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A2A. So, I've read all of the answers from others here, as of today. The people who support Trump have all predicted the economy will be great. The people who do not support Trump are talking recession. As is typical, there were also a couple of bizarre answers. So, I'm going to talk about this from a different perspective. The question itself is not possible to answer because the possible outcomes are multi-variant. The economy in general, is not working for the common man. Trump, with no idea how to do his job, will not make it better.I think that our economy has been broken for quite some time now and that no Republican who still believes in Trickle Down Economics is going to fix it. This is not to say Trump "believes" in this or doesn't "believe" in it. He doesn't have long term, objective, strategic thinking, doesn't care about anyone but himself, and lies way too much for me to know what he'll do next other than to continue to lie and cheat in effort to keep the power he's recently attained.Back to the economy. Through personal experience, and by actually listening to Trump supporters in rural America who feel they've lost their way of life, I am of the opinion that the late-stage capitalism we're in isn't going to change without something really drastic happening.I grew up in a large city and had the advantage of always being around much cultural diversity. I won a scholarship to an exclusive preparatory school. I had friends and lived in a middle-class suburban home. Being a person who loves to learn, I sought to understand immigrants, Judaism, Mexican tomato pickers (migrant workers they were called), learned a second language (Spanish), learned about the Cuban culture, and lots of other things. Though, I had little understanding of rural America. So, as a young adult I traveled the country and wound up marrying a guy from middle Tennessee. I spent over a decade in Tennessee. Like every other culture out there, this group had its good points (strong work ethic, farmers are natural recyclers and caretakers of the Earth, able to tough it out for long non-prosperous times, & strong sense of community), and its bad points (lack of higher education, fear of strangers [like me], antagonism against what they consider to be the "elites", and severe poverty pockets). I was utterly surprised to realize they considered me an "elite". So after much verbal battery and some social exclusion, I taught myself to speak English with their accent, to dumb down my vocabulary, and hide my avid reading. I began to fit in.While in Tennessee I worked a great deal of manual labor jobs including plant nursery field laborer (for years), roadside vegetable market cashier, cut down trees and chopped firewood to sell, worked as a construction painter, and newspaper jogger in a large press room. I learned a great deal about farming too.It is true that these communities build their livelihoods around large, nearby manufacturing employment opportunities and farming. When capitalism took away the local farmers and replaced those businesses with mega-farms, many farmers took to driving big rigs, others went into construction, and women opened small beauty shops in their homes or daycare centers. When the downtown shop owners lost their stores to large box stores, they were hurt twice again. They lost their family businesses and their status in their own communities. Some became real estate flippers (before that was a thing), others became fiscal or administrative assistants or workers in local government, some went to work in courts or jails, a few worked in fast food, some could find no work and tried subsistence farming and sometimes went into drug production or sales. So, everyone out there who thinks "they" should have adapted to the changing world didn't see that they did, —many times over in most cases.…but then things got even worse. After Republican big business owners took away local farming and moved their manufacturing facilities overseas and killed small businesses, they started after civil service jobs so Republican politicians could claim they "shrank the size of government". They convinced many people that government "waste" is to blame for poverty. There went those jobs —and many people's chances at a retirement pension.In Tennessee, as my marriage fell apart, I had two small children, a hateful mother-in-law, and no car (husband drunkenly totaled it). My husband was in and out of jail. Sometimes the jail sent him to mental institutions. We went hungry. I was so far away from any store that I couldn't walk it —and forget about a job. There were none where I lived. We lived in a 100-year old farmhouse. I had no TV service, one VHS tape that I watched most nights - for a year, no electricity after that was cut off, and a 2-foot wide hole in the kitchen floor where I could see dirt below. When winter came, I walked the long roads to ask neighbors for food. Once a kind lady gave me two chicken thighs. I served those to my two children and remained hungry myself. I probably would not have survived this if my husband's father had not been dropping off a bag of groceries twice monthly quietly, without ever showing his face. I finally decided I had to "go back home" and called my parents. I weighed 97 pounds when I got to Miami and had walking pneumonia. My children were ok.I had a back up plan. Many people living a similar life to mine in Tennessee didn't have family they could run home to. Their families lived near them and were also struggling with unemployment and poverty. So, this was what I learned. Opportunities dried up one-by-one and no one cared. This is how rural America thinks. It was what I thought for a while too.I started my life over thanks to my parents. My American dream was to be an excellent civil servant while putting myself through college. Both of my parents had been civil servants and I believed in the goodness of it all. I did accomplish this in large part but not without struggling. I saved my paychecks, thanked my parents and moved to North Central Florida after 8 months. I gained employment at a university —as a civil servant. The university waived a few of my college credit hours each year, I paid for the rest. I couldn't afford to study full time so it took me four years to get an Associates degree. I was laid off 6 times at the university. All of those times were due to job elimination. I kept getting another job at university until finally that ended. I went to work as a Fiscal Assistant for my local county Environmental Protection Department. Still civil service. I now had to work a 40-hour job for the county, go to college at night, handle two kids in their adolescence by myself, and work a second 20-hour job as a teaching assistant for my college to afford my credit hours. My now ex-husband never paid child support.Is this the American dream? Maybe.So, I finally had my college degree and was a civil servant. Then my mother called. She needed my help.She had been my father's caregiver for 12 years. That's what their retirement was like. My Dad had a debilitating stroke and was paralyzed on one side, wheelchair bound, unable to speak, and required insulin injections four times daily. But now, Mom was developing dementia. They had no long-term health insurance. They didn't think they needed it. They both had decent retirement pensions. I went to help them in October of 2007. I remained their caregiver for four years. I did this out of love for them. Meanwhile the Great Recession hit. My property value plummeted, my civil service job dried up, and I had no medical