What Follows Is A Sample Of An Application For The Frederick: Fill & Download for Free

This is sheopur fortress in kuno forest, the flowing river shining in evening sunshine is a tributary of chamabal, the Kuno river. The major water source for the flora and fauna of the landscape and it bifurcates the National park near symmetrically into equal halves called Kuno east division and west division.It is not a sanctuary now but a national Park with 413 km2 core area and surrounding 530 km2+ buffer area. It is pristine natural reserve because it protects wildlife with limited human activity. It is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion. An area of 344.686 km2 (133.084 sq mi) was set aside as a wildlife sanctuary in 1981. Since then this has been elevated to the Kuno Wildlife Division with an 900 km2 (350 sq mi) as a buffer area around the sanctuary. With the total of 1200 km2+ as protected area.Feral zebu cattle roam the sanctuary, left behind by the relocated Saharia tribal herders. The cattle are also intended to serve as prey for Asiatic lions.The National park is home to many flora, avain wildlife and faunal species including:Indian wolf,Rhesus macaque,Gray langur a good prey to carnivores like lions and tigers with body mass up to 30 kg,Indian leopard,Nilgai one of the biggest antelope of Asia and biggest of India can weight 280+ kg,Royal Bengal tiger,The feral Zebu cattle (derived most undisturbed without low inter breeding history from extinct by domestication Indian Aurochs which is the ancestral genus for all cattle around the world) left by sahariya tribe during relocation of 24 villages. A good prey for reintroduced lions.Chital,Indian boar,Sambar deer biggest deer species of Asia, stags weigh 300+ kg,Chinkara/Indian Gazelle,Four-horned antelope,Blackbuck,Though Dhole/Indian Wild Dog is not spotted but may occur rarely,Indian peafowl/Blue peafowl,Gharial highly critically endangered,Grey francolin a prey for caracal,Caracal,Painted spurfowl,Ruddy shelduck,Golden jackalBeyond the river lay a dense jungle of Anogeissus pendula-Acacia catechu- Ziziphus mauritiana and other miscellaneous species of the Central Indian dry forest. Kuno was in relation to a meeting about the reintroduction of lions as per the order given by the Supreme Court in April 2013, which said that the lions should be translocated from Gir to Kuno in October 2013. The meeting on 18th and 19th December 2016 was attended by officials from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change, Madhya Pradesh, the Gujarat Forest Departments and key conservationists like M.K Ranjitsinh. After the meeting all the other members left and Dr. A.J.T.Johnsingh, Nature Conservation Foundation, WWF-India and Corbett Foundation stayed a day longer to get a better understanding of Kuno, as he was visiting the sanctuary after 12 years.The main purpose of our visit was to observe the recovery of vegetation and wild ungulate prey after the villages had been relocated. This was my fifth visit to Kuno and all my earlier visits had taken place while I was serving in the Wildlife Institute of India. In three days I was driven close to 100 km and I found that the recovery of the vegetation including the grasslands was impressive. A team from the Wildlife Institute of India under the guidance of Y.V. Jhala has quantified wild ungulate abundance in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary , and according to their 2016 report , the chital density was 69 animals/sq.km, nilgai 9/sq.km and sambar 8/sq.km. Sightings of chital and nilgai were impressive. Jackal was once a very common predator throughout India but it has disappeared from most places, most likely because of diseases transmitted by free-ranging dogs. It was frequently seen in Kuno. It is very likely that the fruiting Zizyphus mauritiana, eaten by all animals including dholes and elephants, may have led to this frequent sighting. All the members, including those from the Gujarat Forest Department, were impressed by the excellent vegetation, chital, nilgai and feral cattle abundance. Wild pigs were also seen.Just before the meeting on the 18th, certain leaders of the local people met the committee members and pleaded with them to bring the lions as early as possible. Their rightful contention was that nearly 1500 families living in the 345 sq km sanctuary made the great sacrifice of leaving the forest in late 1990s and early 2000 so as to make the habitat disturbance-free, which is vital for reviving the habitat essential to bring the lions. They said that any further delay in bringing the lions would make their sacrifice a mockery and meaningless.Surprisingly, I had very few sightings of sambar - only four animals were seen. Calls were frequently heard in the hills as sambar are largely animals of the hills. We were in the peak rutting season (November to March) of sambar. Sambar stags shed the velvet antlers before getting into the hard antler, a must for fighting with other males during the rut to have access to females. In the process of shedding the velvet, they rub the antlers against the trunk of the trees with soft bark and thrash the saplings. The abundance of rubbing and thrashing signs in the rutting season can be an index of sambar abundance. I saw only two rubbing signs. Dholes, which efficiently prey on sambar, are absent in Kuno and therefore one can expect a high density of sambar in Kuno as in Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, but it was surprising that many sambar were not seen.The most conspicuous feature of the Kuno landscape is the abundance of feral cattle, which live in the forest and do not go to the village. There were 2000-2500 cattle and they were all exceedingly healthy. There was a preponderance of bulls; cows were also present but not many calves. The staff opined that leopards preyed on the calves as soon as they were born. When the lions are introduced, the cattle will contribute significantly to their diet.As I drove around, I understood that the ability of Kuno to support a high density of ungulates was due to the abundance of short grass species and of the extremely palatable tall grass, Apluda mutica. Prominent browse and fruiting species were Acacia leucophloea, A. catechu, Aegle marmelos, A. pendula, A. latifolia (occurrence of the last two species in Kuno could be a unique feature of the vegetation) and Balanites aegyptiaca. I also observed that certain species need to be removed from the habitat, and prominent among them are Prosopis juliflora (for firewood by the staff; only this species should be used, not the slow growing and much more valuable A. catechu), the strong smelling Vitex negundo, and Z. numularia (this species can be easily differentiated from the much more valuable Z. mauritiana by its stunted growth, serrated margin of the leaves and yellowish colour). Grewia flavescens (have seen goats feeding on them in Sariska Tiger Reserve) is another species that needs to be controlled. Opuntia dillenii, an exotic but naturalized in some of the drier tracts of India, can be a threat to the habitat if not controlled now.Before leaving Kuno, one day I spent three hours from 0900 to 1200 hrs sitting on the ground in Marithalai waterhole. An Acacia arabica tree with three stems and a rank growth of Achyranthes aspera in front gave me sufficient cover to remain hidden. My hope was to see a caracal or a leopard or a sambar coming to the water. Some tree pies and jungle crows stayed around the water hole. Initially there was no breeze and 12 chital stags came, in groups of seven and five, and without either seeing or smelling me they drank water and went away. Two wild pigs came, but by this time the breeze was blowing from my direction towards them and therefore they smelt me, with great agitation drank water and ran away from the place. Interestingly, a peacock from the other end of the waterhole, nearly 40 m away, and two grey francolins, some 20 m from me, spotted me, gave their characteristic alarm calls and ran away from the