Master Brewers Association Of Canada: Fill & Download for Free

Centennial: You are misinformed. There is no Brewmaster program at Centennial.Niagara: Well, Niagara is beautiful and the program looks solid. Brewmaster and Brewery Operations Management | Programs | Niagara CollegeI’d suggest you also consider Kwantlen Polytechnic in the Vancouver area. The hands-on program has produced award-winning beer and is highly regarded.Award-Winning. KPU Brewing students had a successful 2017 winning gold and silver medals in the US Open College Beer Championship, as well as third place in the Belgian Wheat Beer category competing against seasoned brewers at the BC Beer Awards!KPU BrewingThe campus is in Langley, BC, outside the overheated real-estate of Vancouver proper, but still connected by transit.What makes KPU's Brewing Diploma unique?The only brewing diploma program available in BCFirst Canadian institution recognized by the Master Brewers Association for a high standard of brewing educationCustom-built teaching brewery on campusState-of-the-art brewing and lab equipmentSmall class sizes with a maximum of 35 students per classExperienced instructors with decades of brewing and beer industry experienceIndustry partnerships with local breweries and national associationsBC is a major hub for the craft brewing industry in CanadaBoth Kwantlen and Niagara look like solid hands-on programs. The outcomes are the same, the IDB Certificate: IDB Brewing. Just decide where you’d rather spend the next two years. If you plan to work in Ontario, then go to Niagara. If you plan to work in the west, then go to Kwantlen. If you like the Prairies, then go to Olds College.Niagara Brew Programs: All Brewmaster Programs in Ontario| ontariocolleges.caAlberta, Olds College: Brewmaster & Brewery Operations ManagementMore: Training & Courses

RESILIENCE. There is no such thing as a stable climate without severe weather. Unstable weather is the normal reality on planet Earth and fossil fuel energy is proven the best resource for safety during winter blizzards, floods and hurricanes. The New Green Deal plan to end fossil fuel energy is suicidal because wind and solar are not alternatives and nuclear could be but is politically off limits.Demonizing coal energy power is not reducing its vital role in the market place especially in China, but also in the US and India.The earth is cooling and we face devastating challenges that will be made worse by the foolish Alarmist attack on carbon dioxide, the elixir of plant life.When there is risk of danger there is a dichotomy in whether to respond with prevention or resilience. Research says it depends on the predictability and or probability of the risk.Wildavsky addresses the master dilemma head on, asking whether piling on safety measures actually improves safety. While he agrees that society should sometimes try to prevent large harms from occurring, he explains why such anticipatory measures are usually inferior to a strategy of resilience -learning from error how to bounce back in better shape. His purpose is to shift the risk debate from passive prevention of harm to active search for safety. AMAZON“If our most serious risks come from unpredictable or low probability sources, then resilience (by conserving generalized resources that may be shifted around and applied where needed ) is better. If danger comes from reliably foreseeable sources, then anticipation make sense.” Aaron Wildavsky, THE SEARCH FOR SAFETY.We know the weather and climate are very complex and most unpredictable. Also the evidence mounts a temperatures continue to decline that there is a very low probability to take action to prevent a too hot climate. Unfortunately a too cold climate while unpredictable cannot be controlled and resilience is our only recourse.Many more people will die from heat poverty directly attributable to the large increased cost of electricity from wind and solar subsidies.RECORD DROP IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURES AS EL NINO WARMING ENDSDate: 27/11/16David Rose, Mail on SundayGlobal average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record. According to satellite data, the late 2016 temperatures are returning to the levels they were at after the 1998 El NinoWe have been continually in an Ice age for the last 2.4 Million years now, seesawing between glaciation and interglacial periods. We do not know what causes the change from cold to warm likely the sun unlikely Co2.An interglacial period is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age. The current Holocene interglacial began at the end of the Pleistocene, about 11,700 years