtering British subjects states a 5,500-ton cruiser of the British naval unit in the Mediterranean has sailed via the Red Sea towards the Persian Gulf: to be used when necessary.1951 April 15, aircraft Carrier of the British naval unit Mauritiuspasses through the Suez Canal from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea carrying 40 fighter planes and 1,200 British marines.1951 April 30, British Government hints at dismantling the Oil company installations and transporting any valuable parts abroad.1951 May 1, House of Commons declare Attlee's Government incapable of rule, Churchill with the opposition party insists on the immediate dispatch of military forces to Iran to take over the Iranian Oil company.1951 May 19, British Government dispatches 8 more warships to the Mediterranean to assist a fleet of 28; one Aircraft Carrier, one minesweeper, one destroyer, one gunboat and three submarines.1951 May, the British maintain illegality in the nationalisation of AOIC and refers the case to the International Court of Justice with provisions from the 1933 concession. When the Tehran talks crumble, the British submit an order to unofficiate the nationalisation process.1951 June ?, the National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC) and the ex-Anglo-Iranian management in Ḵorramšahr are expelled from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. In the 39-years of the AOIC existence, the company exports 338 million tons of oil from Iran for which £118,000,000 is paid to Iran averaging out to an average of about 7 shillings per ton. Total investment in AOIC is £21,656,252 of which £5,000,000 is from the British Government and in return for this investment, stockholders received £115,000,000 in dividends of which £49,000,000 is paid to the British Government in tax from total cash holdings of £175,000,000.1951 June 9, [Translated from Persian text] British Warship Wild Goose anchors at malta en-route to the Persian Gulf accompanied with a military plane destined for Cyprus.1951 June 11, a message from the Primeminister of Iran to the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, stating that: “during the war, Iran collaborated fully and most sincerely with the Allies for the ultimate triumph of right, justice and world freedom”, signed Dr Mohammad Mossadegh.1951 June 16, Figaro reporter writes from Tehran stating there is no doubt the Oil company [British Empire] has interfered with the internal affairs of Iran changing its governments and dynasties.1951 June 16, Top British Middle East military commanders express the opinion that they have [studied] for the possibility of landing British troops in Iran where the British deem it strategically necessary according to London Newspapers.1951 July 5, the interim measure from the British to unofficiate the nationalisation of AIOC is approved by The International Court of Justice. The Iranian Government notifies the secretary-general of the United Nations that it has already abrogated the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under provisions of the 1932 September 19 declaration.1952, Annual Financial Reports 65% of the world trade in crude oil is privately owned by five American companies; Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey), Standard Oil Co. (California), Socony Vacuum Oil Co. , Gulf Oil Corp., The Texas Co., and two British-Dutch companies — Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. and the Royal Dutch-Shell group and 45% by nationalised state-owned monopolies.1952 June 9, the International Court of Justice begins formal hearings concerning its jurisdiction in the dispute for the new 1933 Iranian Oil concession.1952 June 16, Britain responds to a lack of progress over the Iranian oil company by refusing the use of oil tankers, non-payment in oil royalties in Iran and the confiscation of Iranian property according to French newspaper Aurore.1952 July 22, The International Court of Justice determines its interim protection measures on Iran for nationalising its oil industry inoperative.1951 June 21, General Hurley in the investigation committee of the U.S. Senate, replies that “the danger in Iran is from imperialistic and colonial policy and not from communism”. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi repeatedly complains about the disproportionate payments of royalties to the British Empire which could have been invested into the Iranian economy.1951 June 29, Iran's minister of foreign affairs B.Kazemi writes a letter to His Excellency the Primeminister rejecting the petition signed by the British Government.1952 October, diplomatic relations between Iran and The United Kingdom are severed.1953, Primeminister Muhammad Mosaddeq successfully nationalises the Iranian Oil Industry in a movement to expel British Authority over the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, maintain sovereignty over its oil fields and a greater control over its oil prices and revenue streams to the Iranian Government.1953 June 27, British employees from the Oil company collectively resign, two British cruisers anchor on the Port of Chat-el-Arab to intimidate the Iranian Government.1953 August 19, Moṣaddeq’s domestic Coalition is ended in the d’état of 28 Mordād 1332 Š.1953, British media reports on the Iranian oil crisis with military intervention over nationalisation and negative publicity for Iranian national security.1953 August, Primeminister Muhammad Mosaddeq forces Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi into a pleasant exile in Rome amidst menacing opposition demonstrations.1953 August, CIA perceiving the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi as the only stable leader in the Middle East enacts an operation to overthrow