place.On the 21st, I drove out of Kuno, crossing the eastern part of the Sanctuary. This gave me an opportunity to view the agriculture fields of the people who were settled out of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. All the fields were blooming golden with the flowers of mustard crop. When they were settled nearly 15 years ago , while ploughing they found the fields full of stones which they painstakingly collected and have meticulously made use of to build walls around their fields. As I drove, I noticed an enormous collection of firewood by the people living in the fringe areas from the buffer forests of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. I wished that there should be a program for the people to grow firewood along the roads and the boundary of forests so as to reduce their growing dependency on the buffer forests.The people of Gujarat are extremely attached to the lions and they consider it the pride of Gujarat. In the lion landscape outside the 1500 http://sq.km Gir protected area, if a pregnant lioness choses a place in anagricultural field, say a patch of a sugar cane field for giving birth, the people consider it as a daughter or a daughter- in- law coming home to give birth. The patch of sugar cane is not disturbed till the cubs grow and are strong enough to move away from that area following the mother. Now, with large-heartedness, the people of Gujarat should agree to send a small portion of their lion family, may be about ten animals, to establish a second home in Kuno National Park, which has the potential to be as large as 740 http://sq.km with the resettling of Bagcha village. The Kuno Wildlife Division is 1235 http://sq.km.This new population can significantly improve wildlife tourism in the Kuno landscape, bringing in enormous benefits to the people of the area who have done an enormous sacrifice of moving out of the forest area to give a home to the lions. This second home will provide additional security to the lions from virulent diseases like canine distemper. One should remember that in the early 1990s canine distemper killed nearly 1000 lions out of a population of about 3000 in the 30,000 http://sq.km Serengeti ecosystem. The hard work put in by several dedicated forest officers of Madhya Pradesh to prepare Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary to receive lions would also be amply rewarded.There are plans to send the staff of Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary to Gir landscape to learn about lion management. Likewise there should to be a program to send selected village leaders from Kuno landscape to Gir landscape to learn from the local people about living with lions. The day may not be far when on a cold winter night one sitting near the fire place before Palpur forest rest house would be able to listen to both the roaring of the lions and the sawing sound of leopards in the same night.Acknowledgement: Thanks are recorded to Madhavi Sethupathi for reading through the article.Tall grasses give cover to fawns and predators but need to be managed by cool season burning so as to promote the new growth of grass rich in protein. Grasslands in dry habitats should not be burnt annually; therefore, fire in Kuno which is in a dry landscape should be used sparingly, with the careful selection of the area and time. Heteropogon contortus is a short grass which needs to be burnt before it becomes mature as its arrow-like seeds are capable of injuring the tongue and eyes of even wild animals.It is created to ensure the survival of Cheetahs and Last Asiatic lions of the world along with other sites in various parts of central and west India but delayed due to greedy desire of Gujarat govt monopoly on lions tourism revenue income and BJP dominant politics over NDA/Congress govt started central scheme/project i.e.., Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project and Cheetah reintroduction Project.Asiatic cheetah reintroduction:Currently, wildlife experts have shortlisted three regions which have the potential to support cheetah populations. The Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh and the Shahgarh bulge landscape in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan have been declared potentially suitable for the reintroduction of the cheetah. The Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has the potential to hold populations of four of India's big cats; the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, and Asiatic lion and cheetah, all four of which have co-existed in the same habitats historically for many years, before they were wiped out due to overhunting and habitat destruction. Since the Shahgarh Landscape is fenced along the Indo-Pakistani border region, the addition of more fencing will ensure adequate protection for the cheetah population. The Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (1197km2) is part of a much larger forested landscape (5500km2 ) which can host the cheetah as well.At a future date, when sufficient population has built up, other former range habitats in India (after revitalizing them) may also be considered for reintroduction like the Banni grasslands and Desert National Park etc.A few wildlife groups have suggested the Moyar river valley in Tamil Nadu's Satyamangalam FD, part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve as it is a pristine forest with flourishing population of prey and a good record of conservation. Frederick Augustus Nicholson, the then British Collector has reported to have shot a few individuals near Kothamangalam, Velamundi and Bolampatti (all in NBR). This region is on the leeward side of SW monsoon.Southeast African/Namibian cheetah reintroduction:The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) has, for a long time, been theoretically classified as a sub-species of the cheetah with the suffix "venaticus" applied at the end of its scientific binomial name Acinonyx jubatus. However, at a cheetah reintroduction workshop organised in India on 9 September 2009, Stephen J. O'Brien from Laboratory of Genomic Diversity of National Cancer Institute of the US who has in the past conducted numerous prestigious genetic studies - including those on Asiatic lions - said that according to the latest modern genetic studies, it was discovered that the Asiatic cheetah was, in fact, genetically identical to the African cheetah with which it had separated only about 5000 years ago. This was not enough time for a sub-species level differentiation; O'Brien said that in comparison the Asian and African lion subspecies were separated some 100,000 years ago, as was the African and Asian leopard subspecies 169,000 years ago. Cheetah expert Laurie Marker of the Cheetah Conservation Fund and other wildlife experts advised the Indian Government that for reintroduction purposes India should source the cheetah from Africa where they were much more numerous instead of trying to have some removed from the critically endangered low population of about 70 to 110 or so Asiatic cheetahs left in Iran.India's Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh, chief wildlife wardens of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, officials of the environment ministry, cheetah experts from across the globe including Laurie Marker from Cheetah Conservation Fund, representatives from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) including Yadvendradev Jhala, and IUCN, an international conservation NGO, among others, participated in a meeting about this issue.Subsequently, in 2011, a much more detailed five-year genetic study involving gathering of DNA samples from the wild, zoos and museums in eight countries was published in Molecular Ecology (Journal) on 8 January 2011. This newer study concluded that African and Asiatic cheetahs were in reality genetically very distinct and had in fact separated 32,000 to 67,000 years ago. Sub-species level differentiation had taken place due to longer separation from the African population.The effect