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Rahul Gandhi has resorted to that same brand of orthodox style of Congress politics. Saddled with that very optimism that every Opposition Politics is bound to fail with the passage of Years and the NEHRU GANDHI FAMILY is always blessed with a slowly and steadily roar, to pull back in a great style.It happened during every time in the immediate Past.We saw the very manner, the various Janata Party experiments fizzling out tamely. On every occasions, despite possessing the required mandate to form the Government , and giving no less than Six Prime Minister's to the Nation, at this hour there are no any takers for the Party.Atal Behari Vajpayee earnestly tried to fill that gap.The veteran Statesman, became the longest serving Non Congress Prime Minister in the Country.However, a thorough Gentleman to the core, Atalji became a victim of the paid Media.Every Secularist, Psuedo Liberal, Communist, Muslim Clergy and its Hardliners along with our our infamous Intellectuals : They all combined vigorously in denouncing Atalji’s slogan of “SHINING INDIA”.They went on vociferously to maintain their own lines,“With a huge backlog of Poverty in our Country, how can we believe ourselves to be shining as a Country”.But then nobody from these categories questioned what happened to Smt Indira Gandhi’s slogan of “ GARIBI HATAO”. The one she gave in the early Seventies.They all denounced the gentle Atalji. Hammering his slogans with fictitous facts and doctored claims. Government expenditures were extracted and Atalji’s Ministry made to look as a villain.That True Soldier of Journalism, Rajdeep Sardesai, even managed to extract an interview where he manipulated wistfully, Atalji’s words. The incident in Lucknow was blown out of proportions and the slogan, “ SHINING INDIA”, succumbed to an untimely death, bringing much disaster for the NDA as it slipped miserably as the Voting stages neared. From to a near Confident Victory, Atalji became a victim of the paid Media manipulation and the NDA reverted back to where it belonged.To be folded back to the Opposition Benches in the Parliament, which it earlier occupied.Every Secular, Psuedo Liberals, Communists and Muslim Hardliners congratulated themselves. They all became a part and parcel of the UPA, under the Trusted leadership of Sonia Gandhi.And guess what our infamous Rajdeep Sardesai got. ( No any personal dispute. I happened to be a great admirer of his father, Dileep Sardesai in my school days . Still remembered how I used to remain awake in the middle of the night to switch on the Radio and hear the Running Commentary on All India Radio, to listen to Dileep Sardesai scoring Centuries and Double Centuries against the formidable West Indies pace battery)RAHUL GANDHI could have used UPA Years to strengthen his own ambitions and cement his claims as the SCION of the NEHRU GANDHI FAMILY.BUT then the Nehru Gandhi Scion failed miserably. He just couldn't properly signal out his political strategies. His political priorities too appeared dubious. Further, his miseries too continued, as his ploys of highlighting acute Social disparities, and then subtly putting their blame squarely on the shoulders of opposition, too badly backfired.RAHUL GANDHI in order to bolster his own Image and recreate the, “ MESSIAH OF POOR” Image's, started making foray into non Congress Ruled State's. He made a habit of willfully barging into thatched huts of the Scheduled Caste people with short notices and put a Night’s stay in their humble dwellings. A photo session would then be created, how the Scion of the Nehru Gandhi Family felt himself at perfect ease, while he ate the Roti’s cooked in the Dalit home.TOP NEWSPoor UP Dalit family had to borrow flour, vegetables to decently feed Rahul GandhiA Dalit family from Mau, Uttar Pradesh, which hosted Rahul Gandhi and Ghulam Nabi Azad on Sunday for a meal , is actually too poor to have afforded it.By Shailaja Neelakantan & Ganesh Kumar Radha Udayakumar, TNN | Updated:Sep 15, 2016, 07.13 PM ISTDalit family had to borrow flour to serve lunch to Rahul GandhiNEW DELHI: Politicians often use photo opportunities, like a meal with the poor, to highlight how caring they are. Similarly, politicians’ minions often round up – in advance - large crowds to make sure the their bosses’ public rallies appear well attended. Do they, though, spare a thought for the poor people involved in these photo-ops?A politician’s recent meal with a Dalit family brought to light the plight of some of these people.A Dalit family from Mau, Uttar Pradesh, which hosted Rahul Gandhi and Congress UP President Ghulam Nabi Azad on Sunday for a meal, is actually too poor to have afforded it. So it borrowed flour, vegetables and the like to be able to decently feed Rahul and Azad.Rahul is touring Uttar Pradesh and addressing rallies ahead of the 2017 state polls. On Sunday, he and Azad were treated to rotis and potato chokha at Swaminath's home."Rahul ji enquired about our living and the problems we are facing. I told him that we hardly manage to meet our basic needs," Swaminth said. However, in his chat with Rahul, Swaminath left out the part about having to borrow food.BUT THEN RAHUL GANDHI, a Super Elitist was nowhere seen when the same DALIT suffered and needed him most.Rahul Gandhi's Dalit visit exposed as photo-op by local womanBy Piyush Srivastava19:22 BST 20 Mar 2012 , updated 19:22 BST 20 Mar 2012The superficiality of Congress general secretary Rahul Gandhi's photo-op moments in Dalit households were exposed on Tuesday by none other than Sunita Kori, a Dalit woman in whose Gauriganj house he had stayed for a night.The occasion was the laying of foundation of a pucca house for the 30-year-old woman by Gayatri Prasad Prajapati, the Samajwadi Party's (SP) newly elected legislator from Gauriganj in Amethi.Prajapati had offered help to Sunita after her house was burnt down by alleged SP goons during the party's victory celebrations on March 6.Gandhi visited Dalit for the laying of foundation of a pucca house for Sunita KoriOn the campaign trail of the last Lok Sabha polls, Rahul had spent a night at the 30-year-old woman's house to show that the Congress identified itself with the Dalit cause.But he was nowhere to be seen when the woman lost her house, proving that Rahul's bonhomie was just a poll gimmick. Prajapati sought to take political mileage out of her disillusionment with the Congress.Sunita Kori, a Dalit, had to seek help from SP MLA Gayatri Prasd Prajapti to rebuild her house after it was set on fire by goonsThe village in Gauriganj forms part of the Amethi Lok Sabha constituency represented by Rahul.Rahul had spent the night of January 26, 2008 in her mud house and later mentioned her plight in many of his public meetings to highlight the plight of Dalits during Mayawati's rule.Sunita virtually was made the mascot of Congress' anti- Mayawati campaign.Highlighting her status as the oppressed in a meeting in Gauriganj on December 22, 2008, Rahul had said Aman, Sunita's seven-year-old child, was scared of the police because they used to beat Madanlal, his father, every now and then.The hapless Sunita, however, was disillusioned by her MP's lip service.Rahul Gandhi had made much-hyped stopover to the house of Sunita KoriDescribing Rahul's concerns for her family as superficial, she said on Tuesday: 'I tried to contact our MP after my house was set on fire by some criminals. I also went to almost every Congress leader in the constituency to help me out because we had no place to sleep and cook. But neither Rahul was available nor other Congress leaders showed any sympathy for me. The SP MLA is helping me and so I will only vote for the SP in the future.'Sunita has been working with a self-help group floated on Rahul's direction.'But it doesn't help us much. Rahul even got Aman's gender wrong. He is my son and not daughter as Rahul had said in his public meeting,' she said.Such is her transformation that Sunita said there was no need for Prajapati to apologise for the act of his party's vandals.RAHUL GANDHI, it appeared has been merely masquerading with politics and trying to replicate it with the game of KABBADI, in which the player ventures into the opposition circle with the aim of touching as many as rival player's he can manage to and hoodwink the opposition camp without being caught and encircled by the rival team.Because of this particular strategy, RAHUL GANDHI saw himself venturing into the Opposition Camps, crying at the top of his lungs, “ KABBADI, KABBADI”, and before his rivals took time to react and lunge forward to encircle him : the Nehru Gandhi Scion retreated back, to be safe behind his own line's. Without touching anyone from the rival camp, scoring no any point and in the process, hardly bothering his rivals.BUT THEN to be truthful , the Nehru Gandhi Scion did enjoy his share of Success in the Narendra Modi regime. Particularly in the last month's of the previous Five years.DURING the Assembly Elections campaigns for Rajasthan, Rahul Gandhi in some unusual moments learned the usefulnes of HINDU Religion. In those sombre moments, he realised what it means to be presented as a HINDU to the larger majoritorian Community in this Country.Out of utter frustration , in an