Muhammad Mosaddeq and returns the Shah to power within one day.1954, the final arrangements for the consortium is for the AOIC to hold a 40% share in Iranian Oil, 40% to American Oil companies and 20% to European entities with compensation to AOIC of £25,000,000 from the Iranian Government which is signed and deposited by the Majlis in 1954.1955, the AOIC is officially renamed to the British Petroleum Oil Company after its old subsidiary.1959 State visit of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi to the United Kingdom.1960’s1963, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi implements a Government program to include land reform, infrastructure development, voting rights for women and the reduction of illiteracy.1964, spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is exiled from Iran for criticising western influences, eventually settling on the border of Iraq as a political refugee.1967, the U.S. supplies Iran with its first nuclear reactor — the 5-megawatt Tehran research reactor (TRR) operating at 93% enriched uranium.1970’s1970 February, the Iranian Parliament signs and deposits the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT).1971 Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi celebrates the 2500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy.1971 September 24, Iran signed and deposited the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil Aviation effective 1973.1973 August 27, Iran signed and deposited the Biological Weapons Convention after five days of ratification.1973 November 30, Iran signed and deposited the International Convention on the suppression and punishment for the crime of Apartheid* *(*Article XV*)* *in effect 1976 July 18.1973, Iran Electronics Industries was founded in a first attempt to repair and assemble foreign weapons imported from the US and EU after a spending spree by the Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi according to the New York Times.1973, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi removes intimidating secular opposition using the Savak police force.1974, Shah Reza Pahlavi founds the Atomic Energy Agency of Iran (AEOI) announcing plans to generate 23,000-megawatts of energy over 20 years and the construction of 23 new nuclear power plants.1975, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi announces an end to the two-party system.1975 March 6, Saddam Hussain gives partial control over the Shatt al-Arab waterway to a militarily superior Iran. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi promises to respect Iraqi military objectives to stop Iranian Aid to Iraqi Kurdish rebels.1976, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi replaces the Islamic Calendar with a Persian Calendar.1977 March 21, on the 50th anniversary of the Pahlavi dynasty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi grants Amnesty to 653 prisoners.1977 August 6, Prime Minister Abbas Hoveyda resigns after 12 years in office, and the Shah replaces him the next day with Jamshid Amouzegar.1977 October, Students protest for Ayatollah Khomeini's return from exile.1977 November 7, President Carter postpones his departure to Iran.1977 November 15, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi state visit to the U.S. is met with protests in both reciprocating nations.1978 January 9, The President of The United States Jimmy Carter visits Iran sparking protests in Qom among seminary students who demand Ayatollah Khomeini be allowed to return to Iran. The police opened fire, killing 70 students.1978 February 18, students from Tabriz commemorate the shooting of innocent students in Tehran protesting against the Government for unlawful killings and the continual employment of the commanding police force; over 100 students were shot by a mobilised police force that day in Tabriz.1978 March 30, over 100 demonstrators were killed in Yazd commemorating the dead students of Tabriz.1978 April 16, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi is insistent state torture no longer exists in Iran; the recent disturbances were just a few “ignorant people”.1978 April 26, Ronald Reagan, George Bush and Margaret Thatcher visit Iran.1978 June 6, General Nasser Moghaddam replaces General Nematollah Nassiri as head of the SAVAK.1978 August 1, a pipe bomb is thrown over the wall of the U.S. consulate in Isfahan, Iran.1978 August 15, Khomeini issues a proclamation calling on army troops not to shoot their [fellow civilian] brothers.1978 August 27, Jaafar Sharif-Emami replaces Amouzegar as prime minister.1978 September 6, the Iranian Government imposes a ban on unauthorised rallies.1978 September 6, the U.S. Government receives a five-year plan for military purchases from Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.1978 September 8, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Security forces fire on a large group of demonstrators killing several hundred people.1978 September 9, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi declares martial law imprisoning opposition leaders.1978 September 10, President Carter [supposedly] calls Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi to reaffirm U.S. support for his régime.1978 September 23, Iraqi forces place Khomeini under house arrest in Najaf, Iraq.1978 October 1, multiple sources agree that the Iranian workers take strike action for just one day; other sources vaguely write “strike action stifles the Iranian economy”.1978 October 20, Iranian Government cancels the order for 70 F-14 fighter aircraft.1978 October 24,-- Sullivan and Deputy Defense Secretary Charles Duncan meet with the Shah to discuss either installing a military régime or forming a Coalition Government.1978 November 5, the Iranian