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Proving objectively that the Qur’an and Hadith are God’s revelation.Throughout this demonstration only objective reasons that can be understood through common sense will be provided.First we give a definition to what we mean by God : A Being with infinite intelligence and will who originated the universe and who is not bound by what He created.1. Proving that God exists:Two routes can be taken to prove the existence of God, the first route is through the laws of nature and common sense, the second is through the Islamic miracles. But since we will talk about the Islamic miracles to prove later that the Qur'an and authentic hadiths cannot be but revealed by God anyway, we will take the first route.What we know for now is that the universe had a beginning, "previous" to which there was no matter and no time, according to the law of causality which is one of the main laws that govern the universe, that cannot be possible without a cause. Even if the universe did not have a ‘beginning’, it must have been dependent on something. There cannot be an infinite regress of dependent things, otherwise everything would depend on something else; an infinite amount of dominoes all falling on one another. Therefore, there was an eternal uncaused first cause.The typical atheist counter argument to this is the question "If God caused the universe, then what caused God?", and the answer is in the question, we defined God as a being that is not bound by His creation, in other words, the law of causality which started alongside the universe doesn't have to apply to the one who originated it. The question posed also brings up the problem of infinite regress, therefore there has to be an uncaused originator of the singularity who forced the universe to have specific laws that govern it as well as a space-time continuum. The fact that the universe has a specific limited number of dimensions for instance, is fine-tuned.. further supports this argument, there had to be a being who decided the number of dimensions, the atheist once again replies "Maybe there is a multiverse, where all possibilities exist, multiple universes with multiple numbers of dimensions, and we happen to be on a specific one fined tuned for us, or maybe we're the ones fine-tuned for it, that doesn't mean someone fine-tuned ours". This of course remains mere speculation with no evidence to support it and an excuse that still doesn't disprove the law of causality.Another argument atheists present to deny the existence of an originator of the universe is the idea that humans made up the belief in God, and that the norm is the lack of belief in God, this is refuted by two types of studies, the first one shows that children have an innate disposition to believe that things are designed for a purpose[1][1][1][1] and that children younger than 10 favored creationist accounts of the origins of animals over evolutionary accounts even when their parents and teachers endorsed evolution[2][2][2][2] , which goes to show that children expect that someone not something is behind natural order. The second type of study shows that adult atheists get emotionally aroused when they dare God to do something terrible to them, in the contrary to when they dare Santa clause (which they claim to be as a silly of a belief as that in God) to do something terrible to them [3][3][3][3]. This goes to show that the belief in a Being that originated existence and put the universe in order is innate.2. Proving that the Qur'an and Hadiths are revealed by God:I- The Qur'an:According to Islamic theology, God sent messengers (Noah, Moses, Jesus...) to every nation in the world to guide them and warn them."We surely sent a messenger to every community, saying, “Worship Allah and shun false gods.” But some of them were guided by Allah, while others were destined to stray. So travel throughout the land and see the fate of the deniers!" Qur'an (16:36)And he also gave signs (evidence) to these messengers to show their people that they're actual Prophets of God and not making it up. The type of evidence (miracles) that God supplied his messengers with differed from nation to nation, The Egyptians were developed in magic and eye trickery so God gave Moses a miracle that defeated their magic (Refer to the story of Moses in the Qur'an, Chapter 20 verses 43-70).Jesus Christ had miracles that allowed him to heal the blind and the leper, raise the dead."And Allah will teach him writing and wisdom, the Torah and the Gospel, and ˹make him˺ a messenger to the Children of Israel ˹to proclaim,˺ ‘I have come to you with a sign from your Lord: I will make for you a bird from clay, breathe into it, and it will become a ˹real˺ bird—by Allah’s Will. I will heal the blind and the leper and raise the dead to life—by Allah’s Will. And I will prophesize what you eat and store in your houses. Surely in this is a sign for you if you ˹truly˺ believe." Qur'an (3:48-49)The Arabs in the 7th century were masters of poetry, so God gave Prophet Muhammad the Qur'an in a poetic style that surpassed theirs and challenged them to produce ten chapters like it as proof that Prophet Muhammad was a true Prophet of God.Or do they say, “He has fabricated this ˹Quran˺!”? Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Produce ten fabricated chapters like it and seek help from whoever you can—other than Allah—if what you say is true!” Qur'an (11:13)After they didn't respond to the ten chapters challenge, God challenged them to produce only one Chapter."And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our Servant [Muhammad], then produce a Chapter the like thereof and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful." Qur'an(2:23)After they failed to respond again, some of them accepted the evidence and accepted the Prophet while others didn't and that's essentially where the difference is made between the people of heaven who accept the evidence and submit to the truth at whatever cost and the people of hell.So the challenge of providing proof for your claims and using logic instead of following a belief just because your parents raised you on it is heavily supported by Islam.“Surely the worst of beasts in God's sight are those that are deaf and dumb and do not reason.” Qur'an (8:22)“Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful.” Qur'an (2:111)"When it is said to them, “Follow what Allah has revealed,” they reply, “No! We ˹only˺ follow what we found our forefathers practicing.” ˹Would they still do so,˺ even if their forefathers had ˹absolutely˺ no understanding or guidance?" Qur'an (2:170)Now that we laid some necessary context, we prove that the Qur'an and authentic hadith are revealed by God.What we said up until now is related to the people who have witnessed the miracles, but Islam claims to be a universal religion for all races on earth and that Prophet Muhammad is the last messenger of God."Muḥammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and seal [i.e., last] of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing." Qur'an (33:40)This means that we can't expect new messengers to come with miracles to prove to us that their religion is true, so the question remaining is "how can we prove to someone who doesn't know Arabic and who didn't witness old age miracles that the Qur'an is revealed by God?"a. The falsification testsThe Qur'an gives two falsification tests for it that every rational human being can agree with.The first falsification test we've already talked about, is for Arabic speakers, to produce something like the Qur'an, 1400 years after the challenge has been made, no historical evidence is present of anyone being able to come close.The second falsification tests is for all people.“Do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? And if is has been from any other than God, they would have found within it many contradictions” (Quran 4:92)Using common sense, we can all agree that the length of a book is proportional to its number of contradictions and mistakes, and its age is proportional to its number of mistakes. In other words, the more information a book contains the more likely it will contain mistakes and contradictions and the older it gets the more likely mistakes will be found in it.That's where the falsification test comes in, the Qur'an is a pretty lengthy book and it speaks about many things in all kinds of fields (juridical, biology, astronomy, the after life, predictions..) in relative detail, it's also a pretty old book revealed 1400 years ago, which makes finding contradictions and mistakes in it very easy, as long as it's authored by humans.So the challenge is presented, find a factual mistake or a contradiction in the Qur'an, otherwise the only explanation is that it's divinely authored.b. The historical accuracySimilarly to the Bible, the Qur'an speaks about historical events, one of those events is the story of the Prophet Joseph with a whole chapter dedicated to it, but there are certain differences between the story of Joseph in the Qur'an and the story of Joseph in the bible. Biblical scholars and historians place Joseph’s entrance into Egypt in the period of the Middle Kingdom, other documents attest to the invasions of the Hyksos, a Semitic people who usurped political control of Egypt during a period from 1700 to 1550 B.C. ... It is possible that these people were more favorable to people like Joseph and his family, and it is also possible that the reference to a pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exod. 1:8) recalls a period when the Hyksos leadership in Egypt was rejected in favor of a new dynasty of native Egyptian kings.Interestingly, this was a time when the word ‘Pharaoh’ was not used to refer to the rulers of Egypt. Thus, historians criticize the Biblical use of the word ‘Pharaoh’ and see it as evidence of human interpolation. The use of the title pharaoh may be anachronistic in that Moses in covering the events of the patriarchs in relation to Egypt used the commonly accepted term “pharaoh” even though the title was not in use at the time of the patriarchs (cf Gn 12:15-20; 37:36)Fascinatingly, the Quran precisely mentions the ruler of Egypt in Joseph’s time as ‘King’ (‘Malik’ in Arabic) throughout the chapter, and not as "pharaoh" as it does in the story of Moses in Egypt.