training at all. After they had both died, I went back home. When I had initially left to care for my parents, my son was just 17.Upon my return home, there were very few civil service jobs now. I couldn't sell my land and home. So, I got a low paying job at a not-for-profit. I stayed there 7 years, promoted several times but rarely receiving a pay increase, and met my new spouse.My spouse was laid off at the non-profit next because Republicans in the State Legislature wouldn't increase billing rates for the people the non-profit served (clients). My spouse was unemployed for a year —with a Master's degree, 10 years' military service, Veterans job preference, and a killer resume. Age discrimination had hit us now. We were only 49 years old… but, Time's up. Finally accepting a position at the same type of non-profit in a city three-and-a-half hours to the south, my spouse moved and left me to continue working where I was for another year. Financially this was tough, mortgage and rent, two electric bills, etc. OK. So now we are going to run one of these non-profits ourselves. We have the two highest positions. My spouse is CEO and I'm Number 2. For this, our total pay increase was $7,000 -annually. No perquisites, no moving expenses, no company car, nothing else. So, I moved south and took my job there —and left behind my home of 22 years.Now I'm doing the job of two people (literally), work salaried 60 hours per week, have crappy health insurance, have no 401 K (I cashed that out to survive the one year of only one salary), have to start my seniority over again… all for a higher title and $2,000 more per year in pay. Other than that — I've not really had a raise in more than 20 years. My mortgage payment is twice that of my last home. So the few dollars extra we earn for taking super-high-stress jobs, was immediately eaten up by a high house payment and inflation. We're still not putting anything into a savings account. And my old home still hasn't sold.And my story is a success story. It's a "bootstraps" story. Right? Well… I think my story defines the new "lowered-middle-class". There are some things I want to say.I want rural America to know that I understand.I want rural America to know how this happened.I want rural America to see that the middle-class lost too. We lost our jobs, pensions, affordable healthcare, possible inheritance (it was spent on our parents' medical bills and funerals), and we are pretty ticked off too. We just didn't all vote for Trump.I want rural America to see that it isn't city folk vs. country folk… It is the wealthy vs. everyone else.I want rural America to consider this: please consider coming home again to the Democratic Party. Let us -together- build a better Democratic Party. One that really is for the worker. One that will finally make the real wealthy elites fear and respect us again. I know you're not stupid hicks. You're good people who've been pushed over the brink.I know why you left the Democratic Party. I place this on Bill Clinton squarely —though not entirely. The Republican party is also to blame. Clinton's idea of a "new" Democratic Party that catered to both the working class and the ultra-rich Big Business owners didn't work. It could have maybe but it didn't.It's important to understand though that the wealthy are not really going to build places of work here again. The Republicans have merely made us believe in a pipe dream. They've allowed the Pharmaceutical industry to charge whatever they want for too long. They've made healthcare too expensive for anyone but themselves. They've allowed Big Insurance to spin the rules so much that it barely pays for anything anymore. They sent manufacturing overseas so they could have cheap $1 per hour, no-benefits employees. A few tariffs will not change this. Now, the Republicans are quietly selling off our public lands and are allowing coal ash to be dumped into rivers and streams again (not caring about how we water our livestock or how some of us drink). I say… Time's Up.Mother Earth was the only thing any of us common people had to give to our children as an inheritance. The Republicans are working on killing her too.Enough. The Republican Party is only about helping the wealthy become super-wealthy. They are not our friends. They are not for us. They don't care about us. Don't buy into their picture of making America great again. It's a shameful scam. They want it all and they are perfectly happy having the rest of us struggle because they know we will go into debt and then they will collect the ridiculously high interest rates they put into place.We are actually in the middle of a political cold war. And the Republican Party knows this is their last stand so they are firing all cannons. But they will not help us. They will help themselves. It's time again for our bootstraps.Regulations are FOR the common man. Regulations keep our work places safer and our air and water less polluted. Unions and environmental protection are for the common person too. Enough. Enough with the lying and hypocrisy. Enough puffery. Enough hot air and empty promises. Just. Plain. Enough.

We homeschool our daughter (15) so I’ve really had to deal with this very issue.The fact is that most high schools in the US, for various reasons, offer neither a solid academic course (the college-prep schools excepted) NOR a solid life-skills/vocational course. I think this has to do with the fact that we’re queasy about admitting that some kids can do academic work at levels FAR above other kids, AND we don’t want to appear classist by appearing to shunt kids into true “vocational” programs. What is offered often turns out to a a mish-mash of well-meaning courses that are too difficult for some students (a student struggling to read basic English is NOT going to be able to plumb the intricacies of Chaucer or Shakespeare; the basic English has to come first) and too easy for others. Little of it seems practical. Most students just memorize what they have to know and conveniently forget most of it after the final; after all, many of these courses will be repeated in college at a slightly more advanced level for those who continue their education. I’ve rarely met a high school student who truly internalized, or learned at a deep level, much of what was being so laboriously and expensively poured into his or her brain. The pace is often simply too fast, the material disjointed, and the student trying to cram in too much information, for real learning to occur. Then after 13+ years of schooling the student emerges with few of the real-world skills needed to be a functional adult, and honestly does not learn many of them even if he/she goes on to college.We need a complete change in education in our country from the get-go, but I doubt that will happen. In lieu of that, if we really wanted to turn out responsible ADULTS at 17 or 18 our high schools would look MUCH different.First of all, high school students would be expected to be proto-adults. High school did not used to be a game or a place for kids to act out; most kids who went to high school in the early 20th century had to PAY to go. High schools were few and far between, and sometimes a student had to walk for miles or even board with a family. Thus only the wealthy and the most determined students went to high school, and the high school course was CHALLENGING to say the least. Kids did it, though. They still do it today in some of the elite college-prep schools. High school kids’ brains are not mature yet, but most of them CAN think at a high level if expected and led to do some. They are young adults, and in 