of this latest revelation on India's plan to reintroduce cheetahs to the country was left unknown.Introduction of South African/Namibian cheetah:As the world's last Asiatic cheetah population in Iran is currently classified as critically endangered, with an estimated total of below 100, the cheetah experts felt that it would not be conducive to disturb it. India is therefore exploring an alternate plan of importing the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) from some African countries, such as in Namibia, where they are in greater abundance, with a view to breeding them in captivity, and then setting them free in protected, semi-arid habitats in India.Since the Asiatic cheetah became extinct in India about half a century ago, suggestions to reestablish the cheetah in India have been ongoing.For this purpose a meeting of International cheetah experts was organized in Gajner, near Bikaner in the Indian state of Rajasthan during September 2009. As per the discussions held at the meeting cheetah experts from around the world favored importing South African cheetahs for the proposed reintroduction in India as against getting them from the world's last remnant population of the Asiatic cheetah, which is also called "Iranian cheetah," since it survives in Iran, where it is currently critically endangered, with the entire population estimated to be below 100.International experts including Laurie Marker of Cheetah Conservation Fund, credited with developing cheetah conservation programmes in a number of countries, including Iran, argues that the world's last Asiatic cheetah population in Iran is abysmally low to spare any individuals for reintroduction efforts in India. Stephen J O'Brien, world's leading conservation geneticist and Chief of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute, United States, has clarified that there is no significant genetic difference between the African and the Iran's Asiatic cheetah, as per genetic research carried out by him African and Indian cheetahs were only separated just some 5,000 years ago which is not enough for a sub-species level differentiation. "African and Asian cheetahs are similar in nature and have same genetic make-up. So India can have the animal from South Africa if it is not getting from Iran (which has already refused to part with its Asian cheetah)," noted the cheetah genetic expert Stephen J O Brien. At the meeting experts also identified South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania and UAE as countries from where the cheetah could be imported for India. "About 5 to 10 animals annually have to be brought to India over a period of 5 to 10 years," recommended another working group, which was formed for exploring sourcing and translocation of the cheetah.The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India has approved the recommendation for a detailed survey of potential reintroduction sites in the four Indian states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, shortlisted during the consultative meeting. Three more Indian states Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are being also considered. This survey will form the basis for the roadmap of reintroduction of cheetah in India, and will be carried out by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).Current statusThe Ministry of forests and environment of India is now hammering out the details of the cheetah conservation plan. As a first step, a two-day seminar of technical experts on cheetahs was held in Gajner from 9 September 2009. Experts on cheetah, including Divyabhanusinh Chavda and M K Ranjitsinh presented their papers on how to go about bringing cheetahs to India.The initial plans were to bring the cheetahs to Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary. "We want to set up a breeding ground for the cheetahs and Gajner seems to fit the bill perfectly. Thereafter, they will be transported to various states," he added.India is also in talks with the Islamic Republic of Iran over the possibility of sending a pair of Asiatic cheetahs to India. The Iranian embassy in Delhi said that its government was in the process of "arranging" talks.The Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh said that African cheetahs could be brought to India within three years having just returned from a trip to South Africa, one of the potential source-habitats of cheetahs to be moved to India.The Wildlife Institute of India is spearheading the project, and will unveil a road map and destination for the African cheetahs – possible options are in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat – by the end of May.Kuno Palpur and Nauradehi Sancturies in Madhya Pradesh and Shahgarh landscape in Jaisalmer in Rajasthan have been selected in by the Wildlife Institute of India as most suitable sites for the reintroduction project.Plans on holdAs of May 2012 the Indian Supreme Court has put the project of importing cheetahs from Africa and reintroducing them in India on hold. Some Conservationists have been fighting a legal battle in Indian Supreme Court to get the Indian State Government of Gujarat to break its monopolizing of wild Asiatic lions and release a few overpopulated prides of lions spilling out of Gir National Park for reintroduction in the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighbouring Indian State of Madhya Pradesh which was prepared for them after relocating over 24 villages out of the forest. In the past, for last two decades the State Government of Gujarat had concocted every possible reason to maintain its monopoly on wild Asiatic lions and the tourism revenue generated by them and of recent Gujarat's legal council had put forward the argument that Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is being used for the introduction of African cheetah which might take several years to fully settle down and repopulate the area and hence reintroduction of lions should only be done after that, this scared the conservationists that Gujarat will use this pretext to delay the reintroduction of native lions by many more decades using the cheetah argument. Indian Supreme court has taken note of the arguments put forth by some Indian conservationists that importing African cheetah for reintroduction in India is misguided as it is against the International Union for Conservation of Nature's reintroduction guidelines and no clearance had been sought from India's National Board for Wildlife. The Indian Supreme Court has put the project on hold till further notice asking for clearance from India's National Board for Wildlife, meantime it has fast tracked the case for the re-introduction of lions to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary and is hearing it every Monday.Senior advocate PS Narasimha, court-appointed adviser and the amicus curiae in the Asiatic lion's relocation case in India's Supreme Court, filed an application seeking a stay on the implementation of African cheetah reintroduction project in India. The Indian Supreme court granted the stay and the matter has been scheduled for further hearing in July 2012 after the court returns from vacation. During its hearings, the Bench was informed that India's Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has decided to introduce the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) from Namibia into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, the same proposed habitat being developed as the second home for the translocation of lions from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighbouring Indian state of Gujarat which did not want to shift any lions out of the state. Narasimha said the proposal for reintroduction of African cheetah "has not been either placed before the Standing Committee of India's National Board for Wildlife, nor has there been a considered decision taken in this regard". He stated in an application that "scientific studies show that the African Cheetahs and Asian Cheetahs are completely different, both genetically