ago. WikipediaGlacial stage, in geology, a cold episode during an ice age, or glacial period.Aaron Wildavsky in SEARCHING FOR SAFETY, sees a choice between “anticipating” dangers or being “resilient” to danger. My article published JULY 1990 by the GLOBE & MAIL urged "MORE RESEARCH" on global warming theory . C02 is essential to plant life. GLOBAL WARMING IS NATURAL. Climate is always changing. Canada is - "ONLY A DROP IN THE OCEAN."https://youtu.be/ftmkgsrfDNsFOSSIL FUELS ARE ESSENTIAL TO ICE AGE RESILIENCEImportance of Fossil FuelsFossil fuels are found in almost every product we use daily.Fossil fuels are found in 96% of the items we use each day. One major use of these products is as fuel, gasoline for cars, jet fuel, heating oil and natural gas used to generate electricity. Not only does the oil and natural gas industry supply a massive number of jobs, the taxes and royalties generated from revenue the industry directly fund schools, roads, emergency services and more. The products produced by fossil fuels are essential to our daily lives, creating materials like plastics, medicines, computers and life-saving devices like MRI scanners.Importance of Fossil Fuels0:37 / 13:35Yet Another Model-Based Claim Of Anthropogenic Climate Forcing CollapsesBy Kenneth Richard on25. February 2021High-resolution climate models have projected a “decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under the influence of anthropogenic warming” for decades (Lobelle et al., 2020). New research that assesses changes in the deeper layers of the ocean (instead of “ignoring” these layers like past models have) shows instead that the AMOC hasn’t declined for over 30 years.The North Atlantic has been rapidly cooling in recent decades (Bryden et al., 2020, Fröb et al., 2019). A cooling of “more than 2°C” in just 8 years (2008-2016) and a cooling rate of -0.78°C per decade between 2004 and 2017 has been reported for nearly the entire ocean region just south of Iceland. The cooling persists year-round and extends from the “surface down to 800 m depth”Image Source: Bryden et al., 2020Image Source: Fröb et al., 2019Those who favor an anthropogenic explanation for these rather inconvenient cooling trends have leaned on the climate models that say the ocean’s dominant heat transport mechanism – the AMOC – has been declining in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing.But now a new study (Worthington et al., 2021) throws cold water on this claim too.Image Source: Worthington et al., 2021Reconstructing over 30 years of AMOC variability (1981-2016), the authors use a “higher-fidelity empirical model of AMOC variability” that, unlike past assessments, does not “ignore changes in the deep circulation”.The authors do indeed find there was a brief dip in the AMOC from 2004-2012. But even this temporary decline was dominated by internal variability rather than being associated with anthropogenic forcing.In fact, Worthington and colleagues have determined that there has been “no overall AMOC decline” since monitoring began in 1981. This contradicts the results of high-resolution climate models.Image Source: Worthington et al., 2021Consequently, the cooling in the North Atlantic can no longer be dismissed as a response to an anthropogenically-weakened AMOC.Something else is driving the cooling.The Man Who Predicts Weather Better Than Anyone Astrophysicist Piers Corbyn #2 The sun and sunspots intense magnetic fields. Corbyn.Ottawa freezes its way to coldest capital city in the worldTemperature slipped below those of capitals in Russia, Kazakhstan and MongoliaCBC News ·Posted: Jan 19, 2019 9:44 AM ET | Last Updated: January 19Ottawa is the seventh coldest national capital in the world based on average annual temperature. (Canadian Press)If you were out early Saturday morning and felt like you were in the coldest place on earth, you were right — at least when it comes to capital cities around the globe.The temperature in Ottawa fell below every other national capital in the world on Saturday morning — and that doesn't include the wind chill.Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia, is on average the coldest capital city in the world, according to World Atlas.But the temperature in Ottawa — ranked the seventh coldest capital based on annual average temperature — dipped to –24 C, compared to –23 C in Ulan Bator.With the wind chill it felt like minus Горящие туры из Минска: агентство SEAVIEW comparison here are the temperatures in other capital cities that are colder than Ottawa on average:Astana –3 CMoscow –4 CHelsinki –2 CReykjavik 1 CTallinn –2 CTo top it all off, Environment Canada has issued an extreme cold warning and a winter storm warning for Ottawa.Ottawa and some surrounding areas could see up to 25 centimetres of snow over the next 24 hours.WEATHERJanuary 30, 2019 3:52 pmUpdated: January 31, 2019 4:28 pmCanadian prairies colder than North Pole, almost as cold as MarsBy Mike KoncanWeather Anchor/Reporter Global News43