4 years they will be in adult society, able to vote, able to be seriously prosecuted, and able to enter into binding contracts. ( A scary thought at times.) Our society does them a disservice by encouraging them, for the sake of economics or political correctness, to remain foolish, vulgar, and reckless. If a young person 16 years or older can’t manage to keep the rules in school, then she or he needs to be sent into the military. In the case of addiction, students need to be in rehab to try to stop the problem as soon as possible; our society does not need more drug-addicted adults. In a few decades we may be having a problem finding enough young, able-bodied workers to pay taxes to support all of our government programs and also to run our society. We need every able-bodied person, and we need them informed, mature, and healthy.To help them along the rose-bordered path to adulthood, all high school students should have to take the following core courses:*Basic communication. They would learn to write and speak grammatical English to the HIGHEST level possible. Period. I don’t mean this as racist or classist, but as practical and kind. I used to interview people for jobs at a library, and many of them could not write anything like a grammatical sentence. Knowledge of English is ESSENTIAL in a society whose academic institutions, businesses, and legal systems primarily use English. I think it is safe to say that a person who cannot speak/read/write English would have extreme difficulty in ever becoming a professional in our society, and is honestly in danger of fraud. Legal documents, medical reports, and contracts are difficult for even the most intelligent among us to understand. Why not give young people the skills they need to NOT be duped or misunderstand?*Citizenship & Laws. Our legal system in the US is very confusing at times, and does at times tend to favor the educated and wealthy. The public is NOT always informed about changes to laws, and contracts, legal documents, and even jury summons are written in language that some people may not understand. In addition to theoretical knowledge about governmental structure, young people deserve to be taught some of these legal terms, what to do if summoned for jury duty, how to behave in court, where to get land/marriage/birth records, and how to contact their Congressman/woman. They need to know how they can and cannot protect themselves without being charged with assault, and the legal ramifications of marriage and/or cohabitation. They also need to know that they cannot start a small business (such as a home baking business or child-care) without knowing the laws regarding that business.*Personal finance including but not limited to budgeting, self-control in buying, having a checking account, how banks operate, understanding mortgages, renting vs. buying a home, dealing with student and other loans, using an amortization table, how credit cards operate, what is usury, how to look for “extra” charges added to your bill, identity theft, how credit rating affects your interest rates (and what is interest), understanding advertising techniques, how to be a smart shopper, retirement, and wise investing. A knowledge of very basic accounting (including Quickbooks and/or Excel) would also be helpful for those wanting to start a small business. Those thinking of going into business might also benefit from briefly understanding what taxes might be required of a small business owner in the local area (such as payroll tax, tax on building and furnishings, etc.)*Health/Nutrition/Cooking. In a society where morbid obesity is becoming increasingly common, we NEED “home ec” again. It would be a serious class including topics such as First Aid, insurance, the cost of health care to our society, the effects of drugs and alcohol, how different foods affect the body, how to buy nutritious food on a budget, how to cook efficiently, portion size, and how to safely store and use food. This class should also teach students how to treat common illnesses (like a cold) and how to recognize WHEN they need to go to the emergency room as opposed to waiting and going to a doctor’s office. The “lab” for this class would be a CPR class and a garden or greenhouse where the students raised some of the food they cooked and ate. (It is amazing how many Americans do not know that beef comes from cows and, according to one report, a frightening number of adults really think that chocolate milk comes from brown cows.)*Lifetime Sports & Interests. Sports and activities are good for youth, but most students are NOT going to go on to a professional career, and huge amounts of public money are spend on school sports teams. Students with real ability should be trained in focused camps and lessons away from the school. These could be funded by the professional sports associations as a way to recruit players. The focus in high school, on the other hand, should be on students finding one real, practical, affordable, and enjoyable physical activity that can be practiced into middle age (walking, golf, gardening, hiking, swimming, bowling) AND at least one artistic/creative hobby (woodworking, painting, sewing, stamp collecting).*Self-care, Home and Car Maintenance. Everyone who is able-bodied should be able to change a tire, be able to recognize bald tires, know how to test tire pressure and air up a tire, understand the need to change oil, know the laws of their state regarding inspection stickers/license plates, be able to wash clothes and clean house, know a little about lawn mowers, understand the mysteries of a toilet-tank, know how to safely remove a broken light-bulb, know how to turn off a breaker, how to sew on a button, how to hang a picture in sheet-rock, how to turn off the water to a sink or toilet, and be aware of tornado/hurricane/earthquake/fire safety procedures. All students should also know how to have a 3-day-supply of food and water for emergencies, be able to light a fire (without a cigarette lighter or matches), know what to do during a home invasion, know personal safety techniques, know ways to signal for help if lost or kidnapped and know basic gun safety (even if they never PLAN to have to shoot a gun.)*Child development and interpersonal skills. Most people will have a spouse or significant other, and many will care for a child at some time in their adult life. Yet our society really does not provide a lot of practical instruction in these areas. I think everyone needs to understand basic interpersonal skills, what to look for in a prospective spouse (and what to avoid like the plague), how NOT to be a victim of domestic abuse, the link between early pregnancy and poverty, the dangers of fetal alcohol syndrome, and about basic child development and care. (I think some schools ARE really trying to teach some of this “Marriage and Family” classes and with the use of dolls or even bags of rice or peas to simulate a baby.) Everyone needs to know how to hold an infant, how to change a diaper, and basic infant needs.*Personal Development/Relaxation/Coping Skills/ Religious Practices One of the most critical things, and one of the most neglected in some of our schools, is for students to really get in touch with who they are and what THEY enjoy. Youth tend to be pack-oriented as it is, and to shun and bully anyone who is “different.” This tendency needs to be squashed completely, and respect for others be demanded. Students need to realize that advertisers and political candidates want to influence them. Students need to learn to look at information LOGICALLY and DISPASSIONATELY and make informed decisions, not have emotional knee-jerk reactions. At the same time, students need to learn how to truly relax (and this will vary by person, but it should be true relaxation, not doing something that gets a person anxious or exhausted), and how to deal constructively with the problems and stresses of life. There definitely should be religious/philosophical clubs/groups that teach their individual coping/philosophical skills to students of that faith. Topics might include human self-worth, how to deal with anger, the different love-languages, and how to deal with death and loss.