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The desire for drugs does not decrease , but increases in the USA and many other countries in the world. Africa is quite involved with the Venezuela drug shipments as many of those flights are heading for African countries evading the world radars with late night open skies for undetected or evaded foreign aircraft landings. "Venezuela is the source of literally hundreds of flights every year," says Bruce Bagley, a drug-trade expert at University of Miami. "It's very hard to find who's behind all of this, where they're going. They fly low," eluding radar, he says. Though the Venezuelan government in 2012 passed a law authorizing air force jets to shoot down suspicious planes, no one can be sure which side the government is on.“Cocaine demand in Europe has increased dramatically, and Europeans pay two to three times as much per gram as do Americans. There’s also been a dramatic increase in South American consumption, particularly in Brazil, the number two cocaine consuming country in the world. Argentina is number three, and Spain is four. Twenty years ago, neither Brazil nor Argentina even figured on the radar,” Bagley said. “The old argument that cocaine consumption is an American disease is incorrect. The decline in U.S. consumption has been more than compensated by a rise in Europe and South America.”Despite a collapsing economy, near-hyperinflation, and a refugee crisis that rivals Syria's, Venezuela is home to the sixth-largest number of private jets in the world, ahead of China, according to a report published last year in Forbes. And the quantity continues to grow. From Venezuela these lanes head to the Caribbean, Honduras, West Africa, and Europe.Significant Cocaine Busts deuring the last YearJan. 12 1,905 KilosJan. 22 2,050 KilosMarch 1,644 KilosApril 24 3,140 KilosMay 2 2,200 KilosJune 7 2,537 KilosAug. 1 1,250 KilosAug. 7 1,500 KilosOct. 27 1,125 KilosNov. 28 4,500 KilosOn April 13, 2015, a Gulfstream flew to Venezuela, and air force jets forced it to land in Punto Fijo. The crew had entered Venezuelan airspace without presenting a flight plan, "raising suspicions," according to Notifalcón, a Venezuela news site. Tests picked up traces of cocaine in the interior, according to Venezuelan court documents, indicating cocaine had already been shipped. In early 2014, another plane was seized by the Ecuadorian government, which claimed the aircraft had been abandoned. A narcotics prosecutor, Leonidas Lema, told reporters it was tied to drug traffickers in the United States. Reynoso tried to get the plane back but eventually gave up. He claims it was taken as revenge for his refusal to play ball with Venezuelan generals. In September 2011, the U.S. Treasury Department sold the seized Learjet at auction for a little over $100,000. FAA records show the plane then passing directly from One Way Jet to a Delaware company, Lincoln Investment Holdings Inc., which owned at least six other executive jets. Who owned that company was not immediately apparent, because Delaware records allow substantial anonymity. But the man behind the curtain was allegedly a convicted narco. How did Lincoln Investment Holdings, allegedly controlled by a convicted drug trafficker, obtain the Learjet from the feds without raising red flags? It's unclear. Also unclear is the fate of the plane. On FlightAware, a website that monitors planes, the Learjet was last logged January 3, 2014, on a flight to Taylorville, a small town in Illinois. It had taken off from McAllen, Texas, on the border with Mexico.South Florida is a prime destination for these planes. In 2013, the second-fastest-growing route for private jets on the planet was Caracas to Miami, according to CNN. Some fraction of these planes is probably being put to nefarious use. The world's cocaine is produced almost entirely in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and the U.S. government has estimated about half of it passes through Venezuela on the way to world markets. Much of it leaves on planes. A world away from the chaos in Venezuela, where a total of three planes that Eagle sold wound up linked to drug traffickers, and another owned by Eagle was seized by the country's government in what the company says was simply theft. "It was just confiscated for no reason," Vasquez says. "What the government is doing in Venezuela is taking a lot of properties from the people. They have taken factories and farms and aircraft."Vasquez, who says he began working at the company a couple of years ago, leads a reporter to a conference room, where he gives a slide presentation of the company's array of government certifications, authorizing Eagle to supply parts to the air forces of Chile, Peru, and Colombia. "We are vigilant," he says. "We want to do the right