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moreToronto under extreme cold weather alert ahead of big temperature drop SundayWATCH: Extreme cold warnings for much of CanadaListenThe term ‘extreme’ has been circulating across the continent as provinces and states experience cold weather, but few places are as cold as the prairies.Polar Vortex is also a great buzzword, and it has a major impact on the weather and temperatures around a big chunk of the country.The atmospheric conditions are an upper level low pressure system higher up above the earth’s surface. Around the eastern prairies, a ridge of high pressure has built up, essentially meaning that the eastern prairies are getting a steady stream of air from the top of the world.READ MORE: Extreme cold warning continues along eastern SaskatchewanSimply put, Manitoba and Saskatchewan are being blasted by air from above the Arctic, making them the coldest places in the country, and quite possibly on the planet.Cold air sitting over much of Canada Wednesday Jan 30, 2019.Global NewsThe coldest place in the country on Wednesday is Key Lake Sask., with an air temperature reading of -47.2 Celsius.The award for coldest major city in Canada goes to Winterpeg. At 7 a.m. the temperature was -39.8 C and the wind chill was as cold as -52.Winnipeg has been dealing with colder than normal temperatures for almost two straight weeks. Typically this time of year, temperatures range from -21 C to -11 C. Only once in the last two weeks have temperatures gotten to that point — cold nights below -25 C have become the norm.READ MORE: Get ready for ‘the coldest time of the winter’ as arctic air descends on ManitobaColder than where?“When it gets this cold, it’s hard not to compare to other notable frozen locations, as it turns out, -39.8 C is hard to beat.The North Pole was expected to hover around -32 C Wednesday.Siberia, typically the coldest place on earth, will likely deal with light snow and temperatures ranging from -15 to -23 C. The winds there will also be light, so wind chill will not be much of a factor.Taking it out of our atmosphere, Mars hasn’t given an updated forecast for Wednesday, but expected a high of -7 C Tuesday. Even though the forecasted low was -70 C, an afternoon on the red planet doesn’t sound so bad compared to Winnipeg.WATCH: Winnipeg’s freezing cold temperatures are colder than MarsThe extended cold snap for around the prairies has broken some records in northern Manitoba but nothing for Winnipeg. Record lows this time of year usually range between -40 and -44 and have typically been set back in the 1880 and 1890s.Where Winnipeg could break a record is in coldest daily maximum temperature — the coldest “high.” This time of year, the records go back to some of the coldest dates in local memory as recent as 2004 but also 1996 and 1966. They also go back even further for the first days of February back to 1886 and 1891.WATCH: ‘Polar vortex’ grips major U.S. cities in historic low temperaturesThe record on Jan. 30, set in 2004, is -30.8 C. Winnipeg was expecting a high of -31 C Wednesday, so it will be close.As the weekend approaches, the temperatures around the southern prairies are expected to moderate and start to return closer to normal with these days likely ending up as the coldest of the entire winter.The idea that Canada needs a carbon tax to prevent MORE above average warming here based on data over last 70 years is unbelievable. The data is surely suspect for those of us living here for the past 70 years. The proof the earth is cooling again is seen visibly by the expansion of polar ice.”PHOTOS OF THE ARCTIC 1979, 2012 AND 2017 COMPARED TO 79 LEVELS.Largest Increase In November 2018 Sea Ice Volume On RecordPosted on December 13, 2018 by tonyhellerThe increase in Arctic sea ice volume during November was the largest on record.. Also the science of flooding is not evidence of warming. From our childhood we know rainy days are cooler and sunny days are warmer.Glacial-Interglacial CyclesComparison between summer ice coverage from 18,000 years BP (see, for example, Peltier 1994) and modern day observations. Note that when more water is locked up in ice, more land is exposed due to lower sea levelsLarge, continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere have grown and retreated many times in the past. We