attempt in aiming to bring himself on par with Narendra Modi , as a genuine well wisher of the HINDUS : RAHUL GANDHI declared his own Gotra during Assembly Election Campaign in Rajasthan.Rahul Gandhi a Dattatreya Brahmin? Decoding the Gandhi gotraIt all started when Rahul Gandhi went to pray at the famous Pushkar temple in Rajasthan during his campaigning on Monday and said that he belongs to the Dattatreya gotra.New DelhiNovember 27, 2018UPDATED: November 28, 2018 20:33 ISTRahul Gandhi at the Brahma temple in Pushkar. (Image: INCIndia/Twitter)HIGHLIGHTSRahul Gandhi claimed that his gotra is Dattatreya, triggering potshots by the BJPBJP leader Giriraj Singh tweeted a clip from a Bollywood film to pull up GandhiIndia Today TV traces the bloodline of the Nehru-Gandhi family to decode Gandhi's gotraSilly as it may sound, Congress president Rahul Gandhi's gotra has taken centrestage in the political discourse amid assembly elections in five states.It all started when Rahul Gandhi went to pray at the famous Pushkar temple in Rajasthan during his campaigning on Monday. The priest who performed the rituals, said, "Rahul Gandhi said that his gotra is Dattatreya. Dattatreya are Kauls and Kauls are Kashmiri Brahmins."Soon after this revelation, BJP leaders and supporters began to take potshots at the Congress president questioning his gotra.Union minister Giriraj Singh tweeted a clipping from the Bollywood film 'Jolly LLB', where a Muslim faking as a Brahmin priest is caught lying when asked about his gotra. Thousands of people shared and reacted to this tweet.Several BJP supporters targeted Rahul Gandhi to ask, "How can Rahul Gandhi be from the Dattatreya gotra when his grandfather was not a Hindu? In Hindu tradition, one inherits his gotra from his father."The controversy over Feroze Gandhi’s religion did not die even after his death. His last rites were performed according to both Hindu and Parsi traditions. Feroze Gandhi's body was first cremated in Delhi and later his ashes were placed in the grave in a Parsi cemetery in Allahabad.In these dying hour's of SECULARISM in the Country : RAHUL GANDHI , to bring a possible change could have made himself turned into a GOODWILL AMBASSADOR of all the Religion’s in the Country by simply invoking his Grand Father.A Parsi but with a deep gratitude towards the majoritarian Hindu Religion. It could have been Rahul’s Philosophy and his way of life in dealing with the most perennial problem our Nation has faced through its own year’s of existence.Rahul Gandhi could have been an Aetheist.But his own craftiness came in his ways. That familiar trait of inheritence, which both, Rahul and Priyanka could not ignore.In every Election Campaign, both the Brother and Sister underwent : They first went to every famous Masjid and Shrine that came in the path of their Campaign. Wore Green pattas and offerred their obsceiances in great style.Then Rahul Gandhi dutyfully packed off his Skull Cap and started venturing into Hindu Temple’s. By his own admission, Rahul Gandhi was now a SHIV BHAKT.PRIYANKA GANDHI VADRA, too appeared as a dutifully Hindu housewife. Sitting reverently in the Temples.She even wore multiple bangles on her arm. All during the Campaigns.This is what PRIYANKA GANDHI VADRA is. No Elections, no heat of Campaigns.No bangles. No bindiya.Rahul Gandhi has used most of his political skills against Narendra Modi. The problem is he could not make a progress when it comes to the decisive War as the one which he witnessed in the last General Elections.Rahul Gandhi, then used every skill he possessed.He invoked the RAFALE Deal. Misrepresented its Financial clauses. He made every conceivable effort to blame Narendra Modi.He claimed voceferously in every meeting he addressed, “ DESH KA CHOWKIDAAR CHOR HAI”.Rahul Gandhi scrupulously brought Anil Ambani in between his political rivalry with Narendra Modi and reminding Indians that both were Gujarati’s, he unabashedly claimed that the Industrialist benefitted to the tune of Thirty Thousand Crores because of the RAFALE DEALS.EVERY skill, Rahul Gandhi had at his disposal, he used it to defame and place Narendra Modi in suspicion.But none of them materialised. In the HINDI heartland, Congress performed more miserably than any previous Election in its entire Electoral History. Even Rahul Gandhi lost from the family feifdom of AMETHI.RAHUL GANDHI in the last Parliamentary Elections, resorted to all that he had in his arsenal. But nothing brought cheer for him and his Congress Party.WHY.This question too asks for the very reasons why Rahul Gandhi was unable to utilise his own skills.The answers are very simple.Rahul Gandhi never subscribed to the basic principles of Indian philosophy.TRUTH ALONE SURVIVES.But then Rahul Gandhi is heavily dependent in moving away from Truth.His politics is filled with all kinds of negativity.On occasions he is never short of instigating one Community against the other.“Mera naam Savarkar nahi hai”.Personal integrity of Rahul’s own family has always been questionable.Sonia Gandhi had always been in suspicion for her alleged links with middlemen. Everybody knows her connections with the late Ottavio Quattrochhi.The NEHRU GANDHI VADRA FAMILY is already under suspicion for the various Defence deals made during the UPA Years.Robert Vadra, the DAMADJI is already under the probe of ED, for his alleged business link's with shady middlemen and allegations of stashing money abroad and purchasing property abroad in gross violation of our Law's.Bussiness TodaySPONSERED ADSWhat are the allegations against Robert Vadra?The Enforcement Directorate has summoned Robert Vadra in money laundering case relating to alleged possession of foreign assets. He has already been granted anticipatory bail in this case.Latest Stock Market and Economy News India | New Delhi, Wednesday, February 6, 2019 | 18:13 ISTThe Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on Wednesday attacked the Congress over the Enforcement Directorate's (ED) summons to Rahul Gandhi's brother-in-law Robert Vadra in a case related to undisclosed properties and investments abroad. Priyanka Gandhi Vadra's husband Robert Vadra, who has been granted anticipatory bail in this case, has to appear before the probe agency today in connection with the money laundering case relating to alleged possession of foreign assets.Addressing a press conference in New Delhi, BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra raked up the allegations against Vadra and questioned how a 'road-pati' like him became 'crorepati'.Here's all you need to know about allegations against Robert Vadra.United Kingdom assets caseThe ED had filed a case of money laundering in the purchase of a property worth 1.9 million pounds (over Rs 17.77 crore) located at 12, Bryanston Square, London, which allegedly belongs to Robert Vadra.Apart from the Bryanston Square mansion, two more properties worth 4 million pounds (around Rs 37.42 crore) and 5 million pounds (more than Rs 46.77 crore), as well as 6 other flats are also suspected to be owned by Vadra, as per ED sources. The total worth of these properties is 12 million pounds.Bikaner land deal money laundering caseIn September 2015, the ED registered a money laundering case alleging that Robert Vadra-owned Sky Light Hospitality had acquired land in Kolayat, Bikaner, which was meant for rehabilitation of poor villagers. It was alleged that Sonia Gandhi's son-in-law Vadra bought 69.55 hectares of land at a cheaper rate and sold to Allegenery Finlease for Rs 5.15 crore through illegal transactions. As per ED investigation, the buying company Allengenery had no real business and shareholders were also found to be fake.2009 petroleum deal case under UPA eraAccording to Enforcement Directorate, Robert Vadra and his associates received 'Kickbacks' in the petroleum deal signed in 2009 during the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) regime. BJP alleged that Vadra benefited from petroleum and defence deal which took place under UPA government and used the money to buy posh properties worth several crore rupees in London.Sources from ED also claim that these London-based assets are part of kickbacks Vadra received in a petroleum deal, as per a report by India Today. The money was allegedly transferred to Santech International, FZC, a company based in UAE and controlled. Santech then purchased the 12 Bryanstone Square mansion from Vortex, a private holding, and later Vortex shares were transferred to Skylight Investment, FZE, which is led by NRI businessman C Thampi.Compare all these with Narendra Modi.He maintains no immediate family contact, except with his Mother.Read what his own brother says :NewsMagazineNEWS MAKERSThe other ModisMeet Prime Minister Narendra Modi's extended family that lives in quiet obscurity, far removed from the circles of power and influence.Uday MahurkarDecember 29, 2016ISSUE DATE: January 9, 2017UPDATED: December 31, 2016 08:05 ISTA 2003 photo when Modi, as Gujarat CM, hosted the family at his official residence in GandhinagarSombhai Modi, 75, was on the dais at a function organised by an NGO in Pune in 2015 when the compere let slip that he was Prime Minister Narendra Modi's eldest brother. There was some excitement in the audience until Sombhai, who runs an eldercare