and also in their characteristics" and the reintroduction of African cheetah in India was also against the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines on translocation of wildlife species. "In fact, the (IUCN) guidelines categorically warn against the introduction of alien or exotic species. The African Cheetah obviously never existed in India. Therefore, it is not case of intentional movement of an organism into a part of its native range," the application stated. Asiatic cheetah became extinct in India in the 1950s, In the past, India's last recorded cheetah in the wild was said to have been shot in the Rewa area of Madhya Pradesh in the late 1940s. It was mentioned that the introduction of alien or exotic species is universally shunned by wildlife experts and "in fact countries such as South Africa, Australia are spending huge amount of funds to eradicate and remove exotic wildlife species from wilderness areas or wild habitats". Narasimha also sought a direction of India's Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) to produce before the apex court all relevant records and decisions relating to introduction of cheetah. He said the Indian cheetah in genetic composition is a different animal than the African cheetah and a different sub species altogether and "therefore one cannot be introduced in place of the other". Conservationists say fewer than 100 of the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah subspecies remain only in Iran, roaming the central deserts. The vast majority of the 7,100 cheetahs left in the world are in Africa.Kuno Sanctuary became National Park, open tourism and Daily employment opportunities.Empower committee will visit KunoPreparation of necessary resources will startIn 2003, Kuno Sanctuary was ready to receive its first batch of lions. Now, again it is ready for the expansion of Asian lions, is a national park now. In the meeting with forest department officers headed by new Chief Minister Kamal Nath, a decision has been taken to make Kuno National Park. On getting the status of National Park to the Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, as soon as the Shopur District falls on the world tourism map. Tourism and daily job or employment will start to grow and develop in the district.Simultaneously, shifting Lions from Gujarat's Gir Sanctuary will be discussed soon with the Central Government, after which the Empower Committee will be visiting Kuno. In order to make Kuno National Park was added to adjacent Shivpuri district, with an increment of 413 sq. Km area to make it eligible for National Park status. For this action, de-notification of the Son Chiraya Sanctuary of Shivpuri district had already started.The biggest condition set by Gujarat government was to extend the area of Kuno Palpur Sanctuary for translocation of Asiatic Lions and the area of sanctuary is increased another 413 sq km then, Gujarat demand fulfilled. Before, Kuno Palpur Sanctuary is spread over 345 sq km of area and now another 413 sq km area is added into it.The condition has been laid: In order to give Asian lions, the Gujarat government had laid the condition to increase the area of Kuno and giving it the status of National Park. Works and attempts were done on the scheme of transfer the Asian Lions to the Kuno Sanctuary Project since 1993. The displacement of 24 villages has been done under this project of spending about 900 crore of Sate government and Central govt. But the Gujarat government has been playing flaws in giving lacs to translocate lions. In January 2017, the Empower Committee had inspected kuno and suggested it to increase its area and said that it is the most favorable habitat for the lions.He said at present Asiatic lions is only in Gir National Park of Gujarat. In year 1991, proposal came up to translocate few Asiatic lions in Madhya Pradesh to save the endangered species from extinction. Madhya Pradesh Government selected Kuno Palpur area for the project and started preparing the jungles of Kuno Palpur sanctuary. In year 2003, state government staked claim for translocation of Asiatic Lions from Gujarat by saying that Kuno Palpur sanctuary is ready in this regard. However, Gujarat Government had certain objections over the issue and still issue pertaining to translocation of Asiatic lions which is in doldrums.Movements has been done: 72 agitations, protests and movements have been organized since 2008 for shifting Asian lions in Kuno Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. Apart from the demonstration of the "Babbar sher Bassao Sangharsha" committee protest against the State and Central Government from the district headquarters which was held at Tikoli, the entrance of the Kuno, but the Gujarat government is still in indispensable attitude. Atul Chauhan, President of the Sangharsh Samiti, welcomed Kamal Nath's decision on granting the status of National park to the Sanctuary. Chauhan, president of the Sangharsh Samiti, says that this is the only oppurtunity in case of development and this is the only ray of hope or chance for the Sheopur district which is the most backward districts of the state because the situation of employment sources, industrial development and transport facilities is pathetic here in geographically.The notification was published on December 14, minutes after Congress announced Kamal Nath as the new chief minister of the state. If everything goes right then there will be a final structure designed to bring lions by the next new year's January month and by February a smooth pavement to transfer will be implemented and second phase of the Project-Shifting of healthy lions will be started. Shivraj never spoke on this issue publicly considering Modi’s possessiveness over Gir Lions.State government has declared Kuno National Park with inclusion of an area spread along 404.0758 sq km area in addition to the earlier notified area of 344.686 sq km making a total of 748.7618 sq km area and the state government got orders to implement translocation.The case here is still stuckDespite the proposal to de-notify the 202 sq km area of Karera Wildlife Sanctuary under district Shivpuri and 80 sq km of area of Ghatigaon Sonchidiya/Sonchiraiya Sanctuary under Gwalior, it is still yet to be implemeted.After de notification of both the areas, Government "would add them into Kuno Palpur" in Ghatigaon area and the Forest Department had sent proposal to the government to de-notify/decrypt the 25 villages in the Ghatigaon region, these proposals have already been approved by the government, but the permission from State Wildlife Board and Central Wildlife Board is yet to be received. After this permission, the diagnosis will be implemented.The state declared 748.7618 sq km area within more than 1200 sq km Kuno wildlife division (inside 3300 sq km Kuno forested Landscape) as a protected area to resolve the issue. Gujarat government had moved a curative petition in Supreme Court as its last legal resort to retain its Asiatic lions. While MP won the eight-year-long legal battle with Gujarat in 2013, the latter had been dilly-dallying compliance. Nath met officials later and promised to take up the matter towards a logical conclusion. MP government circles had gone to the extent of suggesting that they were not averse to retaining the tag of ‘Gir' or ‘Gujarat' to identify the relocated lions at their new home in Kuno-Palpur.Since when the process is going on?In 1996, work on planning to shift lions began.Project was prepared in 2003.Gujarat had expressed its inability to give the lions to the lions.During the inspection, the committee talked of giving the status of National Park along with increasing the area of the sanctuary.The Forest Department initiated action for denotification of 202 sq. Km of land of Son Chiraiah and Kerera Sanctuary.In January 2017, the Empowers Committee inspected the Kuno Sanctuary.what will happen now?After getting the national status, the Empower Committee will come again to visit Kuno.After getting the green flag of the