*Work and Business Etiquette. I live in a moderately poor rural area, and came from an extremely poor rural area. Many students have NO hope. They come from families with little or no education, often with parents in prison or on drugs. Some literally come from falling-down homes with no plumbing. Hopelessness and lack of education often leads to poor financial and life-decisions, drug abuse, and incarceration. These students need HOPE that they can achieve MORE and escape poverty. They need a window to the outside world, and often they aren’t getting it. One thing, other than this mindset of hopelessness, that holds them back is a lack of knowledge of (okay, middle class) values, experiences, and social conventions. Students need to know how to speak without using profanity, basic grooming, and even how to have a nice meal. (Do not laugh. I’ve known some students who literally had never eaten in a restaurant other than the most basic fast-food. ) For a young person who has never been in a hotel, a nice office, a restaurant, or even a high-end department store, these places can seem VERY intimidating. This puts poorer students at a disadvantage. Some do not know how to dress for a job interview higher than at a fast-food restaurant, and many do not have appropriate and modest clothing for an interview. Yet it is not difficult to assemble a respectable “business casual” wardrobe from well-stocked thrift stores and sales. Sadly, many young people are themselves limiting their job prospects without even realizing it, and that’s not fair to them. Currently one issue that some professionals, especially in the financial and business community, are having are TATTOOS and PIERCINGS. Students need to be taught that visible tattoos and piercings are NOT as accepted in some professions as they are by the general public, and that having these visible will decrease their chances of being able to work in certain professions if that is their goal in life.*In addition to these and possibly other “life” classes, students would take the usual math, literature, science, etc. However, I think we need to be more realistic and honest with ourselves. Not everyone develops abstract thinking skills at the same time, and we all have our strengths and weaknesses. It is far better for a student to learn basic math, algebra, or even pre-algebra and really learn it WELL than to try to push everyone to Algebra II or even trig. Math is VERY developmental, and not everyone can understand the higher maths (I stopped at calculus. I was done.) The same is true of chemistry and physics. Some students need more practical classes, because they are not going to have the math to do a full-fledged chemistry or physics class. To pretend that everyone with a general diploma has “learned” chemistry and physics is simply ridiculous. The same is true of reading and analyzing literature and writing reports with citations. Certainly all students who CAN do these SHOULD learn these skills, but all students will NOT be able to do these. Our society MUST move past its current preoccupation with the STEM fields and academia and start valuing the people who do the real work in our society. This leads to my final suggestion:*Real Vocational Classes. We need to put FAR more value on trades, vocations, and entrepreneurship than we currently do. Sorry, but a person who can fix air conditioners or who has his own lawn service is of much more practical value (and value to our society through taxes and possibly providing jobs to others) than someone who has a mediocre “general business” degree and can’t find a job. I really wonder about the practicality of some of our current vocational classes. A wonderful young friend of ours is currently taking “ag” in school, yet they do not seem to be really learning anything really practical (other then welding, which IS practical) about farming or ranching. Maybe they are learning about types of forage or livestock, but they are not herding and working cattle, or driving tractors, or building fence, or breeding horses, or raising microgreens to sell, or learning about automatic chicken-waterers. My friend’s adolescent sons, who help her run their little homestead, have MANY more practical skills, and they also have their own monetized Youtube channel and make money doing chores for others. (These kids are probably going to be multimillionaires one day. They’re real go-getters.) After an introductory safety class, “Vocational” courses need to be REAL apprenticeships at the bakery, the factory, the machine shop, or on the farm. This is the only way that a student can know if a particular vocation is for him/her. If a student took an introductory vocational course at around age 15–16, then he or she would still have time to make other choices if that choice did not work out. Again, these courses should teach real, demonstrable skills and at the end of the high school vocational course, the student’s experience should count for something in finding and doing an actual JOB (although John Taylor Gatto might argue that our society really doesn’t WANT students of that age to be able to enter the job-market.)So, these are my ideas. You can tell that I’ve thought about this a great deal. In fact I was just talking about this with an older man at our church. So many of our kids are coming out of high school without even the basic life-skills that they need to be successful, so many of them end up in deep debt, in failed marriages (which wreck your credit), unable to care for themselves, and without either vocational or academic skills needed to get and keep a job. Perhaps even more frightening, these young people are able to vote, an yet many of them do not have an inkling of the realities of adult life or how to evaluate claims and make logical choices.

How many signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves? <=copied from this websiteSo not about voting rights or freedom it was about pure greed!How many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves?41 of the other 16 some were involved in some form of transatlantic trade ( type unknown) or were in correspondence with known slave owners in the West Indies.Button GwinnettLyman HallWilliam HooperJoseph HewesJohn PennEdward RutledgeThomas HeywardThomas Lynch, JrArthur MiddletonJohn HancockSamuel ChaseWilliam PacaThomas StoneCharles Carroll of CarrolltonGeorge WytheRichard Henry LeeThomas JeffersonBenjamin HarrisonThomas Nelson, Jr.Francis Lightfoot LeeCarter BraxtonRobert MorrisBenjamin RushBenjamin FranklinGeorge TaylorJames WilsonGeorge RossCaesar RodneyGeorge ReadWilliam FloydPhilip LivingstonFrancis LewisLewis MorrisRichard StocktonJohn WitherspoonFrancis HopkinsonJohn HartAbraham ClarkJosiah BartlettWilliam WhippleStephen HopkinsMatthew ThorntonAll research was done by the 8th Grade students at Chardon Middle School in Chardon, Ohio during October, 2014.The students were surprised to find that the internet could not offer a satisfactory answer to an important question:How many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves?Convinced