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When they measured their forces for the last time, Bonaparte and Wellington were 46 years old and many shots were given. Two arrogances face to face. The rival that each one needed. Intimate enemies. Something Freud would have to say about his shared erotic adventures. One after the other, of course. Mademoiselle Georges, the most popular actress of the French comedy, enjoyed the Napoleonic charms, before discovering those of the Duke of Wellington. And also the opera singer Giuseppina Grassini, dispatched them in the same order. Maybe they hated each other but shared two hobbies: love and war.There are more common episodes in the life of both, which are evoke through 250 pieces in the exhibition Napoleon-Wellington: crossed destinations, which can be visited at the Wellington Museum, in Waterloo (Belgium). Another one of the activities organized on the occasion of the bicentennial of the battle that on 18 June 1815 definitively buried the Napoleonic leadership. Until the museum came Carlos Bonaparte, representative of the lineage that dominated a good part of Europe two centuries ago, to join a symbolic manifesto in favor of peace, which will be initiating descendants of all the parties involved.Waterloo was the only opportunity the Iron Duke and the Emperor had to face directly. In the Iberian campaign on which he built his prestige, Wellington had fought with Napoleonic troops, whose supreme command was on other fronts. And it was his triumph over "the god of war" that opened the gates of heaven (the streets of London collapsed in 1852 as the duke's funeral procession passed and a rogue business of selling observation places was generated in the first place. line and strands of the man who had been better in war than in peace in his two stages as prime minister).If it is surprising to find in the exhibition a scarf of Hermès to the greater glory of Napoleon, where he occupies a pedestal flanked by the names of Moscow, Berlin, Madrid and other conquests, more shocking it is to observe a few meters a silk handkerchief dedicated to victories of the Duke of Wellington, in which the names of Talavera or Duero are not lacking.There are numerous winks of his passage through Portugal and Spain in the exhibition of the museum, installed in the house where Wellington spent the night in 1815 before the battle that faced 163,000 men (69,000 of Napoleon, 69,000 of Wellington and 25,000 of Von Blücher). Among the personal objects are exhibitions, utensils of campaign, a samovar of the emperor or a layer of his adversary. The biographical review stops in coincidences as the age (they were born in 1769), the passions or the scarce academic luster: Arthur Wellesley was rejected in Eton on two occasions, while the mediocre Bonaparte record is remembered before entering the race military.The war finished twinning them. And since they led rival armies, only one could go down in history as victorious. The night before the confrontation, Napoleon summarized the crux of the matter: "There are empires, kingdoms, the world or nothing, between a battle won and a battle lost!".Too many points in commonThe book “Napoleon and Wellington” by Andrew Roberts, published in 2001, although its original in English dates from seven years before, is not that it is a postmodern vision that undoes all the above, nor tries to trivialize the figure of the famous soldier. But when compared to his staunch enemy, the hated-admired Napoleon throws a new light on the man who defeated the Corsican lion.Because, to the surprise of those who had not taken the trouble to compare it, both have too many points in common. Nemesis, destiny, revenge of History, call as you want. There are the facts.As a first example, the two were born the same year, 1769, to the delight of astrologers and doomsayers. Wellington did it in Ireland, Napoleon in Corsica. You do not have to be a geostrategist to understand the importance of the insular and peripheral condition of the contestants.The Irish father died leaving his son with twelve years, the corso to his with fifteen. The two boys had four brothers and three sisters and lived in a rigid environment, with mothers of strong character.In the year 98 Wellington changed his name Wesley, too Irish, to Wellesley, more British. Napoleon had done it two years before, when he suppressed the "u" of Buonaparte. Both were educated away from their place of birth, in French military academies, so French was their second language.Corsica had been owned by Genoa, but as the Genoese merchants trafficked everything, they sold the island to France in 1768 because, in truth, it was ungovernable. Napoleon came to his school, speaking the patois corso peppered with Italian, had to learn French at the same time to be.Bernard Shaw, who appreciated the paradoxes, said it later with his mocking tone: "An English army commanded by an Irish general is not bad for a French army commanded by an Italian one."Hero apprentices were not very bright at school. At this point, so much similarity seems forced, but the truth is that they were only interested in topography and maps. Also, in a certain way, trigonometry, so they could measure their wide heights and distances to calculate canyons, dimensions, devise mathematical strategies. History they knew little, or maybe they did not know too much about their teachers. What Andrew Roberts says is that, as good self-taught, the two took care to learn and form their intellect. Both carried the Commentaries of César in campaign and Aníbal occupied the first place in its preferences, before knowing that the first part of its duel would occur in the broken land of the Iberian leader.In the course of a year, the first great action of both took place: the corso in Toulon on September 16, 1793, Wellington in the Netherlands on September 15, 1794. The final push came to them in the same way: through the good offices of a brother: Luciano Bonaparte organized the blow of Brumaire that took to Napoleón to the unique consulate, while Richard Wellesley, governor general of India, granted to his brother independent control in 1803.Very attractive for women and voraciously sexual, none knew the conjugal happiness. They even shared two lovers, or to be exact, the English courted two abandoned ladies of the Napoleonic harem.A cold manThe Duke of Wellington by Francisco Goya, 1812–14Arthur Wellesley, future Duke of Wellington, represents very well the kind of eighteenth-century English hero. Cold and courteous, calm but determined, of noble condition but boosted by his own merit, he does not resemble the romantic heroes who will inspire shortly afterwards the naughty couple Byron-Shelley.Arthur is the consistent son of a pragmatic Britain that seeks to consolidate with his army the mercantile empire that has been forging during the century. He admired Napoleon from the beginning, and there he did not resemble his impetuous rival, who never wanted to give him credit.In the elitist Eton he rubbed elbows with the heirs of the great British titles that looked over his shoulder for being second to an obscure Irish viscount. Some of these schoolmates would be brilliant generals, others less fortunate, and more than one would later find our hard-working Irishman in the political struggle. Lord Holland, later political opponent, describes Arthur in his memoirs as someone "with lack of taste, wit, grace and imagination, whose vanity exceeds his ambition and also adds, he cares little about his army or even to what cause It serves, provided that it can be exhibited at the head, be the first figure of courtship, take away the glory and savor the victory. "Andrew Roberts warns that the fierce hatred of the Whig party (a word meaning 'wig' and which he called the liberal party, strongly opposed to the conservative) towards the victor of Napoleon, was a constant in the political life of one who became a charismatic piece of the tories. According to the little mythology of snares that were fabricated against him in Eton, he did not leave school just because his father's death did not have the resources to support his education, but because of his poor academic results. Andrew Roberts maintains that Eton meant for Wellington the confirmation of his own worth, but the truth is that in the next ten years he did nothing worthy of mention and there are those who remember him lying for hours on a couch caressing his terrier and dreaming like any teenager flowering.His way to DamascusThe future Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley urges on men of the 1st Punjab Regiment at Assaye.But we are in 1786, three years before the French Revolution breaks out and the Etonian Arthur, aged sixteen, is sent to the Military Academy of Riding of Angers in Anjou, in western France. In this way, the defender of the aristocratic government was able to get up close to the last days of the Bourbon Ancien Régime, apparently focusing more on its splendor and pageantry than on the putrefaction that ate away at its foundations."How curious it would have been, sir," said an obsequious subaltern, sixty years later, "if Your Excellency had been sent to Brienne, instead of Angers, and educated with Napoleon!"Angers made him a francophile for life. Unable to feel the visceral hatred of Nelson towards the Gauls or the fanatical contempt of Francis Drake for the Spaniards. It was only a year, but it was enough. His teacher, an authentic aide-de-camp of the past splendor of the French Bourbons, put him in touch with the high nobility of Anjou, great peers of the kingdom who bore titles full of military victories and naturally the most reactionary of the Angevin political environment.At seventeen it was the right time for the seeds to germinate and the preferences and antipathies to sprout up to form the maturing tree. The ingrained conviction towards the Bourbon legitimism, that never left it, was acquired thoroughly during that year.Political opinions in men of action are usually formed in a period of adolescence, as a reaction to a public event that has affected the individual. Such must have been the case of Wellington, although the reaction was not, of course, immediate. Appointed lieutenant at that age, his mother warned him by letter that "nobody saw him as a soldier" and that he