Basket Options And Implied Correlations: A Closed Form Approach: Fill & Download for Free

Short AnswerI've narrowed the scope of "Japanese green tea" to sencha to answer this question.If I were presented a mystery sencha, I would first try these brewing parameters with a glazed kyusu:2.5tsp leaf, 7oz water; 60s @ 165F, 30s @ 170F, 45s @ 175F, 60s @ 180F, 75s @ 185FIf this came out too bitter, I would lower the starting temperature to 160F and adjust the steeping times to: 45s, 25s, 45s, 60s, 75s.If it came out too mellow, I would increase the starting temperature to 175F.Long AnswerI like how this question is worded. When I first read it, I was unsettled by the term "proper" and the broad scope of "Japanese green tea". But after thinking about it for a while, I realized that this phrasing may actually give the best opportunity for a comprehensive answer. Because of the broad scope, I'm assuming that the person asking is new to tea, or at least Japanese green tea, so I've made an effort to make this answer an introduction to Japanese green tea, and specifically sencha. I've also assumed that the reader is in the United States. I apologize if this is not the case for you; it's easier for me to talk about the available tea and teaware vendors from this perspective.First of all, I'd like to preface my entire answer with this short disclosure: I'm not Japanese (you may have noticed from my name). I've never lived in Japan. I've never visited Japan. I'm not familiar with the intricacies of Japanese tea culture or Japanese tea ceremony.However, I have drank a lot of sencha and Japanese green tea in general, for 3 to 4 years now. And I do consider myself a participant in the growing American tea culture, which I'll refer to throughout my answer. What follows is inherently a Western, American perspective on Japanese green tea.I want to address the broad scope of the question first. As Kegon pointed out, in a nutshell the "proper way" of brewing Japanese green tea will largely depend on what the Japanese green tea is. Matcha, sencha, gyokuro, and hojicha, all Japanese green teas that Kegon identified, as well as bancha, genmaicha, and a few others, will call for different preparation to come out "great". There can be differences for each tea in all four of the parameters you mentioned: type of pot, ratio of leaf to water, temperature, and brew time. Matcha in particular, usually being a suspension of green tea powder rather than an infusion of leaf, calls for its own set of dedicated equipment.Focused Cultivation of Japanese TeasFor someone getting into Japanese tea, it's useful to get a basic roadmap to them, and I find it remarkable that such a concise roadmap can be put together for Japanese tea. This was the first difference I noticed in Japanese tea, from tea by other large tea producers, the fact that you can enumerate all major Japanese tea exports on your ten fingers. Japan's tea cultivation philosophy seem to be: do a few things (types of tea), do them very well, and use all of the plant doing them. Almost all Japanese tea is green, steamed, and "pure", meaning that they're not flavored or scented, but just the processed tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Japanese tea can be blended, though, like genmaicha (explained below), or sakura sencha (Japanese cherry blossom blended with sencha). I've always thought that it would be an interesting cultural study to investigate if Japan's approach to tea cultivation is somehow a reflection of Japanese worldview or culture.The point is, in the United States, your access to Japanese tea is centered on 6 major varieties, they're all green, and they were all steamed to stop oxidation.Tea doesn't have to be that way -- the permutations of tea processing are endless. At the very least, oxidation can stop at white, green, black, or somewhere in between. And that can be done by withering, steaming, pan firing, roasting, or baking (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_processing). And a multitude of other things can be done afterwards, affecting the resulting appearance, aroma, and taste. But this exploration isn't common for exported Japanese tea, as it is for Chinese tea. You could say Indian tea production is similar, in a way, being predominantly black tea like Japanese tea is predominantly green tea. But Chinese tea, what I usually think of when someone mentions tea, is all over the map (both figuratively in variety and literally in production within China), with famous national teas at every oxidation level. The diversity in Chinese green teas alone will easily outnumber the Japanese green teas.So already there is something special about Japanese green teas: how focused their cultivation and processing is. Keeping that in mind will help reconcile the differences between common Japanese green teas and common Chinese green teas. It also explains why there are relatively few varieties of Japanese brewing vessels compared to varieties of Chinese brewing vessels. And it helps one understand why there is still diversity in Japanese green tea, but of a different kind: different levels of steaming in the sencha category (asamushi, chumushi, fukamushi, in increasing order of steaming), and many competing offerings within a single category of tea, say deep steamed (fukamushi) sencha.Roadmap to Japanese TeasHere is that basic roadmap to Japanese green teas, omitting details for brevity:Sencha - most produced Japanese green tea, grown under full sun. typically grassy and sweet flavor, astringent mouthfeel.Shincha - first weeks of the first sencha harvest of the season. prized for its accentuated sweetness, greenness, and smoothness (less astringent).Bancha - second harvest of sencha. cheap stuff that's used as the base for other teas below.Kabusecha - sencha that is partially covered in shade for its last 1-2 weeks before picking. between sencha and gyokuro in tasting characteristics.Gyokuro - shade grown for longer than kabusecha. more delicate, sweeter, and less upfront in taste than sencha. expensive and high grade.Matcha - unrolled, flat gyokuro "leafmeat" ground to a powder. prepared as a grassy, sweet suspension of powder in water. expensive and high grade.Hojicha - roasted bancha.Genmaicha - a blend of bancha and roasted, often coming out popped, rice.Kukicha - a blend of leftover tea twigs and stems from the harvest.The common six that you're likely to see in a tea store, in person or online, are: sencha, bancha, gyokuro, hojicha, genmaicha, and matcha. Sencha, bancha, gyokuro will look roughly like long green needle shaped leaves, hojicha will look like toasted brown leaves, genmaicha looks like long green needle shaped leaves and popcorn, and matcha looks like a green powder. The other varieties will also be available at many Japanese tea vendors online.So far, I haven't answered the question yet, and instead took a little detour in outlining the basic Japanese green tea types and how the offering is fundamentally different than that of other major tea producers, like China.Why Sencha?For actually addressing the tea preparation half of the question, I'm going to limit the discussion to sencha, for three reasons:1. It's by far the most produced tea in Japan.2. As a Western tea enthusiast, you have the largest selection of quality senchas available to you (differing primarily in region and amount of steaming), compared to other Japanese green tea varieties.3. Sencha is a great entry point into Japanese green tea, because from its nexus, the other Japanese green teas will taste like finer and more delicate (gyokuro), cheaper (bancha), roasted (hojicha), or toasted rice (genmaicha) versions of sencha. That is admittedly a *major* oversimplification, but technically not far off track considering that many of these other styles of Japanese green teas are based on sencha, its later pickings, or its remnants. (The shade-grown styles, kabusecha, gyokuro, and tencha/matcha, technically form their own branch.)Meaning of "proper"Now, on to my favorite part of the question, the "proper" way of brewing sencha.I've put proper in quotes. There's nothing wrong with the word, I'm just being cautious in using it without some additional framing. The way I see, there are two sorts of proper that are worth discussing here. The first is based on Japanese tea culture and tradition. The Japanese tea ceremony, sometimes appearing transliterated as chanoyu or chadō, may have a well defined process on how to prepare matcha (not sencha). Despite having tea in its name, the Japanese tea ceremony is about much more than just the preparation and consumption of fine tea; my understanding is that art and spirituality play a key role in the experience (see "teaism" for more details). The sencha tea ceremony, senchadō, involves the preparation of sencha or gyokuro instead of matcha, and is different in other regards as well, but is also a ceremony with greater motives than merely preparing a good cup of the tea. I'm not acquainted with the details of these ceremonies, or what is the suggested way to prepare tea for these ceremonies. But I will say that, while you may find an authoritative "proper" answer to your question of preparation there, or anywhere else for that matter, I subscribe to the notion that the ultimate authority on the taste of tea is *you*.This is where the other sort of criteria of proper comes in. As cliche as it sounds, this proper is based on what tastes good to you. I think that this is a fundamental tenet of tea culture in general, or at least of American tea culture.Good tasting tea is subjective. When I say subjective, I don't mean it as a relativist cop-out. It's obvious to the initiated tea drinker when an infusion comes out overly bitter or far too mellow, and most other tea enthusiasts will be on the same page. When I say subjective, I'm implying that you're free, even encouraged, to change how you brew the tea to optimize a characteristic of it that you like. Not all teas or all senchas have the versatility to respond well to different brewing parameters -- some are "finicky", with a narrower margin of pleasing results -- but many will. The best way to find out is to try it for yourself. As I'll mention below, for many senchas you can optimize for sweetness or astringency.But even in this open minded "anything goes" approach to tea, proper can mean something. "Proper" instructions are useful for a novice to get to a baseline expectation of taste, that many will agree fairly represents the taste of sencha. Once you know how to consistently get there, you'll inevitably find yourself tuning the brewing parameters to adjust it to your preferred taste (this is the subjective aspect). It seems that with tea, and maybe any art, proper and technical consistency seems very important to the uninitiated, but soon becomes poorly defined and less relevant to the experienced and fluent in the practice...Basic EquipmentIf you're starting out, you'll need the essentials: water, kettle, thermometer, and an infuser of some sort (I'll elaborate below).Soft, good-tasting water, and a kettle that doesn't leech anything you can taste is a must. Most of tea is water, and if your water tastes bad, subtle tea won't help it (some sencha can be subtle). A basic test for this is to simply heat up your primary source of water with your kettle, pour a cup of plain hot water, and taste it. Then do the same with bottled water of your choice, and compare the taste. If there are no marked differences, like the taste of metal or plastic, your water is probably okay.I use an activated carbon water filter (the Pur brand) and tap water.A kettle that can boil water (212F) and a thermometer that can measure the water temperature in a cup are also essential. Unless you intimately understand the temperature loss between your kettle and your various teaware, waiting x seconds after the kettle boils or looking for certain sized bubbles in the boiling water just won't cut it, because you'll be pouring from the kettle into other vessels, and the water will experience heat loss in both the air and the destination vessel. Depending on ambient temperature, you can lose anywhere from 5-10F degrees to just the air when pouring water from your kettle to a preheated cup. You will lose many more degrees pouring into a non-preheated cup (if you don't believe me, try it for yourself). The role of the thermometer is to measure the water temperature in its nearly final resting place before the actual infusion, so you don't have to guess before hand. Why is this a big deal? In the long run, with practice, it's not. In the short run, it only takes 5F degrees to cross the line between pleasantly astringent and unpleasantly bitter in some senchas.I use the PINO Digital Kettle Pro (http://www.amazon.com/PINO-ST-8706-Digital-Kettle-Pro/dp/B001HC54O2/), which has temperature control. Temperature control is not strictly necessary, just more convenient when you drink a lot of tea. For a thermometer, I use an inexpensive Taylor digital thermometer (http://www.amazon.com/Taylor-9842-Commercial-Waterproof-Thermometer/dp/B00009WE45/).Water, kettle, and thermometer are the invariants of any controlled "great" sencha preparation. It's also nice to have a water cooling pitcher, which is often just a small glass pitcher, where the water can sit and cool until it has reached the desired temperature (see http://www.chanteas.com/products/metal-strainer-faircup).The infuser is where you have many options, some of which may seem more superficially proper than others. I'd like to start by saying that an infuser basket, like this metal FORLIFE one (http://www.amazon.com/FORLIFE-Extra-fine-Infuser-Porcelain-Dish/dp/B001JP1KPO/) or this Finum basket (http://www.amazon.com/Finium-Brewing-Basket-medium/dp/B0037SWQ72/), is a great and inexpensive way to "properly" brew sencha and just about any other tea. I brewed quality, great tasting senchas for a year with just a Finum basket and a cup. So if you are looking for a low cost entry point to sencha or tea in general, I think there is no better choice than a simple infuser basket. I particularly like this kit: http://www.chanteas.com/products/the-basics (disclosure: I know an owner of this shop). The only requirement for a good infuser basket is for it to be large, to allow the leaves to expand as much as possible. So those little dinky mesh tea spheres or silicone dinosaur dunkers are not ideal, except maybe for use with the simplest CTC black teas which have such small cut leaf.Ideal Teapot for SenchaSooner or later, the sencha enthusiast encounters or purchases his/her first kyusu. Kyusus are Japanese teapots which are commonly recognized by a hollow side handle that they often, but not always, feature for cool handling. The kyusu is the widely preferred teapot to brew sencha with. In general, teapots give you several advantages over simple infuser baskets in cups. First, they allow ample room for the leaves to fully expand, which is key to extracting complex flavor from the leaf. Second, they have good heat retention and dissipation characteristics. Infusing tea at a particular water temperature in a teapot is a dynamic process; there is heat transfer from the water to the outside air through the teapot, throughout the infusion. What sort of heat retention is "good" depends entirely on the tea, which is why there is such a large variety of teapots for tea in general, and also why there are kyusu styles dedicated for gyokuro, regular steamed sencha, and deep steamed sencha varieties. Third, unglazed teapots can absorb tea flavor over time. You might read about tea enthusiasts repeatedly using a dedicated unglazed teapot with a particular kind of tea, to have the pot "remember" the flavor and help smooth out future brews of that kind of tea.The glazed variety of teapot doesn't remember flavors, so you don't have to worry as much about which tea you're brewing in it, and this is the sort of kyusu I personally use and recommend to new sencha enthusiasts. It's also appropriate for many of the other Japanese green teas mentioned above. I think Den's Tea has a particularly economical option for a glazed kyusu; see the $19 Shincha Teapot here http://www.denstea.com/teapots-cups-c-275.html. There's much more that can be said about kyusus, such as the style of mesh used, where it was produced, and so on, but at the very least a simple glazed kyusu is a great investment for properly brewing sencha.Brewing InstructionsWith water, a kettle, a thermometer, a water cooling pitcher, and a kyusu, you've got all of the essentials to brew sencha. Now, onto the process:1. Boil water.2. Fill the kyusu with hot, just under boiling, water to preheat it. Wait until the kyusu is thoroughly and evenly heated, almost too hot to touch, and then pour out the water into your cup(s) to preheat them.Preheating ensures that the water used for infusing the tea does not lose much heat when it is transferred into the kyusu, and that it remains uniformly warm throughout the pot during the infusion. Preheating cups ensures that your tea doesn't cool down prematurely. You'll often find that the flavor will change as it cools.3. Add the appropriate amount of dry sencha leaf to the kyusu, and close its lid.There are different schools of thought on what the appropriate amount of dry leaf is. There is the more precise and technical approach based on leaf mass to water volume ratio, and the more approximate and adjust-to-taste approach. I subscribe to the latter. It means less equipment (no scale), and regardless of suggested leaf to water ratio by your tea vendor, you will probably end up adjusting it to your taste anyway. My rationale is that the density shouldn't vary too much throughout the bag of tea (except when you get towards the end of the bag and encounter more powder), so you can use a fixed volume (teaspoons) once you've found your preferred amount. I start with 2 to 3 teaspoons of