that they could discover the answer and eager to contribute to world's knowledge, they became historians.SIGNERSLAVES?EVIDENCE #1EVIDENCE #2Adams, JohnNOIn letters from 1819, 1820 and 1821, late in his life, John Adams and slavery views became more obvious as he condemned the practice as "an evil of colossal magnitude" and worried about the effect slavery would have on the nation in the future. For John Adams, slaves were human beings and fully deserved the rights ordained by God that all men were granted. John Adams And SlaveryDid John Adams own slaves? No, and not only because of his family's moderate wealth. Adams was morally opposed to slavery and refused to employ slaves.Source: Acsesed on 10/17/14 John Adams And SlaveryAdams, SamuelNO"Sam Adams and Thomas Paine did not own slaves: Source accessed on 10/16/2014 Which Founding Fathers owned slaves? - Answers“Another patriot and firebrand, Sam Adams, said that "no slave shall live under my roof," and freed the two he inherited from marrying his second wife”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/educational-resources/article-rise-and-fall-of-slave-trade-part2.shtmlBartlett, JosiahYES“Some of the slaves who fought in the war never received their freedom, including Peter Bartlett, the slave of well known congressional delegate and signer of the Declaration of Independence, Josiah Bartlett. Source: accessed on 10/16/14. The First American Army: The Untold Story of George Washington and the Men behind America's First Fight for Freedom [Bruce Chadwick] on google books.Braxton, CarterYES“Braxton acquired large amounts of land and numbers of slaves, and he both cultivated and traded tobacco.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14Braxton, Carter (1736-1797)“...owned more than 12,000 acres and about 165 slaves during the 1770s and engaged in large-scale tobacco planting…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14Braxton, Carter (1736-1797)Carroll, Charles of CarrolltonYES“It was actually the employment of over three hundred slaves that caused Charles Carroll more difficulty because he expressed personal discomfort at the notion of human slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14Charles Carroll of Carrollton | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“At the time of his death, he owned over two hundred slaves just on his Doughoregan Manor plantation in Anne Arundel (now Howard) County, Maryland.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14 http://www.examiner.com/article/charles-carroll-of-carrollton-signer-of-the-declaration-of-independence-and-slaveownerChase, SamuelYES"Recieved L125.0.0 legact from his grandfather 1770. Property in Annapolis valued at L 969.13.4 including 5 slaves and 268 oz. plate. 1783. SOURCE: Accessed on 10/14/2014 http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000200/000235/pdf/chasenotes.pdfClark, AbrahamYES“In February, 1786 the Jersey legislature passed a bill sponsored by Clark for “An Act to prevent the Importation of Slaves . . . , and to authorize the Manumission of them under certain Restrictions and to prevent the Abuse of Slaves.” Even though Clark owned three slaves, and did not provide for their release until both he and Sarah died, this act was an important recognition by the legislature and Clark, as Bogin noted, that “slavery involved ethical considerations.”.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Abraham Clark | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“In 1786, before leaving the State Legislature, Clark, who was a slave-owner, sponsored a bill titled “An Act to prevent the Importation of Slaves . . . , and to authorize the Manumission of them under certain Restrictions and to prevent the Abuse of Slaves.” Though the bill passed, Clark’s slaves were only freed upon his wife’s death in 1804.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence representing New JerseyClymer, GeorgeNO"Among the expected glories of the Constitution, next to the abolition of Slavery was that of Rum…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14cotknorwalk.org -&nbspcotknorwalk Resources and Information.“Committee Assignments: Committee of Assumption of State Debt, Committee of Slave Trade.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: George ClymerElery, WilliamNO“At this time, he was a judge of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and made strong efforts to have slavery in the United States abolished, supporting the resolution made by Rufus King.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014William ElleryDuring this time William vocally advocated the abolition of slavery…Still, and continuing on, the slavery was a sore spot and not one that Ellery was afraid to affront…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014On William ElleryFloyd, WilliamYES“When Floyd reached his 20th year, his father and mother died within 2 months of each other, and he inherited their large estate on Long Island along with the responsibility of caring for his brothers and sisters. Six years later he married. His bride helped care for the family and assisted in managing the farm, for which slaves supplied most of the labor.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014General William Floyd House.Franklin, BenjaminYES“Franklin owned two slaves, George and King, who worked as personal servants, and his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, commonly ran notices involving the sale or purchase of slaves and contracts for indentured laborers. “Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014Benjamin Franklin . Citizen Ben . Abolitionist“Franklin did not publicly speak out against slavery until very late in his life. As a young man he owned slaves, and he carried advertisements for the sale of slaves in his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette.”Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014Benjamin Franklin's Anti-Slavery Petitions to CongressGerry, ElbridgeNO"Mr. Elbridge Gerry [MA] thought we had nothing to do with the conduct of the states as to slaves, but ought to be careful not to give any sanction to it." Accessed 10/16/2014 AccountSupporthe ultimately refused and rejected to sign the Constitution because it did not include a bill of rights.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014Constitution of United States of America 1789Gwinnett,ButtonYESHe acquired slaves to work the plantation and build him a house. “SOURCE:Accessed on On May 13, 2011http://derrickjeter.com/2011/05/13/founding-fathers-friday-button-gwinnett/The Times presented an idyllic image of how “Mr. Keys arrives by plane to his own landing strip and lives in Button Gwinnett’s remodeled house, putting his guest in converted slave quarters.” Interestingly, the Keys never built a landing strip and Button Gwinnett never lived in the house that bears his name. Guests stayed in cabins built in the style of slave quarters.”SOURCE:Accessed on July 6, 2009 10:47 a.m.http://www.coastalcourier.com/archives/15071/Hall, LymanYES“He became the owner of a small plantation north of the Midway Meeting House on the Savannah-Darien highway.”Source. Accessed on 10/16/2014Lyman Hall | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence"for he then purchased a fine plantation on the Savannah River, not far from Shell Bluff, and furnished it with a considerable number of negro slaves, and all animals, implements, and provisions requisite for its proper cultivation." Accessed on 10/16/2014 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~galiber3/bios/hall2.htmlHancock, JohnYESHancock's family lived comfortably, but only owned one slave to help around the house. John was sent to live with his aunt and uncle after the death of his father in 1744.John Hancock | Facts, Early Years, Life, Death & PoliticsHis father was a reverend who made a comfortable living; the family even owned one slave.John Hancock: Facts, Biography & History | Study.comHarrison, BenjaminYES“I also give to my dear Wife the use of all my tract of land whereon I now live called Berkley, with all the Slaves thereon” Said Benjamin Harrison in his will.