(Coats, G.W. (1992) Joseph. In: Freedman, D. N., Herion, G. A. (eds.) Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York, Doubleday, p. 980)(Elwell, W. A., Beitzel, B. J., Buckwalter, H. D., Craigie, P. C., Douglas, J. D., Guelich, R., & Hearn, W. R. (1988). Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible (Vol. 2). Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, pp. 1668-1669.)c. The Qur'anic structureDespite the fact that the Quran was revealed over 23 years in a piecemeal form, it has an incredible sense of being knitted together. In other words, the Quranic surah (chapter) is connected from beginning to end, and the ending of one surah is connected to the beginning of the next surah. This lexical coat-tailing is an incredible feature of the Quranic style and is lexically provable through word construction [4][4][4][4].One example of this is the second chapter of the Quran, which ends with a supplication. The third chapter of the Quran also starts and ends with a supplication. See Quran 2:285.d. The Numerical patternsAs mentioned in the previous point, the Qur'an was revealed over 23 years piece by piece, in other words, certain verses from what later came to be chapter X were revealed first, then more verses from what later came to be chapter Y were revealed after and so on depending on what the people asked the Prophet, as an example:They ask you ˹for a ruling, O Prophet˺. Say, “Allah gives you a ruling regarding those who die without children or parents.”... Qur'an (4:176)In the end, we had a complete book with known chapters and with each passage in its known chapter. From a non-Muslim's point of view this seems random, but what we come to realise later, it wasn't.Example 1:When responding to the Christians (who made the case for the divinity of Jesus Christ based on his being conceived with no biological father), the Quran says: ‘Surely the similitude of Jesus is that of Adam. He (God) created him from dust and said be! And he was” (Quran 3:59). What is astonishing is that, to emphasize this point, both the names Adam and Jesus are mentioned exactly 25 times in the Quran. Up until this verse, both are also mentioned exactly the same amount of times (seven times each).Example 2:Much of the Qur'an appears to be like a conversation mostly between the disbelievers and the Prophet, and that's why we see the use of the terms "They say" and "Say".They say: "No one will enter the Garden unless he is a Jew or a Christian. Those individuals are merely saying "Amen" [to their leaders]. Say: "Bring on your proof if you are so truthful," Qur'an (2:111)If we examine the Qur'an we come to find that the term "They say" is repeated exactly 332 times, and the term "Say" is also used exactly 332 times.These are but two of many examples of precise Quranic meticulousness which one could not contrive into the Quran.e. The preservation of the Qur'anThe Quran says:“We have surely sent down the reminder [the Quran] and we will surely preserve it” (Quran 15:9).If a book is meant to be for all of mankind, it is important that its primary recipients as well as those who come after it should have the same access to the book. The Quran is preserved orally through manuscripts as well as through the living Arabic language. Textual variants in manuscripts, as well as in recitation format, are explained by the fact that the Prophet Muhammad had select verses revealed in different dialects. The Quran is preserved through mass transmission from the time of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad until today. We know the names of all of the authorities who have memorized the Quran from the times of the Prophet Muhammad. Books such as Tabaqaat al-Qurraa’, authored by the fourteenth century scholar Ibn al-Jazari, contain names and evidences of the authorities that received the Quran from the Prophet Muhammad. We also have other manuscripts such as the Topkapi manuscript in Turkey, which has been carbon dated to the time of Uthman (one of Prophet Muhmmad’s best friends).In contrast, the Bible is not preserved. The books of the New Testament were first listed by Athanasius in the fourth century. He was not given authority from God. There is a difference of opinion in Christianity as to how many books are in the Biblical