should look for something more in keeping with his personality.After the success of his older brother in the foreign service and his destiny of first magnitude in India, he avoided accompanying him because the road to the East was full of hardships, little glory and many diseases. He spent seven years in secondary positions in Dublin. From there he could observe, with comfort and from the other side of the Canal, how revolutionary events changed the sign of History.British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle of WaterlooThere is a 500-page book, dedicated only to unraveling the genesis of Napoleon's adolescence, his intellectual development and how he faced those crucial years of his life. Nothing similar happens with Wellington. The most that can be said of those seven years is that he played the violin. Although it does not seem a very personal choice either, since his father had been a music teacher at Trinity College in Dublin.At twenty-four he was a tall, thin young man, who added to his attractive figure blue eyes that easily penetrated the interior of the one who held that confident look. In those days, he was just another member of the crowd of noisy young people, inclined to woo women and drink more than the bill in taverns. It was then that he had his conversion, his "Damascus road", the "fall" of carefree life and commitment. Arthur Wellesley burned his violin. He did not sell it, he did not keep it in a closet, he did not even give it to a friend. He made the decision to destroy it by fire to exorcise, perhaps, past complacencies.In France, the voracious guillotine had already fallen on the head of Louis XVI, and the Committee of Public Health had decreed that the principles of egalitarianism should be extended throughout Europe, something that the aristocratic governments were not willing to accept. In February of that year of 1793 England formed the First Coalition against revolutionary France, along with Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland and Sardinia. Wellington saw his opportunity to stop being a dilettante and become a professional soldier. The road to glory began to be cleared.Forgotten the drunkenness and away from the alcohol that so dull the minds of their Irish friends, our determined convert was sent to Holland. There he served under the orders of the Duke of York, a man as meticulous with the bureaucracy as ineffective on the battlefield. In the soft Dutch plains that would give him the glory -Waterloo- he already distinguished himself by his strategic ability and tactical vision. He learned something crucial: how not to campaign. Similar lessons to those of another military officer, from the opposite camp, who also assimilated his own.The Napoleonic starIf the feeling of belonging to the ruling class, even if it were of lesser rank, had given Wellington security, the consciousness of ethnic insecurity spurred Napoleon. He also belonged to the ruling class, though not to the nobility as he later implied. His mother, the implacable Maria Leticia, was the daughter of a military engineer and half sister to the archdeacon of the Cathedral of Ajaccio. The Buonaparte prided themselves on not having to buy oil, bread or wine, because they produced their lands and mills. But the young Napoleone was pursued by the insidious suspicion that his father might have been a traitor to Corsica. However, thanks to the friendships of his parents he was admitted to Brienne, an artillery academy for the children of the nobility.His father died leaving him in doubt that his performance as secretary of the Corsican hero he left was a betrayal. In laundering that affront seems to have been applied with relish during those years.True country or not, what Napoleon certainly possessed was a powerful intelligence sustained by an unfathomable ambition. I read the books like the judges the opinions. Follower of Rousseau, was impregnated with the writings of the philosophers of the moment and shared his ideas in favor of freedom and fraternity among men. At the same time, it secured a place of first rank in the terrible events that devastated France in the nineties. He was one of those who witnessed the assault on the Tuileries, with the massacre of the Royal Guard and the prison of the kings. Then he said that Louis XVI could have finished the revolution right there, if only he had the courage to ride his horse and go out into the street.The Grenadiers à Cheval. Napoleon can be seen in the background on a grey horseBut courage barely existed in the courts of Europe. To the thrust of monarchs of undoubted worth, he had replaced sterility, if not idiocy. Hardly Napoleon's genius would have imposed his will on the previous generation, in the Europe of Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria or Charles III of Spain. But what Bonaparte found was a generation of sickly diminished on European thrones when he had the overwhelming force of a liberating ideology. In a short time he went from general acclaimed to triumvirate and then to consul for life.With his victory of 1800 in Marengo he became the owner of Italy and the champion of France. The meteor then began to shine in the sky with strength of the first magnitude. From then on he wanted to emulate Louis XIV and his unbridled ambition was adorned with the most blatant vanity. Europe had to rotate in the orbit of the sun king. Julio César and Carlos V were his mentors, the mirror in which he saw his aspirations grow. In 1804, when he was crowned emperor, he put it openly: "The Revolution is over. I am the Revolution. "Dictators create fear, but also admiration. At that beginning of the century, many saw in the ascension of the little Corsican a revenge of History, the appearance of a redeeming Messiah of the oppressed who announced new times. The growing pomp could be forgiven, because he deserved it. Nor should we take too much account of the evils that it caused to the peoples it sought to liberate, because they were inevitable. For ten years, the Napoleonic boot trampled the moors of Europe with the intention of releasing it but causing, at last, greater havoc.In Spain he met his first defeat. The rebellious Spanish army, heroic and still motivated, defeated the unruly marshals of the empire in Bailén, in 1808. When the seeds that Bonaparte sowed for his end had already borne fruit, came the defeat of Waterloo.Napoleon abdicated in Fontainebleau and Wellington returned to London in praise of many and with the title of Lord of the kingdom and Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain. Then he went to Vienna to represent his country in the congress that would administer peace. There he was surprised by the unexpected return of Bonaparte to Paris, his famous Hundred Days government.Paris was slow to surrender the few days that lasted the ride from Marseille. The first day, the press bellowed "The ogre has returned"; the second insisted: "the greatest criminal in history advances from Marseilles". As the garrisons surrendered in their wake and the military removed the old banners to cheer him, the headlines changed: "Bonaparte advances with overwhelming success," they said on the fourth day; the fifth announced: "Napoleon wants to recover Paris". And finally, with the "ogre" nearby: "Paris eagerly awaits the triumphal entry of His Imperial Majesty to celebrate his Glory".After the first dabbling, Napoleon went to Holland, the kingdom stripped of his brother Luis. Wellington knew that the moment had arrived. On the morning of the Battle of Waterloo he commanded his forces with precision, knowing that his number was inferior but convinced that his eternal rival would make some mistake. And it happened. The overwhelming victory is studied in military manuals as one of the great battles of history. Wellington marched on Paris and the sinuous Fouché, minister under Napoleon and eternal survivor, made him an arbiter of the situation.Military, historians and novelists have glossed the duel of the two titans as a repetition of Hector and Achilles, Aníbal and Escipión, Pompeyo and César. Others have wanted to see the confrontation between order and revolution.The novelty of Andrew Roberts's book is that the forced parallelism becomes exact similarity. Differences there were, of course. Wellington, for example, saved Napoleon from being overrun at Waterloo. The exile of Santa Elena, for his part, left a small amount in his will for the man who tried to assassinate his opponent. Question of character and fair-play.SOURCES:Bonaparte y Wellington, enfrentados en la guerra y unidos en el amorRoberts, Andrew: “Napoleon and Wellington: The Long Duel”. W&N; Edición: Fourth Impression, 2001. ISBN-13: 978-0297646075Como dos gotas... IncompatiblesEl segundogénito que obtuvo fortuna en WaterlooDescubre todo sobre Arthur Wellesley y mucho masNapoleón Bonaparte: Biografía, características, frases, obras y máshttps://www.washingtonpost.com/ The Making of Britain’s Iron DukeThe Duke of Wellington: Napoleon’s Nemesis | Shannon Selin