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14William HARRISON“I give unto my son Benjamin and his heirs forever all the negroes he has of mine in his possession at Hard Labor”Benjamin also said this in his will.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14William HARRISONHart, JohnYES“On his prosperous plantation Hart had many cattle, sheep, swine, horses and fowl, and he also owned four slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14John Hart | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“On his prosperous plantation Hart had many cattle, sheep, swine, horses and fowl, and he also owned four slaves.”Hewes, JosephYES“While Hewes was raised as Quaker, he was indeed also a slave owner and a supporter of slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14Joseph Hewes - First "Secretary of the Navy" and Signer of the Declaration of Independence“A 1779 inventory signed by Hewes, as well as a 1780 newspaper account of his estate sale, both indicate that Hewes owned slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://www.hollandlodge.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2014_09_The_Holland_Herald.pdfHeyward, Thomas Jr.YES“During his absence, he suffered greatly in respect to his property; his plantation being much injured by a party of marauders, and all his slaves seized and carried away. Some of his slaves were afterwards reclaimed; but one hundred and thirty were finally lost, being transported, as was supposed, for the benefit of the sugar planters on the island of Jamaica.”Thomas Heyward, Jr.“Also during this time he suffered greatly in respect to his property; the British injured his plantations and a band of marauders, his slaves seized and carried away, some of which were afterwards recovered.”Thomas Heyward Jr. | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of IndependenceHooper, WilliamYESThe decision--which side to support -had no neat and simple answer.When the Britsh evacuted Wilimington in November 1781.Willam Hoopers slaves acted in different ways.http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editons/nchist-revolution /1917.Hopkins, StephenYES“In a clear statement on the morality of slavery, Rhode Island’s Stephen Hopkins manumits his slave, Saint Jago Hopkins, because slavery is a violation of God’s will. Rhode Island would not abolish slavery through gradual emancipation until 1784..”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Four Years Prior to Signing the Declaration, R.I.’s Stephen Hopkins Declares His Slave’s Independence (SOLD)“In 1772, Hopkins was again elected to the general assembly. He freed his slaves in 1773 and the following year he sponsored a bill that prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://virtualology.com/StephenHopkins.com/Hopkinson, FrancisYES“Like a number of the other signers, Hopkinson was also a slaveholder.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/17/2014Francis Hopkinson and the Constitution“This is a list of 167 slaves from General Francis Hopkins”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14http://www.glynngen.com/slaverec/hopkins_F.htmHuntington, SamuelNo“Huntington also was a proponent of abolishing slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_connecticut/col2-content/main-content-list/title_huntington_samuel.html“I am this day honoured with your letter of the 12th. of January, accompanied with a number of Copies of the Constitution of the Pennsylvania Society for promoting the abolition of Slavery, and the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage; and the laws of Pensylvania which related to one of the Objects of their Constitution, as also a Copy of Thomas Clarksons excellent Essay upon the Commerce and Slavery of the Africans; which several Pamphlets I receive with pleasure and request You to accept my grateful Acknowledgments for the same.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/14/2014http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=45&page=497Jefferson, ThomasYES“A new portrait of the founding father challenges the long-held perception of Thomas Jefferson as a benevolent slaveholder”The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson“Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and founded the University of Virginia. Yet, over the course of his life, Jefferson owned 600 people.”The Paradox of Liberty: Slavery at Jefferson’s MonticelloLee, Francis LightfootYES“The year 1750 was painful for Francis and his younger siblings while their older brothers were still in England: Both parents died that year when Francis turned 16. The children inherited a combination of land, money, slaves and company stock for land speculation in the Ohio River valley.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014Francis Lightfoot Lee | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“Lee was a signer of the Declaration of the Independence, a slaveholder, and a leading figure in the Virginia gentry at the time of the Revolution.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014A Visit to “Menokin”Lee, Richard HenryYES“As a young adult, Richard Henry Lee decided to rent out many of his inherited slaves as well as his inherited lands hoping to support his family on the proceeds while devoting his professional efforts to politics.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014 Richard Henry Lee“Richard Henry Lee, Virginia, owned slaves but sought to end the slave trade and considered slavery to be evil.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014From Slave Patrol Militias to School ShootingsLewis, FrancisYES“From other passages in the book, we know that Francis Lewis definitely did own enslaved Africans.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14(page 67, paragraph 6) New York and SlaveryThey also owned slaves, and in The City of Alexandria, several manumitted slaves gave Charles Lewis name as their former owner.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14http://richmondthenandnow.com/Charles-and-Ambrose-Lewis.htmlLivingston, PhilipYES“When Robert died, Philip Livingston inherited six of the twelve slaves listed in his father's will (9).”SOURCE: Accesed on 10/16/14First Endowed Professorship“Philip Livingston, slave trader and slave owner.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14George Bush's Slave Trading Kin - NYC ExhibitLynch Jr. , ThomasYESMy kinsman who signed as “Thomas Lynch Jr” owned slaves and a plantation as well. He did not free his slaves afterwards.“Thomas Lynch Jr owned slaves and a plantation as well. He did not free his slaves afterwards”.Source accessed on 10/15/2014http://mariannsregan.com/slaveholders-among-the-founders-part-3-of-3/McKean, ThomasNO“He augmented the rights of defendants and sought penal reform, but on the other hand was slow to recognize expansion of the legal rights of women and the process in the state’s gradual elimination of slavery.