thing."Next comes the office of CEO Hector Alfonso Schneider, who is sitting in an open-collar shirt behind his desk. On his wall is a framed photo of the first plane he sold as an entrepreneur freshly arrived in the United States from Colombia in the early '00s. It's a Beechcraft propeller plane that was sold to a Colombian oil company for $160,000, netting a tidy profit.Planes are in the family, Schneider says: His father worked in Colombia as a sales representative for Cessna. And Schneider flew for Colombian air taxi services, he says. Since that first sale, Eagle has exported about 40 planes to Latin America, almost all to Venezuela or Colombia.In Latin America, criminal entrepreneurs in the form of cartels, have traditionally run drug trafficking. In Venezuela, it is managed from within government, and Nicolás Maduro .“Cartel of the Suns” (Cartel de los Soles) came from the golden stars that generals in the Venezuelan National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivariana – GNB) wear on their epaulettes. The term was first used in 1993 when two National Guard generals, anti-drugs chief Ramón Guillén Dávila and his successor Orlando Hernández Villegas, were investigated for drug trafficking. Today the name is used to describe all government officials involved in the drug trade. And there are many, stretching across all the organs of the state.Venezuela and Brazil are stopovers before delivery on to Africa or Europe and USA . Production: Almost all of the world’s cocaine comes from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.Honduras (CNN) Cocaine trafficking from Venezuela to the United States is soaring, even as the country collapses. And US and other regional officials say it's Venezuela's own military and political elite who are facilitating the passage of drugs in and out of the country on hundreds of tiny, unmarked planes.A months-long CNN investigation traced the northward route of cocaine from the farmlands where much of it is grown in Colombia, and found that the number of suspected drug flights from Venezuela has risen from about two flights per week in 2017 to nearly daily in 2018, according to one US official. This year, the same official has seen as many as five nighttime flights in the sky at once.Planes loaded with Colombian cocaine used to depart from Venezuela's remote southern jungle regions. Now they take off from the country's more developed northwest region to reduce their flying time, US and regional officials also said.News reports, court documents, and FAA records for approximately 150 planes implicated in drug smuggling since 2000 and found 24 Florida companies that might have sold aircraft directly to traffickers. Bribes, Bullets, and Intimidation: Drug Trafficking and the Law in South-Central America."They ought to be if they're not."Drug dealers have a fleet of planes outstripping the largest Mexican airline, Aeromexico, according to the Mexican newspaper El Universal. More than 500 Sinaloa aircraft have been identified, the paper reported, and those are just the ones that have been caught.Last year, prosecutors convicted a broker in San Diego of selling 35 Cessna planes to traffickers. But New Times found two instances in which the United States seized drug planes and then transferred them, apparently in public sales, to convicted felons — one of whom had been involved in the Florida drug trade in the '90s and another who outlandishly claimed to have smuggled drugs for the CIA.In fact, during this period, Florida was apparently the largest source of drug planes in the United States, followed by Delaware, where strict corporate secrecy rules have allowed for the cancerous proliferation of shell companies that can provide cover for buying and selling drug planes. Most of the Florida companies were in or near Miami. And most of the aircraft were sold into Venezuela, which has become an aviation Wild West whose lawlessness seeps into the Sunshine State.Officials involved in combating the deadly trade describe a ridiculously profitable courier system for the Venezuelan government. "Drug smugglers are more and more exploiting the complicity of Venezuelan authorities, and more recently the vacuum of power," said one US official. Every shipment of cocaine from South America is so lucrative that the planes flown by traffickers are cheap in comparison; most are used only once and then discarded or set on fire upon arrival. In 2017, former Venezuelan Vice President Tareck El Aissami was sanctioned by the US Treasury for overseeing or partially owning "narcotics shipments of over 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) from Venezuela on multiple occasions." In March, El Aissami, now Venezuela's minister for industry, was indicted in New York for facilitating drug trafficking.A confidential 