From over five decades of related ruminating I am postulating he was highly intelligent probably at genius level. The doyen of banking Hylmar Schacht Hitler's brilliant minister of economics said of him he saw what no else did. (Also he noted Hitler never spoke an unconsidered word)*. Conversely Hitler said of Schacht: “for a bit of sharp practice he was a pearl beyond price, but when it came to character he failed”. When he summoned him for termination he told him: “you don't fit the National Socialist mold”.*In a private talk with I think Hermann Rauschning Hitler told him “you will never know what I am really thinking”.Hitler himself said “genius is will - o’ - the - wisp” unless something is done with it.Hitler's mnemonic abilities were well known including his photographic memory. He could dazzle his guests with his broad range of encyclopedic knowledge, and could rattle off as well to his military personnel innumerable facts, figures and minutiae and impress them to take the martial course of action he thought was best and favored and use this oral array to veto their objections if they had any.Hitler’s paladin Göring keenly pointed out that his Führer was able to take the PULSE of the times, consummately read its signs and uncannily prognosticated accurately political and societal currents. Apparently he was the only or one of the few handful on earth who could! Part of his discernment included the decline of the West(Europe). This is what Houston Stewart Chamberlain among others saw and in a private visit in the 1920s by Hitler, Chamberlain told him he was sleeping much better now that there was a leader like him.Hitler remarkably took the swastika(a Sanskrit word) icon for the Nazi flag. I doubt he borrowed it from Hindu, Chinese. Swastika = hakenkreuz; literally in German hooked cross. An analysis will follow as to the possible reasons he chose it. In one of the earliest biographies of Hitler by Heiden there is a photo of a church which had been there for a long time with an iron gate and a swastika that Hitler may have seen. To extrapolate that this is the source that in the future will identify the NSDAP is very unlikely.Although Hitler for political reasons wrote otherwise in Mein Kampf as a smokescreen i.e. that the red was used to represent the social idea(probably stolen from the “reds”), the white for the nationalistic idea, and the swastika for the mission-struggle of his people for victory more likely the swastika was taken to be viewed as a BROKEN cross meaning he BROKE with soft Christianity(it's symbol the UNbroken cross)-done by breaking each of the ends of the cross and rotating them. Placed in the center of the flag(its color black-irrelevant) surrounded by circular white color(also sometimes in a tilted square) representing the purity of National Socialist cause (this was the binary image of first the transfixitive eye and second this circular white and interior “broken cross” is seen as a wheel with its broken spokes MOVing forward which is what National Socialism was to Hitler a MOVement not a political party something he associated with his detested democracies!). Again the white circle and its interior swastika is the hypnotizing eye, therefore the white may also be interpreted as the white of the eye and the black swastika as the pupil; if this was Hitler's interpretation then he might have also toyed with some shade of blue instead of the circular white part as this was his favorite and desired eye color for his völk and a calibrator of being “völksgenosse”, making this a blue eye. Now bathed in red was the remaining color of the soon to be ubiquitous flag, making it more mesmerizing! (Although the red color was more likely used primarily because it was extreme in drawing attention, it may also have been taken since it is the color of blood and violence - some of Hitler's Mercedes vehicles and some of his long leather coats were red). The entire image, red periphery circumscribing the concomitant central swastika was inculcating, branded indelibly into the masses' psyche! Even moreso with hundreds of banners together it was a hypnotic forest of flags. Alone or with others it was the cynosure of all eyes just as Hitler was by himself. This was an effulgent creation of Hitler(who had the added advantage of being an artist). It was one of the greatest marketing creations of all time! It was summa cum laude!Equally as well though unusually later, by the middle of 1930 an anthem for the NSDAP was found by Goebbels from a slain S.A. member Horst Wessel who was shot by a communist. He had only written the lyrics for the song, which were probably stolen from the reds, not the music. This was named the Horst-Wessel-Lied and became the co-national anthem after 1933.Not related to the question of Hitler's intelligence but similar to the display of many flags during the day that drew attention to it, on the day Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor Goebbels, to celebrate victory, organized at night a parade of thousands of supporters with lit torches passing Hitler's window while he reviewed and acknowledged them with the Nazi salute. Both Goebbels’ idea and the intense illumination from the torches were “brilliant”! [Hitler asked in disbelief how his little Dr. Goebbels got all those torches in such short notice.]During this incipience Hitler was only seen and heard at his rallies, etc.(but not on radio). With keen forethought he would not allow photographs of him to be taken individually or distributed through any existing media outlets especially of course the newspapers which were reporting on Hitler's and other political groups’ activities thus piquing the minds of the population that had never seen him! After the 1923 Putsch he permitted visual representation by his photographer Heinrich Hoffman.Still early on during outings with his entourage on picnics in the Alps or elsewhere he might be seen in shorts(lederhosen-leather pants). Much later several years before he became Chancellor and certainly not after he never attired himself that way. It was infra dig to be seen in that fashion. He was very conscious of his image through what he wore. His sartorial inclination was subdued and modest unlike ostentatious and flamboyant Göring and extended only to suits, military or political uniforms to fit the occasion.(For each he had identical multiples of shirts, jackets, pants, etc. travelling with him in the event of a food stain, tear, mud splatter; he would excuse himself and change into new clean clothing-would tolerate no blemish and expected and projected an image for himself of unwavering perfection). Under no circumstances would he ever wear swimwear and berated Mussolini's photographed appearance in trunks. In addition when for example he was at the Buckberg Harvest Thanksgiving festival he smiled and greeted the costumed peasants and watched them do their local dances but would never engage in any terpsichorean activity there or anywhere else, except for a sort of jig at the French surrender at Compiègne!Due to his remarkable oratorical abilities and with inexplicable prescience which would portend that fate might somehow miraculously thrust him to the apotheosis of his political career and at this inchoate period, in the very early “kampf” for power, 10 years or so before it was finally crowned with success, he went one step further beyond being outstanding auditorily by selecting what would become an emblematic visual countenance focal point his mustache comparable to the “eye” of his invented flag. Choosing the square or rectangular shape taking it from the English officers' class, made it conspicuous and forever identifiable with him! He had a handlebar mustache during his days as a soldier not the one we associate him with when entering politics. What would otherwise be just another innocuous type of mustache would eventually become one of two notorious symbols along with the swastika(added to these was his name Adolf) associated with Hitler the main hierophant of the Nazi Party.(At a certain point even possibly before 1933 he had forbidden any of his closest senior leaders to have the same mustache-though many from Germany sported his moustache style and named their newborn boys Adolf). When looking at a huge billboard of Hitler it is visually magnetic. A psychological coup.As with the swastika and mustache Hitler with the fealty of his worshipping followers took Der Führer as his title a choice more judicious than leiter or any other due to the subtle connotative differences. Equally as well he favored his official title Kanzler(Chancellor) and in fact he detested the use of the democratic form of Präsident and when von Hindenburg died he merged the offices and was called Reichsführer und Reichskanzler!In the 1920s in his attempt to recruit more followers, workers in addition to his nonpareil rhetorical skills attested by all who heard him and written about in Ernst Hanfstaengl's book, a German-American who lived both in U.S. and Germany and was an early admirer and financial supporter from Long Island, N.Y.C., who stated correctly that due mainly to “the miraculous construction of his vocal chords Hitler could bring a crowd of thousands or tens of thousands to near hysteria within an hour and half or so a feat which will not be repeated in 10,000 years”! (his voice could bring chills up and down the spine even if you don't speak German-his mesmerizing performance included his rigid statuesque pose, robotic motions and imperious punctuated rolling r's) he cunningly and propitiously not fortuitously through deep psychological insight into human weaknesses and exploiting them(fatigue) chose evenings after work when they're tired and more receptive(taking a hypnopaedic-like route) to address these generally large groups. Equally his voice could bring his listeners to tears. Goring when at times thought it necesssry would in his oft-tended advice say, “we must fetch Adolf to cry”. (Hitler was fully aware of the effect of his voice when at the 1936 Nuremberg Rally he pointed out to over 1/2 million: “Once you heard the voice of a man and it spoke to your hearts; it awakened you, and you followed that voice. Not every one of you can see me and I do not see each of you. But I feel you, and you feel me…..That you have found me among so many millions is the miracle of our time. And that I have found you that is Germany's fortune!”). Added to this was his unique ability to tap into the recesses of their psyche and soul, his words pierced their hearts like an arrow. He “awakened” and roused them(the carried Nazi standards at rallies-which they borrowed from the ancient Romans-read: Deutschland erwache-Germany awake). It was a religious-like experience. Taking this one more step, when giving a speech to a group of thousands or tens of thousands say at the Sportspalast or elsewhere he always came in the front as his audience(after they all entered) never from the back straight to the podium, telling the assemblage indirectly he is one of them(in reality he came from the masses but definitely was not one of them!). Also many times he deliberately kept them waiting before arriving to heighten tension. It can safely be said no one ever made an entrance this way before! This is how unusually well thought out his ideas were! (In addition his penultimate step before addressing a very sizable gathering would be to stand in front of them for several minutes sensing, determining if there was silent unacceptance, hostility or a low-level cacophony of disinterest. If so he would leave and let one of his cronies give a speech-he was very