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14 http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-274Copy of Thomas Mckean“Thomas Mckean was born in 1734 in Delaware, and he died in 1817 at the age of 83 and did not own slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14Middleton, ArthurYES“Arthur's plantation had begun to make money. By 1720, his estate consisted of over 5000 acres and he owned over 100 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/12014http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p282.html“By 1720, the estate consisted of over 5,000 acres and Middleton owned over 100 slaves”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Middleton_(1681%E2%80%931737)Morris, LewisYES“With the uncles death in 1691, Lewis Morris, at the age of twenty, inherited the New York and New Jersey estates, a major interest in mills and iron works, sixty-six slaves, and extensive personal properties.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014 http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1919535?uid=3739760&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104857957857“Soon after, more than a thousand acres of woodland, all located on navigable water, were burned, his house was ransacked, his family driven away, his livestock captured, his domestics and tenants dispersed, and the entire property laid waste and ruined.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofusa/declarationofindependence/LewisMorris.com/Morris, RobertYES“Morris did own slaves eight generations ago, as did Benjamin Franklin and other prominent Philadelphians. Robert Morris and Thomas Willing also "engaged in the slave trade" as a side business to their shipping and property investments, said Morris, a software consultant.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/inq061205.htm“He owned slaves that worked as servants in his home.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://kids.laws.com/robert-morrisMorton, JohnYESChartSOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/owship-byowner.aspx?pID=94829&s=2¨Speaker Isaac Norris was a slaveowner, as were Chester County Legistlators, John Morton, Joshua Ash, Joseph Gibbons, and Isaac Wayne.¨SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Nelson, Thomas Jr.YES“Thomas Nelson, Jr., a rich planter-merchant who at one time owned more than 400 slaves, was one of the most active of the Virginia patriots.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.adherents.com/people/pn/Thomas_Nelson.html“When Thomas Nelson’s father died, Thomas received 20,000 acres of land and over 400 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://kids.laws.com/thomas-nelsonPaca, WilliamYES“ William B. Paca, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a Maryland governor. Juliana and her husband lived on Wye Island in Queen Anne's County, where she had inherited the Wye Plantation. John also inherited Wye Hall from his father, who had owned the other half of the island. The census recorded 117 slaves on their Wye Island property in 1800, and 100 slaves in 1810.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/029900/029983/html/029983bio.html“Census: Wm. Paca, head of household 1790, Queen Anns County, MD; 2 males over 16 and 92 slaves.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/h/i/l/Garrick-D-Hill/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0200.htmPaine, Robert TreatNOAccording to the “Slaveholders among prominent Founding Fathers” chart found on http://britannica.com, Robert Treat Paine was a non-slaveholder.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1269536/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery“Just a few weeks later on April 14, 1775 the first anti-slavery society in America was formed in Philadelphia. Paine was a founding member.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.constitution.org/tp/afri.htmPenn, JohnYES“One son of a 'servant' named, Virgil, was sold in 1733 (16 years after William Penn's death) to Thomas Penn by Joseph Warder thus providing evidence that the Penn family had never given up the ownership of slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~rstephen/livingeaston/local_history/Penn/Penn_family_part_1.html“There have been claims that he also fought slavery, but that seems unlikely, as he owned and even traded slaves himself and his writings do not support that idea.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_PennThis states that John Penn’s dad trades slaves against what the Quakers had thought at the time, influencing John.Read, GeorgeYES“State: Delaware (Born in Maryland)Age at Convention: 53Date of Birth: September 18, 1733Date of Death: September 21, 1798Schooling: Religious AcademyOccupation: Lawyer, Public Security Interests, Lending and Investments, Planter and Slave holder”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/delegates/read.html“Of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, 49% owned slaves.” George Read was one of these delegates.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014How many of America's founding fathers were slave owners?Rodney, CaesarYESCaesar Rodney was a slaveholder of about 200 slaves on a plantation of about 1,000 acres. 14 year after his death his slaves were freedByfield, Caesar Rodney’s, 800-acre prosperous farm was worked by slaves. With the addition of other adjacent properties, the Rodneys were, by the standards of the day, wealthy members of the local people.Ross, GeorgeNO“That year he also undertook negotiations with the Northwestern Indians on behalf of his colony, and took a seat as vice-president of the first constitutional convention for Pennsylvania.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/ross.htm"Quaker opposition to slavery and the concept of individual liberty that grew out of the colonies’ crisis with Great Britain inspired the foundation of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society (PAS) in 1775…By 1820, only 200 slaves remained in the state, but those black Pennsylvanians who were now indentured servants still did not enjoy complete freedom throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://pacivilwar150.com/Understand/SlaveryandFreedomRush, BenjaminYES“Though still a slave owner himself, Rush decided to dedicate himself to the cause of his "black brethren."SOURCE Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p458.html“Though still a slave owner himself, in 1788, he also promised freedom to his slave, William Grubber.”SOURCE Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_RushRutledge, EdwardYES“He became a leading citizen of Charleston, and owned more than 50 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Edward_Rutledge“Edward had started a law firm with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The firm had taken off and made the two men very successful. It wasn't long before Rutledge was one of the leading citizens in Charleston, and owned quite a bit of land and almost 50 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.revolutionary-war.net/edward-rutledge.htmlSherman, RogerNO“Mr. Roger Sherman [CT] was for leaving the clause as it stands. He disapproved of the slave trade; yet, as the states were now possessed of the right to import slaves, as the public good did not require it to be taken from them, and as it was expedient to have as few objections as possible to the proposed scheme of government, he thought it best to leave the matter as we find it.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14AccountSupport“He also became involved in the anti-slavery movement, and in one of his early cases defended a runaway slave owned by Henry Clay.