dry leaf.4. After waiting for a minute or two, open the kyusu lid and smell the warmed dry leaf. I never forget to do this, as it is definitely a part of the complete experience of enjoying sencha. The warmed dry leaf will be pleasantly sweet, and may already give you some expectation of what you will taste, or can taste, depending on how you brew it.5. Pour out 6 to 8oz of hot water from the kettle to the cooling pitcher, and wait for it to cool to the appropriate steeping temperature. You might want to start this before step 3, if it takes a while to cool.There are two common temperature brackets for sencha. A higher 170-180F bracket, and a lower 150-170F bracket. Which one is appropriate varies from sencha to sencha, and it's not strictly correlated with level of steaming. I consult the vendor's recommendation, and if it sits in the higher bracket, I start with 175F. If the recommendation sits in the lower bracket, I start with 165F. More difficult to brew teas may come out great in a narrower temperature range, and sometimes the vendor will indicate this.I consider temperature and leaf amount to be the most powerful brewing parameters, and much of the broad adjustment to my preferred taste will come from tuning them. I do the more fine tuning in the steeping time. If you're unsure, it's never a bad idea to start with the vendor's brewing suggestions and tweak them to your preferred taste. Once I find a brewing profile I'm happy with for a particular tea, I write it down. Over time I might improve on it.6. When the water has cooled to the appropriate temperature, pour the water into the kyusu over the dry leaf, and close the lid. Wait for the appropriate steeping time (discussed below), and then pour out the tea into your cup or serving pitcher. Firmly shake out any last drops from the kyusu to a tray or waste water basin to ensure that there isn't a pool of tea water that is continuing to brew inside the teapot.7. Repeat the previous step for 2-4 more times (producing 3 to 5 infusions, total). For each subsequent infusion, use 5F hotter water if you'd like to maintain the astringency.Steps 6 and 7 cover actually steeping and re-steeping the tea. Good quality sencha can be enjoyed to at least 3 steepings, and if I have the time, I will often take it to 5. If I brewed a medium steamed sencha properly, typically the first steeping will have the most kick of grassiness and astringency, and the second and third will emphasize more of the sweetness. The forth and fifth steepings tend to be much more mellow and sweet than the first two, but are nonetheless pleasant. This is a basic expectation, but it will still vary between different senchas and senchas at other steaming levels. If it came out very bitter, I'll lower the starting temperature by 5-10F; if it came out only slightly bitter, I'll decrease the steeping time by 10s. If it came out too mellow, I'll increase the temperature by 5-10F.The only detail I haven't mentioned yet is the actual steeping time. This is where sencha is unique, compared to many other teas. Sencha has a very characteristic steeping time profile, which starts relatively high on the first steeping, dips down on the second steeping, and then climbs back up on the third, fourth, fifth, and so on. I typically follow this profile: 60s, 30s, 45s, 60s, 75s. Although the initial value might vary between different senchas, the start high, dip down, climb back up profile remains, just scaled accordingly. I like to think of the combination of water temperature and steeping time as tuned to "chasing" the sencha in each infusion for the optimal pleasant astringency, while not crossing the line into unpleasant bitterness.Adjust to TasteA typical cup of medium steamed sencha tastes grassy and sweet, followed by an astringent mouthfeel, and a lingering aftertaste. But as I mentioned before, the great thing about sencha and tea in general is that it's possible to optimize your preferred characteristics in its brew. If you'd like more sweetness, try dialing down the temperature by 5F degrees. If you'd like more of a grassy and astringent punch, try dialing up the temperature by 5F degrees or extending the steeping time by 15 seconds.Senchas Differ from One AnotherSome senchas are naturally more grassy, more vegetal, more astringent, more sweet, or more soupy than others, so order a few and try them back to back. They will all vary in their subtle undertones of taste, which may be specific to the region, processing, and particular harvest of the tea. Check out some reviews on Steepster (http://steepster.com/search?products=on&q=sencha) to get an idea of the subtleties that people taste in sencha.Alternate ApproachesI should emphasize that what I've presented is closer to the Western approach to tea, which is typically small leaf amount and long steep times. With additional research, you'll no doubt encounter the "Eastern approach" (perhaps the kind used in senchadō, or like in Chinese gong fu cha), which uses a large leaf amount and short, almost flash, infusions (15s, 5s, 10s, 20s sort of steep times). But tea is free form, and I encourage you to experiment with every brewing parameter. After you get to that grassy, sweet, and refreshingly astringent cup that many tea enthusiasts associate with sencha, you enter the realm where "proper" is no longer very well defined. With enough practice and familiarity with the taste, you may very well find yourself sensing temperature by touch rather than thermometer, or waiting out the steep time by counting breaths or something similar rather than using a timer (http://www.chanteas.com/blogs/tea/4968422-brewing-with-breath). Your preparation of the tea and the resulting taste form an intuitive feedback loop.Where to Purchase SenchaWhere does one obtain good quality sencha? Thanks to globalization, it's possible to get very high quality sencha shipped directly to your door from Japan. This is not as expensive as it may seem, 1-2 week delivery from O-Cha, a fantastic Japanese tea vendor, is a little over $5 to either United States coast. Good Japanese green tea usually comes in a sunlight-proof, nitrogen-filled sealed bag to prevent further oxidation. Den's Tea (http://denstea.com/) and O-Cha (http://www.o-cha.com/) are currently my two favorite vendors. Den's Tea ships out of California, so you can usually get your tea within 3 days, instead of waiting for up to two weeks with international shipping. Many other vendors are worth checking out too: Zencha, Maiko, Yuuki-cha, Ippodo, etc. The average price to expect is $15-30 / 100g. This might seem high to the uninitiated, but remember that you get at least 3 infusions out of every 2 to 3 teaspoons of sencha. This quickly drops the effective price to under $0.40 per cup.If you do purchase your tea in a store in person, avoid purchasing tea that has been sitting in clear glass containers exposed to sunlight, sitting for a long time in any container, or sitting in giant drums that are routinely opened, closed, and opened again (exposing the tea to air each time). After opening a bag of Japanese green tea, you should keep it well sealed, and ideally drink it within 3 months. Stale tea yields a noticeably flatter cup, which lacks much of the original complexity that makes good quality tea worth buying.But in general, so long as the tea is fresh, you can't really go wrong! Different levels of steaming (asamushi, chumushi, fukamushi), different region, and different plant varietals will all make for surprisingly different cups of sencha. If you are unsure about where to start, I would recommend one medium steamed sencha, and one deep steamed (fukamushi) sencha. Fukamushi senchas are the ones that produce especially green brews of soupy consistency, and an emphasized sweetness.For example:http://www.denstea.com/sencha-sencha-fukamidori-725-c-70_90.htmlhttp://www.denstea.com/fukamushisencha-fukamushisencha-maromi-1050-c-96_537.htmlEquipment SummaryA short summary of the equipment I mentioned above:* Filtered water* Kettle (http://www.amazon.com/PINO-ST-8706-Digital-Kettle-Pro/dp/B001HC54O2/)* Thermometer (http://www.amazon.com/Taylor-9842-Commercial-Waterproof-Thermometer/dp/B00009WE45/)* Glazed Kyusu (http://www.denstea.com/teapots-cups-shincha-teapot-1900-c-275_327.html)* Serving/Cooling pitcher (http://www.chanteas.com/products/metal-strainer-faircup)* ~8oz Drinking cup (http://www.amazon.com/Bodum-8-ounce-Pavina-Porcelain-Silicone/dp/B003CUX8MW/)* Sencha (e.g. http://www.denstea.com/sencha-sencha-fukamidori-725-c-70_90.html)The links are merely suggestions based on my setup, there are many great alternatives.ConclusionLast, but not least, I'd like to emphasize that this is just my approach to sencha, and there are many other perfectly valid ones. They're all just as "proper" if they yield a cup that tastes good to you. There are also countless tea enthusiasts that are far more experienced than I am, and may be able to give even better suggestions with process or teaware (especially those unglazed pots). There is so much to explore in terms of pots, brewing parameters, and teas in this open minded hobby. Enjoy it!I recommend http://teachat.com for more information, or as a venue to ask more specific questions.

Types of Quantitative Hedge Fund Trading StrategiesQuant Hedge Funds come in all shapes and sizes—from small firms with employees numbering in their teens, to international funds with a presence on three continents. A larger asset base does not necessarily correlate with a larger number of employees; instead, a Hedge Fund’s staff is likely to be a function of the number of strategies it employs. Quant Hedge Funds may focus on equities, fixed income or other asset classes, although rarely would a Quant Hedge Fund be involved in a long-only strategy of individual stock-picking on an unhedged basis. Many CTAs or “Commodity Trading Advisors” also would be considered Quant Hedge Funds, given their role in buying or selling futures contracts, options on futures, or retail off-exchange forex contracts (or counseling others to trade in these commodities).The following table provides more detail about different types of investment strategies at Hedge Funds; it is important to note that both Quantitative and non-Quantitative versions of nearly all of these Hedge Fund investment styles can be built:StyleDescriptionGlobal MacroFocus on macroeconomic environment, often concentrates on currencies or major interest-rates moves.Emerging MarketsInvests in the debt or equity (and less frequently, FX) of emerging markets. Markets are typically characterized by their relative lack of transparency and liquidity, in addition to an inability to find viable derivatives contracts for hedging.Equity Market NeutralTrades pairs of shares – buying one and selling another – and therefore is typically neutral to market direction (i.e., employs a beta of zero). Also called statistical arbitrage. May also involve trading single stocks versus an index or an Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) against an index.Convertible ArbitrageTargets pricing anomalies between convertible bonds and the underlying shares and/or options on shares.Fixed Income ArbitrageExploits anomalies between related bonds, often with high leverage.Event-DrivenTrades based on anticipated corporate events, such as anticipated merger or take-over activity or bankruptcy filing. Also called risk arbitrage.Relative Value Trading vs. Directional TradingMost Quantitative Hedge Fund trading/investment approaches fall into one of two categories: those that use Relative Value strategies, and those whose strategies would be characterized as Directional. Both strategies heavily utilize computer models and statistical software.Relative Value strategies attempt to capitalize on predictable pricing relationships (often “mean-reverting” relationships) between multiple assets (for example, the relationship between short-dated US Treasury Bill yields vs. long-dated US Treasury Bond yields, or the relationship in the implied volatility in two different option contracts). Directional strategies, meanwhile, typically build on trend-following or other pattern-based paths suggestive of upward or downward momentum for a security or set of securities (for example, betting that long-dated US Treasury Bond yields will increase or that implied volatility will decline).Relative Value StrategiesCommon examples of Relative Value strategies include placing relative bets (i.e., buying one asset and selling another) on assets whose prices are closely linked:Government securities of two different countriesGovernment securities of two different lengths to maturityCorporate vs. mortgage bond securitiesThe differential in implied volatility between two derivativesEquity prices vs. bond prices for a corporate bond issuerCorporate bond yield spreads vs. Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreadsThe list of potential Relative Value strategies is very long; above are just a few examples. There are three very important and commonly used Relative Value strategies to be aware of, however:Statistical Arbitrage: trading a mean-reverting trend of the values of similar baskets of assets based on historical trading relationships. One common form of Statistical Arbitrage, or “Stat Arb,” trading, is known as Equity Market Neutral trading. In this strategy, two baskets of equities are chosen (one “long” basket and one “short” basket), with the goal that the relative weights of the two baskets leave the fund with zero net exposure to various risk factors (industry, geography, sector, etc.) Stat Arb also could involve the trading of an index against a similarly matched ETF, or an index versus a single company’s stock.Convertible Arbitrage: purchasing of convertible bonds issues by a company and simultaneously selling the same company’s common stock, with the idea being that should the stock of a given company decline, the profit from the short position will more than offset any loss on the convertible bond position, given the convertible bond’s value as a fixed-income instrument. Similarly, in any upward price move of the common stock, the fund can profit from the conversion of its convertible bonds into stock, selling that stock at market value by an amount that exceeds any losses on its short position.Fixed Income Arbitrage: trading fixed income securities in developed bond markets to exploit perceived relative interest rate anomalies. Fixed Income Arbitrage positions can use government bonds, interest rate swaps, and interest rate futures. One popular example of this style of trading in fixed income arbitrage is the “basis trade,” in which one sells (buys) Treasury futures, and buys (sells) a corresponding amount of the potential deliverable bond. Here, one is taking a view on the difference between the spot price of a bond and the adjusted future’s contract price (futures price × conversion factor) and trading the pairs of assets accordingly.Directional StrategiesDirectional trading strategies, meanwhile, typically build on trend-following or other pattern-based paths suggestive of upward or downward momentum for a security’ price. Directional trading will often incorporate some aspect of Technical Analysis or “charting.” This involves predicting the direction of prices through the study of past price and volume market data. The “direction” being traded can be that of an asset itself (momentum in equity prices, for example, or the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate) or a factor that directly affects the asset price itself (for example, implied volatility for options or interest rates for government bonds).Technical trading may also comprise the use of moving averages, bands around the historical standard deviation of prices, support and resistance levels, and rates of change. Typically, technical indicators would not constitute the sole basis for a Quantitative Hedge Fund’s investment strategy; Quant Hedge Funds employ many additional factors over and above historical price and volume information. In other words, Quantitative Hedge Funds that employ Directional trading strategies generally have overall quantitative strategies that are much more sophisticated than general Technical Analysis.This is not to suggest that day traders may not be able to profit from Technical Analysis—on the contrary, many momentum-based trading strategies can be profitable. Thus for the purposes of this training module, references to Quant Hedge Fund trading strategies will not include Technical Analysis-based strategies only.Other Quantitative StrategiesOther quantitative trading approaches that are not easily categorized as either Relative Value strategies or Directional strategies include:High-Frequency Trading, where traders attempt to take advantage of pricing discrepancies among multiple platforms with many trades throughout the dayManaged Volatility strategies use futures and forward contracts to focus on generating low, but stable, LIBOR-plus absolute returns, increasing or decreasing the number of contracts dynamically as the underlying volatilities of the stock, bond and other markets shift. Managed Volatility Strategies have gained in popularity in recent years due to the recent instability of both stock and bond markets.Source: http://www.streetofwalls.com/finance-training-courses/quantitative-hedge-fund-training/quant-trading-strategies/Quantitative Trading with Python