clever enough not to waste his time, energy, wear and tear of his vocal chords! Again he was able to take their “pulse” as he had of the times).This was in contrast to Hitler's days in Linz, Vienna, pre-War Munich, and during the Great War where he never had in his wildest dreams or imagination the idea that he would reach the heights he did to the highest post in Germany by 1933 until he realized in the 1920’s the magic his voice could induce.So electrifying were his speeches and such were his abilities to stir the masses that there was a period when the Weimar government banned him from giving speeches!Hitler correctly assessed(as Hanfstaengl noted above) and said in the late 1930's before the war started to a handful of his military chiefs in a conference that began with: “in all modesty there will not be another one like me for a long time” due to his unique talents to galvanize the German people to war; an unavoidable war since Germany could no longer go on ecomically without obtaining by force natural resources outside of Germany. In probable fact it is unlikely there will ever be anyone with his unmatched charisma again. He was the centrifugal force that before his ascension brought them to move towards the NSDAP. His allure was similar to a movie star and he himself said of his coruscating performances, “I am the greatest actor in Europe”. As detestable David Bowie once observed Hitler was the first “rock” star!It can be said with reasonable assurance that because of his love of Wagner and his operas that he drew from these to create especially the Nuremberg rallies which in effect became an opera where Hitler was the main and only opera star!In any discourse from a range of thousands to an individual he never stuttered! Further when speaking to one person it was said by many who witnessed this that he looked right through you!For his listeners it was said he could clear the foggiest mind so that they could understand.To say Hitler was extraordinary is an understatement. In this regard he truthfully often said, “I am all alone”, “I am irreplaceable”. It also spoke to his strangeness that in reversed anthropomorphism or it can in a sense be even considered zoomorphism he identified himself to be a wolf and his sobriquet was Wolf. He asked his sister Paula to take the last name Wolf which she did.This also extended to his reading of novels or other non-technical books in his youth or throughout his life. Hitler started at the end of a book! If he didn't like the content there he stopped and discarded that work.Early on when Goebbels first heard several times Hitler's radical agenda he wrote in his diary, “This man is dangerous, he believes what he says”. At a later time after he got to know Hitler well he stated, “The Führer is as sharp as a cat”. All this from a probably highly intelligent Doctor of Philology recipient. He also wrote, “I bow to the greater man.”During the pre-power period while giving a speech only to a large group of his adherents he overtly admitted: “They call us barbarians. Yes we are barbarians, it is a proud and honorable title!” Only Hitler could take brutishness and turn it on its head.Continuing on the same thread, after the war began his regime made films to counter what Hitler's opponents called Nazi medieval barbarity by depicting Black African Allied troops negatively wryly implying they were the defenders of civilization.During the dark period of the war he said, “If America loses the war then New York City will still be New York City, Detroit will still be Detroit, San Francisco will still be San Francisco; but if Germany loses the war then GERMANY WILL DIE!”. Further on when it was almost assured that the war was going to be lost he said, “if the German people are not willing to give their all in this war, well then let them perish!” He also showed recission of his völk when he said at some point “they are not worthy of someone like me”. Even so he did not abdicate his responsibility for them until the day of his death.In the 1920s talking privately to one of his associates Hitler realistically judged it was going to be a miracle if they ever achieved power, the same thing Lenin said decades before about the Soviets in Russia.As for the masses that he cared for(his völk) or any others in the world that he didn't(he was intoxicated by their adulation and plaudits but was derisive of them and despised their easily induced suggestibility), he regarded them otiose and said they're “about as useful as the PLANETARY BACILLI” and to be truthful these microorganisms are here for a purpose and more functional (my opinion). Such a comparison is inimitable.Hitler and earlier Mussolini, independently of one another, had both equated the masses to a woman. Further only Hitler said, “If you screw her right she'll do anything for you, but if you don't she'll bite your head off”.As for his German völk he said, “We are the last Germans”, something no one probably ever thought of.The Hellenic völk(the ancient Greeks) is the one he most admired from the past. With unequaled insight he judged and assessed by the the faces of their extant magnificent statues that they were a different race through a comparison with the present day inhabitants of Greece thus leading him to therefore state that they were not the same as the people of Greece today.(If we take this premise then we might conclude that the statues represented the entirety of the ancient Greek race and if not then these were just models of Nordics who for some reason lived there and whom the ancient Greeks considered ideal and ultra-admired!). He also concluded from this rightly or not that due to these ancients’ great art and science the present day North Western Europeans were related to those that modeled for the statues.There were these millions he despised and looked down on and whom Hitler would never subordinate himself to any man or woman with the exception of the paragons of art, architecture, music, engineering, invention etc.(people like his architect Professor Troost, Arno Breker, Fritz Todt, Richard Wagner if he were alive) and his mother Klara Pölzl the only woman he probably loved.(He was most likely a misanthrope but not a misogynist-he only considered women inferior to men.) All this is likely rooted from the violence he incurred at the hands of his brutal father Alois Hitler whom he claimed he honored but in reality hated as he confessed in so many words to Heinz Linge his valet.He very intelligently likened the resulting freedom for the multitude from democracy which he detested to scurrying ants up an anthill going chaotically in all directions. Unbeknownst to Hitler this view though is not correct. In fact if he had known as we do today it is not what seems to be random insect activity but very ordered behavior a castelike society something in fact he favored!As for his enemies who fervently believed in their ideology just as he fanatically promoted his National Socialist cause he said, “there is no cure for idealism!”An amazing idea he planned before the arrival of Mussolini was put into effect during one of his two or three of visits to Germany. Hitler met him first at the German border station with both giving the usual fascist salute to each other and handshake and the rest of the protocol. Each then boarded separate German trains on parallel tracks within several feet of one another to the second station not too far away. Hitler ordered that both trains run at the same speed and that both Hitler's and Mussolini's car windows align exactly so that they could converse for a minute or so. Thereafter Hitler's train was to speed up ahead of Mussolin's to the second station whereupon Hitler was there first on the platform waiting for the second train to arrive shortly after to greet his guest with an outstretched arm for a handshake surely impressing Mussolini! Although having admiration for his European ally he was implying that Mussolini was the junior partner. (Not to mention the likely meted punishment to both train engineers if it didn't go through precisely as Hitler ordered.)From his pronouncements it is evident that Hitler's entire worldview was racial. In this regard he used a unique phrase to describe the dwindling Western European population (“that PRECIOUS COMMODITY the White race”). Further extending his valence for the White race he said that if the White race becomes extinct then: “the LIGHT of this world will GO OUT”.Hitler was determined, and one of his major goals in or future expanded Germany, to halt dysgenic proliferation, mongrelization, degeneration and promote through eugenics racial regeneration.Hitler's inordinate preoccupation with race, his intransigent obdurate implacable position on the Jews(he would not tergiversate the views he had of them) there was more than a likelihood of them being brought up. He viewed them and stated that they were the ferment for decomposition. From the replete compendium of his innumerable vituperations about them this one is distinct: “The Jew is a master of international poisoning and race corruption as well as the instigator of the evil PACIFIST LIQUID MANURE which poisons the mentality favoring bold self-preservation”. “Liquid manure” is his unmatched scatological description and dysphemism of pacifism!Hitler's obloquies on the Jews painted them as the epitome of evil. He accused them of being and called them the real “wire-pullers” in Europe and U.S. as well viewed them as the invisible, protean, chameleon enemy. Giving a more pernicious diatribe against them in his belief of the Jews’ (as a racial group not a religious group) obfuscatory aim of transposition and supplantation of the German and European intellectual elite, their advocacy of (inter, extra)-European miscegenation and with it the blurring of racial lines, changing the European “landscape” and therefore denationalization, Hitler said “his ultimate goal is the bastardization of other völk, the lowering of the racial levy of the highest völk, as well as the domination of this racial mishmash through the extirpation of the völk's intelligencia and its replacement by members of his own”. (Excoriating them as well for his belief that they were the main force behind the influence (flowing in) of blacks into Europe! - and drawn to its logical conclusion according to him with it the inexorable advance towards “negroization of culture not only of blood strides[ing] forward”). With such expressive and oratorical abilities it is no wonder that a man like Dietrich Eckart (a genius himself) was drawn to Hitler!