canon. Protestants say there are 66 books; Roman Catholics say 72; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians say 81. There are many manuscripts of the Old and New Testament, yet there is no method of harmonizing the contradictory variants between the manuscripts. What is interesting to note is that, although the Quran has variant dialectical readings, none of these readings are contradictory and all of them were legitimized by the Prophet Muhammad.Some fundamental verses have recently been taken out of some versions of the Bible as an interpolation. These include, for example, the following verse: “For there are three that bear the record in heaven: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one” (1 John, 5:7). If the guidance of God is meant for all people, there cannot be any confusion as to what constitutes the word of God.II- The authentic HadithTo quickly explain the difference between the Qur'an and Hadith, the Qur'an is perceived by Muslims as the direct speech of God where the pronouns used are attributed to God Himself sometimes with the use of the Royal We (I, My, We, Our), while the Hadith is perceived as the teachings and practices of the Prophet in his daily life narrated by his family and companions, those teachings are still believed to be from God, but in the Prophet's style of speech. The distinction between the style of the Qur'an and the style of the Prophet is proven through studies of both speeches, which leads us to conclude that both books are not produced by the same author [5][5][5][5].Among the things the Hadith speaks about, there are future predictions or prophecies (signs of the hour), some of these prophecies include:a. Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)[6][6][6][6]Awf Ibn Malik relates, "I went to the Prophet (saw) during the battle of Tabuk while he was sitting in a leather tent. He said, 'Awf, Count six signs, between now and the approach of the Hour (Qiyamah/Doomsday): my death, the conquest of Al-Quds (Jerusalem); a plague that will afflict you (and kill you in great numbers) as the plague that afflicts sheep; the increase of wealth to such an extent that even if one is given 100 hundred Dinars (Arabian currency), he will not be satisfied; then an affliction which no Arab house will escape; and then a truce between you and Banu Asfar (i.e. Byzantines) who will betray you and attack you under eighty flags. Under each flag will be twelve thousand soldiers". (Bukhari)b. Siege of Baghdad (1258) [7][7][7][7]The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “The Hour will not be established till you fight with the Khudh and the Kirman from among the non-Arabs. They will be of red faces, flat noses and small eyes; their faces will look like flat shields, and their shoes will be of hair.”This Hadith accurately describes the physic of mongols as well as the mongolian boots.c. Muslim conquest of Egypt [8][8][8][8]Abu Zar reported that Allah's Messenger (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) said: "You will conquer Egypt, a land where Qirat (a measure of weight and area) is used. When you conquer that land, you have to treat its people kindly since they have a right of kinship upon you. And when you see two persons fighting for the space of a brick, then get out of that. He (AbuDharr) then happened to pass by Rabi'ah and AbdurRahman, the two sons of Shurahbil ibn Hasana, and they had been disputing for the space of a brick. So he left the land". [Reported by Imams Muslim Ahmad]” and some of them are happening in our life timed. The Arabs competing in building the tallest buildings [9][9][9][9]…He said: "Then tell me about its signs." He said: "When a slave woman gives birth to her mistress, when you see the barefoot, naked, destitute shepherds competing in making tall buildings.'"… Sunan an-Nasa'i 4990 Book 47, Hadith 6e. The foreign intervention in Syria and Iraq [10][10][10][10]Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Iraq would withhold its dirhams and qafiz; the levant would withhold its mudd and dinar and Egypt would withhold its irdab and dinar and you would recoil to that position from where you started and you would recoil to that position from where you started and you would recoil to that position from where you started, the flesh and blood of Abu Huraira would bear testimony to it. Sahih Muslim 2896 Book 54, Hadith 43f. The European Colonization of Muslim Majority Countries [11][11][11][11]Narrated Thawban: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: The people will soon summon one another to attack you as people when eating invite others to share their dish. Someone asked: Will that be because of our small numbers at that time? He replied: No, you will be numerous at that time: but you will be scum and rubbish like that carried down by a torrent, and Allah will take fear of you from the