BINANCE is the best place to learn crypto trading directly.Create a free account | BinanceWhat is trading?Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?Derivatives are financial assets that base their value on something else. This can be an underlying asset or basket of assets. The most common types are stocks, bonds, commodities, market indexes, or cryptocurrencies.The derivative product itself is essentially a contract between multiple parties. It gets its price from the underlying asset that’s used as the benchmark. Whatever asset is used as this reference point, the core concept is that the derivative product derives its value from it. Some common examples of derivatives products are futures contracts, options contracts, and swaps.According to some estimates, the derivatives market is one of the biggest markets out there. How so? Well, derivatives can exist for virtually any financial product – even derivatives themselves. Yes, derivatives can be created from derivatives. And then, derivatives can be created from those derivatives, and so on. Does this sound like a shaky house of cards ready to come crashing down? Well, this may not be so far from the truth. Some argue that the derivatives market played a major part in the 2008 Financial Crisis.What are forward and futures contracts?A futures contract is a type of derivatives product that allows traders to speculate on the future price of an asset. It involves an agreement between parties to settle the transaction at a later date called the expiry date. As we’ve discussed with derivatives, the underlying asset for a contract like this can be any asset. Common examples include cryptocurrency, commodities, stocks, and bonds.The expiration date of a futures contract is the last day that trading activity is ongoing for that specific contract. At the end of that day, the contract expires to the last traded price. The settlement of the contract is determined beforehand, and it can be either cash-settled or physically-delivered.When it’s delivered physically, the underlying asset of the contract is directly exchanged. For example, barrels of oil are delivered. When it’s settled in cash, the underlying asset isn’t exchanged directly, only the value that it represents (in the form of cash or cryptocurrency).If you’d like to trade futures on Binance, make sure to check out The Ultimate Guide to Trading on Binance Futures.What are perpetual futures contracts?Futures products are a great way for traders to speculate on the price of an asset. However, what if they want to remain in their position even after the expiry date?Enter perpetual futures contracts. The main difference between them and a regular futures contract is that they never expire. This way, traders can speculate on the price of the underlying asset without having to worry about expiration.However, this presents a problem of its own. What if the price of the perpetual futures contract gets really far from the price of the underlying asset? Since there’s no expiry date, the perpetual futures market could have a significant, continual disparity with the spot market.This is why perpetual futures contracts implement a funding fee that’s paid between traders. Let’s imagine that the perpetual futures market is trading higher than the spot market. In this case, the funding rate will be positive, meaning that long positions (buyers) pay the funding fees to short positions (sellers). This encourages buyers to sell, which then causes the price of the contract to drop, moving it closer to the spot price. Conversely, if the perpetual futures market is trading lower than the spot market, the funding rate will be negative. This time, shorts pay longs to incentivize pushing up the price of the contract.To summarize, if funding is positive, longs pay shorts. If funding is negative, shorts pay longs.Perpetual futures contracts are hugely popular among Bitcoin and cryptocurrency traders. If you’d like to read more about perpetual futures contracts, check out What Are Perpetual Futures Contracts?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are options contracts?An options contract is a type of derivatives product that gives traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset in the future at a specific price. The main difference between a futures contract and an options contract is that traders are not obligated to settle options contracts.When traders buy an options contract, they speculate on the price going in a direction.There are two types of options contracts: call options and put options. A call option bets on the price going up, while a put option bets on the price going down.As with other derivatives products, options contracts can be based on a wide variety of financial assets: market indexes, commodities, stocks, cryptocurrencies, and so on.Options contracts can enable highly complex trading strategies and risk management methods, such as hedging. In the context of cryptocurrencies, options might be the most useful for miners who want to hedge their large cryptocurrency holdings. This way, they’re better protected against events that could have a detrimental impact on their funds.If you’d like to read more about options contracts, check out What Are Options Contracts?. If you’d like to trade options on Binance, be sure to read our options guide for iOS and Android first.What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?The foreign exchange (Forex, FX) market is where traders can exchange one country’s currency into another. In essence, the Forex market is what determines the exchange rates for currencies around the world.We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?Derivatives are financial assets that base their value on something else. This can be an underlying asset or basket of assets. The most common types are stocks, bonds, commodities, market indexes, or cryptocurrencies.The derivative product itself is essentially a contract between multiple parties. It gets its price from the underlying asset that’s used as the benchmark. Whatever asset is used as this reference point, the core concept is that the derivative product derives its value from it. Some common examples of derivatives products are futures contracts, options contracts, and swaps.According to some estimates, the derivatives market is one of the biggest markets out there. How so? Well, derivatives can exist for virtually any financial product – even derivatives themselves. Yes, derivatives can be created from derivatives. And then, derivatives can be created from those derivatives, and so on. Does this sound like a shaky house of cards ready to come crashing down? Well, this may not be so far from the truth. Some argue that the derivatives market played a major part in the 2008 Financial Crisis.What are forward and futures contracts?A futures contract is a type of derivatives product that allows traders to speculate on the future price of an asset. It involves an agreement between parties to settle the transaction at a later date called the expiry date. As we’ve discussed with derivatives, the underlying asset for a contract like this can be any asset. Common examples include cryptocurrency, commodities, stocks, and bonds.The expiration date of a futures contract is the last day that trading activity is ongoing for that specific contract. At the end of that day, the contract expires to the last traded price. The settlement of the contract is determined beforehand, and it can be either cash-settled or physically-delivered.When it’s delivered physically, the underlying asset of the contract is directly exchanged. For example, barrels of oil are delivered. When it’s settled in cash, the underlying asset isn’t exchanged directly, only the value that it represents (in the form of cash or cryptocurrency).If you’d like to trade futures on Binance, make sure to check out The Ultimate Guide to Trading on Binance Futures.What are perpetual futures contracts?Futures products are a great way for traders to speculate on the price of an asset. However, what if they want to remain in their position even after the expiry date?Enter perpetual futures contracts. The main difference between them and a regular futures contract is that they never expire. This way, traders can speculate on the price of the underlying asset without having to worry about expiration.However, this presents a problem of its own. What if the price of the perpetual futures contract gets really far from the price of the underlying asset? Since there’s no expiry date, the perpetual futures market could have a significant, continual disparity with the spot market.This is why perpetual futures contracts implement a funding fee that’s paid between traders. Let’s imagine that the perpetual futures market is trading higher than the spot market. In this case, the funding rate will be positive, meaning that long positions (buyers) pay the funding fees to short positions (sellers). This encourages buyers to sell, which then causes the price of the contract to drop, moving it closer to the spot price. Conversely, if the perpetual futures market is trading lower than the spot market, the funding rate will be negative. This time, shorts pay longs to incentivize pushing up the price of the contract.To summarize, if funding is positive, longs pay shorts. If funding is negative, shorts pay longs.Perpetual futures contracts are hugely popular among Bitcoin and cryptocurrency traders. If you’d like to read more about perpetual futures contracts, check out What Are Perpetual Futures Contracts?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are options contracts?An options contract is a type of derivatives product that gives traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset in the future at a specific price. The main difference between a futures contract and an options contract is that traders are not obligated to settle options contracts.When traders buy an options contract, they speculate on the price going in a direction.There are two types of options contracts: call options and put options. A call option bets on the price going up, while a put option bets on the price going down.As with other derivatives products, options contracts can be based on a wide variety of financial assets: market indexes, commodities, stocks, cryptocurrencies, and so on.Options contracts can enable highly complex trading strategies and risk management methods, such as hedging. In the context of cryptocurrencies, options might be the most useful for miners who want to hedge their large cryptocurrency holdings. This way, they’re better protected against events that could have a detrimental impact on their funds.If you’d like to read more about options contracts, check out What Are Options Contracts?. If you’d like to trade options on Binance, be sure to read our options guide for iOS and Android first.What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?The foreign exchange (Forex, FX) market is where traders can exchange one country’s currency into another. In essence, the Forex market is what determines the exchange rates for currencies around the world.We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?Derivatives are financial assets that base their value on something else. This can be an underlying asset or basket of assets. The most common types are stocks, bonds, commodities, market indexes, or cryptocurrencies.The derivative product itself is essentially a contract between multiple parties. It gets its price from the underlying asset that’s used as the benchmark. Whatever asset is used as this reference point, the core concept is that the derivative product derives its value from it. Some common examples of derivatives products are futures contracts, options contracts, and swaps.According to some estimates, the derivatives market is one of the biggest markets out there. How so? Well, derivatives can exist for virtually any financial product – even derivatives themselves. Yes, derivatives can be created from derivatives. And then, derivatives can be created from those derivatives, and so on. Does this sound like a shaky house of cards ready to come crashing down? Well, this may not be so far from the truth. Some argue that the derivatives market played a major part in the 2008 Financial Crisis.What are forward and futures contracts?A futures contract is a type of derivatives product that allows traders to speculate on the future price of an asset. It involves an agreement between parties to settle the transaction at a later date called the expiry date. As we’ve discussed with derivatives, the underlying asset for a contract like this can be any asset. Common examples include cryptocurrency, commodities, stocks, and bonds.The expiration date of a futures contract is the last day that trading activity is ongoing for that specific contract. At the end of that day, the contract expires to the last traded price. The settlement of the contract is determined beforehand, and it can be either cash-settled or physically-delivered.When it’s delivered physically, the underlying asset of the contract is directly exchanged. For example, barrels of oil are delivered. When it’s settled in cash, the underlying asset isn’t exchanged directly, only the value that it represents (in the form of cash or cryptocurrency).If you’d like to trade futures on Binance, make sure to check out The Ultimate Guide to Trading on Binance Futures.What are perpetual futures contracts?Futures products are a great way for traders to speculate on the price of an asset. However, what if they want to remain in their position even after the expiry date?Enter perpetual futures contracts. The main difference between them and a regular futures contract is that they never expire. This way, traders can speculate on the price of the underlying asset without having to worry about expiration.However, this presents a problem of its own. What if the price of the perpetual futures contract gets really far from the price of the underlying asset? Since there’s no expiry date, the perpetual futures market could have a significant, continual disparity with the spot market.This is why perpetual futures contracts implement a funding fee that’s paid between traders. Let’s imagine that the perpetual futures market is trading higher than the spot market. In this case, the funding rate will be positive, meaning that long positions (buyers) pay the funding fees to short positions (sellers). This encourages buyers to sell, which then causes the price of the contract to drop, moving it closer to the spot price. Conversely, if the perpetual futures market is trading lower than the spot market, the funding rate will be negative. This time, shorts pay longs to incentivize pushing up the price of the contract.To summarize, if funding is positive, longs pay shorts. If funding is negative, shorts pay longs.Perpetual futures contracts are hugely popular among Bitcoin and cryptocurrency traders. If you’d like to read more about perpetual futures contracts, check out What Are Perpetual Futures Contracts?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are options contracts?An options contract is a type of derivatives product that gives traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset in the future at a specific price. The main difference between a futures contract and an options contract is that traders are not obligated to settle options contracts.When traders buy an options contract, they speculate on the price going in a direction.There are two types of options contracts: call options and put options. A call option bets on the price going up, while a put option bets on the price going down.As with other derivatives products, options contracts can be based on a wide variety of financial assets: market indexes, commodities, stocks, cryptocurrencies, and so on.Options contracts can enable highly complex trading strategies and risk management methods, such as hedging. In the context of cryptocurrencies, options might be the most useful for miners who want to hedge their large cryptocurrency holdings. This way, they’re better protected against events that could have a detrimental impact on their funds.If you’d like to read more about options contracts, check out What Are Options Contracts?. If you’d like to trade options on Binance, be sure to read our options guide for iOS and Android first.What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?The foreign exchange (Forex, FX) market is where traders can exchange one country’s currency into another. In essence, the Forex market is what determines the exchange rates for currencies around the world.We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?Derivatives are financial assets that base their value on something else. This can be an underlying asset or basket of assets. The most common types are stocks, bonds, commodities, market indexes, or cryptocurrencies.The derivative product itself is essentially a contract between multiple parties. It gets its price from the underlying asset that’s used as the benchmark. Whatever asset is used as this reference point, the core concept is that the derivative product derives its value from it. Some common examples of derivatives products are futures contracts, options contracts, and swaps.According to some estimates, the derivatives market is one of the biggest markets out there. How so? Well, derivatives can exist for virtually any financial product – even derivatives themselves. Yes, derivatives can be created from derivatives. And then, derivatives can be created from those derivatives, and so on. Does this sound like a shaky house of cards ready to come crashing down? Well, this may not be so far from the truth. Some argue that the derivatives market played a major part in the 2008 Financial Crisis.What are forward and futures contracts?A futures contract is a type of derivatives product that allows traders to speculate on the future price of an asset. It involves an agreement between parties to settle the transaction at a later date called the expiry date. As we’ve discussed with derivatives, the underlying asset for a contract like this can be any asset. Common examples include cryptocurrency, commodities, stocks, and bonds.The expiration date of a futures contract is the last day that trading activity is ongoing for that specific contract. At the end of that day, the contract expires to the last traded price. The settlement of the contract is determined beforehand, and it can be either cash-settled or physically-delivered.When it’s delivered physically, the underlying asset of the contract is directly exchanged. For example, barrels of oil are delivered. When it’s settled in cash, the underlying asset isn’t exchanged directly, only the value that it represents (in the form of cash or cryptocurrency).If you’d like to trade futures on Binance, make sure to check out The Ultimate Guide to Trading on Binance Futures.What are perpetual futures contracts?Futures products are a great way for traders to speculate on the price of an asset. However, what if they want to remain in their position even after the expiry date?Enter perpetual futures contracts. The main difference between them and a regular futures contract is that they never expire. This way, traders can speculate on the price of the underlying asset without having to worry about expiration.However, this presents a problem of its own. What if the price of the perpetual futures contract gets really far from the price of the underlying asset? Since there’s no expiry date, the perpetual futures market could have a significant, continual disparity with the spot market.This is why perpetual futures contracts implement a funding fee that’s paid between traders. Let’s imagine that the perpetual futures market is trading higher than the spot market. In this case, the funding rate will be positive, meaning that long positions (buyers) pay the funding fees to short positions (sellers). This encourages buyers to sell, which then causes the price of the contract to drop, moving it closer to the spot price. Conversely, if the perpetual futures market is trading lower than the spot market, the funding rate will be negative. This time, shorts pay longs to incentivize pushing up the price of the contract.To summarize, if funding is positive, longs pay shorts. If funding is negative, shorts pay longs.Perpetual futures contracts are hugely popular among Bitcoin and cryptocurrency traders. If you’d like to read more about perpetual futures contracts, check out What Are Perpetual Futures Contracts?