Government imposes martial law after opening fire on demonstrating students in Iran.1978 November 6, the Shah announces a new military Government meanwhile Khomeini is in Paris ruling out cooperation with the Shah régime and calls for the Islamic Republic in Iran.1978 December 11, a group of soldiers mutiny and attack the Shahs Security officers.1978 December 27, Polish-American diplomat Brzezinski convenes at the SCC to discuss a contingency plan in the event social order collapses in Iran. The idea [concept] of moving the USS Constellationto the Indian Ocean and placement of a squadron of F-15 fighter aircraft to be stationed in Saudi Arabia are discussed.1978 December 29–30, Khomeini denounces the newly appointed Primeminister of Iran Bakhtiar.1979 January 10, Khomeini delivers a message that Iran could have good relations with the United States and Western European governments if they stop supporting the Shah and interfering in Iranian internal affairs.1979 January 16, faced with an army mutiny and violent demonstrations against his rule, Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his family are forced into exile. The Shah leaves Tehran unharmed to Cairo.1979 January 22, 800 airforce warrant officers declare their loyalty for Khomeini and revolt against officers at their airfield bases in Iran.1979 February 1, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran with his advisors; Yazdi, Ghotbzadeh, Bani-Sadr and others after 15 years of exile [in Iraq and France].1979 February 25, Iran joins the Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT), and the constitution of the Asia Pacific telecommunity is enacted to assist in the development and innovation of communication systems.1979 March 1, Khomeini takes up residence in Qom, Iran.1979 April 1, Iran is declared as the Islamic Republic of Iran.1979 April c, the Shah begins receiving chemotherapy treatment after being diagnosed with lymphatic cancer; French physicians diagnose the condition six years earlier [which the Shah does not disclose].1979 August, Iraq invites the First Primeminister of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Baghdad to improve bilateral relations between the two countries.1979 November 4, Revolutionary militants storm the U.S. Embassy in Tehran taking 53 employees hostage. With the approval of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the militants demand the return of Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and for the Shah to stand trial for his crimes against humanity.1979 December 25, the Soviet Union begin the invasion of Afghanistan.1980’s1980 January 13, the Soviet Union vetoes U.N. sanctions against Iran.1980 February 8, Saddam Hussain proposes a charter to place Iraq at the centre of an Arab Coalition to resist Soviet expansionism in fear of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.1980 April, Iranian backed militia group Al-Dawa attempts to assassinate multiple Iraqi Government officials; Iraq responds immediately by rounding up Al-Dawa supporters and deporting Shia Iraqis to Iran.1980 April 17, U.S. President Carter prohibits financial transactions, imports from and travel to and from Iran.1980 April 30, a group of six men enter the United Kingdom with Iraqi passports and collect submachine guns en-route to the Iranian embassy, Princes Gate, South Kensington, London, taking 26 people hostage and demanding the release of Arab prisoners in Khuzestan with safe passage out of the United Kingdom.1980 May 5, Special Airforce Service (SAS) enact Operation Nimrod after one hostage was killed by hostage takers during the Iranian embassy siege, rescuing all except one remaining hostage and shot dead 5 out of 6 armed gunmen later identified as DRFLA.1980 July 27, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi dies of lymphatic cancer in Egypt.1980 Summertime - Sadam Hussain orders the execution of Al-Dawa leader of Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr.1980 September 4 - Iran uses long-range artillery shells on the borders of Iraq.1980 September 17 - Iraq abrogates the 1975 Algiers Accord with Iran.1980 September 22 - Iraqi military launches an invasion of Iran deploying a 10,000-man offensive to capture the Iranian airbase Dezful with formations of MiG23’s and MiG21’s to prevent an Iranian aerial counter-offensive. Iranian F4-Phantom jets counter to bomb strategic targets in Iraq. Sadam Hussain’s ground offensive succeeds destroying the Iranian oil fields at Abadan and laying siege to Mehran.1980 September 22 - Overseas and Defence Committee of the British Cabinet views recent events as an opportunity to enter the Iraqi arms trade.1980 September 30 - Pilots for F-40 Phantom jets bomb the Osirak (Tammuz) nuclear reactor causing serious damage to the facility. Damage to the reactor dome is minimal while the Iranian military denies ordering the airstrike.1980 September 30 - Italia’s foreign minister Secretary of State remarks that Italy is the most reliable channel for communications.1980 November 4, Ronald Reagan is elected 40th President of the United States of America.1980 November 7 - Iranian Commando units attack Iraqi oil export terminal at Mina al-Bakr and al-Fawr.1981 January 5 - Iranian President Banir Sadr announces a counteroffensive against Iraq with Basji volunteer conscripts and regular armed forces.1981 January 6 - Propoganda on each side intensifies; Iran claims to be winning via the capture of 1700 and the death of 500 Iraqi combatants while Iraq claims Iran to be on the retreat losing roughly the same number of combatants [capturing large numbers of weapons, tanks and equipment].1981 January 10 - Tehran under Iranian control and jurisdiction accuses Iraq of using napalm and Chemical weapons violating