2018 US radar map of the plane routes seen by CNN shows their departure from northwestern Venezuela's Zulia region, their passage north to the Caribbean, and then their sharp turn West toward their destinations in the remote farmlands of Guatemala, on the Honduran coastline, and some in the Caribbean. From there, the drugs are shipped up to Mexico and then distributed to American cities.The Venezuela government is bleading to pay the operational cost of a socialist style living where very few work more or less 50% or the reality is that half a dozen employes are required to perform the work load normally that requires two employes that could efficiently achieve the same exact tasks .Venezuela’s seizure of the 28 aircraft this year represents an astounding 460-percent increase over a mere five taken in 2017. Meanwhile, drug seizures have held steadier, with the ONA reporting 39.4 metric tons seized in 2017 and Interior Minister Néstor Reverol announcing that 37.2 metric tons have been seized as of November 2018. Venezuela’s higher official drug seizure figures could also be a logical reflection of increased circulation due to the porous border it shares with Colombia, making it an attractive territory for drug traffickers to use as an exit point for shipping their illicit cargo out of Venezuela, South America.Mildred Camero, former president of the National Commission Against the Use of Illicit Drugs (Comisión Nacional Contra el Uso Ilícito de las Drogas – Conacuid) in Venezuela, explained that negligence or complicity by the authorities themselves has made the country the safest and most economical cocaine drug corridor available to international criminal organizations.“Approximately 400 metric tons of cocaine circulate around the country per year,” the expert told InSight Crime.Another factor that could be boosting the amount of drugs in Venezuela is the increasingly widespread presence of Colombian guerrilla groups such as the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional – ELN) and dissident elements of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – FARC).In December 2015, the United States indicted Reverol on drug trafficking charges. The next day, Maduro named him as the Top minister.In July 2017, the US further accused Reverol of having drug trafficking links and included him on a list of 13 sanctioned officials. At the time, InSight Crime reported that Reverol was thought to have received bribes from drug traffickers in exchange for helping them ship cocaine to the United States.Reverol’s involvement in drug trafficking is not new as he (alongwith Carvajal, the man now blaming him) is part of the Cartel of the Suns, a shadowy drug trafficking network run within the ranks of the Venezuelan government and army.The US is the only country that buys Peru’s medical-grade cocaine, which is (uncommonly) used for sinus surgeries. Cocaine is a great vasoconstrictor—it narrows the blood vessels—and as a 2016 review noted, “there is no direct replacement for its useful unique characteristics.”It is abundantly clear, given decades of trial and error and escalating scientific evidence, that prohibition only makes risky drug use even riskier. If we actually want to reduce mortality and other health problems associated with drugs, it makes more sense to regulate legal drug markets than to incentivize illicit ones. So-called “hard” drugs like cocaine are no exception.Venezuelan Kingpin’s DrugnTrial Walid MakledMakled has publicly claimed that his trafficking network was made possible by complicity at the very highest levels of Venezuela’s military and government. “All my business associates are generals,” he once famously claimed. Makled has also said that he paid off several members of Venezuela’s National Assembly and that he funded PSUV political campaigns. Makled also carried a credential signed by former Supreme Court magistrate Eladio Aponte, which has been interpreted as proof of Makled’s influence over Venezuela’s highest court.Makled is also alleged to have maintained ties with Colombia’s FARC, providing the guerrilla group with weapons in exchange for cocaine. Makled has also said he has knowledge about the activities of the Lebanese militant group .After former Supreme Court Judge Eladio Aponte left the country and became a informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), state television released footage of Makled, in handcuffs and accompanied by police, calling Aponte the primary associate in his airline business, which is suspected of smuggling tons of cocaine outside the country.Venezuela’s judicial police (Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas – CICPC), the Attorney General’s Office and the criminal division of the Supreme Court, highlights how corruption has increased over the last 20 years