call times with large ice sheets “glacial periods” (or ice ages) and times without large ice sheets “interglacial periods.” The most recent glacial period occurred between about 120,000 and 11,500 years ago. Since then, Earth has been in an interglacial period called the Holocene. Glacial periods are colder, dustier, and generally drier than interglacial periods. These glacial–interglacial cycles are apparent in many marine and terrestrial paleoclimate records from around the world.What causes glacial–interglacial cycles?Variations in Earth's orbit through time have changed the amount of solar radiation Earth receives in each season. Interglacial periods tend to happen during times of more intense summer solar radiation in the Northern Hemisphere. These glacial–interglacial cycles have waxed and waned throughout the Quaternary Period (the past 2.6 million years). Since the middle Quaternary, glacial–interglacial cycles have had a frequency of about 100,000 years (Lisiecki and Raymo 2005). In the solar radiation time series, cycles of this length (known as “eccentricity”) are present but are weaker than cycles lasting about 23,000 years (which are called “precession of the equinoxes”).Solar radiation varies smoothly through time (top, orange line) with a strong cyclicity of ~23,000 years, as seen in this time series of July incoming solar radiation at 65°N (Berger and Loutre 1991. In contrast, glacial–interglacial cycles last ~100,000 years (middle, black line) and consist of stepwise cooling events followed by rapid warmings, as seen in this time series inferred from hydrogen isotopes in the Dome Fuji ice core from Antarctica (Kawamura et al. 2007). Atmospheric CO2measured from bubbles in Dome Fuji ice (bottom, blue line) shows the same pattern as the temperature time series (Kawamura et al. 2007). Yellow columns indicate interglacial periods.Interglacial periods tend to occur during periods of peak solar radiation in the Northern Hemisphere summer. However, full interglacials occur only about every fifth peak in the precession cycle. The full explanation for this observation is still an active area of research. Nonlinear processes such as positive feedbacks within the climate system may also be very important in determining when glacial and interglacial periods occur.Another interesting fact is that temperature variations in Antarctica are in phase with solar radiation changes in the high northern latitudes. Solar radiation changes in the high southern latitudes near Antarctica are actually out of phase with temperature changes, such that the coldest period during the most recent ice age occurred at about the time the region was experiencing a peak in local sunshine. This means that the growth of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere has an important influence on climate worldwide.National Climatic Data CenterWHAT LESSONS FROM LITTLE ICE AGE HISTORY?“Europe's Little Ice Age: 'All things which grew above the ground died and starved'1575 Winter Landscape with Snowfall near Antwerp by Lucas van Valckenborch.Städel Museum/Wikimedia CommonsOn arrival in North America, Europeans’ hopes were dashed by the harsh winters — not because they were unprepared for the ice and snow, but because they were all too familiar with the deprivations of a cold climate. As Sam White writes in A Cold Welcome, colonists had left a continent roiled by what is now known as the Little Ice Age. This is part of a series of excerpts from finalists for McGill University’s US$75,000 Cundill History Prize. The winner will be announced on Nov. 15.By Sam WhiteDuring late 1606 and early 1607, while the first Englishmen sailed to Jamestown, the weather in Europe turned eerily warm and dry. In parts of Germany, the flowers bloomed in February. Coming after decades of cold, wet seasons, it seemed to some that this year there was “no winter” at all.That suddenly changed in late 1607, when the continent plunged back into some of the worst cold in generations. The winter of 1607-1608 has gone down in history as one of Europe’s “great winters,” bringing Arctic cold, snow, and ice. In the Netherlands, the freeze began in late December and continued with few interruptions into late March. Horses and sleighs travelled over the Zuiderzee from Haarlingen to Enkhuizen, and the extraordinary sight would inspire some of the most famous winter landscape paintings of the era. Even Spanish diplomats travelled by sleigh over the ice to broker their truce with Dutch rebels in early 1608. By late winter the rivers were solid and the ground lay under sheets of ice. Birds froze to death; livestock and wild animals starved; fruit trees