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are options contracts?An options contract is a type of derivatives product that gives traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset in the future at a specific price. The main difference between a futures contract and an options contract is that traders are not obligated to settle options contracts.When traders buy an options contract, they speculate on the price going in a direction.There are two types of options contracts: call options and put options. A call option bets on the price going up, while a put option bets on the price going down.As with other derivatives products, options contracts can be based on a wide variety of financial assets: market indexes, commodities, stocks, cryptocurrencies, and so on.Options contracts can enable highly complex trading strategies and risk management methods, such as hedging. In the context of cryptocurrencies, options might be the most useful for miners who want to hedge their large cryptocurrency holdings. This way, they’re better protected against events that could have a detrimental impact on their funds.If you’d like to read more about options contracts, check out What Are Options Contracts?. If you’d like to trade options on Binance, be sure to read our options guide for iOS and Android first.What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?The foreign exchange (Forex, FX) market is where traders can exchange one country’s currency into another. In essence, the Forex market is what determines the exchange rates for currencies around the world.We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?Derivatives are financial assets that base their value on something else. This can be an underlying asset or basket of assets. The most common types are stocks, bonds, commodities, market indexes, or cryptocurrencies.The derivative product itself is essentially a contract between multiple parties. It gets its price from the underlying asset that’s used as the benchmark. Whatever asset is used as this reference point, the core concept is that the derivative product derives its value from it. Some common examples of derivatives products are futures contracts, options contracts, and swaps.According to some estimates, the derivatives market is one of the biggest markets out there. How so? Well, derivatives can exist for virtually any financial product – even derivatives themselves. Yes, derivatives can be created from derivatives. And then, derivatives can be created from those derivatives, and so on. Does this sound like a shaky house of cards ready to come crashing down? Well, this may not be so far from the truth. Some argue that the derivatives market played a major part in the 2008 Financial Crisis.What are forward and futures contracts?A futures contract is a type of derivatives product that allows traders to speculate on the future price of an asset. It involves an agreement between parties to settle the transaction at a later date called the expiry date. As we’ve discussed with derivatives, the underlying asset for a contract like this can be any asset. Common examples include cryptocurrency, commodities, stocks, and bonds.The expiration date of a futures contract is the last day that trading activity is ongoing for that specific contract. At the end of that day, the contract expires to the last traded price. The settlement of the contract is determined beforehand, and it can be either cash-settled or physically-delivered.When it’s delivered physically, the underlying asset of the contract is directly exchanged. For example, barrels of oil are delivered. When it’s settled in cash, the underlying asset isn’t exchanged directly, only the value that it represents (in the form of cash or cryptocurrency).If you’d like to trade futures on Binance, make sure to check out The Ultimate Guide to Trading on Binance Futures.What are perpetual futures contracts?Futures products are a great way for traders to speculate on the price of an asset. However, what if they want to remain in their position even after the expiry date?Enter perpetual futures contracts. The main difference between them and a regular futures contract is that they never expire. This way, traders can speculate on the price of the underlying asset without having to worry about expiration.However, this presents a problem of its own. What if the price of the perpetual futures contract gets really far from the price of the underlying asset? Since there’s no expiry date, the perpetual futures market could have a significant, continual disparity with the spot market.This is why perpetual futures contracts implement a funding fee that’s paid between traders. Let’s imagine that the perpetual futures market is trading higher than the spot market. In this case, the funding rate will be positive, meaning that long positions (buyers) pay the funding fees to short positions (sellers). This encourages buyers to sell, which then causes the price of the contract to drop, moving it closer to the spot price. Conversely, if the perpetual futures market is trading lower than the spot market, the funding rate will be negative. This time, shorts pay longs to incentivize pushing up the price of the contract.To summarize, if funding is positive, longs pay shorts. If funding is negative, shorts pay longs.Perpetual futures contracts are hugely popular among Bitcoin and cryptocurrency traders. If you’d like to read more about perpetual futures contracts, check out What Are Perpetual Futures Contracts?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are options contracts?An options contract is a type of derivatives product that gives traders the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset in the future at a specific price. The main difference between a futures contract and an options contract is that traders are not obligated to settle options contracts.When traders buy an options contract, they speculate on the price going in a direction.There are two types of options contracts: call options and put options. A call option bets on the price going up, while a put option bets on the price going down.As with other derivatives products, options contracts can be based on a wide variety of financial assets: market indexes, commodities, stocks, cryptocurrencies, and so on.Options contracts can enable highly complex trading strategies and risk management methods, such as hedging. In the context of cryptocurrencies, options might be the most useful for miners who want to hedge their large cryptocurrency holdings. This way, they’re better protected against events that could have a detrimental impact on their funds.If you’d like to read more about options contracts, check out What Are Options Contracts?. If you’d like to trade options on Binance, be sure to read our options guide for iOS and Android first.What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?The foreign exchange (Forex, FX) market is where traders can exchange one country’s currency into another. In essence, the Forex market is what determines the exchange rates for currencies around the world.We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.Trading is a fundamental economic concept that involves buying and selling assets. These can be goods and services, where the buyer pays the compensation to the seller. In other cases, the transaction can involve the exchange of goods and services between the trading parties.In the context of the financial markets, the assets being traded are called financial instruments. These can be stocks, bonds, currency pairs on the Forex market, options, futures, margin products, cryptocurrency, and many others. If these terms are new to you, don’t worry – we’ll explain them all later in this article.The term trading is commonly used to refer to short-term trading, where traders actively enter and exit positions over relatively short time frames. However, this is a slightly misleading assumption. In fact, trading may refer to a wide range of different strategies, such as day trading, swing trading, trend trading, and many others. But don’t worry. We’ll go through each of them in more detail later.What is investing?Investing is allocating resources (such as capital) with the expectation of generating a profit. This can include using money to fund and kickstart a business or buying land with the goal of reselling it later at a higher price. In the financial markets, this typically involves investing in financial instruments with the hopes of selling them later at a higher price.The expectation of a return is core to the concept of investment (this is also known as ROI). As opposed to trading, investing typically takes a longer-term approach to wealth accrual. The goal of an investor is to build wealth over a long period of time (years, or even decades). There are plenty of ways to do that, but investors will typically use fundamental factors to find potentially good investment opportunities.Due to the long-term nature of their approach, investors usually don’t concern themselves with short-term price fluctuations. As such, they will typically stay relatively passive, without worrying too much about short-term losses.Trading vs. investing – what’s the difference?Both traders and investors seek to generate profits in the financial markets. Their methods to achieve this goal, however, are quite different.Generally, investors seek to generate a return over a longer period of time – think years or even decades. Since investors have a larger time horizon, their targeted returns for each investment tend to be larger as well.Traders, on the other hand, try to take advantage of the market volatility. They enter and exit positions more frequently, and may seek smaller returns with each trade (since they’re often entering multiple trades).Which one is better? Which one is more suitable for you? That’s for you to decide. You can start educating yourself about the markets, and then learn by doing. Over time, you’ll be able to determine which one suits better your financial goals, personality, and trading profile.Sneak a peek at the latest Bitcoin (BTC) prices right now.What is fundamental analysis (FA)?Fundamental analysis is a method for assessing a financial asset’s valuation. A fundamental analyst studies both economic and financial factors to determine if the value of an asset is fair. These can include macroeconomic circumstances like the state of the wider economy, industry conditions, or the business connected to the asset (if there’s one). And these are often tracked through macroeconomics leading and lagging indicators.Once the fundamental analysis is complete, analysts aim to determine whether the asset is undervalued or overvalued. Investors can use this conclusion when making their investment decisions.In the case of cryptocurrencies, fundamental analysis may also include an emerging field of data science that concerns itself with public blockchain data called on-chain metrics. These metrics can include the network hash rate, the top holders, the number of addresses, analysis of transactions, and many more. Using the abundance of available data on public blockchains, analysts can create complex technical indicators that measure certain aspects of the overall health of the network.While fundamental analysis is widely used in the stock market or Forex, it's less suitable for cryptocurrencies in their current state. This asset class is so new that there simply isn’t a standardized, comprehensive framework for determining market valuations. What’s more, much of the market is driven by speculation and narratives. As such, fundamental factors will typically have negligible effects on the price of a cryptocurrency. However, more accurate ways to think about cryptoasset valuation may be developed once the market matures.What is technical analysis (TA)?Technical analysts work with a different approach. The core idea behind technical analysis is that historical price action may indicate how the market is likely to behave in the future.Technical analysts don’t try to find out the intrinsic value of an asset. Instead, they look at the historical trading activity and try to identify opportunities based on that. This can include analysis of price action and volume, chart patterns, the use of technical indicators, and many other charting tools. The goal of this analysis is to evaluate a given market’s strength or weakness.With that said, technical analysis isn’t only a tool for predicting the probabilities of future price movements. It can also be a useful framework for risk management. Since technical analysis provides a model for analyzing market structure, it makes managing trades more defined and measurable. In this context, measuring risk is the first step to managing it. This is why some technical analysts may not be considered strictly traders. They may use technical analysis purely as a framework for risk management.The practice of technical analysis can be applied to any financial market, and it’s widely used among cryptocurrency traders. But does technical analysis work? Well, as we’ve mentioned earlier, the valuation of the cryptocurrency markets is largely driven by speculation. This makes them an ideal playing field for technical analysts, as they can thrive by only considering technical factors.Fundamental analysis vs. technical analysis – which is better?That entirely depends on your trading strategy. Actually, why not use both? Most market analysis methods work best when they’re combined with other methods or indicators. This way, there’s a bigger chance of finding more reliable investment opportunities. Combining different trading strategies can also help eliminate biases from your decision-making process.This concept is sometimes referred to as confluence. Confluence traders combine multiple strategies into one that harnesses benefits from all of them. The idea is that the trading opportunities presented by the combined strategies may be stronger than the ones provided by only one strategy.