the Chemical weapons convention by using mustard gas on the battlefield. Three Iranian bombers are shot down by Iraq, and 50 U.S. manufactured M-60 tanks are captured.1981 January 20, Tehran U.S. embassy hostage ends the same day Ronald Reagan is announced the 40th President of the United States of America.1981 February 1, a Lebanese newspaper reports that Iraq receives 60 Mirage F1 Jets from France despite French neutrality in the Iraq-Iran war as the first of four shipments.1981 February 3, Iraq’s Revolutionary Guard Council states the Soviet Union has ceased further weapon deliveries to Iraq.1981 February 4, The New York Times reports 100 soviet-made T-54 and T-55 tanks are unloaded at Saudi ports to be delivered to Iraq amid complaints from the Iranian Government that Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Quatar, Bahrain and UAE are financing Iraq’s military campaign to invade Iran.1981 February 5, the United Kingdom rejects requests to supply arms in the Iranian-Iraqi conflict.1981 March 4, the Italian Government authorises the export of 11 naval vessels to Iraq and a floating dock worth $1.8billion.1981 March 26, the New York Times reports signs that ethnic minorities in Iran are close to open rebellion.1981 June 7, Israeli fighter pilots assist Iran by bombing the French-built Osirak nuclear facility 12-miles from Baghdad. Soviets and Americans become concerned with the intentional bombing of nuclear facilities; the U.S. so much so that it suspends the additional supply of fighter jets to Israel.1981 June 10, The Wall Street Journal reports that over half a dozen American firms continue exports to Iran despite political infighting in America over an embargo on Iran which came intoeffect1980.1981 June 11, Iranian President Bani Sadr is dismissed as chief of the Iranian armed forces and escapes to France.1981 June 24, Britain signs a contract to fund the Baghdad central Government with $2billion annually.1981 July 2, a bomb attack in Tehran kills 72 members of the Iranian Parliament leaving the leadership devastated.1981 July 16, Saudi Arabia is the first nation to offer a reconstruction of the French-manufactured nuclear reactor severely damaged by the Israeli Airforce two months earlier.1981 October 5, CIA considers an exchange with Iraq of 24 175-mm guns for a Soviet T-72 tank although the proposal was dropped in January 1982.1982 January 22, Italian Government officials agree to an Iranian plan to exchange Italian technology for Iranian oil.1981 January 29, Jordan’s King Hussain deploys a contingent of troops to Iraq to assist against Iran on the battlefield.1982 February 27, the U.S. State Department removed Iraq from a list of countries that provide financial support to international terrorism without consulting Congress.1982 March 8, The New York times reports Iran is receiving military equipment from Israel, North Korea, Syria, Libya and the Soviet Union.1984 January 19, The U.S. Department of state adds Iran to a list of states sponsoring terrorism, effectively imposing sanctions on Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini describes the decision as “an American Assault against Islam”.1982 February 6, U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger discusses sending F-14 jetfighters and anti-aircraft machinery to Jordan.1982 March 19, French Foreign Minister Claude Cheysson asks the Iraqi leadership to include other nations in the Iraqi nuclear project.1982 April 1, Saudi Arabian interior minister Prince Nayef worries the recent success in the Iranian offensive in Iraq threatens the ability to maintain sovereignty over the borders of Sunni and Shia majority held provinces.1982 April 26, The U.S. purchases $53.1million worth of crude oil from Iran in the first American purchase since the U.S. embassy siege.1982 June, U.S. President Ronald Reagan issues a National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) in support of Iraq; guaranteeing weapons, ammunition and vehicles.1982 December 19, North Korea supplies Iran with 40% of the $2million worth of weapons used in its defensive campaign against Saddam Hussain.1983 January 13, China formulates the Sino-Iranian trade pact with Iran allowing $300million in increased trade between the two nations.1983 February 9, Volkswagen Brazil signs a contract with Iraq promising to supply Iraq 50,000 automobiles and spare parts in a deal worth $300million.1983 March 3, Iraq Navy claims it has destroyed several Iranian oil rigs and five ships in the Persian Golf.1983 May 2, Iran and Iraq exchange prisoners.1983 July-August, Iraq heightens its use of chemical weapons on the battlefield against Iranian forces and Kurdish insurgents.1983 September 3, United Nations condemns Iran for the use of children in the war with Iraq.1983 November 23, Iraq bombs and sinks a Greek cargo ship off the Iranian Port of Bushehr.1983 December 23, Jordan, agrees to give Iraq, a $125million credit to reaffirm Jordanian support for the Iraqi Government under Saddam Hussain.1984 March 1, France agrees to lend Iraq $500million in a loan to help pay French civilian contractors working in Iraq.1984 March 17, A Belgian laboratory determines two chemical agents used on Iranian casualties of war as mustard gas and “Yellow rain” mycotoxins similar to batches used recently by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, Laos and Cambodia.1984 March 28, U.S. Federal agents seize $7million worth of replacement parts for M-60 tanks sold by E&F Marketing Inc. of Plymouth, MN to Tehran.1984 March 29, U.S. Intelligence officials discover a laboratory in West Germany has been exporting laboratory parts and manufacturing chemicals to Iraq.1984 June 5, U.S. Navy warships escort oil tankers to the Persian Gulf warning