committee, the arrival of lions will start.A decision has been made to make Kuno/Koono a national park, on Saturday the government issued its notification. The Gujarat government is not ready to give lions right now. Our process is continuing. Proposal for denotification of entire area of Karera Sanctuary has to be sent to the Supreme Court soon.Shahbaz Ahmed, Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) BhopalThe expert committee had visited Kuno in December 2017. After visiting the sanctuary, the panel members had found the atmosphere in Kuno-Palpur suitable for shifting of lions. Gujarat, too, could not question much on MP’s preparedness to host the lions, sources said.Planning of Corridor: With the approval of the Kuno National Park status, it is planned to build corridor by combining Ranthambore Tiger Reserve's Ranthambore National Park-Shivpuri National Park-Sawai Madhopur to improve gene flow of WITL and maintain meta populations. Tourists from all over the world come to Sawai Madhopur to see the tiger right now. At present, the tourism industry and employment turnover of Sawai Madhopur is one and a half thousand crores annually. The Bengal tiger found here is also living in more than 50 sanctuaries of the country. Whereas the Asiatic Lion is only in Gir Sanctuary and can be seen in Kuno Sanctuary soon.Wildlife Institute of India researchers confirmed that the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is the most promising location to re-establish a free ranging Asiatic lion population. In 2007, the protected area was ready to receive a first batch of lions from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary. where the population is too big. There are large scale deaths in the population annually because of ever increasing competition due to animal overcrowding. Asiatic lion prides require large territories but there is limited space at Gir wildlife sanctuary, which is boxed in on all sides by heavy human habitation.The Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was selected as the reintroduction site for the endangered Asiatic lion because it is in the former range of the lions before it was hunted into extinction in about 1873.It was selected following stringent international criteria and internationally accepted requirements and guidelines developed by the IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group which are followed before any reintroduction attempt anywhere in the world.Currently the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project is underway. The lions are to be reintroduced from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighboring Indian state of Gujarat where they are currently overpopulated. This has involved the displacement of twenty four villages of the Sahariya tribe, which had lived in the remote core area set aside for the reintroduction of the Asiatic lions, who agreed to move out.Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary acts as a buffer zone or corridor for tigers from Ranthambore National Park to Madhav National Park and from other tiger reserves will help the gene pool of Western Indian Tiger Landscape (WITL) by maintaining meta populations to overcome inbreeding. Usually sub-adult male tigers who cannot establish a territory of their own after being driven out by dominant male tigers reside in buffer areas. Currently a tiger named T-38 and recently another young male from Ranthambore is said to be residing in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. Currently, 6–9 tigers are sighted infrequently. Ranthambore is 120 km away from Kuno connected by small forest patches, thin degraded and fragmented surrounded by human habitations. On 22 April 2015, the Union government has admitted that Madhya Pradesh will have to enlarge the wildlife sanctuary's size in order to translocate Asiatic lions to Palpur-Kuno from Gujarat's Sasan Gir, which is the first time the government accepted the sanctuary needs to be enlarged. However, that would require relocating several big villages.As the state government of Gujarat was refusing to relocate the Asiatic lions to the sanctuary, this ensued a long battle. Finally on 18 April 2013, the Supreme Court of India gave a verdict that asked the Gujarat government to complete the translocation of the Asiatic lion within six months.As of now, Madhya Pradesh still has not received lions from Gujarat. For this reason, it was considered to turn Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary into a protected area for tigers instead, by bringing in tigers from other parts of Madhya Pradesh.In October 2018, a number of lions were found dead in Gujarat. 4 of them were found to have died from canine distemper virus, the same virus which had earlier killed many East African lions in the Serengeti ecoregion, and which prompted the concern that an epidemic could threaten the Asiatic lion's survival.Between 1996 and 2002, 24 Sahariya tribal villages (at least 1,400 families) were relocated on the outskirts of the sanctuary, around the Agraa village.The kuno is best habitat in the world for lions with no conflicts and recently , Kuno-Palpur Sanctuary area was extended by 413 sq km.Biggest barrier of bringing Asiatic lions in Kuno Palpur Sanctuary (758 km2) of Madhya Pradesh is almost to end as the Madhya Pradesh Government is released notification for extending limits of the area of sanctuary by 413 sq kilo meter. After extending the limits of Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, it got status of National Park.Moreover, as its area is increased, it fulfilled also the condition of Gujarat government for translocation of its (not it’s, they belong to world, country in particular, they are not someone’s pets or property acc to Indian constitution) world-famous Asiatic lions.Total Kuno wildlife division under protection is 1200 sq km of the total 3300 sq km Kuno forested landscape.Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project - WikipediaMadhya Pradesh: Kuno notified as national park, path clear for Gir lions - Times of India?https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/gwalior/news/...19754.htmlIt was proposal sent by wildlife wing of Forest Department sees the day light then Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary. The proposal sent by Wildlife Wing envisages extension of sanctuary by another 413 square kilometers.Now after extension of this area, Kuno Palpur National Park, which has been developed for translocation of Asiatic Lion, will spread over 1,288 sq km of area more than gir with additional 2300 km2 area for growing population of lions as buffer in the landscape. If contiguous Ranthambore and keladevi are reckoned then, it has mind frying 6800 km2 of area as lion habitat.The proposal to de-notify the 202 sq km area of Karera Wildlife Sanctuary under district Shivpuri and 80 sq km of area of Ghatigaon Sonchidiya Sanctuary under Gwalior are under way to get finished soon too.After de notification of both areas, Government would add them into Kuno Palpur Sanctuary. Karera Wildlife Sanctuary was established in year 1981 to protect the population of Great Indian Bustard in the area. Now the area is being notified by Government due to protest by the local people and extinction of the Great Indian Bustard bird locally.