Ca Pbv: Fill & Download for Free

Yes, crocodilians can do it. To correlate the answer with the question, one requires a basic knowledge of skeleton and its terminology. However, except at the places where the biological terminology is inevitable, I have preferred to remain as general as possible so that any one who may be interested in the glorious complexities of the Nature may enjoy reading the answer.As most of the people are of opinion that crocodiles cannot open their mouth inside the water, is not true. ‘Crocs’ can open their mouth while submerged into the water and can bite as well. One can find such photographs easily (Figs. 1 & 2).( Fig. 1 : Crocodile; underwater view)(Fig. 2: Crocodile; underwater side view)I have mentioned in the beginning that crocodilians can bite while submerged into the water because of the fact that they bear certain anatomical peculiarities to meet this challenge. Among them are the external nares, secondary palate and the palato-buccal valve.The air and food passage in crocodilians remain separated with the help of a secondary palate, somewhat similar to that in mammals including ourselves. Figure (Fig. 3) just below is self explanatory, as it is our own palatal scene, and depicts both primary and secondary palates clearly.(Fig. 3: Primary and Secondary palate in Human being)The secondary palate, therefore, is just like a horizontal plate separating the oral cavity from the nasal one.Again coming to crocodilians, the presence of the secondary palate, one of the salient features in the anatomy of crocodiles and not found in any other reptile, helps these animals to take a bite while they are under water. Moreover, the spread of a complete secondary palate may easily be understood by the illustrations given here (Figs. 3 & 4). It is just like wall-to-wall ‘false ceiling’ in a room.(Fig. 4: Crocodilian palate; sketch and photographs)Now, we proceed further and try to understand how beautifully the Nature has enabled the process. The illustration (Fig. 5) just below is a sectional view of a crocodilian head and appears a bit complicated but as one proceeds along the text it becomes easy to understand.(Fig. 5: Sagittal section of the modern crocodilian head).[Abbreviations: bon bones of the skull, ca cartilage, brn brain, dsy dentary symphysis, exn external nares, eyl eyelid, glo glottis, ina internal nares, nsp nasal passages, oes esophagus, olb olfactory bulb, olc olfactory chamber (location of conchae), pbv palato-buccal valve, tch trachea, ton tongue, □ location of the former primary choana (Adapted from Grigg and Gans (1993)]If we just go carefully through the above picture, we find an opening of the air passage or nasal passage (nsp) out side the body (just on the left top of the picture) which is called as external nares (exn).Air enters through these nares which are guarded by muscular flap-like valves, to prevent entry of water into the air passage while the animal is submerged into the water (Figs.6 & 7).(Fig. 6): Crocodile Snout :External nares (Moderately open)(Fig. 7) Crocodile Snout while submerged :External nares (closed)The air passage or nasal passage (nsp) terminates as an opening called internal nares (ins) deep inside the oral cavity in the pharyngeal region, just above the glottis, that is the opening of wind pipe or trachea (tch) and adjacent to the opening of the food pipe or oesophagus (oes) (Fig. 5). All the three i.e. internal nares, wind pipe and food pipe, therefore, open very close to each other in the pharyngeal region. This peculiar situation poses challenge to provide a safe course both to air into the lungs and food into the oesophagus.The pharyngeal region, however, bears enormous gular fold working as palato-buccal valve (pbv). This valve plays the key role in the process.Palato-buccal valve (pbv) seals off pharynx during submerged respiration, and further more, guards the glottis to prevent the entry of any food particle into the wind pipe during feeding.Once the food passes down into the food pipe, the valve allows a free air passage into the wind pipe. It works like a traffic controller in the pharyngeal region (Fig. 5).The members of order loricata (Crocodilia), therefore, can bite while submerged into the water with the help of coordinated functioning of the anatomical peculiarities possessed by external nares, palate and pharynx, successfully.I thank to google for providing me the appropriate photographs to explain the text.

AOC is out of touch, she purposely does not present the truth and is making up stuff. In America, every US citizen can get food stamps. There are a lot of shelters, churches for those who cannot find shelter with family and friends. The govt has low income housing, section 8 housing, HUD housing, Victims of Crime housing and many other housing programs for the poor. Can AOC prove that people are dying of hunger or exposure to extreme cold or heat. I have not read any such incidents for more than one decade. Sure, housing s expensive in big metro cities, because there are more jobs there. Many who live on fixed income like disability and cant afford housing do move to cheaper areas. The govt has the most generous housing vouchers of any country in the world. A section 8 housing voucher for a family could go upto more than 3300 a month. That is equal to over 48k year pre tax. These families get pre tax 48k free plus food stamps plus free health insurance, totals over 65k. Thats more than many middle class people get after working 40 hrs at a good paying job like nurses, technicians, construction workers. As an example, even with 37% marginal tax rate, a nurse working a job paying 100k pays 30 k in medicare, social security, fed, CA state and EDD taxes. AOC’s claims are outrageous. Also, her solutions have not been thought out. If you work 60–70 hrs a week as a nurse in CA, you might earn 250k, so now AOC wants the nurse to pay 70% fed tax, 9.3% CA tax, EDD 1%, and 2.35% FICA (Medicare part already applies to all your income thanks to President Obama). Does AOC think the nurse is going to slog 70 hrs taking care of others, jobs many do not want to do, and take home 17.35% for the last 20 hrs he/she worked. You can check these figures on smartasset web site. If the tax rates are increase to 70%, many people would work much less and many who cannot earn atleast 65k will quit work as free section 8 housing and other benefits would be worth more than the after tax income. Already with 37% marginal tax rates for 250k earners in CA, the marginal tax rate is 47.65% and effective tax rate is 37.65% including 1% EDD tax. If AOC type politicians want everyone to get free rent, get ready for shortage of workers as many more will stop working or cut work hours as working will not pay. Tax rates on those who work could be increased but there will be less workers paying it. Total revenues would decrease.Here is Alameda County section 8 payments from their web site. Pasted here for your convenience. I hope AOC reads this. A person 3–6 kids could get $3346–4397 a month rental subsidy, does AOC really think its too little.PAYMENT STANDARDS PROJECT BASED VOUCHER (PBV) & HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER (HCV) Effective: December 2, 2019 0 Bedroom Payment Standard $1578 1 Bedroom Payment Standard $1988 2 Bedroom Payment Standard $2462 3 Bedroom Payment Standard $3346 4 Bedroom Payment Standard $3824 5 Bedroom payment Standard $4397http://www.alamedahsg.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_3723321/Image/Payment%20Standards_PBV%20and%20HCV_form.%20Sept%202019.pdf