a U.S. retaliation if provoked.1984 June 6, Saudi Arabia shoots down two Iranian fighter jets over the Persian Gulf with American stinger-missiles.1984 August 8, allegations are made against West Germany that laboratory equipment has been used to synthesise biological and chemical weapons in Iraq.1985 March 30, the U.S. bans five chemicals exported to Iraq; Potassium Fluoride, dimethyl-methyl phosphonate, methylphosphonyl, difluoride, phosphorous oxychloride and thioglycol.1987 January 18, Iranian military spokesperson comments Iranian forces are within 400 yards of the Basra Oil refinery deep in neighbouring territory. Iraq elicits 296 bombings on the Iranian cities of Isfahan, Tabriz and Dezful.1987 February 11, Iran's President Khamenei says that "The aim of this war is [only] to punish the aggressor and root out aggression."1987 March 14, the Chinese designed HY-2 anti-ship missile installation capable of delivering a 1,000Ib payload of Styx warheads cemented on the coast of the Straight of Hormuz, Iran, with a range of 25–50miles.1987, Argentina signs a contract for a modernised conversion for the TRR by Argentinas Applied Research Institute.1987, Iran acquires the schematics for a P-1 centrifuge from the Abdul Qadeer Khan network.1987 May 8, a soviet Freighter is hit in the Persian Gulf by an Iranian missile.1987 May 13, Egypt severs diplomatic ties with Iran.1987 May 17, thirty-seven American servicemen on the USS Starkare fatally wounded when an Iraqi fighter jet fires two French-manufactured Exocet missiles, later described as a regrettable military blunder.1987 June 4, speaker of the Iranian Parliament Rafsanjani, says in a news conference that Iranian human wave tactics amongst the young and unarmed is proving ineffective wasting too many innocent lives with no clear victory for either side in the conflict.1987 June 29, U.N. Security Council vetos a U.S. lead initiative to place an international arms embargo on Iran. Vorontsov invites the Iranian Government to make a peace deal with Iraqi officials in Moscow; Iran rejects the invitation.1987 June 21, The U.N. Security Council signs and deposits a resolution for an end to the Iran-Iraq war.1988, Iran condemns the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between Iraq and Iran resolutely, in violation of the protocal for the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare signed in 1925 June 17.1988 February 6, the Soviet Union announces it is now prepared to fully accept the American proposal of an arms embargo on Iran if Iran accepts a ceasefire with Iraq.1988 March 6, Iranian rioters attack the Soviet embassy in Tehran, and the Soviet consulate in Isfahan for providing Scub-B missiles to Iraq later launched on the Iranian capital.1988 March 8, Chinese Foreign Minister Wu Xieqian informs President Reagan he will support an international embargo against Iran.1988 April 29, President Ronald Reagan commands the American Navy to use military force in the event that Iranian missiles attack neutral ships. Until now, only American ships could be protected from Iranian military operations.1988 June 16, France and Iran restore diplomatic relations.1988 July 3, the USS Vincennes shoots down an Iranian passenger plane Air 655 in the Persian Gulf obliterating all 290 civilians on board. A U.S. Navy spokesperson stated that the ship's missile targetting system mistook the Iranian Air Airbus A300 for a hostile Iranian F-16. Supreme leader Khomeini says that "We must all be prepared for a real war and go to the war fronts and fight against America”.1988 July 15, the Soviet Union asks for a U.S. withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in light of unprecedented events.1988 August 20, At 7 AM local time a full-effect ceasefire is implemented between Iraq and Iran with 350 U.N. peacekeepers deployed along the border to monitor the agreement marking the end of the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988).1989 June 3, Supreme Leader Ayatolla Khomeini is pronounced deceased.1990’s1992, U.S. Congress passes the Iran-Iraq nonproliferation act of 1992 prohibiting the transfer of technology which may allow Iran to develop advanced weapons capabilities.1992, Iran increases its military capacity to manufacture, design and assemble its military installations to self-sufficient status.1993, Argentina completes the conversion of the TRR, streamlined to run on 20% enriched uranium, 115kg supplied by Argentina.1996, U.S. Congress passes the Iran-Libya sanctions act, penalising foreign and U.S. investment exceeding $20million in Iran’s energy sector within a financial year.1997, Iran signs the Chemical weapons Convention.2000’s2001 September 11, in the United States airspace four passenger aeroplanes were taken hostage; two of the Planes Airline Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the North and South World Trade Center. A third plane crashed into the Pentagon, and the fourth heads towards Washington D.C. before crashing into a field killing 2,996 people and causing at least $10billion in damage. Intelligence agencies claim Al-Qaeda were responsible for the attack identifying the passport holders as; 15 Saudi Arabians, 2 United Arab Emirates, 1 Egyptian and 1 from Lebanon.2001, America enters the war with Afghanistan enacting Operation Enduring Freedom (2001–2014) to help dismantle al-Qaeda.2001, The United Nations Security Council creates the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) containing majority NATO troops from 43 countries to help secure Kabul, Afghanistan.2001, Taliban publicly condemns the September 11 attacks and demands evidence of Osama Bin Laden's guilt in the September 11 terrorist attacks, subsequently offering to hand over Osama Bin Laden. The U.S. President