breasts of your enemy and last enervation into your hearts. Someone asked: What is wahn (enervation). Messenger of Allah (ﷺ): He replied: Love of the world and dislike of death. Sunan Abi Dawud 4297 Book 39, Hadith 7g. The reversion of The Arabian peninsula to a green state [12][12][12][12]Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (way peace be upon him) as saying: The Last Hour will not come before wealth becomes abundant and overflowing, so much so that a man takes Zakat out of his property and cannot find anyone to accept it from him and till the land of Arabia reverts to meadows and rivers.The most interesting part about this hadith is not the fact that scientists predict this natural phenomenon to happen, but the fact that we just came to know using modern science that the Arabian peninsula used to be at some point in time green, hence the use of the word "reverts" in the Hadith.All of these Hadiths precisely describe future events from the 7th century going as far as the 21st century with some currently happening and others in preparation to happen looking at how the world is being shaped right now.For more prophecies refer to The Forbidden Prophecies - iERAIII- The biography of Prophet Muhammad ﷺWhen someone makes a claim, there are 4 cases :He is lying.He is hallucinating.He is deceived.He is telling the truth.Prophet Muhammad’s claim was Prophethood.If you study his biography you will notice that for 40 years before he claimed Prophethood, he was called among his tribe by the truthful and trust worthy one الصادق الأمين, that’s why he was a successful merchant, and that’s why he was hired by later to be his wife Khadija may God be pleased with her to take care of the business she was running.Also you’ll notice that he had every reason to drop his claim, he was persecuted, stoned, bullied…but he never dropped it, one of the most important arguments that finish with this subject is the following Hadith.Narrated Al-Mughira bin Shu`ba: On the day of Ibrahim's death, the sun eclipsed and the people said that the eclipse was due to the death of Ibrahim (the son of the Prophet). Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "The sun and the moon are two signs amongst the signs of Allah. They do not eclipse because of someone's death or life. So when you see them, invoke Allah and pray till the eclipse is clear."If Prophet Muhammad lied about his Prophethood, he wouldn’t miss such a golden opportunity to confirm the claim of the people that the sun eclipsed because of the death of his son, but he said the opposite and freed himself from that claim.Prophet Muhammad wasn’t known by hallucinating before Prophethood nor after, there is only one small period of time way after his claim of Prophethood where it is reported that the Prophet was hit by some magic which made him hallucinate, but he soon recovered.But looking at historical records, he was sane and in his complete mental capacity.The only thing you need to do to eliminate the case of “Deceived” is read the Qur’an, this argument is put forward by some Christians who claim that the devil inspired the Qur’an, and everyone who has read the Qur’an before will know how absurd this claim is.Few teachings from the Qur’an that refute this claim:Give charity"They ask thee what they should spend in charity. Say: Whatever you spend that is good, is for parents and kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarers. And whatever you do that is good, Allah knows it well" Qur’an (2:215)Be good to your neighbor“Serve God, and join not any partners with Him; and do good – to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbors who are near, neighbors who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess.” Qur’an (4:36)Treat women kindlyO you who believe, it is not lawful for you that you should forcibly take women as inheritance. Do not hold on to them so that you may take away some of what you have given them, unless they commit a clearly shameful act. Live with them in the recognized manner. If you dislike them, then it is quite likely that you dislike something and Allah has placed a lot of good in it. Qur’an (4:19)Do not transgress against enemies.Fight in the way of Allah those who fight against you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors. Qur’an (2:190)Fight against oppressors.And what is [the matter] with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah and [for] the oppressed among men, women, and children who say, "Our Lord, take us out of this city of oppressive people and appoint for us from Yourself a protector and appoint for us from Yourself a helper"? Qur’an (4:75)Opposition to racism.O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Aware. Qur’an (49:13)An invitation to freeing slaves.And what can make you know what is [breaking through] the difficult pass? It is the freeing of a slave. Qur’an (90:12–13)Providing for humanity a lifestyle that makes it content.Whoever has acted righteously, whether male or female, while being a believer—We will most surely grant him a good life, and We will most surely repay them their reward in accordance with the best of what they used to do. Qur’an (16:97)Attributing any of the teachings above to the devil is simply absurd.Since none of the previous cases make sense, by process of elimination, the only option left is that the Prophet was truthful in his claim.Conclusion:After examining all of these overwhelming evidences, It is irrational for a human being to suggest that the Qur'an or the Hadith are the work of a man in the 7th century of Arabia. The only plausible explanation is that this is a revelation from the originator of the universe, and by adding to that the fact that the Qur'an is preserved we therefore prove that everything within the book is objectively true.Footnotes[1] https://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/2004_Kelemen_IntuitiveTheist.pdf[1] https://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/2004_Kelemen_IntuitiveTheist.pdf[1] https://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/2004_Kelemen_IntuitiveTheist.pdf[1] https://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/2004_Kelemen_IntuitiveTheist.pdf[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12028349_Cognitive_and_Contextual_Factors_in_the_Emergence_of_Diverse_Belief_Systems_Creation_versus_Evolution[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12028349_Cognitive_and_Contextual_Factors_in_the_Emergence_of_Diverse_Belief_Systems_Creation_versus_Evolution[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12028349_Cognitive_and_Contextual_Factors_in_the_Emergence_of_Diverse_Belief_Systems_Creation_versus_Evolution[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12028349_Cognitive_and_Contextual_Factors_in_the_Emergence_of_Diverse_Belief_Systems_Creation_versus_Evolution[3] Atheists Become Emotionally Aroused When Daring God to Do Terrible Things[3] Atheists Become Emotionally Aroused When Daring God to Do Terrible Things[3] Atheists Become Emotionally Aroused When Daring God to Do Terrible Things[3] Atheists Become Emotionally Aroused When Daring God to Do Terrible Things[4] Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam's Holy Text (Islamic Encounter Series): Farrin, Raymond: 9781935952985: Amazon.com: Books[4] Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam's Holy Text (Islamic Encounter Series): Farrin, Raymond: 9781935952985: Amazon.com: Books[4] Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam's Holy Text (Islamic Encounter Series): Farrin, Raymond: 9781935952985: Amazon.com: Books[4] Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam's Holy Text (Islamic Encounter Series): Farrin, Raymond: 9781935952985: Amazon.com: Books[5] Author discrimination between the Holy Quran and Prophet’s statements[5] Author discrimination between the Holy Quran and Prophet’s statements[5] Author discrimination between the Holy Quran and Prophet’s statements[5] Author discrimination between the Holy Quran and Prophet’s statements[6] Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)[6] Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)[6] Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)[6] Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)[7] Siege of Baghdad (1258) - Wikipedia[7] Siege of Baghdad (1258) - Wikipedia[7] Siege of Baghdad (1258) - Wikipedia[7] Siege of Baghdad (1258) - Wikipedia[8] Muslim conquest of Egypt - Wikipedia[8] Muslim conquest of Egypt - Wikipedia[8] Muslim conquest of Egypt - Wikipedia[8] Muslim conquest of Egypt - Wikipedia[9] List of tallest buildings in the Arab League - Wikipedia[9] List of tallest buildings in the Arab League - Wikipedia[9] List of tallest buildings in the Arab League - Wikipedia[9] List of tallest buildings in the Arab League - Wikipedia[10] How U.S. Mission Creep in Syria and Iraq Could Trigger War With Iran[10] How U.S. Mission Creep in Syria and Iraq Could Trigger War With Iran[10] How U.S. Mission Creep in Syria and Iraq Could Trigger War With Iran[10] How U.S. Mission Creep in Syria and Iraq Could Trigger War With Iran[11] European Colonization and the Muslim Majority Countries: Antecedents, Approaches, and Impacts[11] European Colonization and the Muslim Majority Countries: Antecedents, Approaches, and Impacts[11] European Colonization and the Muslim Majority Countries: Antecedents, Approaches, and Impacts[11] European Colonization and the Muslim Majority Countries: Antecedents, Approaches, and Impacts[12] Ancient network of rivers and lakes found in Arabian Desert[12] Ancient network of rivers and lakes found in Arabian Desert[12] Ancient network of rivers and lakes found in Arabian Desert[12] Ancient network of rivers and lakes found in Arabian Desert