perished of frost. “In short,” Dirk Velius observed from Hoorn, “it was a winter whose like was unheard of in human memory.”It was a winter whose like was unheard of in human memoryHis sentiment was echoed all across Europe. In Ireland, wrote one chronicler, “in the winter of this year was a great frost, which began a little before Christmas, and continued till about Midlent. This frost increased with such fervency of cold that all things which grew above the ground died and starved with cold; many beasts, both wild and tame, died and starved with hunger, and so did great numbers of wild fowls. The rivers for the most part throughout all Ireland were so covered over that the people might go to and fro upon the ice as upon dry land.” In Germany, heavy rain and flooding in early winter soon gave way to ice: the Rhine froze all the way up to Cologne, and the Main iced up all the way past Frankfurt. “Not only the vineyards but even the trees in warm valleys froze,” noted one contemporary. From Prague, the Venetian ambassador reported snow, ice, and “the greatest, most extraordinary cold.” In France, the Loire River froze, and ice floes choked the Rhone. The Seine iced over for nearly two months, so carriages could pass across. Communion wine froze in the churches of Paris and had to be thawed out for mass. Hundreds perished from cold and hunger in the streets of French towns and cities. “The cold was so extreme and the freeze so great and bitter, that nothing seemed like it in the memory of man,” wrote the diarist Pierre de l’Estoile.The cold was so extreme and the freeze so great and bitter, that nothing seemed like it in the memory of mandiarist Pierre de l’EstoileEven the Mediterranean did not escape. Spain faced bitter cold, frozen rivers, and snowfall as late as May 1608. Northern Italy suffered one of its coldest winters of the Little Ice Age. In Florence, continual rains during December turned to snow and ice throughout January and February; in Milan the ice and snow were supposedly so bad that people could barely go outdoors. In Rome, heavy rains brought frequent flooding of the Tiber. Lakes and rivers froze in Greece. In Anatolia, still ravaged by the Celali rebellion, extreme cold and drought induced widespread famine and reportedly cannibalism.The most famous image of that winter remains the frost fair on the frozen Thames in London. In December 1607, ice began to pile up at the old London Bridge. The floes began to freeze together about a week before Christmas, and within three weeks the river turned solid from bank to bank. A few brave souls ventured out on the ice, and soon shops, food stalls, and impromptu parties appeared in the middle of the frozen river. “Many fantasticall experiments are dayly put in practise, as certain youths burnt a gallon of wine upon the ice and made all passengers partakers,” wrote one contemporary, “but the best is of an honest woman (they say) that had a great longing to have her husband get her with child upon the Thames.”A few brave souls ventured out on the ice, and soon shops, food stalls, and impromptu parties appearedEven in England the winter was not all fun and games. The year 1607 had already begun badly. In January, a tremendous flood of the River Severn had drowned thousands of people and cattle, an event that excited wonder and dread across the country and beyond. In April, long-standing grievances against rising food prices and the enclosure of common lands erupted in rural riots known as the Midland Revolt. Soldiers promptly crushed the ragtag army of “levellers” and “diggers” that June, but resentments lingered. Anger and despair over continuing high food prices are thought to have inspired Shakespeare’s descriptions of rebellious plebes in the opening act of Coriolanus.The crisis revealed King James I at his most petulant and insensitive. A series of royal proclamations castigated the rioters and denied any connection between the hunger and rebellion. He prohibited farmers from feeding peas to pigs, brewers from using more malt for beer, and even gentlemen from using starch in their lace collars, claiming these measures would spare enough food for the poor. Other proclamations targeted those hoarding and speculating on grain and the new wave of migrants coming to towns and cities in search of employment or relief. But these steps, and even grain imports from the Baltic, failed to hold back rising prices and hunger. The exceptional cold of early 1608 ruined the wheat crop. An Englishman recalled that as far south as Devon, “an extreme dearth of corn happened this year, by reason of extreme frosts (as the like were never seen), the winter going