George W. Bush rejects the offer stating America does not negotiate with terrorists.2001, Deputy British Primeminister John Prescot announces simply an expression is admission to guilt for the September 11 terrorist attack.2001 October 15, foreign minister of Afghanistan Wakil Ahmed Muttawatakil offers to remove Osama Bin Laden to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to be tried for the September 11 terrorist attack.2003, U.S. invades Iraq in a US Coalition to overthrow the Government of Saddam-Hussain. An estimate of 151,000 to 650,000 Iraqis died in the first 3–4 years of conflict and collapse of the Iraqi Baathist Government. Sadam Hussain is captured in Operation Red Dawn and executed 3–4 years later.2003 September 12, The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Governors adopts a resolution for Iran to suspend enrichment.2003 October 21, Iran agrees with the IAEA to suspend nuclear enrichment activities.2004, 9/11 Commission said there was no operational relationship between Saddam Hussain and al-Qaeda nor were any stockpiles for weapons of mass destruction found.In 2004, Iran captures/rescues Royal Navy personnel on the Schatt-Al Arab River following 3 days of diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran.2005 February 27, Russia and Iran conclude a nuclear fuel agreement to provide fuel for the Bushehr reactor and return spent fuel to Russia based on fears Iran could extract plutonium for a plutonium based nuclear weapon.2005, A Baluchi gang of 500 fail to assassinate Iranian Primeminister Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.2005 August 8, Iran begins producing Uranium-hexafluoride at its Isfahan facility. As a result, France, Deutschland and The United Kingdom halt negotiations with Iran.2005 October 28, the Sinah-1 is launched into space in a joint Russian-Iranian project costing $15,000,000 making Iran the fourtythird nation to own its own satellite.2007, 170,000 American troops are deployed in Iraq.2007, Iranian Revolutionary Guard captures/rescues Royal Navy personnel from the boarding party of HMS Cornwall in the Strait of Hormuz. They were released 13 days later following the diplomatic discussion between the UK and Iran.2007 Jundallah car bomb kills 11 Iranian Revolutionary Guards.2008 March 3, the UN Security Council passes resolution 1803, further broadening sanctions on Iran to prevent Iran from acquiring sensitive nuclear or missile technology adding 13 persons and seven entities to the UN blacklist.2008 September 15, the worst economic recession since The Great Depression in 1929.2009 June 12, incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is announced Primeminister despite allegations of election rigging.2008, U.S. launches classified raids into Pakistan.2009, Irans space Agency joins…2009 February 2, Iran space agency launches the Omid and Fajr satellites at 55 degrees inclination adhering to Aerospace regulations on the launch of intercontinental objects in space.2009 May, Jundallah suicide bomber murders 25 Shia worshippers at the Zahadin mosque, Sistan-Baluchistan.2009, Jundallah suicide bomber blows up Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard General Noor Ali alongside 42 civilians and four additional Revolutionary Guard commanders in Pishin District.2010’s2010, Iran increases its cyberwarfare capability considerably.2010 Jundallah insurgent leader Abdulmalik Rigi is executed by the Iranian régime.2010, The UN Security Council adopts resolution 1929 placing an arms embargo on the transfer of major weapons systems to Iran.2010 May 17, Brazil, Iran, and Turkey issue a joint declaration attempting to resuscitate the TRR fuel-swap proposal.2010 June 24, U.S. Congress adopts the Comprehensive Iran sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act placing sanctions on firms investing in Irans energy sector and companies selling refined petroleum to Iran.2010 July 16, Sunni suicide bombers slaughter 27 and injure 270 at a Shia mosque in Zahedan.2010 July 26, the EU agrees to place further sanctions on Iran as a comprehensive and robust package in areas of trade, financial services, energy and transport as well as listing Iran as a designation for [a] visa ban and asset freeze.2010 September 16, An Iranian Security expert identifies the Stuxnet computer virus as a directed attack against Iranian nuclear facilities.2010 December 16, Shia mosque in Tehran is shattered by a bomb of unreported origins slaughtering 39.2011, President of The United States, Barack Obama, phases out a diplomatic de-escalation of troops in Iraq withdrawing all combat forces by December 2011.2011 May 2, Operation Neptune Spear enacts a CIA-led operation with the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) to successfully capture Osama Bin-Laden in Pakistan. 1 HH-60 Pave Hawk Helicopter crashes due to a mechanical fault. The firefight concludes with the death of Bin-Laden, a son, 2 Kuwaiti aids, two women dead and two others wounded. Osama Bin-Laden is pronounced dead by the 22 Navy Seals operators who then bury the body at sea in accordance to Islamic tradition.2011 December 31, as part of the National Defence Authorisation Act, Congress passes legislation allowing The United States to sanction foreign banks if they continue to process transactions with the Central Bank of Iran.2012 January, EU passes a ban on all EU members from importing Iranian oil.2012 September 27, Israeli Priminister Benjamin Netanyahu draws a red-line for an Israeli military attack on Iran defining his red Line as acquiring enough enriched 20% uranium for one atomic bomb.2012 November 16, Iran completes the installation of approximately 2800 centrifuges at the Fordow plant.2013 June 14, Hassan Rouhani is elected