facility in Modi's ancestral town Vadnagar, stepped up to clarify. "There is a screen between me and Prime Minister Modi," he said. "I can see that screen, but to you it is invisible. I am the brother of Narendra Modi, and not the prime minister. For Prime Minister Modi, I am only one of the 125 crore people of India who are his brothers and sisters."The PM's eldest brother Sombhai, 75, with residents of the old-age home he runs in VadnagarThis wasn't mere hyperbole. Sombhai hasn't met his younger brother in the past two-and-a-half years. The brothers have only spoken on the phone. His younger sibling, Pankaj, an officer in the Gujarat information department, has been luckier. He got to meet his famous brother because their mother, Heeraben, stays with him at his modest three-room house in Gandhinagar. (The prime minister met his mother Heeraben twice in the state capital in the past six months and hosted her at his Delhi residence for a week this May.)India's prime ministers have traditionally been family men. Nehru lived with Indira, his successor Lal Bahadur Shastri moved into 1 Motilal Nehru Place with the extended Shastri clan, including children and grandchildren. Indira Gandhi's children Sanjay and Rajiv and their families stayed with her. Even bachelor prime minister A.B. Vajpayee had company. When he moved into 7 Race Course Road in 1998, his adopted foster family, Namita Bhattacharya and her husband Ranjan, moved in with him.Prime Minister Modi, the third of six children, born to a tea stall owner, Damodardas Mulchand Modi, and his homemaker wife Heeraben, wears his familial detachment on his sleeve. It's a useful foil to remind people of his 'selfless' image. As recently as November 14, barely a week after announcing the demonestisation move, Modi hit an emotional note at a public function in Goa. "I was not born to assume a chair of high office. Whatever I had, my family, my home...I left it for the nation..." he said, holding back tears. Arguably, Modi's detachment has helped to blunt any personal allegations against him in the debate on demonetisation.Just how far behind he has left his family is evident from a visit to Gujarat. The Modi clan continues to live the life of middle-class obscurity they did when their famous family member first became chief minister in 2001. Another of the PM's elder brothers, Amrutbhai, 72, retired as fitter for a private company, drawing a salary of less than Rs 10,000 a month in 2005. He leads a quiet, retired life in his four-room middle class dwelling in Ahmedabad's Ghatlodia locality with son, Sanjay, 47, a small entrepreneur, and his wife and two children. Sanjay's son Nirav and daughter Nirali are both engineering students. An ITI certificate holder, Sanjay fashions small engineering spare parts at his lathe machine shop and makes a modest living. The family car, bought in 2009, is parked outside the house, covered. It is sparingly used as the family mostly travels by two-wheeler.Elder brother Amrut Modi, 72, with the iron used by the PM while staying with him in Ahmedabad from 1969-1971Sanjay's family, who confess they are yet to see the inside of a passenger plane, have met Modi only twice-once in 2003 when, as CM, he hosted a family gathering at his Gandhinagar home, and then on May 16, 2014, the day the BJP fashioned that historic Lok Sabha victory (again at his Gandhinagar residence ). Everyone in the Sattadhar tenement society where they stay knows Amrutbhai is the prime minister's brother. But as a local anecdote goes, officials at the bank where Sanjay has an account, don't know this. His son Priyank was recently spotted in a long queue to withdraw money.Sanjay's most cherished possession is a memento that recalls his uncle's early obsession with wearing well-ironed clothes. Modi apparently used the iron while he lived with Amrutbhai in Ahmedabad between 1969 and 1971. Sanjay says he stopped his parents from selling it for scrap in 1984 (indeed, he seems to be one of the earliest believers in his uncle's greatness). "If Kaka ( Modi ) sees this iron today, he might feel the same way a Titanic survivor would...after seeing the personal effects retrieved from the sunken vessel." The house also has another exhibit which might serve well for a future museum for their famous uncle: a Cinni brand table fan that Modi used to beat Ahmedabad's summers.In keeping with the RSS ideal, which requires a pracharak to maintain a distance from family members, Narendra Modi started cutting himself off in 1971, focussing more on his work with the Sangh and leading a celibate life. And over the years, this is how things remained as he began his ascent up the political ladder. His relatives, nevertheless, regard him with some pride. The sentiment is reciprocated by the prime minister, evidently relieved as he is at not being besieged by relatives seeking favours. "It is indeed to the credit of my brothers and cousins that they have continued to live a simple life and never pestered me for anything. In today's world, it is an extremely difficult thing," Prime Minister Modi says.There are people who believe the prime minister is too harsh on his relatives. "Narendrabhai should have had a family gathering after becoming PM like he did when he was CM in 2003," says a political analyst who has known him for many years. But the PM clearly believes that any truck with power would only corrupt their innocence. There's also the matter of his own projection as an incorruptible, nepotism-free leader. Perhaps another reason he believes the family must be kept at a distance.Now evidently the question arises, in the minds of more than a Billion people in our Country, what kind of personal skills, RAHUL GANDHI can ever dream to hone by himself to counter Narendra Modi, his principal betenoire.Personally I believe that Rahul Gandhi stands almost nothing or a very little chance : In his ongoing Political battle with Narendra Modi.Modi has elevated himself. Never saw a more popular Prime Minister in the last Four decades of my adult life.The Nation’s response to his Calls : Though many criticised his calls to clap and then to switch the Lights off for nine minutes : Yet it became pretty evident that the Nation, cutting across State boundaries and setting aside petty Political differences, lighted DIYAS and Candles, and for those, in no position to be present at their homes, they flashed their Torches and Mobiles.RAHUL GANDHI’S biggest mistake at this hour seems to be his own inability in reading the Nation’s mind.The NEHRU GANDHI SCION, needs to drastically alter his own line of thinking.What was termed as progressive thinking before the COVID - 19 , is now reduced to symptoms of hatred and mere preaching of Fundamentalist Religious dogmas.This TABLIGHI saga is evidently going to cast a long spell on the National definition of SECULARISM.Mere pandering to the Minorities, won't work in the near future. The TABLIGHI’S by their actions, and their Chief, Maulana Saad by his statements, has antagonised large sections of the majority Hindu Community. People who hitherto believed in maintaining brotherly relationship with the Muslim community in the Country are indeed very very angry.The age old adage of the Congress Party : that Minorities are going to vote en bloc for us and the Hindu Community , because of its numerous divisions and dissents would never unify : and a large section of Hindus voting on Secular and also due to their affinity for the NEHRU GANDHI FAMILY would be voting in favour of the Congress Party. A healthy mix up of the two ( en bloc of Muslim voting and a large percentage of Secular votes) would eventually see the Congress Party through in Electoral battles.Rahul Gandhi , needs to woke up and realise the futility of these redundant theories.If Narendra Modi is to be defeated : his opponents need something very special in their arsenals.Nobody from the Opposition Camp can ever match Narendra Modi in his personal integrity.Outrightly honest and with no any blemishes.In contrast, the Congress First Family is saddled with allegations. While they could never shook over the BOFORS allegations : subsequent allegations of involvement in murkier Defence deals , has only added disreputation to the Family. Its thirst for Money could be gauged from the recent relevations made by the maverick banker Rana Kaoor. Forced to pay Rs Two Crores to Priyanka Gandhi Vadra as a payment for the purchase of a MF Hussain paiting gifted to the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by the painter himself.To bring himself on par with Modi, Rahul Gandhi needs to cast away his own family baggage: which at this hour is certainly dragging his political surge.He needs to advise his Mother to go into VAANPRASTHA.The ancient Indian advice for those who had seen much of their lives and have no any intent to pass the responsibilities on the shoulders of the younger generation.ALSO both Sonia Gandhi and Priyanka and her husband Robert Vadra have accumulated much more money that they canot spend in their own lifetime.Rahul Gandhi, if he is serious in fighting Narendra Modi than should maintain minimum relationship with his own but tarnished family members.Can Rahul Gandhi do that. For that will be his first step forward in posing a challenge to