“Sanctuary has been developed for translocation of Asiatic lion project which is pending from over the years,” said Alok Kumar, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (APCCF).India is the part of Gondwanaland landmass of pangea and eventually joined Eurasian plate during continental drift i.e.., tectonic plate movements. Indian plate at during drifting has one of the highest speeds of any other plate up to 16cm/year towards north. It is part of Madagascar and Africa tens of million years ago. So the soil has similar minerals, alluvial deposits etc…, flora and fauna. primarily, the habitats of India at that time are grasslands like other gondwana like Australia, Africa etc.., and other arid habitats. After collision, geography changed and newly evolved angiospermic dense forests called jungles from south east Asia conquered North West, west and most of Central and South India. Remaining west India is conquered by expanding desert ecosystems from west Asia/Arabian peninsula. As the former grasslands are drastically replaced by other habitats, grasslands become less in India in comparison and now they are critically endangered ecosystems in India as they are least concerned and most of them are labelled as revenue lands and humans favor open grassland areas we evolved from there combined with replacement from other ecosystems.But still some places in India have grassland environments like in states of Gujju, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, MP, UP, Haryana, Punjab and middle of Deccan peninsula. In north east India those are replaced by flood plains which is tiger environment. hence not suitable for reintroduction of grassland species like lion, cheetah and GIB etc..,All last strongholds mentioned in the last post marked on satellite image of Indian subcontinent.Prime habitats on IndoGangetic plain already gone.Asiatic lion last strongholds in India map.Kuno is one of the best in the world and the best in country. 1000*better than Gir. You can see why…Kuno is more grasslands than deciduos forest when compared to palpur. You can see how Kuno resembles African savanna with open plains, grasslands, thorny and scrublands.Filthy foul play & drama of Gujarat and BJP aka Modi sab in Asiatic Lion Conservation and Reintroduction ProjectGujarat (Porbandar) is the place where the greatest soul ever to walk on earth born mahatma but it is the same place where the dirtiest (BJP) politicians ruling, corrupting for money. The place where the greatest soul mahatma ever walked on earth born. These corrupted, cruel and money greedy people are ruling. They are killing lions. Misusing funds, torturing people etc..,ruled by some of the darkest and shameless politicians on the planet and these people are assured by the great iconic, so called Prime minister Narendra Modi ji sab.ScrollGujarat readies Barda Dungar as second abode for its lions - Times of India (wtf!!!?) but ‘Barda Dungar within reach of outbreak’ - Times of IndiaUnclaimed kingdomPride and prejudice: Why have reports on Gir lion deaths been pulled from ICMR site?India wants to reintroduce cheetahs, even as it is failing its lionsReports on Gir lion deaths taken off medical site?Gir lions continue to be tested for Canine Distemper Virus symptomsThey don’t have mercy even don’t leave animals like extincting lions and try to make a brand and monopoly of commercialize and cash them for tourism money deceiving people around world that the lion is pride of Gujarat or Asmita instead of pride of India.They conserve lions only to make money and they die for tourism income by caging them in place called without giving them freedom to disperse to other parts of India, and making them to infight and compete in small area called gir.CDV (Canine distemper) viral infection which transmits via aerosol/air borne, body fluid contagious from dogs, canids and feliforms due to interaction as expected (WHICH KILLED 1000 East African lions in 30,000 km2 Serengeti eco region and Ngorongoro crater of Tanzania!!!!Ridiculously low area of 1412 km2 official area of 5 protected area GCA (gir conservation area) for 600–700 lions (Some say even 1000) living in 30,000km2 across Gujarat covering 9 dist which reached about 10 times carrying capacity with 56% population outside GCA, in 2000+ villages, farm fields, cotton mills, urban areas, roads, cities, forest patches of Saurashtra sometimes reaching up to state borders.Inbreeding like cloning from 12–20 lions founder stock since 200 years from Nawab of Junagadh’s time in gir sanctuary named zoo during which 2nd bottle neck effect occurred along with founder’s effect, genetic depression, 1st bottle neck happened during early/start of this Holocene epoch.high mortality, low immunity, high disease susceptibility,natural disaster/phenomenon, All eggs in one basket,Epidemics/endemic outbreak like CDV as said earlier that Serengeti Tanzania 1990, 1/3 rd i.e.., 1000 of 3000 lion population killed, CDV appeared in Gir twice once in 2018 and this year is killing many lions.Infighting, competition for resources and territories with not only lions and also overwhelming 500+ leopards and territories as single lion pride home range require 140 km2 area human-animal-man conflict,low prey base, degradation by illegal mining (lime stone, sand, timber and teak etc…,),poaching like in 2007 and other cases, body parts like nails and teeth trade and hunting, lion mafia,poisoning by live bait for cattle and buffalo losses, depredation of stray or street dogs, feral cats, goat/sheep, donkeys, camels, pigs or feral hogs, and chickens and other pheasants/domesticated game birds like ducks and some human to people safety/human fatalities and agriculture and staging it as infighting and old age in news by Gujarat politics,killing their instincts of wildness with high human contact and they are most timid and least aggressive big cats of the world due to dependency on humans for food resources i.e.., live stock,exploiting natural resources of gir, doing injustice to people and wildlife, corrupting the lion funds,open well accidents, conserving lions only for the purpose of tourism income and political dominance over other parties and their schemes and projects,corruption, to become sole owner of all the lion tourism income, monopoly, greedy, brand value assured by PM modi born state,electrocution, illegal feeding of stray dogs by forest dept (or lion mafia),human interference/encroachment by tourists and people making pollution inside protected area with plastic, lion harassment like dogs by trackers,Violating SC order 2013, violated international norms like IUCN and national law for wildlife conservation i.e.., wildlife act for damn monopoly tourism income greed and made or linked it as political and public issue saying pride/Asmita/prestige and showing resistance to other national front governments like NDA or congress who initiated this vital reintroduction conservation project so that BJP can gain popularity and tourism revenue money not crossing the state boundary.Establishing lots of safari parks to make commercial money which have no conservative importance without authorized licenses from central govt,road and rail accidents rating the gir as the most hostile and torturing environment.A depiction of Lion growling giiirrr…. instead of grrrr….. to let it go from the gir to other areas like kuno and sita mata etc..,“NATURE IS THE PROPERTY OF THE NATION NOT ONE’S OR ONE PLACE’S IN PARTICULAR AND EVERYONE HAS RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT IT” - article of Indian constitutionICMR rings alarm bells as 21 Gir lions test CDV+ve