(Eckart, Hitler's first mentor until he died of cancer in the mid 1920’s, was a good twenty years older, one of the first supporters he and others were looking for and finally found a man as Germany's coming savior introduced Hitler to all: “Here is the man the whole world will one day hear about.”) Not to mention his Minister of Propaganda Goebbels who supplemented and amplified his master's declarations at later times by stating that the Jews’ arguments were exaggerated intellectualism.In regard to his most hated group the Jews he remarkably linked ingrown earlobes to them something unnoticed before. We know this because he had one of his very trusted aides accompanying Ribbentrop to the Soviet conferences to inspect Stalin's ears and therefore determine whether he was a Jew-no Stalin came out clean and passed Hitler's test.In the matter of religion specifically Christianity the antithesis of Hitler's National Socialism program he would have preferred if Islam had taken root in Europe but he realized it was a formidable foe for as he stated “it had withstood the test of time”(two thousand years). However he planned to deal with after his World War II victory to expropriate the Church's property.Continuing with his extreme resistance to miscegenation of any kind he used the animal kingdom as a model for his völk to follow by stating that there is no cross-breeding of different allied species. For example closely related but different species of geese who resemble each other and are almost indistinguishable instinctively only mate with their own kind.Recapitulating his antipathy and therefore undesired propinquity and intersection of himself with Jews, but not casting any light on the degree of his intelligence, he once said, “I would rather be in a room with one hundred Negroes than one Jew”. Not that he harbored any love for the Negroes whom he considered subhuman!In another never heard before succinct linkage he said, “conscience, like circumcision, is a blemish”. Also: “The struggle for world domination is between me and the Jews. All else is meaningless. The Jews have inflicted two wounds on the world. Circumcision for the body and conscience for the soul. I come to free mankind from these shackles.” To Hitler conscience may have been that, but not to the those with ethics. [As for circumcision whatever it may be it is definitely a barbaric and superfluous procedure unless performed for medical purposes on the infinitesimally few who must have it. Certainly questionable when modern medical proponents and other so-called experts espouse all sorts of specious judgments and arguments promoting it yet not mentioning or noting that for tens of thousands of years no one from whole nations has died from being uncircumcised; absolutely moreso ludicrous on religious grounds!!!]His associative ability extended to areas that no one thought of. A manifestation of this occurred when he apparently read about that day's high atmospheric pressure and noted this to his entourage and remarked also to them that, “I should think the German people are uncomfortable today”.Throughout his administration especially early while Präsident von Hindenburg was alive and even after there was hope and talk by von Hindenburg, the Prussian Junker Class and a confederacy of petitioners including feelers from ex-Kaiser for the coveted restoration of the monarchy. It is ridiculous to believe that Hitler would occlude or subtract himself from the limelight. The successful concatenation of social programs, strengthening military, annexing Austria etc. all for the weal of Germany and its völk was his work alone. He certainly wouldn't reverse his deification with their presence, dilute his own power or be pushed to the margins. (In regards to power he said, “Power is God's gift to man”; “No LIVING force will ever get me out of here alive!”. Goebbels added in his diary, “Now that we have the power we will never give it up. They will have to drag our dead bodies through the streets”!). Nor would he burden his economy with these parasites. There was a clarion call throughout Europe that all these anachronistic “royals” be removed, the handwriting was on the wall. This invented coterie and caste created by compulsory consanguinal conjugates of German or non-German ruling families was incongruous with the World War I Völksgemeinschaft concept which also coincided with Hitler's view of how German society should operate, and especially their unearned wealth was resented and not what the vast majority of Germans would tolerate. Hitler rightly inferred, “Germany will GO UP IN FLAMES!” if there was a recuperation of the Hohenzollerns!By the end of 1938 and probably even earlier in retrospect he reviewed his miraculous meteoric rise, a nobody from nowhere, an autodidact with no degree from secondary school, chosen by fate from the tens of millions of Germans, to head of state and Chancellor(he said many times, “this is not the work of man alone”) of one of the six foremost industrial and culturally advanced nations on earth with 60+ million people at that time and the successes (before ultimately attempting after the beginning of WW II to annex truncated German territories): restoration of post WW I contraction of Germany's borders by reoccupation of Rhineland, the Anschluss, Munich agreement (dismemberment of Czechoslovakia); later German-Soviet non-aggression pact(broken), German economic “miracle” (pseudo), etc. As such Hitler superciliously believed he had become superhuman and was infallible. He saw himself as the first of the supermen, superior to all humans on earth. He was in a state of hubris! (On occasion he correctly called himself the first German and stated that all below in the pecking order including the lowest from his völk have more than any other people and put this policy into effect in the conquered territories). As a result now as before(after gaining real power with von Hindenburg's death in 1934) he was not only Führer, but unofficially, not legally became der Oberste Gerichtshof Herr, the lord of the supreme court - creating new laws or superseding rulings of other judges that didn't coincide with his policies. This was in keeping with the often heard dictum: The Führer imposes and disposes.Never in Hitler's imagination or wildest dreams did he conceive that he in the 1910's would rise to the level he reached with all the roadblocks of limited education, constraints of a stratified societal system and monarchy, without money.This partial list of accomplishments mentioned, overcoming insurmountable obstacles, he attributed to his will and faith(not the religious kind) and singularly said more than once, “FAITH MOVES MOUNTAINS”. Moreover, he was one of the biggest shakers and movers in recorded history.It goes without saying that Hitler was the movement(he didn't like the word party), the “pope” of National Socialism, he was the new Germany. Everything revolved around him. He was the shining sun. He eclipsed his top associates who were adjunct satellites, only dim glowing moons. He projected an aggressive harsh image like his hated father towards his internal and external enemies but not to his völk who were sympathetic to his politics and again he was NOT the hated German FATHER common to many past German households, but an avuncular figure. Nor did he project the image of a police officer he had Himmler and others do that. To them he was more of a guide than a dictator. He was the just, helpful, kind UNCLE Adolf! As for his eleemosynary giving to his völk his generosity came from their taxes not from him and before he came to power it was with other people's money.He is quoted as saying many, many things but this one marked him out as on top: “I go the way that Providence dictates with the ASSURANCE of a SLEEPWALKER”.There is from the 1930’s a disparaging political cartoon which transmogrifed him in a pejorative light making decisions in this state. This is typical skewed political prevaricative journalism and calumny. (In reference to reporters he called them “those pack of liars”. As for writers he labeled them as “useless scribblers”.)The exigent demands of major problems which may have stemmed from the confluence of mountains of information that he cogitated rationally, even though he distrusted reasoning, and then filtered down to (di)logical, bifurcated, (poly)logical or multipronged choices, all equally viable, a decision was only made after long, deep thinking and/or consultation. He said that when an inner feeling of satisfaction finally came for one of the possibilities then he would intransmutably pick and proceed taking that one. Even though no psychiatrist or other scientific specialist really knows ultimately about this medical disorder or how they perambulate safely, the analogy he used about the certainty of the peregrinations of a somnambulator describes perfectly his own ineffable arrival at a selection! As to whether he had this condition, he probably didn't, that was extraneous. He also said the whole party could not make him move until his internal switch directed him(not any differently from how a prudent person should gingerly settle a personal, business or in this case a political dilemma).At one time when discussing a painting with a fellow artist, he marveled, extolled and exulted in the non-present painter’s technical ability of depicting on canvas an illuminating candle that Hitler’s acute visual artistic sensibilities jolted him to say a phrase probably never uttered before by any such similarly inclined person, “THE LIGHT is BLINDING”, just as if he were dazzled by real excessive brightness.Unlike concupiscent Goebbels, Heydrich and Bormann Hitler's government of his sexual appetites was accomplished by sublimating towards classical art(architecture) and power.In the sphere of art it will be mentioned that he understood, reveled and loved classical art and architecture and had very extensive knowledge of both not to mention his detestation of modern abstract art. (As for music he was stirred to the core by his favorite composer Richard Wagner, loved other mellifluous, euphonious compositions and for whom jazz was anathema). He was a far better than average painter (and let us now dispel any nonsense notion during his days of impecunity and as a day laborer that he was a house painter-this was deliberate diaphanous conflation and confounding chicanery used by his enemies through the two meanings of painter, one as an artist and the other for dwellings; in addition to this is that other ridiculous idea of his having been a paperhanger). He could not render heads. Now in regard to architecture, upon seizing power he greatly admired and chose Paul Troost as his personal architect whose work coincided with Hitler's Hellenic predilections and proclivities (Troost was one of the very very very few who would contradict Hitler in these architectural matters and Hitler acceded without question). However he died suddenly several years later and Hitler chose the sycophantic Speer who catered to his every whim to take Troost's place. However he revealed Hitler's limitations in his book after the war. He cites where Hitler presented his own sketch for a neo-classical building which he wanted constructed. However Speer understood it would collapse under its own weight. Speer had the prerequisite architect's understanding of this. This might show that since there is more than sufficient evidence that Hitler was highly intelligent and not lower then perhaps he was only between highly intelligent and genius. Why because if he was in the genius range in spite of his lack of knowledge of physics Hitler would have intuited or divined a non-flawed diagram. He may still have had genius even though he made that mistake.A world without art was unthinkable for Hitler. As stated before he knew more than a great deal and attempted to emulate the past masters but eventually realized in the 1910s that he would never become a great artist himself. He said he could no longer bear to look at his own work but appreciated immensely those with great talent and ability. Returning to Troost when visiting his studio he said, “I can hardly wait to see Herr Professor”, Troost's most recent architectural sketches. For those living artists that he valued they would not be conscripted at some point before and during the war. “I have so few” he said just as every nation and could not have them risk injury or death. When the excessively dutiful dull official in charge who could not possibly understand insisted and continued on drafting his artists Hitler ordered their draft cards sent to him whereupon he tore them up! Hitler even protected during the war certain non-German artists he valued in enemy territories specifically one in France to whom he sent money so he wouldn't starve. He went so far as to have a painting he highly regarded by a Jew hang at his home in Berchtesgaden. Goebbels upon seeing this and recognizing who the artist was commented to Hitler, “but he is a Jew”, and Hitler responded jokingly, “that's why I hung him!”.After Kristallnacht(night of broken glass-destruction of Jewish businesses) when criticized about economic loss the SA and others caused he marvelously compared them to “ELEPHANTS IN A CHINA SHOP”. He had to feign shock because of his probable complicity, assuaging and mitigating the destruction by making light of it in the way he described “elephants….” all the while he probably secretly relished how they acted and what they had done. It seemed that Hitler elided the damage and it was secondary to him.The SA(Sturmabteilung), storm troopers, shock troops, were an ARM or ARMy(“y” is deliberately not capitalized to show the connection between arm and army), or more precisely not his arm but fist. Further they were his personal army! As above when complaints were presented to him about their behavior, in particular sexual of any type, to paraphrase Hitler: the SA was not a finishing school for debutantes, but an organization of fighting men!When asked how they would find more men for the military he used the wonderful botanical parallel of “PRUNING the bureaucracies”.Since his homelessness he suffered constant hunger(due to indolence, dilatory and perfunctory efforts to look for work-his unwillingness to do continuous physical labor nor absolutely ever did he deign to do, eschewed and was allergic to dull routine tedious boring insouciant odious clerical work which exuded and reeked of apathy to him). This hunger continued when he was a corporal in the military. Somehow he had access to the food packages. With probable unprecedented and very clever oblique mode of retrieval he surreptitiously took food from the bottom of the packages and thus was not detected. Now who would have thought of that?! This is not only thinking outside the box but “thinking UNDER the box”!!!Much later shortly before he became Chancellor he made the decision to become vegetarian-he sometimes strayed from this by eating sardines or chicken livers both of which he loved). He did this because of the belief that eating meat was deleterious to his health moreso than for ethical reason and would subtract years from his life, time he needed to ameliorate Germany's onerous problems. He told many including one of his physicians Brandt due to severe stress after the reverses in 1943 or so: “this job is killing me”, and to his half-sister Angela in the 1930s that he believed he did not have much time left to solve these Herculean tasks because people in their family did not live long. A perspicuous observation and cogent argument he made at a confabulation with his guests, that included his personal dentist, and at which he was propagandizing for vegetarianism, the voluble Hitler stated the human race was geared toward a plant based diet because most of our teeth(molars) are structured for such foods. At another occasion he said(if original and not noted by others) what must have come from past exceptional observations and another outstanding associative examplar that if presented with a choice of animal or plant food, an infant for atavistic reasons would choose the latter.At a different session while dining with his entourage and trying to promote, convert or naturally foist them towards an herbivorous diet he used efficacious elementary psychology when describing to his guests in detail his recent visit to the most modern slaughter house where he described workers who wore boots and were in ankle deep blood. Upon hearing this and worse his press chief Otto Dietrich for one put his fork and knife down and stopped eating. (At the same or later gathering apropos to the same subject Dietrich himself said many would change if they had to kill themselves the animals they eat!).In one of these relaxed gatherings with his inner circle at Berchtesgaden before he banished Eva's small Scottish Terrier dogs that were present so that his German Shepherds would get the limelight he casually called them so very correctly hand sweepers something almost no one undoubtedly would ever see them as.Towards the end in July, 1944 after the Valkyrie coup failure, Hitler devised a gruesome and never before contemplated excruciating method of punishment for the conspirators: hanging with PIANO WIRE on meat hooks.With what we now know would be about a half year till the end of the war Hitler summoned to Wolf's Lair on October 22, 1944 his highly regarded chief commando Otto Skorzeny for a last effort to stop the Allies in what was to be called the Battle of the Bulge, Ardennes Counteroffensive, Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein, Operation Watch on the Rhine. Hitler's difficult and exceptional idea and final mission objective was to have Skorzeny form a unit of English speaking commandos dressed in American and British uniforms, drive a collection of captured tanks, service cars and jeeps and infiltrate the allies to sow confusion and disruption but most important to help capture bridges in the Ardennes.Initially after the debacle at Stalingrad and especially due to the assassination attempt in July 1944 his health deteriorated rapidly. One of his hands was not only shaking but he was walking with such a pronounced stoop that Eva chided him to straighten up and Hitler's mental abilities were still sharp enough that he responded to the latter, “I tote a bagful of worries!”.The plethora of all these extremely well articulated effluences from such a fecund, prodigious mental reservoir(some were oral streams of consciousness at private settings) are exponents of Hitler’s stratospheric and exorbitant intelligence and demonstrate his ascendency over other men of substance but does not imply anything about his possible pathologies that lead him to the euphemistic special treatment(Himmler's words), transport to the east(Hitler's)-final solution.Contrast this with the fact that in late 1890s and early 1900s he showed poor school grades. It’s unlikely he did this to spite his violent brutal father attempting unsuccessfully to interest and inveigle intractable and non-supine Adolf to follow in his footsteps as a punctilious customs official; his unwillingness to mollify his father's demands-clash of Hitler's even then contumacious intransigent personality with the irrevocable prerogatives of the dictatorial tyrannical Alois traits passed on that would dominate Adolf's life immeasurably moreso than from the affectionate, simple, docile Klara his mother; through many severe beatings for other reasons as well probably unjustified to let out his frustrations most likely also extended from non-uxorial Alois to Klara and to the dog as well. All this early mediocre record gives no indication of his later many outstanding unique talents. It seems for enigmatic reasons he blossomed in his late 20s and early 30s.

To analyse reasons for the lack of progress we need to go back history.Lack of territorial National identity. One of the pillars of modern Nations is the idea of a nation state. Here I Mean than an evolution of a state bases on ethnicity, language , region, or common interests.Some examples of different nation states areEngland. Based on language, island and maritime nation, English Language, Anglo Saxon heritage.Scotland. Different ethnic background, different Language and life style. They were different entity till they were conquered and even today the union hangs on economic thread. Religion also played a divisive part.Northern Ireland. Just like Scotland only more serious division. They were carved out of Ireland and were oppressed converted and they became a most sever problem until a political compromise has been worked out between Protestant which are tenuous. These always hang on a thread.Ireland. Though shares every thing with its Northern brothers , divided by the history of its religion where majority have converted to Protestantism under the conquerors from Scotland and England.With the diminution of the religiosity they are now gelling into a precarious larger national conglomeration like United Kingdom and Ireland.I am not going to any more history of Modern European nation and if you look around most of them are tiny nations and some of the large ones have secessionist movements that Indicates how unstable they are. Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries are full of wars that arose with the crumbling of Empires and rise of smaller more easily governable nation state.Indian Empire. We were also in a kind of unstable princely states constantly warring and changing borders and we had no concept of a NATION - STATE. We were only princely states.With the conquest of India by the English via East India company we were literally yanked out of our comfort zone and thrown under the whelks of juggernaut of rapacious looters and we were even unaware of the tyrant aliens who were conquering us and we collaborated with our Conquerors in enslaving ourselves.EVEN AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE OUT FITS LIKE HINDU MAHASABHA, DALIT ORGANISATION LED BY EVEN AMBEDKAR, MUSLIM LEAGUE WERE ADVOCATING CONTINUATION OF BRITISH RULE AND THEY SAT OUT THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS WERE PLEADING CONTINUATION OF BRITISH RULE. THEIR MAIN BATTLE WAS WITH THE UMBRELLA ORGANISATION INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS.By independence we had realized that Necessity of uniting against common enemy and ethnic, linguistic, religious, entity was the main cause of Indian slavery. Those like Islamist's left us to form an independent action for themselves. And others decided to work out the problems amongst themselves in various stages.What did British British leave us withDivided polity. We had over 500 princely states and several provinces and differing taxation systems such as Ryotwari, Jamindhari, contract cultivation.Trade and economy. When British started conquering us we were 23% of the world economy and had become 4% of the world economy with an enormous population and All external trade controlled by East India company and Indians denied of all technological contacts, loot of Indian resources.We inherited a starving nation with repeated famines which killed not less than 35 million People and the latest was the Bengal famine under the tyrant Mr.WINSTON CHURCHILL a person comparable to HITLER and a Perpetrator of Genocide.Railways is a prime example built for looting us and transportation of troops to remotest corner.(I myself have seen rail coaches where rifles can be stored under the seats for troop transportation. British rules were different in every part of India and India was not united by them. They kept dividing us. Punjab was differently ruled than Bengal. Assam tea Gardens and princely states followed their own systems. Who else but the Bhutto family a divan of a tiny principality in Gujarat could have been the largest Landlord in Sindh or a divan of Hyderabad accumulated treasures which are now seen as Salar Jung Museum or the JaganMohan palace in Mysore store house of treasures.Literacy. 12% and women 4%. Low educational facilitiesLife expectancy. 27.Untouchability and caste discriminationUnderweight Malnourished Children. Stripped of all skills barely managing to get food on good monsoon years, scared had zero support a few privileged collaborators.High infant mortality, female foeticide, Gender imbalance, Child malnutrition. Slow killing of widows, Child marriages. Girls giving birth at adolescent age.India's economy went down from 23% to 4% in the 200 years and India the leading exporter in the world a great maritime nation reduced to 2% of exports.Our education ripped apart by compulsory English based low level education to produce clerks for bureaucracy education to a tiny minority and closing down vernacular schools due to lack of resources. Our culture ripped apart and many had to be rediscovered by foreign scholars and even today we learn through their language.What have we experienced in the decades that followed after independence.FIFTIES. We went about in building a nation of India. Preparation of a most extensive and a brilliant constitution of the world and bringing it into a realities of governance. Conducting a democratic election with Universal adult franchise including women, across all corners of the nation to a largely illiterate nation and election a truly representative legislature. Introduction of protection of rights to minorities, Tribals and depressed and backward communities for bringing out social justice and special protection to the largest group of people who are in a sense majority (dependent) the women and children of India..State re-organisation was done in 1956 under linguistic states and other organised into union territories under a nominal rule of Center. Reduction of separatist movements in the north, south, east and west , It was a creation of benign sub nationalism which has been the bulwark of defence of splitting into individual nation states.The attempt to integrate the Kashmiris, Nagas has led to rebellion and mutiny as attempts to submerge the sub national identity has generated serious problems across the world. Sri Lanka,South Africa,Ireland, Chechnya, Czechoslovakia and Palestine are prime example of the same. Hindutva is a facet of Hindus which wants to assert its civilisational superiority over others.Liberation of balance territories from foreign (Dutch, French) by negotiations and by annexation from Portuguese by military action. Isolating rebellions in tribal areas like north east and central India.Establishing brotherhood of Non aligned nation to make sure the sovereignty of small nations are not disturbed which later turned into a non aligned Group and called as Group of '77.SIXTIES. This was spent overcoming the foreign aggression by Chinese, and Pakistanis and the countering the western agenda of breaking up of India or co-opting it . We had to face our erstwhile brother being armed to teeth by an power hungry western power and our larger neighbours invading our territories. We had to face a wars with China and with west using the opportunity pressurizing us to concede our sovereignty to them. The wars of '62, '65, '71 were the consequences western attitude towards India.We also faced the challenge of two nationwide successive famines that could have decimated Indian population in '66 and '68. Unlike the British who delighted in the deaths due to famines, we did not let people starve and die we fed all and survived the crisis efficiently what was then called Ship to mouth operation that was managed in such a large scale any where in the world in a period of distress without Causalities. It also showed its mighty military , singe pointed ability to defeat a major army of the world and its stand against major powers of the world and its diplomatic skill under crisis and a large heart of accepting 10 Million refugees from Bangladesh and feeding and housing with a little help from the world. Each and every one using it to their advantage. It clearly told there are no true friends to India and came here alone unwanted and will always has to fight its way in the world.SEVENTIES. It was the worst period of India. After the euphoria of the victory in Bangladesh clearly revealing India' steel core of an United and capable army and its leadership. India started disintegrating. The court in Allahabad passing a reckless judgement on a flimsy case. Indira Gandhi take an extraordinary ill thought decision to impose emergency and an excess of repression by her son.This led to jailing opposition leaders including J.P. a socialist leaders a close associate of Nehru himself. He advocates an utopia causes rise of leaders like Yadav-s, Nitish, George Fernandez and VP Singh and other divisive and disgruntled leaders like Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, etc. Where the country was taken to the brink of disintegration subsequently. It lost the entire decade with divisive forces on the ascension and Botching every thing they touchedEIGHTIES. This was the decade that saw total anarchy and disintegration of India to the brink amongst the rot every where we faced the Bofors scandal, '84 Sikh riots, assassination of Indira Gandhi and the glorious rules of VP Singh and his Mandal Politics, IK Gujral and his feckless foreign policy, the control of Kashmir by his naive peacenik approach and Deve Gowda' sleepy Prime Minister-ship of Hassan and Karnataka Deve Gowda with his Provincial politics with a vision not beyond his kaveri and Mandya Politics that let loose and ChandraShekar brief rule where we ended up in pledging our Gold and coming to the economic collapse and ineffective leadership.NINETIES. It was the decade bold reforms and a rapid turn around in the economy showing the world India is not a failed state rather one that had achieved universal suffrage and a genuine democracy, a strong democratic army with a solid foreign policy. and that had created, Green Revolution, White Revolution, Strong institutions of Governance had a steel core With a mighty army. India had a golden shine too and Capable of reforms tooRise of economic offenders not so surprisingly from Gujarat just like today but shouting loudly as 'GUJARATIS’ ASMITA' later. It was also the when a wise leader - a 'VIBHISHANA ' from the opposite camp who ruled like Lord Rama after his initial concession to N Bomb lobby. This was the decade of the bold reform under the leadership of Shri. PV Narasimha Rao and by his Generals Mr. ManMohan Singh ( future Prime Minister ) and P. Chidambaram brought a policy of liberalization and release of Indian economy from control of license and Permit Raj, and that unleashed animal spirits of India and has changed India’s image in the world.MILLENNIAL YEAR. The initial years of ManMohan period was the go - go years was Galloping and India headed to the growth rate of 10% and they get elected once again and a the dark forces rise again in his second stint and the rise of wild allegation of 2G Scam and Coal scam and all other kinds of scam. No body is saying were no kernel truth in these allegation but none of it is clear cut that could be established in a court of law. The effort of ManMohan Singh to Isolate his policy from scandal failed and Congress paid a heavy price and went down to its lowest level struggling for survival.We may look at all these factors. Telecom sector which ushered the New era more than even IT revolution in that influenced growth people at the bottom of the pyramid like daily wagers better governance at lower echelon of Government like elections local Governance etc public goods, and fund distribution reducing corruption etc. This revolution collapsed after the high pitched propaganda of operation and cancellation of auctions tarnishing India's reputation all over the world.Coal Mines allotment scam. Once again this ended up with cancellation of granted licenses many power companies heading to Bankruptcy and it has quadrupled NPA’s (Non performing asset) of Banks particularly pubic sector ones . And companies forced to import coal and loosing as they are locked into low contacted selling prices.It is axiomatic that Public Goods should be sold at the lowest possible prices as possible and regulated care fully instead of selling at higher price. Even capitalism says When Marginal cost is equal to price and Marginal Profit is Zero that is when maximum Public Good (wealth) is delivered to public at large. There is a logic in selling a price at low price and as an example if we sell water for irrigation at the same price as bottled water what will be the consequence to the Nation. But no one understand economics and every body thinks he is only MoralTHE SECOND DECADE OF THE NEW CENTURY. NEW ERA.As international lost its momentum dye to various scandals like Lehman Brothers, Subprime crisis and Housing Bubble, the Fannie Mae, Freddie-Mac, and Royal Bank of Scotland , GM and Ford Auto crisis. Citi Bank crash turned the economy cold with Crude price touching $ 130 the economy was out of kilter. India economy also took Ahmet but under the safe hand of Dr. ManMohan Singh we negotiated it much better than the rest of the world. But the damage in the public mind about corruption could not be salvaged.Then comes the Current era having ascended the thrown on to the high throne on the basis of tall promises and and super Moral virtual reality. The new Government found it difficult to fulfil the extraordinary promises and eventually had to climb down their band wagon of majoritarian communalism and mandir politics. Still with its massive cadre based organisation flush with campaign funds from its close friends who benefitted is still a potent force is a well oiled election machine. And may just prevail at its subsequent outings.Achievements of India since independence in Fields.Life expectancy increased from 27 to 70;Literacy raised under 12% to 70Infant Mortality reduced drasticallyMarriage age increased well above 18 in most states.Free immunization and eradication of all communicable and infectious diseases of Children including small pox, Cholera, Diarrhea Plague, Typhoid, Polio and even Tuberculosis.Minimum schooling nearing secondary level.Gross Enrollment Ratio is near 100% in most pockets of India.Mid Day Meal Scheme (worlds Largest) Nutritious Meals for Pre-school and School Children.Abolition of basic hunger, diseases.Establishment Aanganwadi for pregnant women and pre and post-natal care.Green revolution. we are unable to distribute properly in pockets. Self sufficiency in Major grains.White revolution (milk)Egg and Poultry revolution inn Most parts of the India.Establishment of higher education institute in Technical fields like Engineering, Medicine and science, Dentistry, Agriculture, Forestry.Establishment of Industries in all sectors of Manufacturing from space, defense, barring very niche sectors.Leaders IT and ITeS.Third strongest Army in the world.One of the best Man power any where in the world, World leaders in the in achievements of Non Residents community. This list endless.International leaders in Medical tourismI shall now shift to spheres where we trail.In spite of all achievements 22% of Indians are below the absolute poverty level as their food is deficient even in calorific requirement. We are surplus in food. We let it rot in warehouses rather than find ways to distribute to vulnerable sectors like aged women, children, handicapped.Anther major problem is to raise the income high enough to be able afford and consume nutritious food with adequate proteins, fat, minerals and vitamins at crucial stages of growth and starvation at crucial periods one life cycle stunts families and damages the future.The reason is unemployment, lack steady jobs in many sectors such as Agriculture, fishing, forest produce and facility to store and sell at the right time for profitable activity. Opportunity and loans for engaging in meat and poultry industry and so that it gives an alternate route to earn during such lean seasons. cash crops that can earn better returns as the effect of the alternation. All these requires productivity and growin the security as Indian encourage dependence on seasonal employment but other small scale activities to supplement family income and assist in social and Human Development Indicators.Shelter. Indian villages lack infrastructure that provides safe drinking water through out the year and sanitation facilities in a massive way particularly for MBC and tribal segments of people and these have been the breeding ground foe terrorism and insurgency. These subsidies are massive in nature and requires huge capital formation and it is important to note India 's inequality quotient is getting worse day by say. It would mean that Government should concentrate on the poor segment of people and not on high income group.163 million Indians lack access to safe drinking water . 210 million people do not have proper sanitation facilities and nearly half the Indians do not have a privacy in the sanitation facility. India has been attempting to improve these statistics for decades. The progress has been tardy due to various factors.It is well known that because of lack of water resources in many parts of the world the ground water is contaminated and in many places a Toilet is only a hole in the ground or behind a bush.Many a town in India lack the infrastructure for sewage facility and waste water treatment and this causes contamination of ground water.In parts of India like Bengal, ground water and wells are contaminated with poisonous salts such as arsenic. These have deleterious effect on human health. Rajasthan and Gujarat there is acute water shortage and we have been using prehistoric water from deep in the ground. Ground water depletion is alarming in India. These are the silent crisis of India and even places in North East such as Cherrapunji suffers from water crisis during of season.India has a huge rural health crisis. I include a paper from Brookings institution for understanding the dimension of crisis.India: The Crisis in Rural Health CareThus we lack basic infrastructure in health sector. And the problem is acute in almost all parts of India barring Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. And we have been attempting to increase public funding for health care from I% of GDP to 3% of GDP. The efficiency of distribution in services is uneven and has not spread deep enough and primary health centres are manned by poorly manned both qualitatively and quantitatively is poor.If these are problem, we find housing for poor ia gargantuan problem and huge percentage of Indians live in Kaccha dwellings and lack proper protection from elements and nearly 50% of slum population in India cities live in slums consisting woefully inadequate dwellings in sub human conditions and with high rate of urban migration, it is deteriorating badly.Whilst we have made Giant strides in almost all the sectors, we still have a huge grounds to cover and with the population increase and large urban migration and resource constraints all problems of India are Himalayan and all progress we make is in adequate.The previous administration focus on MGNREGA, RTI, RTF, RTE, National Housing schemes, National health scheme and Urban renewal schemes are good and we need better funding and better focused schemes improving the base causes of such crisis.Lastly we must come to the employment problem. The root of the problem for India is the 'Rozgari'. We have a population bulge in our demographic scenario. 50% of Indians are below the age of 21. This because improvement in in the public health system. And nearly a 1 crore people are entering the job market every year and our Government does not have the right perspective. In short we lack the Capital to generate Jobs. We also lack the skills that create Jobs in organised, unorganised sectors and self employed and entrepreneurial sectors.We should stop investing mindlessly in sectors that sucks in large capital and produces a few ground lever jobs creating unneeded monuments like Statues must be avoided nor Capital Guzzling projects such as bullet trains should be shimmed one of the most impactful focus should be on employment potential of all investments.The world is moving towards automation and artificial intelligence. We seem to be blindly following the western trend. This will lead to disaster in the long run.Parting observation , India is having serious problem of inequality of income and wealth. India's GINI coefficient is matching most of the rich capitalist countries. This will certainly lead to social unrest and fissiparous tendency. And Indian Government that rules 1/6 of human population of the world should acutely be aware of the brewing crisis and should take remedial steps soon.P.S. I have written a long answer. I do not have answers for all our Ills. But what I have written is humble opinion of an old man who has seen India's path to modernity and a penned down a few points . I welcome others to join me in their thoughts make their valuable suggestion. Jai Hind.