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What drives the financial markets?The price of an asset is simply determined by the balance of supply and demand. In other words, it’s decided by the buyers and sellers. Where supply meets demand, there’s a market. But what else can drive the value of a financial asset?As we’ve discussed earlier, there can be fundamental factors, such as the state of the economy. In addition, there can be technical factors like the market capitalization of a cryptocurrency. Also, there may be other factors to consider, such as market sentiment or recent news.However, these are just that – factors to consider. What really determines the price of an asset in a given moment is simply the balance of supply and demand.What is a market trend?A market trend is the overall direction where the price of an asset is going. In technical analysis, market trends are typically identified using price action, trend lines, or even key moving averages.Generally, there are two main types of market trends: bull and bear market. A bull market consists of a sustained uptrend, where prices are continually going up. A bear market consists of a sustained downtrend, where prices are continually going down. In addition, we can also identify consolidating, or “sideways” markets, where there isn’t a clear directional trend.Bitcoin price chart since creationBitcoin has been in a bull market throughout all its existence.It’s worth noting that a market trend doesn’t mean that the price is always going in the direction of the trend. A prolonged bull market will have smaller bear trends contained with it, and vice versa. This is simply just the nature of market trends. It’s a matter of perspective as it all depends on the time frame you are looking at. Market trends on higher time frames will always have more significance than market trends on lower time frames.A peculiar thing about market trends is that they can only be determined with absolute certainty in hindsight. You may have heard about the concept of hindsight bias, which refers to the tendency of people to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened. As you’d imagine, hindsight bias can have a significant impact on the process of identifying market trends and making trading decisions.What is a market cycle?You may have heard the phrase that “the market moves in cycles”. A cycle is a pattern or trend that emerges at different times. Typically, market cycles on higher time frames are more reliable than market cycles on lower time frames. Even so, you can eventually find small market cycles on an hourly chart just as you may do when looking at decades of data.Markets are cyclical in nature. Cycles can result in certain asset classes outperforming others. In other segments of the same market cycle, those same asset classes may underperform other types of assets due to the different market conditions.It’s worth noting that it’s almost impossible to determine in any given moment where we currently are in a market cycle. This analysis can be done with high accuracy only after that part of the cycle has concluded. Market cycles also rarely have concrete beginning and endpoints. As it turns out, being in the present moment is an exceptionally biased viewpoint in the financial markets.If you’d like to read more about market cycles, check out The Psychology of Market Cycles.Chapter 2 – Financial Markets and Trading InstrumentsContentsWhat is a financial instrument?What is the spot market?What is margin trading?What is the derivatives market?What are forward and futures contracts?What are perpetual futures contracts?What are options contracts?What is the foreign exchange (Forex) market?What are leveraged tokens?What is a financial instrument?In simple terms, a financial instrument is a tradable asset. Examples include cash, precious metals (like gold or silver), a document that confirms ownership of something (like a business or a resource), a right to deliver or receive cash, and many others. Financial instruments can be really complex, but the basic idea is that whatever they are or whatever they represent, they can be traded.Financial instruments have various types based on different classification methods. One of the classifications is based on whether they are cash instruments or derivative instruments. As the name would suggest, derivative instruments derive their value from something else (like a cryptocurrency). Financial instruments may also be classified as debt-based or equity-based.But where do cryptocurrencies fall? We could think of them in multiple ways, and they could fit into more than one category. The simplest classification is that they are digital assets. However, the potential of cryptocurrencies lies in building an entirely new financial and economic system.In this sense, cryptocurrencies form a completely new category of digital assets. What’s more, as the ecosystem evolves, many new categories may be established that wouldn’t otherwise be possible. Early examples of this can already be seen in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) space.What is the spot market?The spot market is where financial instruments are traded for what’s called “immediate delivery”. Delivery, in this context, simply means exchanging the financial instrument for cash. This may seem like an unnecessary distinction, but some markets aren’t settled in cash instantly. For example, when we’re talking about the futures markets, the assets are delivered at a later date (when the futures contract expires).In simple terms, you could think of a spot market as the place where trades are made “on the spot.” Since the trades are settled immediately, the current market price of an asset is often referred to as the spot price.So, what does this mean in the context of cryptocurrency markets? What can you do on the Binance spot market? You can exchange coins with each other. So, if you want to exchange your BNB to BUSD, you go to the BNB/BUSD spot market, and voilá! In the same way, if you’d like to exchange your BNB to BTC, you’d go to the BNB/BTC spot market. Once your orders are filled, your coins will be swapped instantly. This is one of the easiest ways of trading cryptocurrencies.What is margin trading?Margin trading is a method of trading using borrowed funds from a third party. In effect, trading on margin amplifies results – both to the upside and the downside. A margin account gives traders more access to capital and eliminates some counterparty risk. How so? Well, traders can trade the same position size but keep less capital on the cryptocurrency exchange.When it comes to margin trading, you’ll often hear the terms margin and leverage. Margin refers to the amount of capital you commit (i.e., put up from your own pocket). Leverage means the amount that you amplify your margin with. So, if you use 2x leverage, it means that you open a position that’s double the amount of your margin. If you use 4x leverage, you open a position that’s four times the value of your margin, and so on.However, be aware of liquidation. The higher leverage you use, the closer the liquidation price is to your entry. If you get liquidated, you’ll risk losing your entire margin. So, be very aware of the high risks of trading on margin before getting started. The Binance Margin Trading Guide is an essential resource before you get started.Margin trading is widely used in stock, commodity, and Forex trading, as well as the Bitcoin and cryptocurrency markets. In a more traditional setting, the funds borrowed are provided by an investment broker. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, the funds are typically lent by the exchange in return for a funding fee. In some other cases, however, the borrowed funds may come directly from other traders on the platform. This will usually incur a variable interest rate (funding fee), as the rate is determined by an open marketplace.So, we’ve briefly explained what margin trading is, but there’s always more to learn. If you’d like to read more, check out What is Margin Trading?.What is the derivatives market?We may often think of currencies as “safe haven” assets. Even the term “stablecoin” should imply, in theory, that the asset is somehow safe from volatility. However, while this is true to some extent, currencies can also experience significant market fluctuations. How come? Well, the value of currencies is also determined by supply and demand. In addition, they may also be influenced by inflation or other market forces related to global trade and investment, and geopolitical factors.How does the Forex market work? Well, currency pairs may be traded by investment banks, central banks, commercial companies, investment firms, hedge funds, and retail Forex traders. The Forex market also enables global currency conversions for international trade settlements.Forex traders will typically use day trading strategies, such as scalping with leverage, to amplify their returns. We’ll cover how exactly that works later in this article.The Forex market is one of the major building blocks of the modern global economy as we know it. In fact, the Forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world.What are leveraged tokens?Leveraged tokens are tradable assets that can give you leveraged exposure to the price of a cryptocurrency without the usual requirements of managing a leveraged position. This means you don’t have to worry about margin, collateral, funding, and liquidation.Leveraged tokens are an innovative financial product that only exist thanks to the power of blockchain. Leveraged tokens were initially introduced by derivatives exchange FTX, but since then have seen various alternative implementations. The main idea behind them, however, is still the same – tokenizing open leveraged positions. What does this mean?Leveraged tokens represent open perpetual futures positions in a tokenized form. Remember when we discussed how derivatives can be created from derivatives? Leveraged tokens are a prime example since they derive their value from futures positions, which are also derivatives.Leveraged tokens are a great way to get a simple leveraged exposure to a cryptocurrency. If you’d like to trade them on Binance, check out A Beginner's Guide to Binance Leveraged Tokens (BLVT).If you’d like to read about FTX Leveraged Tokens, check out A Beginner's Guide to FTX Leveraged Tokens.Chapter 3 – Trading and Investment StrategiesContentsWhat is a trading strategy?What is portfolio management?What is risk management?What is day trading?What is swing trading?What is position trading?What is scalping?What is asset allocation and diversification?What is the Dow Theory?What is the Elliott Wave Theory?What is the Wyckoff Method?What is buy and hold?What is index investing?What is paper trading?What is a trading strategy?A trading strategy is simply a plan you follow when executing trades. There’s no single correct approach to trading, so each strategy will largely depend on the trader’s profile and preferences.Regardless of your approach to trading, establishing a plan is crucial – it outlines clear goals and can prevent you from going off course due to emotion. Typically, you’ll want to decide what you’re trading, how you’re going to trade it, and the points at which you’ll enter and exit.In the following chapter, we’ll get into a few examples of popular trading strategies.What is portfolio management?Portfolio management concerns itself with the creation and handling of a collection of investments. The portfolio itself is a grouping of assets – it could contain anything from Beanie Babies to real estate. If you’re exclusively trading cryptocurrencies, then it will probably be made up of some combination of Bitcoin and other digital coins and tokens.Your first step is to consider your expectations for the portfolio. Are you looking for a basket of investments that will remain relatively protected from volatility, or something riskier that might bring higher returns in the short term?Putting some thought into how you want to manage your portfolio is highly beneficial. Some might prefer a passive strategy – one where you leave your investments alone after you set them up. Others could take an active approach, where they continuously buy and sell assets to make profits.What is risk management?risk management illustrationManaging risk is vital to success in trading. This begins with the identification of the types of risk you may encounter:Market risk: the potential losses you could experience if the asset loses value.Liquidity risk: the potential losses arising from illiquid markets, where you cannot easily find buyers for your assets.Operational risk: the potential losses that stem from operational failures. These may be due to human error, hardware/software failure, or intentional fraudulent conduct by employees.Systemic risk: the potential losses caused by the failure of players in the industry you operate in, which impacts all businesses in that sector. As was the case in 2008, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers had a cascading effect on worldwide financial systems.As you can see, risk identification begins with the assets in your portfolio, but it should take into account both internal and external factors to be effective. Next, you’ll want to assess these risks. How often are you likely to encounter them? How severe are they?By weighing up the risks and figuring out their possible impact on your portfolio, you can rank them and develop appropriate strategies and responses. Systemic risk, for example, can be mitigated with diversification into different investments, and market risk can be lessened with the use of stop-losses.Be sure to check out Financial Risk Explained and A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Risk Management.What is day trading?Day trading is a strategy that involves entering and exiting positions within the same day. The term comes from legacy markets, referencing the fact that they’re only open for set periods during the day. Outside of those periods, day traders are not expected to keep any of their positions open.Cryptocurrency markets, as you probably know, are not subject to opening or closing times. You can trade around the clock every day of the year. Still, day trading in the context of cryptocurrency tends to refer to a trading style where the trader enters and exits positions within 24 hours.In day trading, you’ll often rely on technical analysis to determine which assets to trade. Because profits in such a short period can be minimal, you may opt to trade across a wide range of assets to try and maximize your returns. That said, some might exclusively trade the same pair for years.This style is obviously a very active trading strategy. It can be highly profitable, but it carries with it a significant amount of risk. As such, day trading is generally better suited to experienced traders.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is swing trading?In swing trading, you’re still trying to profit off market trends, but the time horizon is longer – positions are typically held anywhere from a couple of days to a couple of months.Often, your goal will be to identify an asset that looks undervalued and is likely to increase in value. You would purchase this asset, then sell it when the price rises to generate a profit. Or you can try to find overvalued assets that are likely to decrease in value. Then, you could sell some of them at a high price, hoping to buy them back for a lower price.As with day trading, many swing traders use technical analysis. However, because their strategy plays out across a longer period, fundamental analysis may also be a valuable tool.Swing trading tends to be a more beginner-friendly strategy. Mainly because it doesn’t come with the stress of fast-paced day trading. Where the latter is characterized by rapid decision-making and a lot of screen time, swing trading allows you to take your time.What is position trading?Position (or trend) trading is a long-term strategy. Traders purchase assets to hold for extended periods (generally measured in months). Their goal is to make a profit by selling those assets at a higher price in the future.What distinguishes position trades from long-term swing trades is the rationale behind placing the trade. Position traders are concerned with trends that can be observed over extended periods – they’ll try to profit from the overall market direction. Swing traders, on the other hand, typically seek to predict “swings” in the market that don’t necessarily correlate with the broader trend.It’s not uncommon to see position traders favor fundamental analysis, purely because their time preference allows them to watch fundamental events materialize. That’s not to say technical analysis isn’t used. While position traders work on the assumption that the trend will continue, the use of technical indicators can alert them to the possibility of a trend reversal.Like swing trading, position trading is an ideal strategy for beginners. Once again, the long time horizon gives them ample opportunity to deliberate on their decisions.What is scalping?Of all of the strategies discussed, scalping takes place across the smallest time frames. Scalpers attempt to game small fluctuations in price, often entering and exiting positions within minutes (or even seconds). In most cases, they’ll use technical analysis to try and predict price movements and exploit bid-ask spread and other inefficiencies to make a profit. Due to the short time frames, scalping trades often give a small percentage of profits – usually lower than 1%. But scalping is a numbers game, so repeated small profits can add up over time.Scalping is by no means a beginner’s strategy. An in-depth understanding of the markets, the platforms you’re trading on, and technical analysis are vital to success. That said, for traders that know what they’re doing, identifying the right patterns and taking advantage of short-term fluctuations can be highly profitable.What is asset allocation and diversification?Asset allocation and diversification are terms that tend to be used interchangeably. You might know the principles from the saying don’t keep all your eggs in one basket. Keeping all of your eggs in one basket creates a central point of failure – the same holds true for your wealth. Investing your life savings into one asset exposes you to the same kind of risk. If the asset in question was the stock of a particular company and that company then imploded, you’d lose your money in one swift movement.This isn’t just true of single assets, but of asset classes. In the case of a financial crisis, you’d expect all of the stock you hold to lose value. This is because they’re heavily correlated, meaning that all tend to follow the same trend.Good diversification isn’t simply filling your portfolio with hundreds of different digital currencies. Consider an event where the world governments ban cryptocurrencies, or quantum computers break the public-key cryptography schemes we use in them. Either of these occurrences would have a profound impact on all digital assets. Like stocks, they make up a single asset class.Ideally, you want to spread your wealth across multiple classes. That way, if one is performing poorly, it has no knock-on effect on the rest of your portfolio. Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz introduced this idea with the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In essence, the theory makes the case for reducing the volatility and risk associated with investments in a portfolio by combining uncorrelated assets.For more on the topic, check out Binance Academy’s Asset Allocation and Diversification, or Binance Research’s Exploring the Diversification Benefits with Bitcoin.What is the Dow Theory?Dow theory illustrationThe Dow Theory is a financial framework modeled on the ideas of Charles Dow. Dow founded the Wall Street Journal and helped create the first US stock indices, known as the Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).Though the Dow Theory was never formalized by Dow himself, it can be seen as an aggregation of the market principles presented in his writings. Here are some of the key takeaways:Everything is priced in – Dow was a proponent of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the idea that markets reflect all of the available information on the price of their assets.Market trends – Dow is often credited with the very notion of market trends as we know them today, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary trends.The phases of a primary trend – in primary trends, Dow identifies three phases: accumulation, public participation, and excess & distribution.Cross-index correlation – Dow believed that a trend in one index couldn’t be confirmed unless it was observable in another index.The importance of volume – a trend must also be confirmed by high trading volume.Trends are valid until reversal – if a trend is confirmed, it continues until a definite reversal occurs.It’s worth remembering that this isn’t an exact science – it’s a theory, and it might not hold true. Still, it’s a theory that remains hugely influential, and many traders and investors consider it an integral part of their methodology.For more, check out An Introduction to The Dow Theory.What is the Elliott Wave Theory?Elliott Wave Theory (EWT) is a principle positing that market movements follow the psychology of market participants. While it’s used in many technical analysis strategies, it isn’t an indicator or specific trading technique. Rather, it’s a way to analyze the market structure.The Elliott Wave pattern can typically be identified in a series of eight waves, each of which is either a Motive Wave or a Corrective Wave. You would have five Motive Waves that follow the general trend, and three Corrective Waves that move against it.An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).An Elliot Wave Cycle, with Motive Waves (blue) and Corrective Waves (yellow).The patterns also have a fractal property, meaning that you could zoom into a single wave to see another Elliot Wave pattern. Alternatively, you could zoom out to find that the pattern you’ve been examining is also a single wave of a bigger Elliot Wave cycle.Elliott Wave Theory is met with mixed reviews. Some argue that the methodology is too subjective because traders can identify waves in various ways without violating the rules. Like the Dow Theory, the Elliott Wave Theory isn’t foolproof, so it should not be viewed as an exact science. That said, many traders have had great success by combining EWT with other technical analysis tools.Check out An Introduction to the Elliott Wave Theory for more information on the topic.What is the Wyckoff Method?The Wyckoff Method is an extensive trading and investing strategy that was developed by Charles Wyckoff in the 1930s. His work is widely regarded as a cornerstone of modern technical analysis techniques across numerous financial markets.Wyckoff proposed three fundamental laws – the law of supply and demand, the Law of Cause and Effect, and the Law of Effort vs. Result. He also formulated the Composite Man theory, which has significant overlap with Charles Dow’s breakdown of primary trends. His work in this area is particularly valuable to cryptocurrency traders.On the practical side of things, the Wyckoff Method itself is a five-step approach to trading. It can be broken down as follows:Determine the trend: what’s it like now, and where is it headed?Identify strong assets: are they moving with the market or in the opposite direction?Find assets with sufficient Cause: is there enough reason to enter the position? Do the risks make the potential reward worth it?Assess the likelihood of the movement: do things like Wyckoff’s Buying and Selling Tests point to a possible movement? What do the price and volume suggest? Is this asset ready to move?Time your entry: how are the assets looking in relation to the general market? When is the best time to enter a position?The Wyckoff Method was introduced almost a century ago, but it remains highly relevant to this day. The scope of Wyckoff’s research was vast, and therefore the above should only be seen as a very condensed overview. It’s recommended that you explore his work in more depth, as it provides indispensable technical analysis knowledge. Start with The Wyckoff Method Explained.What is buy and hold?The “buy and hold” strategy, perhaps unsurprisingly, involves buying and holding an asset. It’s a long-term passive play where investors purchase the asset and then leave it alone, regardless of market conditions. A good example of this in the crypto space is HODLing, which typically refers to investors that prefer to buy and hold for years instead of actively trading.This can be an advantageous approach for those that prefer “hands-off” investing as they don’t need to worry about short-term fluctuations or capital gains taxes. On the other hand, it requires patience on the investor’s part and assumes that the asset won’t end up totally worthless.If you’d like to read about an easy way to apply this strategy to Bitcoin, check out Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA) Explained.What is index investing?Index investing could be regarded as a form of “buy and hold.” As the name implies, the investor seeks to profit from the movement of assets within a specific index. They could do so by purchasing the assets on their own, or by investing in an index fund.Again, this is a passive strategy. Individuals can also benefit from diversification across multiple assets, without the stress of active trading.What is paper trading?Paper trading could be any kind of strategy – but the trader is only pretending to buy and sell assets. This is something you might consider as a beginner (or even as an experienced trader) to test your skills without putting your money at stake.You may think, for instance, that you’ve discovered a good strategy for timing Bitcoin dips, and want to try profiting from those drops before they occur. But before you risk all of your funds, you might opt to paper trade. This can be as simple as writing down the price at the time you “open” your short, and again when you close it. You could equally use some kind of simulator that mimics popular trading interfaces.The main benefit of paper trading is that you can test out strategies without losing your money if things go wrong. You can get an idea of how your moves would have performed with zero risk. Of course, you need to be aware that paper trading only gives you a limited understanding of a real environment. It’s hard to replicate the real emotions you experience when your money is involved. Paper trading without a real-life simulator may also give you a false sense of associated costs and fees, unless you factor them in for specific platforms.Binance offers a couple of options for paper trading. For instance, the Binance Futures Testnet provides a full-fledged interface. If you’re building trading bots or programs yourself, then the spot exchange testnet can be accessed via API.Chapter 4 - Technical Analysis BasicsContentsWhat is a long position?What is shorting?What is the order book?What is the order book depth?What is a market order?What is slippage in trading?What is a limit order?What is a stop-loss order?What are makers and takers?What is the bid-ask spread?What is a candlestick chart?What is a candlestick chart pattern?What is a trend line?What are support and resistance?What is a long position?A long position (or simply long) means buying an asset with the expectation that its value will rise. Long positions are often used in the context of derivatives products or Forex, but they apply to basically any asset class or market type. Buying an asset on the spot market in the hopes that its price will increase also constitutes a long position.Going long on a financial product is the most common way of investing, especially for those just starting out. Long-term trading strategies like buy and hold are based on the assumption that the underlying asset will increase in value. In this sense, buy and hold is simply going long for an extended period of time.However, being long doesn’t necessarily mean that the trader expects to gain from an upward movement in price. Take leveraged tokens, for example. BTCDOWN is inversely correlated to the price of Bitcoin. If the price of Bitcoin goes up, the price of BTCDOWN goes down. If the price of Bitcoin goes down, the price of BTCDOWN goes up. In this sense, entering a long position in BTCDOWN equals a downward movement in the price of Bitcoin.What is shorting?A short position (or short) means selling an asset with the intention of rebuying it later at a lower price. Shorting is closely related to margin trading, as it may happen with borrowed assets. However, it’s also widely used in the derivatives market, and can be done with a simple spot position. So, how does shorting work?When it comes to shorting on the spot markets, it’s quite simple. Let’s say you already have Bitcoin and you expect the price to go down. You sell your BTC for USD, as you plan to rebuy it later at a lower price. In this case, you’re essentially entering a short position on Bitcoin since you’re selling high to rebuy lower. Easy enough. But what about shorting with borrowed funds? Let’s see how that works.You borrow an asset that you think will decrease in value – for example, a stock or a cryptocurrency. You immediately sell it. If the trade goes your way and the asset price decreases, you buy back the same amount of the asset that you’ve borrowed. You repay the assets that you’ve borrowed (along with interest) and profit from the difference between the price you initially sold and the price you rebought.So, what does shorting Bitcoin look like with borrowed funds? Let’s look at an example. We put up the required collateral to borrow 1 BTC, then immediately sell it for $10,000. Now we’ve got $10,000. Let’s say the price goes down to $8,000. We buy 1 BTC and repay our debt of 1 BTC along with interest. Since we initially sold Bitcoin for $10,000 and now rebought at $8,000, our profit is $2,000 (minus the interest payment and trading fees).What is the order book?The order book is a collection of the currently open orders for an asset, organized by price. When you post an order that isn’t filled immediately, it gets added to the order book. It will sit there until it gets filled by another order or canceled.Order books will differ with each platform, but generally, they’ll contain roughly the same information. You’ll see the number of orders at specific price levels.When it comes to crypto exchanges and online trading, orders in the order book are matched by a system called the matching engine. This system is what ensures that trades are executed – you could think of it as the brain of the exchange. This system, along with the order book, is core to the concept of electronic exchange.What is the order book depth?The order book depth (or market depth) refers to a visualization of the currently open orders in the order book. It usually puts buy orders on one side, and sell orders on the other and displays them cumulatively on a chart.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.Order book depth of the BTC/USDT market pair on Binance.In more general terms, the depth of the order book may also refer to the amount of liquidity that the order book can absorb. The “deeper” the market is, the more liquidity there is in the order book. In this sense, a market with more liquidity can absorb larger orders without a considerable effect on the price. However, if the market is illiquid, large orders may have a significant impact on the price.What is a market order?A market order is an order to buy or sell at the best currently available market price. It’s basically the fastest way to get in or out of a market.When you’re setting a market order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order right now at the best price I can get.”Your market order will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is fully filled. This is why large traders (or whales) can have a significant impact on the price when they use market orders. A large market order can effectively siphon liquidity from the order book. How so? Let’s go through it when discussing slippage.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Market Order?.What is slippage in trading?There is something you need to be aware of when it comes to market orders – slippage. When we say that market orders fill at the best available price, that means that they keep filling orders from the order book until the entire order is executed.However, what if there isn’t enough liquidity around the desired price to fill a large market order? There could be a big difference between the price that you expect your order to fill and the price that it fills at. This difference is called slippage.Let’s say you’d like to open a long position worth 10 BTC in an altcoin. However, this altcoin has a relatively small market cap and is being traded on a low-liquidity market. If you use a market order, it will keep filling orders from the order book until the entire 10 BTC order is filled. On a liquid market, you would be able to fill your 10 BTC order without impacting the price significantly. But, in this case, the lack of liquidity means that there may not be enough sell orders in the order book for the current price range.So, by the time the entire 10 BTC order is filled, you may find out that the average price paid was much higher than expected. In other words, the lack of sell orders caused your market order to move up the order book, matching orders that were significantly more expensive than the initial price.Be aware of slippage when trading altcoins, as some trading pairs may not have enough liquidity to fill your market orders.What is a limit order?A limit order is an order to buy or sell an asset at a specific price or better. This price is called the limit price. Limit buy orders will execute at the limit price or lower, while limit sell orders will execute at the limit price or higher.When you’re setting a limit order, you’re basically saying: “I’d like to execute this order at this specific price or better, but never worse.”Using a limit order allows you to have more control over your entry or exit for a given market. In fact, it guarantees that your order will never fill at a worse price than your desired price. However, that also comes with a downside. The market may never reach your price, leaving your order unfilled. In many cases, this can mean losing out on a potential trade opportunity.Deciding when to use a limit order or market order can vary with each trader. Some traders may use only one or the other, while other traders will use both – depending on the circumstances. The important thing is to understand how they work so you can decide for yourself.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Limit Order?.What is a stop-loss order?Now that we know what market and limit orders are, let’s talk about stop-loss orders. A stop-loss order is a type of limit or market order that’s only activated when a certain price is reached. This price is called the stop price.The purpose of a stop-loss order is mainly to limit losses. Every trade needs to have an invalidation point, which is a price level that you should define in advance. This is the level where you say that your initial idea was wrong, meaning that you should exit the market to prevent further losses. So, the invalidation point is where you would typically put your stop-loss order.How does a stop-loss order work? As we’ve mentioned, the stop-loss can be both a limit or a market order. This is why these variants may also be referred to as stop-limit and stop-market orders. The key thing to understand is that the stop-loss only activates when a certain price is reached (the stop price). When the stop price is reached, it activates either a market or a limit order. You basically set the stop price as the trigger for your market or limit order.However, there is one thing you should keep in mind. We know that limit orders only fill at the limit price or better, but never worse. If you’re using a stop-limit order as your stop-loss and the market crashes violently, it may instantly move away from your limit price, leaving your order unfilled. In other words, the stop price would trigger your stop-limit order, but the limit order would remain unfilled due to the sharp price drop. This is why stop-market orders are considered safer than stop-limit orders. They ensure that even under extreme market conditions, you’ll be guaranteed to exit the market once your invalidation point is reached.Eager to learn more? Check out What is a Stop-Limit Order?.