president of Iran asserting that he will continue Irans nuclear enrichment programme offering to be more transparent and cooperative with EU and UN inspectors.2013 July 2018, Michio Kaku, Theoretical Physicist & co-founder of String Field Theory and Author of his bestselling book “Physics of the Impossible” discusses 9/11 and the democratic will for warfare and peace.2013 September 27, President Barack Obama calls Iranian President Hassan Rouhani stating “how although there are significant obstacles to overcome, [Obama] believes a comprehensive resolution can be reached”.2013 December, Iran spends at least $6billion annually to maintain the Syrian Government in the Syrian civil war.2014, the IRGC Intelligence Organisation arrests at least 14 dual and foreign nationals who authorities allegedly perceived to have links with western academic, economic, and cultural institutions under the pretext of “cooperating with a hostile state,” deprived of due process, and routinely subjected to pro-government media smear campaigns.2014 January 20, IAEA issues a report on the implementation of the Joint Plan of Action, halting Irans 20% nuclear enrichment programme. Iran receives cash flow frozen in scheduled payments to Iran held up in other countries from previous sanctions.2014 June 2–6, at the IAEA board meeting Director General Yukiya Amano says Iran is complying with the interim agreement. The quarterly Agency report outlines Iran is complying with the terms of the interim agreement and has neutralised nearly all of its stockpile of 20% enriched uranium gas to dilution or powder form.2015 November, Iranian Special Forces captures/rescues a Russian pilot shot down by Turkey over Syria.2015 January 21, in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 21, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken says: "We assess that we still have a credible chance of reaching a deal that is in the best interest of America's security, as well as the security of our allies."2015 October 10, Iran tests a medium-range ballistic missile, the Emad. The Emad is a more precise version of the Shahab-3, believed to be capable of carrying a 750 kg payload over 1,700 kilometres. The test is a violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1929 (2010), which prohibits Iran from testing nuclear-capable ballistic missiles.2015 October 20, The Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei issues a statement endorsing the nuclear deal and bill passed by the Iranian parliament.2016 January 26, Behrouz Kamalvandi, spokesman for the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, says that Iran and China had signed a basic agreement to formalise China’s assistance in redesigning the Arak reactor during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Iran the previous week.2016 February 11, Abbas Qaidaari, director of the Defense and Security Studies Department at the Center for Strategic Studies in the Office of the Iranian President, writes in a piece for the Atlantic Council stating “Iran’s strategic defense plan currently sees no justification for missile ranges greater than 2,000-2,300 kilometers”. Qaidaari said that “although Tehran is committed to developing its deterrent conventional defence capabilities, it will limit its ballistic missiles to that range”.2016, Iran aquires enough nuclear enriched material to produce viable nuclear weapons according to the NIE.2016 April, the Ashgabat agreement is enacted between the governments of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Iran, India and Oman to allow the safe transport of goods between Central Asia and the EU.2016 April, Iran sends advisors from the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade to Syria in support of the Government.2016, Revolutionary Guard forces capture/rescue US Navy personnel when their boats entered Iranian waters off the Coast of Farsi Island. They were released the next day following diplomatic tensions between Iran and the USA.2017 January 28, Iran test fires a medium-range ballistic missile, in defiance of UN Security Council Resolution 2231. The test prompts former NSA Michael Flynn, on February 1, to declare the United States has placed Iran “on notice.”2017 March, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corpse lose 2100 units in Syria and 9000 wounded; including 418 officers and generals.2017 August, Brigadier General Hamid Abazari states the IRGC has a mortality rate of 25% in deployment for the Syrian civil war combatting DAESH (ISIL).2017, Iran executes 507 civilians related to drug offenses and armed robbery.2017 September 22, Iran parades its new medium-range ballistic missile tested in January, the Khoramshahr, with a range of about 2,000 km, in a military parade.2017 December 15, Iran denies allegations that ballistic missiles launched at Saudi Arabia from Yemen were transferred by Iran to the Houthis in violation of 2231.2018 January, several women remove their headscarves while standing on electric utility boxes across the country to protest Iran’s compulsory hijab law. The courts sentence several women to imprisonment ranging from a few months to an 18-year suspended sentence. Authorities have filed a complaint against Nasrin Sotoudeh for her work in defending Shaparak Shajarizadeh, a woman arrested for protesting discriminatory laws.2018 January 12, President of The United States Donald Trump denounces Iran publically with an agreement to impose sanctions if Iran tests long-range missiles, thwarts inspections, or makes progress towards manufacturing a nuclear weapon.2018 February 18, A tense exchange unfolds at a major security conference in Munich on Sunday, when Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu scolds Iran, which he described