Penicillin, Quinine, Microwave, Velcro, Radioactivity, Smallpox vaccination, X-rays, Insulin, Viagra, Teflon, and Pacemaker are some. Even the Potato chip counts as an accidental discovery. But, for the very reason that each of the following saved more than a few million lives and each of them opened up a new vista in research in the respective field, the following are my eternal favorites:QuinineThe story behind the chance discovery of the anti-malarial drug quinine may be more legend than fact, but it is nevertheless a story worthy of note. The account that has gained the most currency credits a South American Indian with being the first to find a medical application for quinine. According to legend, the man unwittingly ingested quinine while suffering a malarial fever in a jungle high in the Andes. Needing desperately to quench his thirst, he drank his fill from a small, bitter-tasting pool of water. Nearby stood one or more varieties of cinchona, which grows from Colombia to Bolivia on humid slopes above 5,000 feet. The bark of the cinchona, which the indigenous people knew as quina-quina, was thought to be poisonous. But when this man's fever miraculously abated, he brought news of the medicinal tree back to his tribe, which began to use its bark to treat malaria.InsulinFrederick G. Banting, a young Canadian doctor, and Professor John J.R. MacLeod of the University of Toronto shared a Nobel Prize in 1923 for their isolation and clinical use of insulin against diabetes. Their work with insulin followed from the chance discovery of the link between the pancreas and blood-sugar levels by two other doctors on the other side of the Atlantic decades earlier.PenicillinThe identification of penicillium mold by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928 is one of the best-known stories of medical discovery. Penicillin has remained one of the most important and useful drugs in our arsenal, and its discovery triggered invaluable research into a range of other invaluable antibiotic drugs. Dr. Fleming had noticed that some mold had contaminated a flu culture in one of his petri dishes. Instead of throwing out the ruined dish, he decided to examine the moldy sample more closely. Fleming had reaped the benefits of taking time to scrutinize contaminated samples before. In 1922, Fleming had accidentally shed one of his own tears into a bacteria sample and noticed that the spot where the tear had fallen was free of the bacteria that grew all around it. After conducting some tests, he concluded that tears contain an antibiotic-like enzyme that could stave off minor bacterial growth. Six years later, the mold Fleming observed in his petri dish reminded him of this first experience with a contaminated sample. The area surrounding the mold growing in the dish was clear, which told Fleming that the mold was lethal to the potent staphylococcus bacteria in the dish. Later he noted, "If for the previous experience, I would have thrown the plate away, as many bacteriologists have done before."Smallpox vaccinationA young milkmaid had told Edward Jenner, a British scientist and surgeon in 1796, how people who contracted cowpox, a harmless disease easily picked up during contact with cows, never got smallpox, a deadly scourge. Inspired by this bit of information, Jenner took samples from the open cowpox sores on the hands of a young dairymaid named Sarah Nelmes and inoculated eight-year-old James Phipps with pus he extracted from Nelmes' sores. The boy developed a slight fever and a few lesions but remained unscathed. A few months later, Jenner gave the boy another injection, this one containing smallpox. James failed to develop the disease, and the idea behind the modern vaccine was born. Though doctors and scientists would not begin to understand the biological basis of immunity for at least 50 years after Jenner's first inoculation, the technique of vaccinating against smallpox using the human strain of cowpox soon became a common and effective practice worldwide.

OK. Long answer both historical and technical.American industries of the nineteenth century found an ever-increasing need for chemistry and trained chemists. Chemists helped produce products as wide-ranging as fertilizers, explosives, industrial dyes, metallic alloys, electrical batteries (cells), and some of the earliest plastics, as well as chemicals for the emerging photographic and petroleum industries. The United States was moving toward parity with the more advanced chemical industries in countries such as Germany as the Civil War ended.While glass plate wet-emulsion photography allowed observers like Mathew Brady and A.D. Lytle to better document the Civil War, the production of smokeless gunpowder and high explosives just missed the wartime window of reliability. A change from black powder to smokeless propellants late in the 19th century produced a marginal improvement in projectile velocity as well as producing much less corrosive residue when fired. During their development, firearms were loaded with black powder, followed by semi-smokeless and smokeless powder loads making energy calculations comparative rather than absolute.Not until late in the process were smokeless powders considered for small arms like handgun, rifles, and shotguns.The metallurgy just was not far enough advanced to accept the stress. Early artillery barrels were short and thick as the black gunpowder propellant they used burned very quickly and violently. Hence the acceleration time on the projectile was short. Slower-burning formulations of gunpowder allowed gun barrel length to increase slightly in the 1880s, but enormous quantities of powder were required. New slower-burning "smokeless powder" propellants available from the 1880s onwards such as Poudre B, cordite and nitrocellulose allowed a more prolonged acceleration. Hence artillery barrels were made progressively longer and thinner.In 1882, thanks to their interlocking ownership interests with the California Powder Works by that time, the DuPont corporation and Laflin & Rand Powder Company acquired the rights to manufacture Hercules powder and incorporated the Hercules Powder Company for that purpose.Propellants differ considerably in their sensitivity to heat, in the amount of heat that they give off, and in their brisance, that is, the shock that they produce when they explode. It is evident that a substance cannot be simply described by saying that it is "very explosive."Let’s start with Black Powder and work up.Black powder (ca. 10th Century AD) is an intimate mixture of carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The oxygen in the nitrate radical (NO3) serves as an oxidizer for the Carbon and sulfur producing gases at very high pressure, which can be used to propel a projectile. The materials themselves explode, and the explosion results whether they are confined or not. Confining the reaction produces pressure, which is use to accelerate the projectile.Nitrocellulose or gun cotton was created in 1846 by French chemist Paul Vieille by treating cotton fibers with a nitric acid and sulphuric acid mixture. However guncotton, an explosive substance, proved to be too fast burning at the time for direct use in firearms and artillery ammunition. Guncotton was more powerful than gunpowder, but at the same time was somewhat more unstable.Schultze Powder (1865), the first smokeless powder was developed by Major Johann F. E. Schultze of the Prussian artillery. His formulation comprised nitrolignose impregnated with saltpetre or barium nitrate. Lignum is a wood pulp by-product.Poudre B" (ca. 1882–1884) is made from 68.2% insoluble nitrocellulose, 29.8% soluble nitrocellulose gelatinized with ether and 2% paraffin. "Poudre B" is made up of very small paper-thin flakes that are not white but dark greenish grey in color. Known today as pyrocellulose, it contains somewhat less nitrogen than guncotton and is less volatile.EC Powder (c. 1882) contained nitro-cotton and nitrates of potassium and barium in a grain gelatinesed by ether alcohol. It had coarser grains than other nitrocellulose powders. It proved unsuitable for rifles, but it remained in long use for shotguns and was later used for grenades and fragmentation bombs. Production began in 1890, and was discontinued in 1931 when DuPont took over the company.Today, propellants based on nitrocellulose alone are known as single-base, whereas cordite-like mixtures are known as double-base. A triple-base flash-less cordite was also developed, primarily for large naval guns, but also used in battle tank ammunition. Modern smokeless powders have in addition a number of additives such as deterrents, wear and flash reducers, de-fouling agents, and stabilizers.Brisance, and the Big BangPrimary explosives (primers or initiators) explode or detonate when they are heated or subjected to shock. Often they do not burn and may not even contain the elements necessary for combustion. It must be specified whether they are sensitive to fire and/or to shock, whether they are really powerful or merely brisant, or both, whether they are fast or slow to react.Examples of primers and initiators include mercury fulminate, lead