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What are makers and takers?You become a maker when you place an order that doesn’t immediately get filled but gets added to the order book. Since your order is adding liquidity to the order book, you’re a “maker” of liquidity.Limit orders will typically execute as maker orders, but not in all cases. For example, let’s say you place a limit buy order with a limit price that’s considerably higher than the current market price. Since you’re saying your order can execute at the limit price or better, your order will execute against the market price (as it’s lower than your limit price).You become a taker when you place an order that gets immediately filled. Your order doesn’t get added to the order book, but is immediately matched with an existing order in the order book. Since you’re taking liquidity from the order book, you’re a taker. Market orders will always be taker orders, as you’re executing your order at the best currently available market price.Some exchanges adopt a multi-tier fee model to incentivize traders to provide liquidity. After all, it’s in their interest to attract high volume traders to their exchange – liquidity attracts more liquidity. In such systems, makers tend to pay lower fees than takers, since they’re the ones adding liquidity to the exchange. In some cases, they may even offer fee rebates to makers. You can check your current fee tier on Binance on this page.If you’d like to read more, check out What Are Makers and Takers?.What is the bid-ask spread?The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest buy order (bid) and the lowest sell order (ask) for a given market. It’s essentially the gap between the highest price where a seller is willing to sell and the lowest price where a buyer is willing to buy.The bid-ask spread is a way to measure a market’s liquidity. The smaller the bid-ask spread is, the more liquid the market is. The bid-ask spread can also be considered as a measure of supply and demand for a given asset. In this sense, the supply is represented by the ask side while the demand by the bid side.When you’re placing a market buy order, it will fill at the lowest available ask price. Conversely, when you place a market sell order, it will fill at the highest available bid.What is a candlestick chart?A candlestick chart is a graphical representation of the price of an asset for a given timeframe. It’s made up of candlesticks, each representing the same amount of time. For example, a 1-hour chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one hour. A 1-day chart shows candlesticks that each represent a period of one day, and so on.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.Daily chart of Bitcoin. Each candlestick represents one day of trading.A candlestick is made up of four data points: the Open, High, Low, and Close (also referred to as the OHLC values). The Open and Close are the first and last recorded price for the given timeframe, while the Low and High are the lowest and highest recorded price, respectively.Candlestick charts are one of the most important tools for analyzing financial data. Candlesticks date back to the 17th century Japan but have been refined in the early 20th century by trading pioneers such as Charles Dow.Candlestick chart analysis is one of the most common ways to look at the Bitcoin market using technical analysis. Would you like to learn how to read candlestick charts? Check out A Beginner’s Guide to Candlestick Charts.What is a candlestick chart pattern?Technical analysis is largely based on the assumption that previous price movements may indicate future price action. So, how can candlesticks be useful in this context? The idea is to identify candlestick chart patterns and create trade ideas based on them.Candlestick charts help traders analyze market structure and determine whether we’re in a bullish or bearish market environment. They may also be used to identify areas of interest on a chart, like support or resistance levels or potential points of reversal. These are the places on the chart that usually have increased trading activity.Candlestick patterns are also a great way to manage risk, as they can present trade setups that are defined and exact. How so? Well, candlestick patterns can define clear price targets and invalidation points. This allows traders to come up with very precise and controlled trade setups. As such, candlestick patterns are widely used by Forex and cryptocurrency traders alike.Some of the most common candlestick patterns include flags, triangles, wedges, hammers, stars, and Doji formations. If you’d like to learn how to read them, check out 12 Popular Candlestick Patterns Used in Technical Analysis and A Beginner’s Guide to Classical Chart Patterns.What is a trend line?Trend lines are a widely used tool by both traders and technical analysts. They are lines that connect certain data points on a chart. Typically, this data is the price, but not in all cases. Some traders may also draw trend lines on technical indicators and oscillators.The main idea behind drawing trend lines is to visualize certain aspects of the price action. This way, traders can identify the overall trend and market structure.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.The price of Bitcoin touching a trend line multiple times, indicating an uptrend.Some traders may only use trend lines to get a better understanding of the market structure. Others may use them to create actionable trade ideas based on how the trend lines interact with the price.Trend lines can be applied to a chart showing virtually any time frame. However, as with any other market analysis tool, trend lines on higher time frames tend to be more reliable than trend lines on lower time frames.Another aspect to consider here is the strength of a trend line. The conventional definition of a trend line defines that it has to touch the price at least two or three times to become valid. Typically, the more times the price has touched (tested) a trend line, the more reliable it may be considered.If you’d like to read more about how to draw trend lines, check out Trend Lines Explained.What are support and resistance?Support and resistance are some of the most basic concepts related to trading and technical analysis.Support means a level where the price finds a “floor.” In other words, a support level is an area of significant demand, where buyers step in and push the price up.Resistance means a level where the price finds a “ceiling.” A resistance level is an area of significant supply, where sellers step in and push the price down.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Support level (red) is tested and broken, turning into resistance.Now you know that support and resistance are levels of increased demand and supply, respectively. However, many other factors can be at play when thinking about support and resistance.Technical indicators, such as trend lines, moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Ichimoku Clouds, and Fibonacci Retracement can also suggest potential support and resistance levels. In fact, even aspects of human psychology are used. This is why traders and investors may incorporate support and resistance very differently in their individual trading strategy.Would you like to know how to draw support and resistance levels on a chart? Check out The Basics of Support and Resistance Explained.Chapter 5 – Technical Analysis IndicatorsContentsWhat is a technical analysis indicator?Leading vs. lagging indicatorsWhat is a momentum indicator?What is the trading volume?What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?What is a Moving Average (MA)?What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?What is the Parabolic SAR?What is the Ichimoku Cloud?What is a technical analysis indicator?Technical indicators calculate metrics related to a financial instrument. This calculation can be based on price, volume, on-chain data, open interest, social metrics, or even another indicator.As we’ve discussed earlier, technical analysts base their methods on the assumption that historical price patterns may dictate future price movements. As such, traders who use technical analysis may use an array of technical indicators to identify potential entry and exit points on a chart.Technical indicators may be categorized by multiple methods. This can include whether they’re pointing towards future trends (leading indicators), confirming a pattern that’s already underway (lagging indicators), or clarify real-time events (coincident indicators).Some other categorization may concern itself with how these indicators present the information. In this sense, there are overlay indicators that overlay data over price, and there are oscillators that oscillate between a minimum and a maximum value.There are also types of indicators that aim to measure a specific aspect of the market, such as momentum indicators. As the name would suggest, they aim to measure and display market momentum.So, which is the best technical analysis indicator out there? There isn’t a simple answer to this question. Traders may use many different types of technical indicators, and their choice is largely based on their individual trading strategy. However, to be able to make that choice, they needed to learn about them first – and that’s what we’re going to do in this chapter.Leading vs. lagging indicatorsAs we’ve discussed, different indicators will have distinct qualities and should be used for specific purposes. Leading indicators point towards future events. Lagging indicators are used to confirm something that has already happened. So, when should you use them?Leading indicators are typically useful for short- and mid-term analysis. They are used when analysts anticipate a trend and are looking for statistical tools to back up their hypothesis. Especially when it comes to economics, leading indicators can be particularly useful to predict periods of recession.When it comes to trading and technical analysis, leading indicators can also be used for their predictive qualities. However, no special indicator can predict the future, so these forecasts should always be taken with a grain of salt.Lagging indicators are used to confirm events and trends that had already happened, or are already underway. This may seem redundant, but it can be very useful. Lagging indicators can bring certain aspects of the market to the spotlight that otherwise would remain hidden. As such, lagging indicators are typically applied to longer-term chart analysis.Still eager to learn more? Check out Leading and Lagging Indicators Explained.What is a momentum indicator?Momentum indicators aim to measure and show market momentum. What is market momentum? In simple terms, it’s the measure of the speed of price changes. Momentum indicators aim to measure the rate at which prices rise or fall. As such, they’re typically used for short-term analysis by traders who are looking to profit from bursts of high volatility.The goal of a momentum trader is to enter trades when momentum is high, and exit when market momentum starts to fade. Typically, if volatility is low, the price tends to squeeze into a small range. As the tension builds up, the price often makes a big impulse move, eventually breaking out of the range. This is when momentum traders thrive.After the move has concluded and the traders have exited their position, they move on to another asset with high momentum and try to repeat the same game plan. As such, momentum indicators are widely used by day traders, scalpers, and short-term traders who are looking for quick trading opportunities.What is the trading volume?The trading volume may be considered the quintessential indicator. It shows the number of individual units traded for an asset in a given time. It basically shows how much of that asset changed hands during the measured time.Some consider the trading volume to be the most important technical indicator out there. “Volume precedes price” is a famous saying in the trading world. It suggests that large trading volume can be a leading indicator before a big price move (regardless of the direction).By using volume in trading, traders can measure the strength of the underlying trend. If high volatility is accompanied by high trading volume, that may be considered a validation of the move. This makes sense because high trading activity should equal a significant volume since many traders and investors are active at that particular price level. However, if volatility isn’t accompanied by high volume, the underlying trend may be considered weak.Price levels with historically high volume may also give a good potential entry or exit point for traders. Since history tends to repeat itself, these levels may be where increased trading activity is more likely to happen. Ideally, support and resistance levels should also be accompanied by an uptick in volume, confirming the strength of the level.What is the Relative Strength Index (RSI)?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is an indicator that illustrates whether an asset is overbought or oversold. It is a momentum oscillator that shows the rate at which price changes happen. This oscillator varies between 0 and 100, and the data is usually displayed on a line chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The RSI indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.What’s the idea behind measuring market momentum? Well, if the momentum is increasing while the price is going up, the uptrend may be considered strong. Conversely, if momentum is diminishing in an uptrend, the uptrend may be considered weak. In this case, a reversal may be coming.Let’s see how the traditional interpretation of the RSI works. When the RSI value is under 30, the asset may be considered oversold. In contrast, it may be considered overbought when it’s above 70.Still, RSI readings should be taken with a degree of skepticism. The RSI can reach extreme values during extraordinary market conditions – and even then, the market trend may still continue for a while.The RSI is one of the easiest technical indicators to understand, which makes it one of the best for beginner traders. If you’d like to read more about it, check out What is the RSI Indicator?.What is a Moving Average (MA)?Moving averages smooth out price action and make it easier to spot market trends. As they’re based on previous price data, they lack predictive qualities. As such, moving averages are considered lagging indicators.Moving averages have various types – the two most common one is the simple moving average (SMA or MA) and the exponential moving average (EMA). What’s the difference between them?The simple moving average is calculated by taking price data from the previous n periods and producing an average. For example, the 10-day SMA takes the average price of the last 10 days and plots the results on a graph.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.200-week moving average based on the price of Bitcoin.The exponential moving average is a bit trickier. It uses a different formula that puts a bigger emphasis on more recent price data. As a result, the EMA reacts more quickly to recent events in price action, while the SMA may take more time to catch up.As we’ve mentioned, moving averages are lagging indicators. The longer the period they plot, the greater the lag. As such, a 200-day moving average will react slower to unfolding price action than a 100-day moving average.Moving averages can help you easily identify market trends. If you’d like to read more about them, check out Moving Averages Explained.What is the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?The MACD is an oscillator that uses two moving averages to show the momentum of a market. As it tracks price action that has already occurred, it’s a lagging indicator.The MACD is made up of two lines – the MACD line and the signal line. How do you calculate them? Well, you get the MACD line by subtracting the 26 EMA from the 12 EMA. Simple enough. Then, you plot this over the MACD line’s 9 EMA – the signal line. In addition, many charting tools will also show a histogram that illustrates the distance between the MACD line and the signal line.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.The MACD indicator applied to a Bitcoin chart.Traders may use the MACD by observing the relationship between the MACD line and the signal line. A crossover between the two lines is usually a notable event when it comes to the MACD. If the MACD line crosses above the signal line, that may be interpreted as a bullish signal. In contrast, if the MACD line crosses below the signal, that may be interpreted as a bearish signal.The MACD is one of the most popular technical indicators out there to measure market momentum. If you’d like to read more about it, check out MACD Indicator Explained.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!What is the Fibonacci Retracement tool?The Fibonacci Retracement (or Fib Retracement) tool is a popular indicator based on a string of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence. These numbers were identified in the 13th century, by an Italian mathematician called Leonardo Fibonacci.The Fibonacci numbers are now part of many technical analysis indicators, and the Fib Retracement is among the most popular ones. It uses ratios derived from the Fibonacci numbers as percentages. These percentages are then plotted over a chart, and traders can use them to identify potential support and resistance levels.These Fibonacci ratios are:0%23.6%38.2%61.8%78.6%100%While 50% is technically not a Fibonacci ratio, many traders also consider it when using the tool. In addition, Fibonacci ratios outside of the 0-100% range may also be used. Some of the most common ones are 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.Fibonacci levels on a Bitcoin chart.So, how can traders use the Fibonacci Retracement levels? The main idea behind plotting percentage ratios on a chart is to find areas of interest. Typically, traders will pick two significant price points on a chart, and pin the 0 and 100 values of the Fib Retracement tool to those points. The range outlined between these points may highlight potential entry and exit points, and help determine stop-loss placement.The Fibonacci Retracement tool is a versatile indicator that can be used in a wide range of trading strategies. If you’d like to read more, check A Guide to Mastering Fibonacci Retracement.What is the Stochastic RSI (StochRSI)?The Stochastic RSI, or StochRSI, is a derivative of the RSI. Similarly to the RSI, it’s main goal is to determine whether an asset is overbought or oversold. In contrast to the RSI, however, the StochRSI isn’t generated from price data, but RSI values. On most charting tools, the values of the StochRSI will range between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100).The StochRSI tends to be the most useful when it’s near the upper or lower extremes of its range. However, due to its greater speed and higher sensitivity, it may produce a lot of false signals that can be challenging to interpret.The traditional interpretation of the StochRSI is somewhat similar to that of the RSI. When it’s over 0.8, the asset may be considered overbought. When it’s below 0.2, the asset may be considered oversold. However, it’s worth mentioning that these shouldn’t be viewed as direct signals to enter or exit trades. While this information is certainly telling a story, there may be other sides to the story as well. This is why most technical analysis tools are best used in combination with other market analysis techniques.Eager to learn more about the StochRSI? Check out Stochastic RSI Explained.What are Bollinger Bands (BB)?Named after John Bollinger, the Bollinger Bands measure market volatility, and are often used to spot overbought and oversold conditions. This indicator is made up of three lines, or “bands” – an SMA (the middle band), and an upper and lower band. These bands are then placed on a chart, along with the price action. The idea is that as volatility increases or decreases, the distance between these bands will change, expanding and contracting..Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Bollinger Bands on a Bitcoin chart.Let’s go through the general interpretation of Bollinger Bands. The closer the price is to the upper band, the closer the asset may be to overbought conditions. Similarly, the closer it is to the lower band, the closer the asset may be to oversold conditions.One thing to note is that the price will generally be contained within the range of the bands, but it may break above or below them at times. Does this mean that it’s an immediate signal to buy or sell? No. It just tells us that the market is moving away from the middle band SMA, reaching extreme conditions.Traders may also use Bollinger Bands to try and predict a market squeeze, also known as the Bollinger Bands Squeeze. This refers to a period of low volatility when the bands come really close to each other and “squeeze” the price into a small range. As the “pressure” builds up in that small range, the market eventually pops out of it, leading to a period of increased volatility. Since the market can move up or down, the squeeze strategy is considered neutral (neither bearish or bullish). So it might be worth combining it with other trading tools, such as support and resistance.Would you like to master your understanding of Bollinger Bands? Check out Bollinger Bands Explained.What is the Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)?As we’ve discussed earlier, many traders consider the trading volume to be the most important indicator out there. So, are there any indicators based on volume?The volume-weighted average price, or VWAP, combines the power of volume with price action. In more practical terms, it’s the average price of an asset for a given period weighted by volume. This makes it more useful than simply calculating the average price, as it also takes into account which price levels had the most trading volume.How do traders use the VWAP? Well, the VWAP is typically used as a benchmark for the current outlook on the market. In this sense, when the market is above the VWAP line, it may be considered bullish. At the same time, if the market is below the VWAP line, it may be considered bearish. Have you noticed how this is similar to the interpretation of moving averages? The VWAP may indeed be compared to moving averages, at least in the way it’s used. As we’ve seen, the main difference is that the VWAP considers the trading volume as well.In addition, the VWAP can also be used to identify areas of higher liquidity. Many traders will use the price breaking above or below the VWAP line as a trade signal. However, they will typically also incorporate other metrics into their strategy to reduce risks.Would you like to learn more about how you can use the VWAP? Check out Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) Explained.What is the Parabolic SAR?The Parabolic SAR is used to determine the direction of the trend and potential reversals. “SAR” stands for Stop and Reverse. This refers to the point where a long position should be closed and a short position opened, or vice versa.The Parabolic SAR appears as a series of dots on a chart, either above or below the price. Generally, if the dots are below the price, it means the price is in an uptrend. In contrast, if the dots are above the price, it means the price is in a downtrend. A reversal occurs when the dots flip to the “other side” of the price.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR on a Bitcoin chart.The Parabolic SAR can provide insights into the direction of the market trend. It’s also handy for identifying points of trend reversal. Some traders may also use the Parabolic SAR indicator as a basis for their trailing stop-loss. This special order type moves along with the market and makes sure that investors can protect their profits during a strong uptrend.The Parabolic SAR is at its best during strong market trends. During periods of consolidation, it may provide a lot of false signals for potential reversals. Would you like to learn how to use the Parabolic SAR indicator? Check out A Brief Guide to the Parabolic SAR Indicator.What is the Ichimoku Cloud?The Ichimoku Cloud is a TA indicator that combines many indicators in a single chart. Among the indicators we’ve discussed, the Ichimoku is certainly one of the most complicated. At first glance, it may be hard to understand its formulas and working mechanisms. But in practice, the Ichimoku Cloud is not as hard to use as it seems, and many traders use it because it can produce very distinct, well-defined trading signals.As mentioned, the Ichimoku Cloud isn’t just an indicator, it’s a collection of indicators. It’s a collection that provides insights into market momentum, support and resistance levels, and the direction of the trend. It achieves this by calculating five averages and plotting them on a chart. It also produces a “cloud” from these averages which may forecast potential support and resistance areas.While the averages play an important role, the cloud itself is a key part of the indicator. Generally, if the price is above the cloud, the market may be considered to be in an uptrend. Conversely, if the price is below the cloud, it may be considered to be in a downtrend.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud on a Bitcoin chart, acting as support, then resistance.The Ichimoku Cloud may also strengthen other trading signals.The Ichimoku Cloud is difficult to master, but once you get your head around how it works, it can produce great results. Check out Ichimoku Clouds Explained to learn more about it.Chapter 6 – Cryptocurrency Trading TipsContentsHow do I start trading cryptocurrency?How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceWhat is a trading journal, and should I use one?How should I calculate my position size in trading?What online trading software should I use?Should I join a paid group for trading?What is a pump and dump (P&D)?Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?How do I start trading cryptocurrency?If you’ve decided you’d like to start trading, here are a few things to consider.Firstly, you’ll, of course, need capital to trade with. If you don’t have savings and start trading with money you can’t lose, it can have a seriously detrimental impact on your life. Trading isn’t an easy feat – an overwhelming majority of beginner traders lose money. You’ll need to expect that the money you put aside for trading can vanish quickly, and you may never recover your losses. This is why it’s recommended to start with smaller amounts to test out the waters.Something else you’ll also need to think about is your overall trading strategy. There are a lot of possible avenues to take when it comes to making money in the financial markets. Depending on the time and effort you can put into this undertaking, you can choose between many different strategies to achieve your financial goals.Lastly, here’s an additional point. Many traders are at their best when trading isn’t their main source of income. This way, the emotional burden is easier to bear than if their day-to-day survival depended on it. Eliminating emotion is a core trait of successful traders, and it’s significantly harder to do when one’s livelihood is at stake. So, especially when you’re starting out, you could think of trading and investing as a side venture. And remember to start with small amounts for the sake of learning and practicing. It may also be beneficial to look into ways of making passive income with cryptocurrency.If you’d like to learn about simple mistakes to avoid when it comes to trading and technical analysis, check out 7 Common Mistakes in Technical Analysis (TA).How to trade cryptocurrency on BinanceSo, you’ve decided you want to get into the world of trading cryptocurrency. What do you need to do?First, you need to convert your fiat currency into cryptocurrency. The easiest way to do that is by going to the Buy Crypto page on Binance, where you’ll have a plethora of options. You can buy crypto with debit and credit cards, using your bank account on the P2P exchange, and through third-party solutions like Simplex, Paxful, or Koinax. Once you’re done, you’ll be part of the new financial system!Now that you’ve got your cryptocurrency, the potential options are abundant. Right away, you can go to the Binance spot exchange and trade coins. If you have previous experience with trading, you could also check out the Binance margin trading platform or Binance Futures. There are also passive income opportunities available, which include staking, lending your assets in Binance Savings, joining the Binance mining pool, and more.So far, these all included what is called a centralized exchange – like Binance. These are exchanges where you deposit your crypto and do your financial activities within the exchange’s internal systems. However, thanks to the magic of blockchain technology, there are other options out there called decentralized exchanges (DEX). On these venues, your funds never leave your own cryptocurrency wallet, so you’ll have full custody of them at all times. You can also connect your hardware wallet and trade directly from it.Centralized exchanges are dominant in the cryptocurrency space. But many traders and blockchain enthusiasts believe that a significant portion of cryptocurrency trading volume will happen on DEXs in the future. Go to Binance DEX and try out the trading experience yourself!What is a trading journal, and should I use one?A trading journal is a documentation of your trading activities. Should you keep one? Probably! You could use a simple Excel spreadsheet, or subscribe to a dedicated service.Especially when it comes to more active trading, some traders consider keeping a trading journal essential to becoming consistently profitable. After all, if you don’t document your trading activities, how will you identify your strengths and weaknesses? Without a trading journal, you wouldn’t have a clear idea of your performance.Bear in mind that biases can play a major part in your trading decisions, and a trading journal can help mitigate some of them. How? Well, you can’t argue with the data! Trading performance all comes down to numbers, and if you’re not doing something well, that will be reflected in your performance. By meticulously keeping a trading journal, you can also monitor what strategies perform best.How should I calculate my position size in trading?One of the most important aspects of trading is risk management. In fact, some traders argue it is the most important thing. This is why it’s critical to calculate the size of your positions with a standardized formula. Here’s how the calculation goes.First, you need to determine how much of your account you are willing to risk on individual trades. Let’s say this is 1%. Does it mean you enter positions with 1% of your account? No, it means that if your stop-loss is hit, you won’t lose more than 1% of your account.That may seem too little, but this is to make sure that a few inevitable bad trades won’t blow up your account. So, once you’ve got this defined, you need to determine where your stop-loss is. You do this for each individual trade, based on the specifics of the trade idea. Let’s say you’ve determined that you’re going to place your stop-loss 5% from your initial entry. This means that when your stop-loss is hit, and you exit 5% from your entry, you should lose exactly 1% of your account.So, let’s say our account size is 1000 USDT. We’re risking 1% with each trade. Our stop-loss is 5% from our entry. What position size should we use?1000*0.01/0.05=200If we want to only lose 10 USDT, which is 1% of our account, we should enter a 200 USDT position.This process can seem a bit lengthy at first, but it’s essential for managing risk properly. Good news, we’ve got an entire article about it: How to Calculate Position Size in Trading.What online trading software should I use?Chart analysis is a core part of any technical analyst’s trading toolkit. But where is the best way to do it? Binance has integrated TradingView charts, so you can do your analysis directly on the platform – both on the web interface and in the mobile app. You can also create a TradingView account and check all Binance markets through their platform.There are numerous other online charting software providers in the market, each providing different benefits. Typically, though, you’ll have to pay a monthly subscription fee. Some other ones focused on crypto trading are Coinigy, TradingLite, Exocharts, and Tensorcharts.Should I join a paid group for trading?Most likely not. Great free information about trading is abundant out there, so why not learn from that? It’s also useful to practice trading on your own, so you can learn from your mistakes and find what works best for you and your trading style.Entering a paid group can be a valid learning tool, but beware of scams and fake advertising. After all, it’s quite easy to fake trading results to gain followers for a paid service.It’s also worth thinking about why a successful trader might want to start a paid group in the first place. Sure, a bit of side income is always welcome, but why do it for a hefty fee if they’re doing so well already?With that said, some successful traders run high quality paid communities with additional services such as special market data. Just be extra careful who you give your money to, as the majority of paid groups for trading exist to take advantage of beginner traders.What is a pump and dump (P&D)?A pump and dump is a scheme that involves boosting the price of an asset through false information. When the price has gone up a significant amount (“pumped”), the perpetrators sell (“dump”) their cheaply bought bags at a much higher price.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Typical price pattern of a pump and dump scheme.Pump and dump schemes are rampant in the cryptocurrency markets, especially in bull markets. During these times, many inexperienced investors enter the market, and they are easier to take advantage of. This type of fraud is most common with small market cap cryptocurrencies, as their prices are generally easier to inflate due to the low liquidity of these markets.Pump and dump schemes are often orchestrated by private “pump and dump groups” that promise easy returns for joiners (usually in exchange for a fee). However, what usually happens is that those joiners are taken advantage of by an even smaller group who have already built their positions.In the legacy markets, people found guilty of facilitating pump and dump schemes are subject to hefty fines.Looking to get started with cryptocurrency? Buy Bitcoin on Binance!Should I sign up for cryptocurrency airdrops?Maybe, but be extra careful! Airdrops are a novel way of distributing cryptocurrencies to a wide audience. An airdrop can be a great way to make sure that a cryptocurrency isn’t centralized in the hands of only a few holders. A diverse set of holders is paramount for a healthy, decentralized network.However, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Well, sometimes, there may be, if you get very lucky! Typically, though, what happens is that the promoters of the airdrop will outright try to take advantage of you, or will want something in return.What will they ask for? One of the most common “assets” asked in return for an airdrop is your personal information. Is your personal data worth $10-50 worth of a highly speculative cryptocurrency? That’s your choice to make, but there may be better ways to earn a bit of side income, without putting your privacy and personal data at risk. This is why you need to be extra careful when thinking about signing up for cryptocurrency airdrops.Closing thoughtsSo, we went through a lot, haven’t we? Getting started with cryptocurrency trading can be a daunting task – there are so many concepts to learn. Hopefully, this guide has helped you feel a bit more comfortable with cryptocurrency trading.However, there is always more to learn! This is why we’ve created a Q&A platform specific to cryptocurrency: Ask Academy. If you have any further questions about cryptocurrency trading, blockchain technology, cryptography, or other related topics, feel free to post one and the community will answer it for you! See you there.