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_amistad_bio_baldwin.htmlSmith, JamesNO"I would suggest that there were numerous, and not simply one signers who never own slaves. Must be included John Adams and James Smith of Pennsylvania." Source: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-high-s&month=0309&week=b&msg=E5uCV1zGiWW3IKFaJYTu2w&user=&pw=.Stockton, RichardYESHe was also a slave owner who didn’t free his slaves, in spite of being the father-in-law of Benjamin Rush, one of the most prominent anti-slavery advocates of the revolutionary era. http://stocktonat40.blogspot.com/2010/02/that-which-we-call-stockton-by-any.html accesed on 10/16/2014Richard Stockton of the Class of 1779, a trustee from 1791 to 1828 and the first citizen of Princeton, reputedly owned several slaves, freeing one in 1823 (Princetonians: 1776-1783)http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/slavery.shtml accesed on 10/16/2014Stone, ThomasYES“Stone's original plan was to build a small, modest home for him, his wife, and their two daughters but before the house was completed, his father died and five of his younger brothers and sisters came to live with him at Haberdeventure creating the need for larger living quarters. During the 1780s, the Haberdeventure slave plantation probably supported about 25 to 35 people including a number of slaves.”Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stone_National_Historic_Site“It is likely that the Haberdeventure plantation supported a community of 25 to 35 people during Thomas Stone's ownership, including slaves and Stone's extended family.”Source Accessed on 10/16/2014http://somd.com/links/culture/historic-sites/thomas-stone-national-historic-site-1500.phpTaylor, GeorgeYES“George Taylor died in February 1781, His estate included two slaves, Tom, who was sold for 280 bushels of wheat…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-taylor/“This little house soon became his world. Here, with his two slaves Tom and Sam, Taylor lived out the last year of his life.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://articles.mcall.com/1984-07-15/news/2436116_1_george-taylor-iron-furnace/3Thornton, MatthewNO"Two signers of the Declaration of Independence, George Taylor of Pennsylvania and Matthew Thornton of New Hampshire had been white servants. Accessed 10/16/2014. http://books.google.com/books?id=FwhqKQbUn9cC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=Signer+Matthew+Thornton+on+slavery&source=bl&ots=dIFELew-jj&sig=qQWCqDYet48XQU3MQWNbvX0_ZpE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=831JVLXUOYKNyATR5YGoAQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Signer%20Matthew%20Thornton%20on%20slavery&f=false.Walton, GeorgeNOTo discourage the English class society, strict rules required every man to work his own land: no slavery, no large grants of land, no rum.http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-walton/“George Walton played a leading role not only in the movement topersuade Friends to free their slaves but also in the confrontation.”Source: Accessed on 100/16/14http://file:///home/chronos/u-83bff9799b28be0e6a053d3211e6951887297ba3/Downloads/upso_Search_Results%20(1).pdfWhipple, WilliamYES“William Whipple was a slave owner. He married Catherine Moffatt and they lived in her father's mansion on the river in downtown Portsmouth, today one of the city's surviving historic houses. The slave quarters, where Prince, his cousin (or brother) Cuffy, and others most likely lived, can still be seen today.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://esperstamps.org/aa10.htm"General Whipple was attended on this expedition by a valuable negro servant named Prince, whom he had imported from Africa many years before.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://www.whipple.org/william/declaration.html#PrinceWilliams, WilliamNO***** Upon arriving at congress, he was too late to vote for independence, but he did get a chance to sign the Declaration of Independence. He continued to serve on different committees until the end of the war.SOURCE:Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.revolutionary-war.net/william-williams.htmlA man of naturally ardent temper, he threw himself vehemently into the struggle for independence, wielding a vigorous pen and drawing generously on his purse in support of military activities. During a great part of the Revolutionary War he was a member of the council of safety, and expended nearly all his property in the patriot cause. He abandoned his business and went from house to house soliciting private donations to supply the army. Williams also made frequent speeches to induce a larger enlistment. Throughout the war, his house was open to the soldiers in their marches to and from the army, and in 1781 he gave up his dwelling to the officers of a detachment that was stationed for the winter in Lebanon. SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://virtualology.com/WilliamWilliams.com/Wilson, JamesNO“Slavery, or an absolute and unlimited power in the master over the life and fortune of the slave, is unauthorized by the common law . . . . The reasons which we sometimes see assigned for the origins and the continuance of slavery appear when examined to the bottom to be built upon a false foundation. In the enjoyment of their persons and of their property, the common law protects all. ”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://westillholdthesetruths.org/quotes/author/james-wilson“He argued that the slave trade clause would in fact allow for the end of slavery itself. In speeches he made the subtle shift from the "trade" to slavery, and since most of his listeners were not as legally sophisticated as Wilson, he was able to fudge the issue. Thus, Wilson told the Pennsylvania ratifying convention that after ‘the lapse of a few years... Congress will have power to exterminate slavery from within our borders.’”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://abolition.nypl.org/essays/us_constitution/3/Witherspoon, JohnYES“Witherspoon was a slave owner.At the time of his death in 1794, his estate includedtwo slaves,”Source accessed on 10/15/2014http://people.hofstra.edu/alan_j_singer/docket/docket/11.1.17_John_Witherspoon_Preacher_and_Patriot_by_Raymond_Frey.pdf“ John Witherspoon, president of the College of New Jersey from 1768-1794, owned slaves. Indeed, Varnum Lansing Collins notes that the inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves . . “source Accessed on 10/15/2014http://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84056&p=544524Wolcott, OliverYES“ Oliver Wolcott, the Connecticut born Secretary of the Treasury, wrote to his wife that this palace "cannot be kept in tolerable order without a regiment of servants."Source: Accessed on 10-16-14http://bobarnebeck.com/slavespt5.html“The following is a letter freeing his slave: Deed of Emancipation… And that my said servant, whom I now make free as aforesaid, may be known here-after by a proper cognomen, I hereby give him the name of Jamus.”Source: Accessed on 10-18-14http://wolcottmilitarymen.blogspot.com/2011/08/oliver-wolcott-1726-1797.htmlWythe, GeorgeYES“A young member of his family, on discovering that Wythe had conditionally willed part of the family property to his slaves, decided to enlarge his own share by poisoning them with arsenic.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/wythe.htm“Freeing his own slaves earlier at “Chesterville,” Wythe wrote this opinion on a slavery dispute in 1806, “….freedom is the birthright of every human being….”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-wythe/