as the largest threat to Middle East security.2018 November, Iranian law denies freedom of religion to Baha’is and discriminates against them. At least 79 Baha’is were held in Iran’s prisons as of November 2018. According to sources in Iran; Iranian authorities systematically refuse to allow Baha’is to register at public universities because of their faith.2018 November 9, Iran executes 225 civilians related to drug offences and armed robbery. Judiciary executes at least five individuals who were sentenced to death for crimes allegedly committed as children.2019 January 24, the Revolutionary Guard’s Intelligence Organisation detains Taher Ghadirian, Niloufar Bayani, Amirhossein Khaleghi, Houman Jokar, Sam Rajabi, Sepideh Kashani, Morad Tahbaz, and Abdolreza Kouhpayeh, environmental activists accused of using environmental projects as a cover to collect classified strategic information, without providing any evidence of wrongdoing.2018 April 18, every year on the 18th April Iran has an Army Day, calling for military parades to exhibit the nation's military preparedness. This is supposed to occur without civilian casualties and unfair detainment of opposition leaders.2018 May 17, The European Commission meets in Sofia and announces that it will pursue a "blocking statute" to ban European companies and courts from complying with U.S. sanctions against Iran.2018 June, according to the Human Rights Watch authorities open Azadi stadium’s doors to women and men to watch a live screening of the last two games of Iran’s national football team at the 2018 World Cup. Despite authorities’ promise to allow women to watch the games; however, women are still banned from attending several men’s sports tournaments, such as Iran’s football league matches.2018 August 6, comprehensive U.S. sanctions placed on Iran are re-activated by the EU, French, Deutsche, and British foreign ministers stating they "deeply regret the re-imposition of sanctions by the US" .2018 August 7, certain sanctions measures reimposed by Trump May 8 come into full effect. The measures include restricting Iran's purchase of U.S. dollars, trade in gold, precious metals, aluminum, steel, coal, software, and transactions related to sovereign debt and the automotive sector. Licenses allowing certain foodstuffs to be exported to the United States and Iran to purchase commercial aircraft are also revoked.2018 August 23–28, The European Commission adopts an €18,000,000 package for Iran, the first part of a larger €50 million package, including €8 million assistance to the private sector.2018 September 8, Iranian forces perform an operation on the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iran and the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, two opposition groups in the town of Koya, in northern Iraq.2018 September 8, authorities execute Zanyar and Loghman Moradi, and Ramin Hossein Panahi, three Kurdish men convicted in unfair trials of participating in an armed struggle against the government.2019 January, the Israeli Defence Forces confirms it has launched airstrikes against Iranian military targets in Syria.2019 January 19, Iran attempts to launch a satellite using its Simorgh launch vehicle, but the satellite fails to enter orbit.2019 April 8, The United States designates Irans Government Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation.2019 May 8, The United States of America announces new sanctions on Iran’s industrial metal exports.2019 June 6, Russian President Vladimir Putin says there has not been a single violation of the JCPOA by Iran.2019 June 13, The United States accuses Iran of attacking two tankers in the Gulf of Oman. Iran denies that it is behind the attack.2019 June 20, Iran shoots down a U.S. surveillance drone.2019 June 19, Iran slams the Trump administration over new US sanctions targeting the Islamic Republic’s supreme leader and top officials.2019 June 24, The United States sanctions the Supreme Leader of Iran and his office.2019 July 4, Royal Marine Commandos are deployed to capture/rescued an Iranian oil tanker Grace-1 from the Coast of Gibraltar.2019 July 19, British-flagged oil tanker Steno Impero is captured/rescued by Iranian Revolutionary Guard in the Strait of Hormuz.[In the writing of this historic text as a Christian; I have tried not to offend Iranian law which prohibits acts such as insulting the prophet, apostasy, same-sex relations, adultery, and certain non-violent drug-related offences alongside prescribing the inhumane punishment of more than 100 crimes, including drinking alcoholic beverages and extramarital sex, which are prohibited in Iran].**Conclusion**The Government of Iran has a difficult time ahead in the precipice of enacting a military might to protect its borders amidst emerging régime change and a demand for social fairness. The Iranian Police may take measures to protect the local civilians it’s all too familiar with and punish those which repeatedly obstruct roads, cause damage to property, flout the law and enact counter-terrorist measures to secure its nation.Can the intellectuals and good-natured leaders of Iran enact peaceful protests at designated locations agreed by the local Government? Can the community teach its people right from wrong with education and Republican debate? Can they stop the rise of tyranny or will the nation flounder under crippling debt, hostile militant groups and invading foreign entities. It's now up to you to decide.**References**Core ContentI. MULTILATERAL TREATIES DEPOSITED WITH THE SECRETARY-GENERAL (2019) (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201015/volume-1015-I-14861-English.pdf)), United Nations Treaty Collections [Accessed 1st August 2019]II. 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