Narendra Modi.Other issues such as Secularism , it seems are applicable to the Muslim Community only. Majority of Indians, particularly , after the Nation wide spate of demonostrations against the CAA, NRC and the NPR : and also after what the TABLIGHIS did : are in no any moods to hear lectures on the virtues of the Secularism , we Indians were forced to practice since the last Seven decades.No true Indian wishes to remember what the Students demonostrating in JAMIA MILIA shouted at the top of their voices:“ HAME CHAHIYE ZINNAH WALI AZAADI”“ HAME CHAHIYE PAKISTAN WALI AZAADI”.RAHUL GANDHI’S Party has called it as a DISSENT of the Students.AND this ironically seems to be the exact platform from where Rahul Gandhi needs to hone his untested skills.Will he carry along with the same path his Mother has chosen earlier, extolling for a “Aar paar ki Ladaai”, to the Minorities in Delhi which resulted in the Delhi Riots only some months back.Or Rahul Gandhi will tread a path that leads to the one, always stressed by Narendra Modi, “ Sabkaa saath Sabka Vikaas”.But before that Rahul Gandhi needs for an urgent, “Sabka Vishwaas”.WHICH IRONICALLY THE CONGRESS PARTY HAS LOST.Its time to change. The big question is, will Rahul Gandhi change . A much needed change to allow for the sharpening of his own skills.FOR the second part of the question : Does he need a Coach.Rahul Gandhi had coaches in the past.One of them happened to be our own Digvijay Singh. Blamed for Jyotir Rao Scindia’s flight to the BJP and consquently bringing down the Kamal Nath Govt. along with it.But now the duel is with Narendra Modi which will be further extended by Amit Shah the no nonsense Union Home Minister we have.Narendra Modi is a veteran in politics. With decades of politics behind him. A master communicator and an administrator above par. As we have all seen in the ongoing COVID-19 CRISIS. With less than Five hundred India was first Nation to understand the impact and clamp a Lockdown in the Country.Narendra Modi saved our lives. He is on the path of saving the Nation.What type of a person Rahul Gandhi needs, to teach him basics so that he may equal the stature of Narendra Modi.This all reminds me about Robin Sharma. The Self Motivator Guru.I am particularly fond of his works on self motivation. I would like to present a part of his motivational speech I often hear ;One day Picasso was in a Marketplace and a Woman saw him.She rushed to him, “ Oh Mr. Picasso, great to see you. Iam a huge fan.” She pulled out a piece of paper and a pencil from her bag, “ Can you make a little piece of art. Can you make a little drawing”.“ Absolutely”, replied Picasso and he took the piece of paper and the pencil and made a beautiful drawing and handed it for the Lady to see it.“ Oh fantastic, Mr Picasso” ,screamed the Lady and started to walk with the painting.“ Oh my dear Lady”, Picasso called her, “ You owe me a Million Dollars”.“A Million Dollars”. The Lady was shocked. “ It took you thirty seconds to do that Mr Picasso”.“My dear Lady,” Picasso reminded her, “It took me Thirty Years to do that in thirty seconds”.NARENDRA MODI ar this hour is the “ PICASSO” of INDIAN POLITICS.NO ANY COACH CAN REPLICATE HIS SKILLS IN ANOTHER POLITICIAN.RAHUL GANDHI NEEDS THIS TO UNDERSTAND FULLY.

A2AIndians Who made History From 2010–2019, I'm including Some Historical Events too.2010:India achieved the 100-mark in the medals tally of the event in the latest edition of CWG to occupy the second position in the overall standings. This will have a great impact on India.2. Indian Rupee Symbol Got Recognition.Designed By Mr Udaya Kumar Dharmalingam. Uday Kumar's design was chosen from a shortlist of five and he was awarded around 3,500 in prize money.3. Obama's Visit to India - American President met Prime Minister Manmohan SinghA few days ahead of the G20 summit. The main agenda of the much-hyped visit was to create jobs in the recession-hit USA.4. Saina Nehwal Won Hong Kong Open series beating her Chinese opponent Wang Shixian, Asian Games 2010 Gold Medalist.5. A.Raja - 2G Spectrum Scam - Be it in 1700s Robert Clive or A.Raja in 2010, Scam and Corruption have its place in History.One of India's biggest scam in 2010 was the 2G spectrum allocation scam. Then Telcom Minister A Raja was allegedly involved in the scam that made revenue loss of Rs. 1.76 lakh crores, according to the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).2011:Indian Anti-Corruption Movement led by Anna Hazare: Lokpal BillThe time when the Hashtag Trent Started on Twitter when Anna Hazare led the fight against Corruption and made the Whole nation to look at him. #Anna hashtag trended throughout India for many days awakening Indians to join hands and fight corruption together.But in Vain :(2. India won the Cricket World Cup. And this World Cup match Went Live on the Internet for free.one of the most unforgettable moments of 2011 isIndiawinning the ICC 2011 Cricket World Cup after 28 long years. The whole nation stood united again and celebrated the victory against Sri Lanka in finals and against Pakistan in semi-finals.3. German Chancellor Angela Merkel conferred Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for 2009 by President Pratibha Patil.The External Affairs Ministry release revealed that that the jury chaired by Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, has decided to confer the award for 2009 on Dr Merkel.4. Mamata Banerjee was sworn in as the first woman and 11th Chief Minister of West Bengal.In May 2011 she made History by ending the uninterrupted 34-year reign of the Left in West Bengal.2012:Agni-V, India's first intermediate-range ballistic missile (ICBM) test-firedIndia on April 19 test-fired for the first time its most-ambitious strategic missile, the over 5,000-km range Agni-V, in a bid to join the super exclusive ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) club that counts just US, Russia, China, France and UK as its members.2. Terrorist - Ajmal Kasab hanged.Pakistani terrorist Ajmal Kasab caught alive after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, was hanged to death at the Yerawada central prison on Nov 21 morning, less than a week before the fourth anniversary of the carnage.Well, ThisTerroist’s hanging news is a History finally those Brave souls who caught this Killer Alive got justice and would have rest In Peace.3. Modi becomes Gujarat CM for the third timeGujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led his party BJP to another landslide win, securing 115 seats in the assembly elections, two less than the 117 seats he had won last time.4. Pranam Mukerji became The 13Th President of India.One of India's most experienced and canny politicians, Mukherjee, the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate, won the sweepstakes with a massive margin, bagging 713,763 votes, about 70%, leaving Sangma way behind with 315,887 votes.2013:Mangalyaan - India Mars MissionThe Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan is a Mars orbiter launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.It was a proud moment of all Indians as this space-ship was conceptualized and developed by our very own ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). It exhibited the expertise and command we Indians have over science and technology.2. Raghuram Rajan took over as the 23rd Governor of The Reserve Bank Of India (RBI)An economics professor who also served as chief economist at the International Monetary Fund succeeded D.Subbarao.3. President Pranab Mukherjee signed the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013The Criminal Law [Amendment] Bill, 2013 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19th March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21st March 2013. The President of India has accorded his assent to the Bill on 2nd April 2013 hence called as Criminal Law [Amendment] Act, 2013,”2014:India’s 29Th State Telengana was Born.Indian parliament passed a bill to create 29th state, dividing the southern state of Andhra Pradesh into two.The northern area was carved out to create Telangana, after decades of protests. K Chandrasekhar Rao, of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi party (TRS), which for 14 years spearheaded the movement for separation, was later sworn in as chief minister of the state.2. The Narendra Modi WaveThe BJP rose to power in May this year when they won the national elections with a sweeping majority.Led by Narendra Modi's election campaign, the party won 282 of the 543 seats in the Indian Parliament.3. India's Mars MissionPicture Speaks <3India Created History when ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) Aka Mangalyaan entered the Mars orbiter in its First Attempt.And Most importantly It was the Contribution of our Indian SheroesRitu Karidhal - Was a Deputy Operations Director to India’s Mars Orbital Mission. also Referred to as “Rocket Woman of India”Nandini Harinath - rocket scientist at ISRO’s Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. She was a part of the Mars Orbiter Mission, Maangalyaan.Minal Rohit - Minal Rohit is an Indian scientist and systems engineer with the Indian Space Research Organisation. She helped send the Mangalyaan space probe to Mars.Moumita Dutta - an Indian