under the administrations of former President Hugo Chávez and current President Nicolás Maduro.Sources within the scientific police consulted by InSight Crime also revealed an investigation into Venezuela GNB Police officials aiding drug trafficking operations in the Anzoátegui Province. Evidence points to certain controls being avoided on key shipments, or bribes being paid to soldiers for routes to be cleared for drug transports. On November 25, 2018 agents seized 1,020 kilograms of cocaine and arrested five people, including three Colombians. “927 packages were transported in a truck, from the city of Machiques in the state of Zulia to the Caribbean islands, with their final destination being the United States,” said official Jhonny Salazar, according to a statement from the National Anti-Drug Office, as reported by the newspaper Panorama.Finally, it should be remembered that Anzoátegui is one of the states where the presence of the National Liberation Army (Ejército Nacional de Liberación – ELN) of Colombia has recently been detected.Colombian TCOs have shifted a sizable portion of their drug trafficking activities to neighboring countries mainly Venezuela outside the reach of Colombian authorities. Colombian TCOs generally will transport and store large quantities of cocaine in remote areas of Venezuela until a maritime or aerial conveyance can be secured for transportationThe nephews of President Nicolás Maduro, Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, after their arrest by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration on 10 November 2015 in Haiti.Under the current Nicola Maduro government that stated in 2013, drugs from Colombia became a way of cash income as they handled the shipments of over 70% of all drugs originating from the Catatumbo Colombia border area that is now one of the largest 25% and newest coca production area in the world with over 12,000 hectares. Colombia ELN-ELP groups are one of the criminal groups that did not negociate and reach a FARC type of peace agreement now running and coordinaing the drugs in Venezuela.Venezuela militaries are the ones directing and allowing the shipments out from the Catatumbo area. Colombia FARC has three of its seven blocs with a Venezuela presence there. For the now-demobilized FARC guerrilla group, the South American nation offered access to some of the region’s main drug trafficking corridors, and also served as a place to “escape pressure from Colombian security forces.” It is difficult to think the government of Nicolas Maduro has decided to take the fight to drug traffickers, just as the country is undergoing its worst-ever economic crisis, largely due to corruption, and while many officials face US sanctions due to alleged links to the drug trade.As for the former FARC rebels’ connection with the upper echelons of the Venezuelan government, the so-called “narco nephews” of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores provided information of that link during their drug trafficking trial in the United States. The most recent showing of the criminal activities of former FARC fighters in Venezuela was a meeting between dissident FARC leaders and the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional – ELN) in Apure state along the border with Colombia.Criminal groups have taken full advantage of this situation in order to continue operating with the complete Venezuela impunity. Drug trafficking has found “fertile territory” in a mafia state, where the active participation of public officials in this illegal and cross-border business prevents international cooperation and effective investigations that lead to criminal convictions. Billions are made from the 500 metric ton plus cocaine drug shipments in the pockets of the Venezuelans mafia state under no political or judicial control. Anarchy is the Venezuela reality where the killings are the highest in the world.Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), el Ejército de Liberación Popular (EPL), las Fuerzas Bolivarianas de Liberación (FBL) y disidencias de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) cuentan con más de 15.000 venezolanos que llevan a cabo actividades ilícitas para ellos en la frontera colombo-venezolana.Las personas son captadas y utilizadas para el narcotráfico; microtráfico; contrabando de combustible; contrabando de oro, coltán y cobre, también son empleados como “gariteros” (vigilantes de los negocios ilegales). “Como pago reciben en promedio 50.000 pesos diarios (unos US$18)”, explicó el profesor Javier Tarazona, director de FundaRedes.ELN, el EPL está trabajando con la red criminal de Los Urabeños, asediados pero aún poderosos, y del cartel mexicano de Sinaloa, para abrir un nuevo corredor de narcotráfico. La fuente informó a InSight Crime que el cartel de Sinaloa hace presencia en la región desde 2016Esto, sumado a la ubicación del Catatumbo, que está en la frontera con Venezuela, país por el cual transita la mayor parte de estupefacientes que pretenden emigrar hacia el norte de América y otros países.“El Catatumbo está ubicado sobre la fuente de carbón más grande de Colombia. El EPL quiere explotar eso. Siempre han querido. Pero el ELN querrá detenerlos a toda costa”, dijo.Otras actividades lucrativas como impuestos al paso de mercancías de contrabando y la extorsión son garantías de fuente criminal.Colombia ha habido una expansión del ELN y el EPL después de la muerte de Víctor Ramón Navarro, alias ‘Megateo’. “Ellos volvieron a las actividades de tipo guerrillero, esto es, hostigamientos a la fuerza publica, emboscadas (se han presentado cinco en lo que va del año), entre otras”. Restrepo también advierte que la violencia política se mantiene de un modo soterrado. Catatumbo, según el Sistema Integrado de Monitoreo de Cultivos Ilícitos, había menos de 500 hectáreas de cultivos en el año 2006. Para 2010 el número se trepó a 1.900. Y el año pasado se reportaron 11.527 hectáreas. Eso significa que el 20 por ciento de todo el territorio del Catatumbo está sembrado de coca. Esto, sumado a la ubicación del Catatumbo, que está en la frontera con Venezuela, país por el cual transita la mayor parte de estupefacientes que pretenden emigrar hacia el norte de América, Europa, Africa y otros países.¿En qué va el tema de los corredores de tráfico de droga?Sigue siendo muy importante el corredor del Pacífico desde las costas colombianas y ecuatorianas para la exportación de cocaína, principalmente a Centroamérica, Guatemala y México, pero también hay unos nuevos corredores que son muy importantes hacia Suramérica: Brasil, Chile y Argentina, desde cuyos puertos, especialmente el de Brasil, se hace un traslado y un cambio en la carga, en los contenedores. La ruta sur desde Brasil, especialmente desde el puerto de Santos, llega a Europa y Asia y es muy importante, por eso hay una gran presencia de narcotraficantes colombianos en países del sur asegurando esas rutas y asegurando la rentabilidad y la criminalidad asociada a ese tráfico de cocaína.As the majority of large International corporations got nationalised by the government, seized or confiscated, as other private sector in Venezuela are extremely unproductive business that cannnot survive including the PDVSA Oil company , OPEC fifth largest supplier in the world as they cannot produce more than one milion barrel a day from all the Oil fields in Zulia state known as Maracaibo area and all the others Venezuela oil fields not considered as Heavy tar oil sands currently refered as the Hugo Chavez FAJA Orinoco Oil belt sands production areas. Drugs are the normal way to live and bring luxury.El pizarrón Noticias > Cifras del Centro de Refinación de Paraguana, Estado FalcónCifras del Centro de Refinación de Paraguana, Estado FalcónFran Tovar13-05-2018 El pizarrón Noticias, Titulares II0Informaciones provenientes del Centro de Refinación de Paraguana, Estado Falcón, indican que la capacidad de refinación ha bajado considerablemente, las cifras que nos envían son las siguientes:REFINERIES IN VENEZUELA ARE OPERATING UNDER 20% CAPACITY IN 2019.After stealing the billions from all the oil revenues from PDVSA in order to support the 25% plus of population not working or unemployed , drugs became a easy way for fast cash money without any accounting.PdVSA is not the only government institution in Venezuela subject to rampant corruption. As InSight Crime revealed in a recent investigation, virtually any potential avenue for graft is being exploited while the government of President Maduro turns a blind eye to secure the loyalty of those around him. Cases include members of the armed forces, members of the first family and possibly even the president, who according to the Miami Herald may have participated in the PdVSA money laundering operation, although he is not mentioned by name in the US investigation report.Rebolledo, author of the book “How Money Is Laundered in Venezuela” (“Así se lava el dinero en Venezuela”), told InSight Crime that “these money laundering operations are only possible if someone in an important position of power allows them to happen. That is what leads to a network like the one identified by US authorities being formed.”Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco mostrando sus 4 campos y diferentes bloques, destacando la asignación de esos bloques a diferentes países. Fuente: PDVSA130 países firman una acción contra el problema mundial de las drogasPolítica/ 24 Sep 2018 - 1:19 PMThe former Venezuelan intelligence chief, who has emerged as a whistleblower that could help ignite a political change in Venezuela, turned against businessman Raúl Gorrín to showcase the corruption that has gained strength under the governments of former President Hugo Chávez and President MaduroUS authorities are charging a network of Venezuelan elites and international financial actors with laundering over a billion dollars stolen from the state-owned oil company, illustrating once again how corruption has ransacked the South American country, and why it can be considered a mafia state.Businessmen who have been given the moniker “boliburgués” along with several Venezuelan officials allegedly embezzled more than $1.2 billion from Venezuela’s state-owned oil company Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) between 2014 and 2015, and later attempted to launder the funds through US and European banks, according to a July 23 criminal complaint filed in a federal court in Florida.The PdVSA officials and businesspeople involved allegedly exploited Venezuela’s foreign currency exchange system to increase the value of company funds obtained from the oil company through bribery and fraud. Because of differences between the actual exchange rate and a government-set rate, connected individuals in Venezuela could steal huge amounts of money from the PdVSA.“Essentially, in two transactions, [a] person could buy 100 million U.S. Dollars for 10 million U.S. Dollars,” the complaint states.This is all possible thanks to the inconsistencies and complexities of Venezuela’s currency exchange system.After allegedly obtaining $1.2 billion from PdVSA, the defendants laundered the money through a series of sophisticated schemes, including the purchase of real estate in Florida, fake bonds and false investment funds, in order to pay kickbacks to Venezuelan officials, elites..In the criminal complaint, US authorities describe several unnamed conspirators who are part of a Venezuelan elite class known as the “bolichicos” or “boliburgués,” a name Venezuelans have given to the social class that has rapidly grown rich due to its political ties or the business it does with the Chavista government.The billion-dollar scheme to embezzle funds from Venezuela’s state-owned oil company and launder them through a sophisticated series of false investments abroad is the latest example of the pervasive corruption that has pillaged not only PdVSA, but much of the Venezuelan government’s coffers in recent years.“It happens because this economic model was created precisely so that organized crime would have control of Venezuela,”The list also includes a television network owner who could be Raúl Gorrín of Globovisión according to the Miami Herald, and the stepsons of an important Venezuelan official, who according to the same source could be President Nicolás Maduro himself and the children of his wife Cilia Flores. Members of the boliburgués have been implicated in a wide range of other corruption schemes throughout government institutions.Existing border squabbles, particularly with Colombia and Guyana (two-thirds of whose territory is claimed by Venezuela) have added fuel to the fire. Guyana’s 2017 discovery of substantial oil deposits in offshore waters claimed by Venezuela, and its decision to refer the case to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, have resulted in an escalation of a long-dormant crisis.For Colombia, the growing presence in Venezuela of guerrillas from the ELN, the country’s only remaining significant insurgent group and the perpetrators of a car bombing in Bogotá that killed 21 people at a police training centre on 17 January 2019, is a major concern. Peace talks with the ELN have collapsed, and both the guerrillas and remnants of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People’s Army (FARC) – formerly Colombia´s largest guerrilla group, which demobilised as a result of a peace deal under Colombia’s previous government of Juan Manuel Santos – have been drawn to the gold mining zones of southern Venezuela, allegedly with the approval of senior Venezuelan officials.Nor are western hemisphere actors the only ones involved. In December, Russia’s deployment of a small fleet of military aircraft, including two Tu-160 strategic bombers on what Moscow called a “training exercise” to Venezuela, added to geopolitical tensions. Defence Minister Vladimir Padrino López said Russia and Venezuela were both prepared to defend Venezuelan territory.The multilateral West Africa Coast Initiative (WACI) – involving UNODC, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the UN Department of Peacekeeping and other partners – is designed to support the ECOWAS regional action plan on drug trafficking, through capacity building, law-enforcement cooperation and the strengthening of the criminal justice system starting from four key countries: Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea- Bissau, Liberiaand Sierra Leone.The UNODC has also developed the Airport Communication Project (AIRCOP), in cooperation with Interpol and the World Customs Organisation. Funded by Canada and the European Commission, and also in line with the ECOWAS regional action plan, this is intended to strengthen communication and encourage intelligence sharing at airport and police level between Brazil and seven West African states, namely Nigeria, Togo, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Ivory Coast and Senegal. From the moment it was launched in late 2010 there were plans to widen it to other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.To succeed, such initiatives need the active involvement of local West African agencies and require that international partners cooperate with, rather than direct, their local counterparts. However, many such drugs crackdowns are undermined by corrupt officials. Although Ghana is often described as a West African success story, a 2009 American Embassy cable revealed by Wikileaks claimed that Ghana's then president, John Atta Mills, was aware that 'elements of his government' were 'already compromised' and that officials at Kotoka airport tipped off drug traffickers about Operation Westbridge.Some of these law-enforcement initiatives have also created what is known in counternarcotics circles as a 'balloon effect', in which the problem is simply displaced (i.e. as one area is squeezed, the problem expands into another). Pouring significant resources into countries such as Ghana has improved local law-enforcement capacity and, arguably, boosted local political willingness to combat trafficking and corruption. Ghana is the West African country where cocaine is least available and most expensive; here a kilo costs approximately €22,000 as opposed to €7,000–8,000 in Guinea Bissau. However, neighbouring Burkina Faso and Togo have seen an increase in the traffic and abuse of illicit drugs over the past five years. According to Togolese counternarcotics officials, an estimated 30% of drugs transiting the region go through Togo. Burkina Faso's customs agency destroys more than 100 tonnes of cocaine every year, but this is believed to represent only a small fraction of the drugs circulating the country.Potential for destabilisationWest Africa's drug problem should not be exaggerated. The region is not a homogeneous block, which complicates any attempt to compare it to Mexico. Drugs have arguably worsened security problems in the region, rather than giving rise to them. However, the drugs trade has the potential to further destabilise fragile countries which are prone to corruption and are in many cases still in the midst of post-conflict transition.1-Interpretación de facies genéticas en pozos verticales/inclinados/horizontales y su integración en el modelo geológico. - La Comunidad Petrolera2-Figura 2. Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco mostrando sus 4 campos y...3-Guerra en el Catatumbo - En el Catatumbo la guerra sigue igual.4-Tres escenarios sobre el desarrollo de la faja del Orinoco5-Las FARC: 435 días sin disparos - Especial Catatumbo6-Todo sobre las noticias políticas en Colombia y el mundo | El Espectador7-130 países firman una acción contra el problema mundial de las drogas | ELESPECTADOR.COM8- El pizarrón Noticias9-Colombia: ELN y EPL luchan en Catatumbo para controlar el narcotráfico10-Milicia urbana del EPL siembra terror en comunidades en frontera de Colombia y Venezuela11-Informe: La guerrilla es el principal empleador en la frontera de Venezuela12-Cartel de los Soles Archives - Página 2 de 5 - insightcrime.13-Venezuela Institutional Weaknesses Facilitate Cocaine Trafficking: Report14-Honduras and Venezuela: Coup and Cocaine Air Bridge15-Op-Ed: Here’s What a Legal Market for Cocaine Could Look Like16-Venezuela Drug Trafficker Turned Informant Sentenced: Lightly17-US Charges Point to Rampant Corruption at Venezuela State Oil Company18-More Venezuela Drug Plane Seizures Signal Trafficking Increase19-https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-07/DIR-040-17_2017-NDTA.pdf20-UN Reports 'Alarming' Trends in Drug Trafficking in Africa21-African Narco News22-Drugs trafficking in the Caribbean23-Venezuela – A Rough Road Ahead24-These astonishing maps show how hard drugs are produced and sold around the world25-These astonishing maps show how hard drugs are produced and sold around the world26-These astonishing maps show how hard drugs are produced and sold around the world27-Corruption in Venezuela has created a cocaine superhighway to the US28-Drug Trafficking Within the Venezuelan Regime: The 'Cartel of the Suns'29-Venezuelan plane caught with drugs departed from government-operated terminal30-New Times Investigation: Drug Traffickers Are Buying Up Planes in South Florida