azide, the lead salts of picric acid, a number of perchlorates, tetracene, mixtures of potassium chlorate with red phosphorus, the tartarates and oxalates of mercury and silver, and various other substances. Not all of them are brisant enough to initiate a propellant explosion. For every explosive propellant, there is a minimum quantity of each primary initiator which is needed to secure its certain and complete detonation. The best initiator for one application may not be the best for another. For different guns and among different nations several intermediate igniters were designed to relieve this problem in a variety of ways.For small arms no intermediate igniter is commonly needed; the primer ignites the propellant directly. For large guns like artillery no cartridge case is used; the projectile and the propelling charge are loaded from the breech (or muzzle), the igniter bag being sewn or tied to the base end of the bag that contains the propellant powder, and the primer fitted in a hole in the breechblock. In a typical case the primer cap contains a mixture of mercury fulminate with antimony sulfide and potassium chlorate. The impact of the firing pin or trigger upon the primer cap in the base of the cartridge case produces fire, a quick small spurt of flame which sets fire to the powder. The priming mixture explodes when the mixture is crushed; it produces fire, and the other ingredients of the composition maintain the fire for a short interval.Propellant grains are poor conductors of heat. The igniter produces a large hot flame that sweeps out into the chamber of the gun or cartridge, surrounds the large grains of propellant powder, and sets fire to them all over their surface. When they are lighted, they burn progressively from the surface. Ironically, the area of the surface of an ordinary grain decreases as the burning advances, the grain becomes smaller and smaller, the rate of production of gas decreases, and the duration of the whole burning depends upon the dimension of the original grain.Nonetheless, the gas and heat producing chemical reaction, like any other chemical reactions, doubles its rate for approximately every 10° (K) rise in temperature. In a confined space the combustion becomes extremely rapid (virtually exponential), but for black powder it is still believed to be a true combustion in the sense that it is a phenomenon dependent upon the transmission of heat known as deflagration. Where smoke was no objection, black powder was probably the best substance for communicating fire and for producing a quick hot flame. It is for this purpose that it continued in use in the military arts.The products of the burning of black powder were studied by a number of 19th century investigators, particularly by Alfred Noble and Frederick Abel. Black powder produces volumes of white smoke. The weight of these suspended solids is often equal to more than half of the weight of the original powder. Pouring a small sample of black powder onto a cold flat surface and setting fire to it was a common test of its quality. A good powder ought to burn in a flash and leave no "pearls" or residue of globules of fused salts. A solid residue indicates either that the ingredients had not been well incorporated, or that the powder at some time in its history had been wet.Long-barreled weapons require a slower burning powder to maximize their efficiency. Hence, there was the grading of black powder by particle size (F, FF, FFF, FFFF). So-called Cocoa powder was the most successful alternative form of “slower burning” black powder for use in rifled artillery of long range. It was made in single-perforated hexagonal or octagonal prisms using a partially burned brown charcoal made from rye straw (not Cocoa). Cocoa powder was used in the Spanish-American War in 1898. Unfortunately, Cocoa powder was more sensitive to friction than ordinary black powder. Samples were reported to have inflamed simply from shaking in a canvas bag. When its use was discontinued, existing stocks were destroyed as too unstable to store safely, and single grains of the Cocoa powder are now generally to be seen only in museums and collections.The superiority of smokeless powder, which produces practically no smoke and practically 100 per cent of its weight in hot gases, was immediately apparent. For many smokeless propellants, the shock of the explosion transmitted through the grains, rather than the heat of the flame, causes the grains of propellant to detonate. The shock may actually travel faster than the flame. In either case, deflagration or detonation, as heat accumulates in the firing chamber of the gun, the powder burns faster and faster; gas, heat, and pressure are produced for some time at an accelerated rate, and the projectile usually acquires acceleration continuously. The desired result was best secured by the use of progressive-burning smokeless powder. The projectile, already moving in the barrel, is thus able to take up the energy of the hot expanding gases more advantageously and a greater velocity is imparted to it at the muzzle. The mathematical product of the force of the gases and the time in the barrel of the projectile is known as impulse, which exhibits itself has an increased bullet velocity.In the nineteenth century the effects of shock transmission and the production of explosive pressures were not well understood or widely studied. Pierre-Eugene Berthelot, the father of explosive science, first measured the velocity of shock transmission late in the century (1891). Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were Frederick Abel's invention of nitrocellulose (guncotton) in 1865, widely used as a bullet propellant, and Alfred Nobel’s invention of dynamite, which “tamed” nitroglycerin. At the same time, propellant manufacturers introduced more efficient factory methods, devised improvements to their devices, employed faster and more powerful machinery, and learned to conduct their operations with greater safety and with vastly greater output. However, the essential improvements in these products since the beginning of the seventeenth century had centered on the availability of new chemical materials. For many armament manufacturers and propellant designers it was sufficient that their creations simply worked![i][i] See: Tenney L. Davis, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives (MIT: 1941), Volume I, 10. URL: Chemistry of Powder and Explosives : Davis,Tenney L. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet ArchiveThe pressure curve of the smokeless powder, however, is very different from that of black powder, and the two are not interchangeable. Disaster overcame many people when first trying the new smokeless powders, which of course required considerably smaller charges to produce the same ballistic effect. Charges thrown by conventional powder measures resulted in burst guns, injury and sometimes death. The US Ordnance Department was always conservative when it came to innovation, and this characteristic caution continued through the evolution from black to smokeless powder.Early primers used the same mercury fulminate used in 19th century percussion caps. Black powder could be effectively ignited by hot mercury released upon decomposition. Smokeless powder, being more stable than black powder, often required more thermal energy for ignition. Incandescent particles produced by adding certain compounds of potassium to the fulminate were found most effective for igniting smokeless powder after the primary explosive gasses had heated the powder grains. The U.S. Army discontinued use of mercuric and potassium priming mixtures in 1898 mostly because they left behind a corrosive residue both in the cartridge case and in the weapon. Civilian ammunition manufacturers began offering non-corrosive primers in the 1920s.For those interesting in the progress of 19th century technology see:Amazon.com: Civil War Tech: How Simple It Is After All (Traditional American History Series Book 15) eBook: James M Volo: Kindle Store