Physicist working at the Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation - Ahmedabad, She was part of the team Mangalyaan 20144. Kailash Satyarthi - First Indian Citizen who won the Nobel Peace Award 2014The only Indian to have won the award earlier is Mother Teresa, who became a naturalised Indian citizen in 1948.5. Sampoorna Singh Kalra popularly know as Gulzar Won Dadasaheb Phalke AwardVeteran lyricist received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema2015:End Of An Era - India’s 11th President APJ Abdul Kalam died on 27th July at a hospital in Shillong, Meghalaya.He had gone to deliver a lecture at the age of 83. He was delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management in Shillong when he collapsed and suffered cardiac arrest.You will remain in our Hearts Sir, This Legends History will always be remembered.2. Rise Of AAP and Arvind Kejriwal.The Aam Aadmi Party led by Arvind Kejriwal wins the Delhi Assembly Election, The party won 67 out of the 70 seats.3. Saina Nehwal became the first Indian woman shuttler to attain world number one rank.She created history as she became the First Indian Woman Shuttler to attain the World number One Ranking.4. PSLV Successfully Launches India's Multi Wavelength Space Observatory ASTROSATIndia's first space observatory Astrosat was launched on PSLV-XL.2016:Mariappan Thangavelu Won Gold Medal - India’s First Paralympian Gold MedalistAn Indian Paralympics high jumper. He represented India in 2016 summer Paralympic games held in Rio De Janeiro. In the men’s high jump T-42 category, he won the gold medal in the finals.2. India’s Surgical Strike Against PakistanLt Gen Ranbir Singh (DGMO) said that it had received “very credible and specific information” about “terrorist teams” who were preparing to “carry out infiltration and conduct terrorist strikes inside Jammu and Kashmir and in various metros in other states”.India Conducted “Surgical Strikes against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir on 29 September 2016.3. PSLV-C34 - A historic satellite Launch by ISROIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched 20 satellites through a single rocket, breaking its 2008 record of launching 10 satellites in a single mission.Cartosat-2 Series satellite, the PSLV C-34 rocket blasted off from Sriharikota, carrying satellites mainly for international customers including the US, Germany and a Google-owned company.Most of the satellites entered orbit to observe and measure the Earth's atmosphere, while another aimed to provide service for amateur radio operators.4. PV Sindhu - First Indian Woman to Win an Olympic Silver Medal - Rio OlympicsPusarla Venkata Sindhu fought with tenacity, lost the finals, but created History with a stunning display of talent, power and grace.5. Sakshi Malik - Gold Medal - Rio OlympicsAnother Shero who got India it's Gold Medal, After a gritty performance at the 58kg women's wrestling category she won bronze, becoming the first Indian female wrestler and the fourth Indian woman to win an Olympic medal.2017:Manushi Chillar Crowned Miss WorldShe's the sixth Indian woman to win the crown. Born in Rohtak, she is pursuing a medical degree from a medical college in Sonipat.She was made brand ambassador for Anaemia Free Haryana, and her 'Beauty with a Purpose campaign Project Shakti' was given government support of Rs 18 crore, by Harayana CM.2. Ram Nath Kovind becomes PresidentGovernor of Bihar From 2015–2017Rajya Sabha MP from 1994–2006Ram Nath Kovind was sworn in as the 14th President of India on June 25, 2017.3. ISRO launched a record 104 satellites - February 2017India created history by successfully launching a record 104 satellites by Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) reliable vehicle, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).In its 39th flight, the PSLV-C37 took off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota and placed the satellites into the orbit.Out of the 104 satellites, 101 belonged to foreign countries. 96 were from the US and one each from Israel, UAE, Netherlands, Switzerland and Kazakhstan respectively.4. Pritika Yashini - India’s First transgender sub-inspector appointed in Tamil NaduPrithika, who was born as Pradeep, applied for recruitment to the Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB), but her application was rejected as she didn't belong to the specified gender categories.She challenged this decision in different courts, and the High Court of Madras ordered for conducting a test for her. She cleared all her tests, and the judge asked the TNUSRB to appoint her as she was "entitled to the job". She took charge as the sub-inspector in Dharmapuri district on April 2.5. Anny Divya - World’s Youngest Female Commander to Fly Boeing 77730-year-old Air India pilot became the world's youngest female captain of a Boeing 777.She flew the world's largest twinjet during advanced training in London.2018:ISRO launched 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 12 January 2018 launched 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2 satellite on its 44.4-metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C40) rocket.The 320-tonne rocket will place the satellites one-by-one and deploy them into the earth's lower orbit.2. `Gaganyaan - India's maiden human spaceflight programme'The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on August 28, 2018, unveiled the details of the Gaganyaan mission for manned space flight before 2022.The Gaganyaan mission was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his 72nd Independence Day speech. PM Modi announced that this manned space mission will take Indian astronauts to space on board 'Gaganyaan' by 2022.ISRO Chairman, Dr K. Sivan said that the programme will make India the fourth nation in the world to launch a Human Spaceflight Mission. So far, only the USA, Russia and China have launched human spaceflight missions.3. India records best-ever performance at Asian Games 2018India with a haul of 69 medals including 15 gold recorded its best-ever performance in the history of Asian Games at the 2018 edition held in Jakarta and Palembang in Indonesia.India maintained its top-10 rank by finishing eighth yet again.2019:AF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman gets Vir ChakraVir Chakra - India's third-highest gallantry medalIAF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman awarded with the Vir Chakra, on the occasion of Independence Day, while five other IAF pilots honoured with Vayu Seva Medal.IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman spent almost 60 hours in Pakistani custody after his MiG-21 Bison jet was shot down during aerial combat with Pakistani jets on February 27, just a day after the Balakot airstrike by India. The 36-year-old IAF pilot had suffered injuries while ejecting from his MiG-21 Bison.2. Chandrayaan 2 - ISRO makes us Proud Again and Again.Chandrayaan 2, India’s second lunar mission, was launched on July 22. It was scheduled to be launched on July 15, but it was aborted 56 minutes before lift-off due to a technical snag.The mission was successful, but it could not achieve one aspect -- to land its lander (Vikram) on the moon. Vikram carried the rover (Pragyan), which was expected to carry out various experiments on the moon's surface.On September 7, during the last minutes of descent, the communication link with Vikram snapped when it was about 2.1 km from the surface of the moon.After three days, the ISRO confirmed the sighting of Vikram through images beamed by the Orbiter. Even after 14 days ( 1 lunar day), communications could not be re-established. On December 3, NASA confirmed that its satellite had found the debris of Vikram lander.3. Jammu & Kashmir loses special statusIn August the Central Government announced the scrapping of Article 370 which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to scrapping the Article government also announced Split sate into two Union TerritoriesOne was Jammu and Kashmir With a Legislature and another Ladakh without Legislature.Thank You!!!Jai Hind!!Image Source: GoogleFootnotes:Saina Nehwal wins Hong Kong Open SeriesObama's trip to be biggest everIndia unveils new rupee symbolAngela Merkel chosen for Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for 2009West Bengal's first woman CMAnna Hazare's anti-corruption protest sees Delhi signal compromiseIndia Wins 2011 Cricket World CupBJP's big Gujarat win; Narendra Modi to get third term as chief ministerPranab Mukherjee is the next President of IndiaAjmal Kasab hanged, buried at Pune's Yerwada JailIndia to test nuclear-capable Agni-I missile on WednesdayStringent anti-rape laws get President’s nodRaghuram Rajan takes over as 23rd Governor of Reserve Bank of IndiaMars Orbiter Mission Completes 1000 Days in Orbithttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/veteran-poet-and-film-lyricist-gulzar-to-be-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award/articleshow/33656215.cmsChildren’s rights activist Kailash Satyarthi awarded 2014 Nobel Peace Prize | Commonwealth Foundationhttps://www.narendramodi.in/namo-wave-during-rallies-as-lakhs-thronged-to-rally-venues-3147India's Mars mission: Picture that spoke 1,000 wordsTelangana is bornPresident APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83Reaching for the Stars: The Incredible Rise of Arvind KejriwalPSLV Successfully Launches India's Multi Wavelength Space Observatory ASTROSATSuperb Saina Nehwal is first Indian woman shuttler to be world number oneThe female wrestler who won India's first Rio medalISRO launches PSLV-C34 carrying 20 satellitesPV Sindhu is the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal after a heartbreakingly close badminton finalIndia Claims ‘Surgical Strikes’ Across Line of Control in KashmirRio Paralympics: Mariyappan Thangavelu wins gold medal in men's high jumpWorld's youngest female Boeing 777 pilot, Anny Divya, joins elite list of LinkedIn InfluencersPSLV-C37 Successfully Launches 104 Satellites in a Single FlightIndia's first transgender police officer appointed in Tamil NaduManushi Chhillar from India wins the title of Miss World 2017Ram Nath Kovind elected India's 14th President, to take oath on July 25India records best-ever performance at Asian Games 2018: In DetailISRO unveils Gaganyaan Mission to put Indians in space before 2022ISRO launches 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan gets Vir Chakrahttps://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-mission-has-achieved-98-per-cent-objectives-isro-chief-k-sivan/article29476059.ecehttps://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan-2-mission-a-huge-success-isro-chief-k-sivan/article29476025.ece

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the issuance and supply of the Indian rupee. Until the Monetary Policy Committee was established in 2016, it also controlled monetary policy in India.[6]It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[7]The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.[8]Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949.[9]The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member central board of directors: the governor; four deputy governors; two finance ministry representatives (usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary); ten government-nominated directors to represent important elements of India's economy; and four directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and the capital New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests, the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves, control of inflation, monetary policy report till August 2016. A central bank is known by different names in different countries. The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country. A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy.[10]The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street.[11]RBI is also known as banker's bank.Contents1 Preamble2 History 2.1 1935–1949 2.2 1950–1960 2.3 1961–1968 2.4 1969–1984 2.5 1985–1990 2.6 1991–1999 2.7 Since 20003 Structure4 Branches and support bodies5 Functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 5.4 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 5.5 Managing foreign exchange 5.6 Issue of currency 5.7 Banker's bank 5.8 Regulator of the Banking System 5.9 Detection of fake currency 5.10 Developmental role 5.11 Related functions 5.12 Custodian to foreign exchange6 2016 Demonetisation 6.1 Cash crunch and effects7 Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios 7.1 Repo Rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate (RRR) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) 7.4 Bank Rate 7.5 Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) 7.6 Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) 7.7 Open Market Operation (OMO) 7.8 Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)8 Qualitative Tools 8.1 Margin Requirements or LTV 8.2 Selective credit control 8.3 Moral Suasion9 Limitations of Monetary Policy10 Publications11 References12 Further reading13 External linksPreambleThe preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as:"to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth."HistoryA 2010 stamp dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Reserve Bank of IndiaThe Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934.[12]Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India (GoI).1935–1949Reserve Bank of India-10 Rupees (1938), first year of banknote issue.The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War.[13]The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934.[14]RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in his book titled “The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin and its solution” and presented to the Hilton Young Commission. The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, also known as the Hilton–Young Commission.[15]The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur, with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However, it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India. The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes, keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country. The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but was moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burma's (now Myanmar) central bank until April 1947 (except during the years of Japanese occupation (1942–45)), even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the Partition of India in August 1947, the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though set up as a shareholders’ bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949.[16]RBI has monopoly of note issue.1950–1960In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks[17]and established, based on the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (later called the Banking Regulation Act), a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans.[18]1961–1968As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system, it was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy, and used the slogan "Developing Banking". The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector.1969–1984In 1969, the Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks. Upon Indira Gandhi's return to power in 1980, a further six banks were nationalized.[15]The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.[19]The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for various tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[20]These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agricultural business and small trade companies.[21]The Banking Commission was established on Wednesday, 29 January 1969, to analyze banking costs, effects of legislations and banking procedures, including non banking financial intermediaries and indigenous banking on Government of India economy; with Mr. R.G. Saraiya as the chairman.[22][23][24]The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town.[25]The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.[26]1985–1990A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression" (Mckinnon and Shaw).[20]The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation.[27]1991–1999The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued.[28]The currency lost 18% of its value relative to the US dollar, and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal.[19]The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets.[29]This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998.[20]The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company—the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited—on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes.[30]Since 2000The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the item in 2004–2005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer).[31]The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.[32]The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of 2008–2009[33]and the central bank promotes the economic development.[34]In 2016, the Government of India amended the RBI Act to establish the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to set . This limited the role of the RBI in setting interest rates, as the MPC membership is evenly divided between members of the RBI (including the RBI governor) and independent members appointed by the government. However, in the event of a tie, the vote of the RBI governor is decisive.[6]StructureRBI runs a monetary museum in MumbaiThe central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[35]2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank — under Raghuram Rajan's governorship — wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[36][37]The bank is headed by the governor, currently Shaktikanta Das.[1]There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo,[38]N S Vishwanathan, Viral Acharya and Mahesh Kumar Jain.[39]Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank's Executive Directors. One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist. An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao. Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor, Y C Deveshwar, Prof Damodar Acharya, Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal.Uma Shankar, chief general manager (CGM) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director (ED) in the central bank.