before, which caused much corn to fall away.”Details from a portrait of King James I by Dutch artist Daniel Mytens. Wikimedia CommonsThomas Dekker penned a satirical almanac that mocked the miseries of the year:When Charitie blowes her nailes, and is ready to starve, yet not so much as a Watchman will lend her a flap of his freeze Gowne to keepe her warme: when tradesmen shut up shops, by reason their frozen hearted creditors goe about to nip them with beggerie: when the price of Sea-cole riseth, and the price of mens laboures falleth when everie Chimnye castes out smoak, but scarce any dore opens to cast so much as a marlbone to a Dog to gnaw: when beasts die for want of fodder in the field, and men are ready to famish for want of foods in the citie…Bubonic plague, which had flared up from time to time after the great outbreak of 1603, now made new inroads among the poor, hungry, and vagrants. “You have heard before of certaine plagues, and of a Famine that hangs over our heads in the cloudes,” Dekker added wryly. “Mis-fortunes are not borne alone, but like married fooles they come in couples.”Mis-fortunes are not borne alone, but like married fooles they come in couplesThomas DekkerDekker’s epigram was just as fitting for England’s twin colonies in North America. It is often forgotten that Jamestown was only one half of the original Virginia Company venture. Its charter of April 1606 called for a pair of colonies: one to the south, with claims from present-day day North Carolina to New Jersey, and one to the north, with claims ranging from Delaware to Maine. The former — that is, the Jamestown colony — drew London investors hoping for Mediterranean commodities and lured by rumours of gold-bearing mountains and the Verrazzano Sea. The latter attracted West Country investors looking for a land and climate more like England’s, offering goods such as timber and fish, besides the perennial promise of precious metals.In ordinary times, and given Jamestown’s desperate plight, the northern colony might have been the more promising of the two. Poor planning, conflict with the indigenous Wabanaki, and the extraordinary winter of 1607–1608 brought it to an untimely end instead. Around the same time, the voyages of Henry Hudson would bring back new descriptions of extreme Arctic cold and diminish hopes of finding a passage to the Pacific through Canada or New England. These failures would have lasting consequences for English exploration and settlement in North America. For all that the Jamestown colonists suffered during their first winters, experiences farther north would make Virginia — once feared as too tropical for the English — look like the most viable option.”Excerpted from A Cold Welcome: The Little Ice Age and Europe’s Encounter with North America by Sam White, published by Harvard University Press. Copyright © 2017 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission. All rights reserved.https://nationalpost.com/opinion/europes-little-ice-age-all-things-which-grew-above-the-ground-died-and-starvedThe World’s Three Biggest Coal Users Get Ready to Burn Even MoreWill Wade, Bloomberg NewsEmissions rise from the Big River Electric D.B. Wilson Station power plant, that burns coal mined by Murray Energy Holdings Co., in Centertown, Kentucky, U.S., on Wednesday, Oct. 30, 2019. Murray Energy, the largest privately owned U.S. coal company, filed for Chapter 11 protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Columbus, Ohio, to restructure more than $2.7 billion of debt. Photographer: Luke Sharrett/Bloomberg , Bloomberg(Bloomberg) -- The world’s three biggest consumers of coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel, are getting ready to boost usage so much that it’ll almost be as if the pandemic-induced drop in emissions never happened.U.S. power plants are going to consume 16% more coal this year than in 2020, and then another 3% in 2022, the Energy Information Administration said last week. China and India, which together account for almost two-thirds of demand, have no plans to cut back in the near term.This means higher emissions, a setback for climate action ahead of international talks this year intended to raise the level of ambition from commitments under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. In the U.S., the gains may undermine President Joe Biden’s push to reestablish America as an environmental leader and raise pressure on him to quickly implement his climate agenda.“We’re going to see a really marked increase in emissions,” with coal consumption at U.S. power plants returning almost to 2019 levels, said Amanda Levin, policy analyst at the New York-based National Resources Defense Council. But if Biden implements green-energy policies as expected, “we could actually see changes pretty quickly.”The U.S. increase stems from higher natural gas prices and the recovery from the pandemic. For China and India, it’s a reflection of rising electricity demand that’s keeping coal as the dominant source of power generation even as they add vast amounts of solar and wind capacity.While Biden’s Covid stimulus didn’t focus on green energy, a pending infrastructure bill is expected to include plans to fulfill his campaign pledges on climate change, making the U.S. best poised to salvage progress in reducing global emissions. Biden has said the U.S will target carbon neutrality by 2050, and is convening an April meeting that’s expected to include China and India.China’s President Xi Jinping surprised the world with his promise last year to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. India has yet to make any similar commitment.In China’s latest five-year plan announced March 5, Premier Li Keqiang didn’t set a hard target for emissions reduction, and said coal would remain a key component of the electricity strategy. More detailed energy plans to be published later in the year could include specific steps on curbing fossil fuel consumption.While Beijing has reduced coal’s share in the nation’s energy mix in recent years, total power consumption has risen, so its usage has also climbed. Complicating the picture is that China also has the world’s biggest fleet of coal-fired power plants, and more than half of them are less than 10 years old. Because they can run for several more decades, it’ll be tough to shift to alternatives.“All of that installed capacity doesn’t go away overnight,” said Dennis Wamsted, an analyst for the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.Though a recovery in energy-intensive sectors like construction and metal production is currently boosting short-term coal demand, consumption will fall in the years ahead as China acts on climate promises, said Tang Daqian, an associate director at Fitch Bohua.India too is a very long way from a clean grid, even as Prime Minister Narendra Modi said this month he’s ahead of schedule for meeting the initial carbon-reduction pledges under the Paris Agreement, reducing emissions intensity 33% to 35% from 2005 levels by 2030.While the country has implemented an ambitious rollout of solar power, coal continues to account for around 70% of its electricity generation. Consumption at power plants will rise 10% this year, and is set to increase every year through at least 2027, according to Bloomberg Intelligence.In the U.S., coal is rebounding after the coronavirus pandemic curtailed electricity usage and cut demand for the fuel by 19% last year. It’s also the result of gains in natural gas prices, which are up more than 40% from a year ago. When gas gets more expensive, utilities will often start burning more coal to bring down costs, even though it puts out twice the emissions. The EIA expects gas prices to remain high into 2022, pointing to strong demand for coal next year.In the longer term, coal’s prospects are bleaker. While top users’ consumption might be rising in 2021, emerging markets that once seemed like the brightest spot for long-term demand are turning their back on the fuel as financing becomes more difficult and alternatives like gas and renewables are getting more accessible and cheaper. Bangladesh is abandoning almost all of its planned projects and the Philippines last year declared a moratorium on new coal-fired power plants.“The trend is down, down and continuing to go down,” said IEEFA’s Wamsted.But first, the fuel is poised for a revival that’ll lift overall global demand this year after two successive annual declines, according to the International Energy Agency. Its projection for a 2.6% increase in consumption this year reflects expectations for a pickup in every region of the world.Coal India, the world’s largest producer, expects consumption will be boosted as industries including steel, cement and aluminum return to pre-virus levels of output. The company this month approved more than $6 billion in investments in new mines and expansions.“There are climate-change issues about coal, but India’s energy needs won’t allow it to dump the fuel instantly,” said Binay Dayal, the firm’s technical director.(Michael Bloomberg, the founder and majority owner of Bloomberg LP, the parent company of Bloomberg News, has committed $500 million to launch Beyond Carbon, a campaign aimed at closing the remaining coal-powered plants in the U.S. by 2030.)©2021 Bloomberg L.P.