[citation needed]Sudha Balakrishnan, a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited, assumed charge as the first chief financial officer (CFO) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018; she was given the rank of an executive director.[40]Branches and support bodiesRBI Headquarters in Mumbai[41]The Reserve Bank building as seen from the Chennai Suburban Railway linesThe RBI has four regional representations: North in New Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board.[42]It has two training colleges for its officers, viz. Reserve Bank Staff College, Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking, Pune. There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT).[43]There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi.The Board of Financial Supervision (BFS), formed in November 1994, serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions. It has four members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring and internal controlling systems. The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S. S. Tarapore to "lay the road map" to capital account convertibility. The five-member committee recommended a three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999–2000.On 8 December 2017, Surekha Marandi, Executive Director (ED) of Reserve Bank of India, said RBI will open an office in the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh[44]FunctionsReserve Bank of India regional office, Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting "Prosperity through agriculture".[45]The regional office of RBI (right) in front of GPO (left) at Dalhousie Square, Kolkata.The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy, issuing currency, managing foreign exchange, working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks. It also works for overall economic growth of the country. The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as:..to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.Financial SupervisionThe primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking finance companies.The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor. The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members. One deputy governor, usually, the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision, is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board. The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments.BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions. The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members. The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Financial Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues.Regulator and supervisor of the financial systemThe institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins.[46]Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement SystemsPayment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency. The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act)[47]gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority, including regulation and supervision, for the payment and settlement systems in the country. In this role, the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms. Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) allow individuals, companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another. These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country.NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis and settles transactions in batches. The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut-off time. It operates in hourly batches — there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays.[48]Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time. In RTGS, transactions are processed continuously, all through the business hours. RBI's settlement time is 9 am to 4:30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2:00 pm on Saturdays.[49]Banker and Debt Manager to GovernmentJust like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently, Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions. RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India (GoI). As a banker to the GoI, RBI maintains its accounts, receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts. RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities.Managing foreign exchangeThe central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows, the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment. RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation.On a given day, the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions. The RBI's Financial Markets Department (FMD) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for/supply of foreign currency.Issue of currencyReserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India. The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation. All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability, i.e., the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value, to enhance public confidence in paper currency. The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves. For printing of notes, the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a wholly owned company of the Government of India, has set up printing presses at Nashik, Maharashtra and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL), also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal. In all, there are four printing presses.[50]And for the minting of coins, SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai, Noida (UP), Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production.[50]While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India (GoI), the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins. RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency. For printing currency, RBI has four facilities at Dewas, Nasik, Mysore and Salboni. The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands. New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016. The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016. Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI.Banker's bankNagpur branch holds most of India's gold deposits.[51][52][53][54]Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money. RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.[55]Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations. As banker's bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks. It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises. The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility.Regulator of the Banking SystemRBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation's financial system. As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system. RBI uses methods like On-site inspections, off-site surveillance, scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses, setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas. RBI is currently focused on implementing norms.Detection of fake currencyIn order to curb the fake currency problem, RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market. www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency.[56]On 22 January 2014; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014, it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005. From 1 April 2014, the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes. Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication. The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender. This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers. From 1 July 2014, however, to exchange more than 15 pieces of `500 and `1000 notes, non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she/he wants to exchange the notes.This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash. As the new currency notes have added security features, they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency.[57]Developmental roleThe central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries.[18]The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector.[58]Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture, micro and small enterprises (MSE), housing and education. RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net.Related functionsThe RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. It also acts as their banker. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition.[59]The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks, too. RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought-like situation because of poor monsoon this year.[60]Custodian to foreign exchangeThe Reserve Bank has custody of the country's reserves of international currency, and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position.2016 DemonetisationPeople gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.Main article: 2016 Indian banknote demonetisationOn 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 (US$7.00) and ₹1,000 (US$14) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).[61]The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[62][63]The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series. Following are the key points:Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala, 19 November 2016.Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.[64][65]For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof. It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016. Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.[64][65] The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November 2016.[66] All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.[67]Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.[68] From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.[64][65]However, exceptions were given to petrol, CNG and gas stations, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.[69][70]International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.[71]Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan.[66][72]Cash crunch and effectsQueue at an ATM for ₹100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016.The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes since 9 November.[73][74][75][76]ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.[74]Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi, but there were no reports of any grievous injury,[77]people attacked bank premises and ATMs,[78][79][80][81][82][83]and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹500 banknotes.[84][85][86][87]Policy Rates and Reserve RatiosRates as of 6th bi-monthly (7 February 2019) monetary policy meet of FY1819[88]Policy ratesPolicy Repo Rate6.25%Reverse Repo Rate6.00%Marginal Standing Facility Rate6.50%Bank Rate6.50%Reserve ratiosCash Reserve Ratio (CRR)4%Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)19.50%Lending and deposit rates[89]Base Rate8.95%–9.45%MCLR (overnight)8.15%–8.45%Savings Deposit Rate3.50%–4.00%Term Deposit Rate for > 1year6.25%–7.50%Repo RateRepo (Repurchase) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short-term (max. 90 days). When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money, it increases the repo rate similarly, if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate. If the repo rate is increased, banks can't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down. Generally, repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy.If banks want to borrow money (for short term, usually overnight) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate. Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral. This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement. If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores, it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore (could be more because of margin requirement which is 5%–10% of loan amount) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.5 crore at the end of borrowing period. So the bank has paid Rs. 6.5 crore as interest. This is the reason it is called repo rate. The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota (otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5% of NDTL and attract penalty). Banks have to provide these securities additionally.To curb inflation, RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks. Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy. Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced. This will result in inflation coming down. RBI does the opposite to fight deflation. Although when RBI reduce Repo rate, banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate.The RBI increased the Repo rate from 6% to 6.25% in June 2018.[90]Reverse Repo Rate (RRR)As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI. As a result, banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others (people, companies etc.) which is always risky.Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI, whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks. Currently, Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25% below Repo Rate.Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an anti-inflationary impact. A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities. In well-developed economies, central banks use open market operations—buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market—to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government securities are traded at market-related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years. Generally, RBI usesMinimum margins for lending against specific securities.Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes.The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances.Direct credit controls in India are of three types:Part of the interest rate structure, i.e., on small savings and provident funds, are administratively set.Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50% of their NDTL (Net Demand and Time Liabilities) in the form of liquid assets.Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their advances.The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash and gold. Here it would be pertinent to mention the gold swap of July 2014.[91][92][93]The present SLR is 19.5%.Bank RateIt is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ‘standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase'. When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI, it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them. It is currently set to 6.75%[94](Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2018–19). The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days. Although penal rates are linked to bank rate. If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate.Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000. LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities. RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs.5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter. LAF enables liquidity management on a day-to-day basis. The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos.Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)CRR refers to the ratio of bank's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank's net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks. The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI. The RBI has set CRR at 4%. 1% change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 1000000 crores. An increase sucks this amount from the economy, while a decrease injects this amount into the economy.So - Crazy Domains if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI. RBI pays no interest on CRR.Let's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR. If RBI increases SLR to 50% and CRR to 20% then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations. Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital. Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly. This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually.Open Market Operation (OMO)Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system. When there is excess supply of money, central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity. Similarly, when liquidity is tight, RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy.Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)This scheme was introduced in May 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme. Banks can borrow up to 2.5%[95]percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities. RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs. One crore and in multiples of Rs. One crore thereafter. The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota (up to one percent). So even if SLR goes below 20.5%(RBI/2014-15/445 DBR.Ret.BC.70/12.02.001/2014-15, dt. 16 October 2016) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF, bank will not have to pay any penalty. The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50% as of 1.6.17.[96][better source needed]Qualitative ToolsMargin Requirements or LTVLoan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased. RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers. For example, if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac, he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70%. RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively.Selective credit controlUnder this measure, RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar, edible oil, etc. This prevents speculations/ hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks.Moral SuasionUnder this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings, conferences, media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends. For example, when RBI reduces repo rate, it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well. Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets (NPAs).Limitations of Monetary PolicyIn developing countries like India, Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors:People do not employ alternative investment options. A large section of society still depends on saving accounts, fixed deposits, Public Provident Fund for investment. Commercial banks have large deposits. RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks. So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy.Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities.Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation. Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation.