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President of SingaporeDevan Nair was the third president of Singapore and the founder of Democratic Action Party in MalaysiaUnited NationsShashi Tharoor, the current Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs and the former union minister was a former Under Secretary General of United Nations.President of IndiaK R Narayanan was the tenth president of India. He was the head of the state from 1997 to 2002. Before taking over the position of the President, he served as the Vice President since 92 to 97.Deputy Chairman of Rajya SabhaP J Kurian serves as the 18th Deputy chairman of Rajya Sabha since 2012.Governors of StatesP.C. Alexander -Ninth Governor of Tamil NaduSeventeenth Governor of MaharashtraSeventh Governor of GoaP V Cherian-Eighth Governor of MaharashtraM. M. JacobNinth Governor of Meghalaya.A. J. JohnFourth Governor of MadrasM K Narayanan24th Governor of West BengalPattom A. Thanu PillaiFourth Governor of PunjabFourth Governor of Andhra PradeshVakkom PurushothamanEleventh Governor of MizoramK. Sankaranarayanan21st Governor of Maharashtra.K.K.ViswanathanSixth Governor of Gujarat.Union Cabinet MinistersJohn Mathai – Minister for Finance. (1948–1950).V. K. Krishna Menon – Minister for Defence. (1957–1962).Panampilly Govinda Menon – Minister for Law and Railways (1969–1970).Ravindra Varma – Minister for Labour (1977–79)K. Karunakaran – Minister for Industries. (1995).A.K. Antony – Minister of Defence (2006–2014); Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (1993–1995).Vayalar Ravi – Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs (2006–2014); Minister for Civil Aviation (2011).Minister of State (Independent Charges)M. P. Veerendra Kumar – Ministry of Labour with additional charge of Urban Affairs. (1997–1998).K. V. Thomas – Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. (2009 – 2014).Minister of State (MoS)Lakshmi N. Menon – Ministry of External Affairs of India (1957–1966).Mullappally Ramachandran – Ministry of Home Affairs (2009–2014); Agriculture and Cooperation (1991–1996).M. M. Jacob – Ministries of Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources and Home Affairs at different periods (1987–93).O. Rajagopal – Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. (1999–2004).Shashi Tharoor – Ministry of External Affairs of India (2009–2010), Minister of State for Human Resource Development (2012 - 2014)E. Ahamed – Ministry of External Affairs(2011- onwards)and minister of state for Human Resource Development minister and minister of state for railways (2004 – 2014).K. C. Venugopal – Ministry of Power (2011-2014)Kodikkunnil Suresh – Ministry of Labour and Employment (2012–2014)M. G. Ramachandran – Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1977–1987).K. J. George – Minister of Home, Karnataka (2013–2016)Members of the Imperial Civil ServiceK P S Menon Sr. – 1st Foreign Secretary of India and the 1st Ambassador of India to China.V. P. Menon – Political Reforms Commissioner to the Viceroy of India Lord Louis MountbattenN. R. Pillai – 1st Cabinet Secretary. (1950–1953)M. K. Vellodi – 3rd Cabinet Secretary. (1957–1958)Cabinet SecretariesT.N.Seshan – 18th Cabinet Secretary. (1989–1989)K. M. Chandrasekhar – 29th Cabinet Secretary. (2007–2011)P.J Thomas Parakunnel – 1st Chief Economic Advisor of India.T. K. A. Nair – former Adviser and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India.P.M. Nair – former Secretary to the President of India.Anna Malhotra – First female member of the Indian Administrative ServiceChristy Fernandes – former Secretary to the President of India.Shivshankar Menon – National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of India.Jyotindra Dixit – former National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of India.Nirupama Rao – Ambassador of India to United States of America.Ranjan Mathai – 28th Foreign Secretary of India.Gopal Pillai – former Home Secretary of India.Kavalam Panikkar – former Home Secretary of India.Hormis Tharakan – former Chief of the Research and Analysis Wing.S. S. N. Moorthy – former CBDT Chairman.P. J. Thomas – 14th Central Vigilance Commissioner of India.R.B. Sreekumar – former Director General of Police of Gujarat.Abdul Rahman– former Director General of Police of Karnataka.Letika Saran – former Director General of Police of Tamil Nadu.K. Koshy – former Director General, Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) & Civil DefenceReeta Menon – Chairman of India Trade Promotion Organization.Moorkoth Ramunni – 4th Administrator of Lakshadweep.Members of the United NationsShashi Tharoor – Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, (2001–2007)Vijay K. Nambiar – Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.(2007–2012).Chandran Nair – Civil servant with UNESCO (1981–2004).Abraham Mathai – Chief Security Advisor, United Nations Human Rights Organisation, Geneva (1997–)ArmyGeneral Sundararajan Padmanabhan – 22nd General of the Indian Army and Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army.(2000–2002)Lieutenant General Philip Campose – Vice Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army.Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar – Head of Mission of the United Nations Protection Force.(1992–1993).Major General Jai Shanker Menon – Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceLieutenant General Bobby Cherian Mathews – General officer commanding of Konark Corps.Lieutenant General G.M. Nair – Military Secretary of India.(2010-?)Lieutenant General K.P. Candeth – Deputy Chief of Army Staff.(1965–1971?)Lieutenant General Yohannan Chacko Tharakan – Director General Army Headquarters.Havildar Thomas Philipose – medal winner in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971Air ForceAir Marshal E.P.R. Nair – Commanding-in Chief of the Training Command, Indian Air Force – (1981-1985)Air Marshal K.N. Nair – Commanding-in Chief of the Eastern Air Command, Indian Air Force.Air Marshal Narayan Menon – Air Officer-in-Charge (Personnel), Air Headquarters – (1999-2004)Air Marshal K. J. Mathews – Commander-in Chief, Strategic Forces CommandAir Marshal patathil Venugopal.Ati Vishist Seva Medal HoldersAir Marshal K. J. Mathews – former Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command.NavyVice-Admiral K. N. Sushil – former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Naval Command.Vice Admiral EC Kuruvila – Western Fleet Commander during India-Pakistan War (1971), Chairman & Managing Director, Mazagon Dock, Mumbai (1972–1976)Vice-Admiral R. P. Suthan – former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Naval CommandVice-Admiral P. J. Jacob – former Vice Chief of Naval Staff.Chief Justice of IndiaK. G. Balakrishnan – 37th Chief Justice of India, (2007–2010).Judges of the Supreme Court of IndiaJustice M. Fathima BeeviP. Govinda Menon – (1956–1957)K. K. Mathew – (1971–1976)V.R. Krishna Iyer – (1973–1980).V. Balakrishna Eradi – (1981–1987)T.K. Thommen – (1988– )M. Fathima Beevi – (1989–1992). 1st woman Judge of the Supreme Court of India.K. S. Paripoornan – (1994–1997).K.T. Thomas – (1996–2002)Cyriac Joseph – (2008–2012).Women Judges of the Supreme Court of IndiaM. Fathima Beevi – (1989–1992). first woman Judge of the Supreme Court of India.Ancient mathematiciansAryabhata - (476–550 CE)Madhava of Sangamagrama – (c.1350–c.1425)Jyeshtadeva – (c. 1500–c. 1610) – Author of, a treatise on calculus.Head of InstitutionsM. G. K. Menon – former President of the Indian Statistical Institute.V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai – 6th Vice Chancellor of Indira Gandhi National Open University.Medical SciencesAbraham Verghese – Professor of Medicine and Senior Associate Chair of Department of Internal Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine.Mani Menon – Director of the Vattikuti Urology Institute at the Henry Ford Hospital.Thomas Thomas – First Indian to become Cardio-Thoracic surgeon.M. S. Valiathan – Cardiac surgeon, Former Vice Chancellor, Manipal University.Salim Yusuf – Director of Population Health Research Institute, CanadaBusiness and commerce[edit]Dileep K NairM.A Yousuf AliThomas Kurian – Global President of Product Development at Oracle Corporation.Reji Abraham – Managing Director of ABAN Group of Companies.Kris Gopalakrishnan – Co-Chairman and former CEO of Infosys Technologies.S. D. Shibulal – CEO and Managing Director of Infosys Technologies.T K Kurien – CEO of Wipro.R Gopalakrishnan – Executive Director of Tata Sons.Mavila Nair – Former Chairman and Managing Director of Union Bank of India.B. Ravi Pillai – Indian business magnate.Gokulam Gopalan – Chairman of Gokulam Group of Companies.George Alexander Muthoot – Managing Director of Muthoot Finance and Muthoot Group.Verghese Kurien – Founder Chairman of Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.Thakiyudeen Wahid – Owner of East West Airlines.K.M. Mammen Mappilai – Founder of MRF Tyres & Manorama publications.C. P. Krishnan Nair – Founder of the Leela Group of Hotels.Rajmohan Pillai – Chairman of Beta Group.Kochouseph Chittilappilly – Managing Director of V Guard Industries Ltd.M. A. Yousuf Ali – Founder of EMKE Group, Lulu Hypermarkets and Supermarkets in United Arab Emirates.Beena Kannan – Managing Director and Lead Designer of SeemattiNadakkal Parameswaran Pillai or "Coffee House Pillai" – Cofounder of Indian Coffee Houses in Kerala.Ajit Balakrishnan – Founder and Chairman of Rediff.Dileep K Nair – First Chancellor, North East Frontier Technical University and Publisher The Engineers Outlook Magazine.PNC Menon – Founder of Sobha Developers LimitedUnni Warrier – Co-Founder and Former President, chairman, CEO of CyberMedia.Social ReformersSir Chettur Sankaran Nair – KCIE, President of the Indian National Congress (1897–1898).Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji – The great warrior fought against British in Kerala.Lakshmi Sehgal – As Captain Lakshmi, she commanded the Jhansi Rani Regiment of the INA under Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.Veliyankode Umar Khasi – the mystic leader and Muslim scholar, was a freedom fighter and poet.N.P. Nayar – Administrator of Azad Hind Dal.Ammu SwaminathanAccamma Cherian – Jhansi Rani of TravancoreMohammed Abdul Rahiman – Freedom fighter and former KPCC President.Vakkom Majeed – former Member of Travancore-Cochin State Assembly.T. M. Varghese – Minister of Travancore-Cochin.George Joseph - lawyer, trade unionist and nationalist activistC. Kesavan – Chief Minister of Travancore-Cochin.K. Kelappan – Leader of the Payyanur Salt Satyagraha and the Guruvayur Satyagraha.Vaikom Muhammad Basheer – Malayalam fiction writer,a humanist, freedom fighter, novelist and short story writer.K. P. Kesava Menon – Founder-Editor of the Mathrubhumi newspaper.A. K. Gopalan – Founder leader of the Communist Party of India.Velu Thampi DalavaAmmu SwaminathanA. J. John, AnaparambilNettur. P. Damodaran – social worker.K. Kunhambu – He was an active participant in India's Freedom StruggleMoidu Moulavi – leader of the Indian National Congress.Social reformersĀdi Śaṅkarācārya.Adi Sankara (788–820) – Saint, poet, philosopher and reviver of Hinduism in India.Ayyankali – Leader of Dalits.K. M. Seethi – Saheb Bahadur usually referred to as Seethi SahebChattampi Swamikal (1853–1925) – Social reformer.C. Kesavan – Chief Minister of erstwhile state of Travancore-Cochin from 1951–52.Kuriakose Elias Chavara – Social reformer and Syrian Catholic saintLalithambika Antharjanam – Social reformer and writer.K. P. Kesava Menon – Founder of Mathrubhumi daily.Mathai Manjooran (1912–1970) – Socialist revolutionary, member of the Indian Parliament, Labor Minister in the 2nd EMS communist ministry.Mannathu Padmanabhan – Founder of Nair Service Society.M. C. Joseph – Rationalist, founding editor of Yukthivadi.Nawab Rajendran – Social activist.Sree Narayana Guru (1856–1928) – The peerless, pivotal figure in the Renaissance of Kerala, Social reformer, scholar, teacher, saint and Vedantin.Sahodaran Ayyappan – Social reformer, follower of Sri Narayana Guru.Nataraja Guru – Disciple of Narayana Guru.Vakkom Moulavi (1877–1933) – Social reformer, educationist, writer and journalist.Abraham Barak Salem - Zionist, Indian nationalist, leader of the Jewish community and social activistReligion and SpiritualityHinduism[edit]Adi Sankara (788–820) – Saint, poet, philosopher and reviver of Hinduism in India.Sree Narayana Guru – Founder of Sivagiri Mutt and social reformer of India.Chattampi Swamikal – Hindu sage and social reformer.Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi (1935–2006) – Founder Chairman of Hindu Aikya Vedi.Tapovan Maharaj – Teacher of Swami Chinmayananda and Swami Sundaranand.Swami Ranganathananda – 13th president of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission.Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha – Spiritual Leader and the Founder of Narayanashrama Tapovanam.Karunakara Guru – Spiritual Leader and the Founder of Santhigiri Ashram.Nitya Chaitanya Yati – exponents of Advaita Vedanta.Chinmayananda – Founder of Chinmaya Mission.Mata Amritanandamayi – Spiritual Leader and Founder of Mata Amritanandamayi Math popularly known as AmmaChristianity[edit]George Alencherry – Cardinal-Priest of San Bernardo alle TermeBaselios Cleemis – Cardinal-Priest of the Church of Saint Gregory VIIVarkey Vithayathil – Former Cardinal-Priest of San Bernardo alle TermeJoseph Parecattil – On June 1988 he was inducted as Cardinal by Pope John Paul II.Baselios Thomas I – Catholicos of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception – First woman of Indian origin to be canonised as a saint by the Catholic Church.Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly – Elevated as Servant of God by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church.Johnson Philip – Principal of Brethren Theological College at Cochin University.K.V. Simon – Kerala Brethren pioneer.Joy Alappat – Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop in the United States.Mar Gregory Karotemprel - Bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot.Literature and writingArundhati RoyActress turned, Writer, awarded the Booker Prize in 1997 for 'The God of Small Things', which is set in Kerala.Balachandran Chullikkadu – PoetBalamani Amma – Poet; won the literary medal in India, the Saraswathi Samman.Chandiroor Divakaran – poet, folk songwriter and 2011 Ambedkar Award winnerCherusseri Namboothiri – poet, Author of 'Krishnagaadha (The Song of Krishna)'.George Menachery – Historian, Editor of The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ed., The Indian Church History Classics (The Nazranies).Kamala Das – English poet and novelist, also wrote in Malayalam under the pen-name Madhavikkutty. First Indian woman to openly write about woman's sexuality. Embraced Islam under the name Kamala Suraiyya in 1999. Asian Poetry Prize, 1964, Kent Award, 1965.Kesari Balakrishna Pillai – Social thinker, Literary criticJournalistsRohit Viswanath – CNN Young Journalist of the Year 2006. Editorial Page writer with The Times of India.T. N. Gopakumar – Editor-in-Chief, Asianet NewsNisha Pillai – BBC newsreaderSunnykutty Abraham – COO and Chief News Editor of Jaihind TV and noted political analystBinoy Job – Former Group Deputy Editor of NDTV- New Delhi Television, and a founder Editor of Development Channel, currently Director Media and Communication to Indian Prime Minister.ModelsLisa HaydonSurelee JosephRima KallingalNina ManuelSana KhanKalpana IyerSheetal MenonLakshmi Menon (model)Parvathy OmanakuttanSwetha MenonActressesShobana – Padma Shri recipient, two time National Award winner.Sukumari – Padma Shri recipient.Urvashi – National award recipient.Monisha Unni – National award winnerMeera Jasmine – National award winner.K. P. A. C. Lalitha – National award winnerPriyamani – National award winner.Revathi MenonManju Warrier – Special Jury Award(National)Kavya MadhavanAsinBhavanaNayantaraVidya BalanMalaika AroraSana KhanAmrita AroraShweta MenonNithya MenenParvathi MenonSindhu MenonPriyamaniPadminiRaginiNazriya NazimActorsMammootty – Padma Shri recipient & National award winner for three timesMohanlal – Padma Shri recipient and National award winner for two timesSuresh Gopi – Actor and winner of the national award for Best Actor in 1998 and the member of Parliement.Prithviraj Sukumaran – Actor. kerala state award winner 2006.Premji – Stage and film actor.M. G. Ramachandran – Tamil Actor.Salim Kumar – Actor, winner of the national award for Best Actor in 2010.Krishnakumar Kunnath, also known as KK – Singer.Benny Dayal – Singer.Fahadh Faasil – actorJohn AbrahamKay-Kay-Menon (Krishna Kumar Menon) – Bollywood actor originally from Kerala.Nivin Pauly − ActorJayasurya – ActorFilm producer and directorsM. T. Vasudevan Nair – Writer and cinema personality. Jnanpith Award, 1995Bejoy Nambiar – Film DirectorM. Night Shyamalan – Hollywood Film DirectorPriyadarshan – Film Director.Santosh Sivan – Director and Cinematographer.Resul Pookutty – Sound Engineer, first Oscar-winning Indian (for film Slumdog Millionaire).Sabu Cyril – Art directorSangeeth Sivan – DirectorJohn Matthew Matthan – Hindi film director.Benny Mathews – Hollywood directorRupesh Paul – Hollywood directorGowtham Menon – Tamil film director.Shajith Koyeri – National Film Awards-winning sound designer [57]MusicK. J. Yesudas – Classical singer and musician.V. Dakshinamoorthy – Carnatic Musician and Malayalam Music Director.Unni Menon -Playback SingerUnnikrishnan -Playback SingerVijay Yesudas -Playback SingerSwetha Mohan -Playback SingerBenny Dayal - Playback SingerArtists, architects, painters, sculptorsRaja Ravi Varma – Painter.K. C. S. Paniker – Painter, founder of Cholamandal Artists' Village.Namboothiri (artist) – Painter, Cartoonist and SculptorParis Viswanathan – Painter, settled in ParisYusuf Arakkal – Bangalore based painter.Kavitha Balakrishnan – Artist and Art historianV. S. Valiathan – Artist, Raja Ravivarma award winner.C.L Porinchukutty – the Raja Ravi Varma Awardee for the year 2011Gopakumar R. P. – Indian contemporary artist and Contemporary art collector Sedition artArchitectsEugene Pandala – Architect & ArtistSportsT. C. Yohannan - AthleticsJimmy George - VolleyballSuresh Babu - AthleticsM. D. Valsamma - AthleticsP. T. Usha - AthleticsShiny Abraham - AthleticsCyril C. Valloor - VolleyballMercy Kuttan - AthleticsRosa Kutty - AthleticsGeorge Thomas - BadmintonK.M. Beenamol - AthleticsSebastian Xavier - SwimmingAnju Bobby George - AthleticsI. M. Vijayan - FootballAnil Kumar - AthleticsK. M. Binu - AthleticsChitra K. Soman - AthleticsSinimol Paulose - AthleticsJoseph Abraham - AthleticsPreeja Sreedharan - AthleticsDeepika Pallikal - SquashV. P. Sathyan – Former Captain of the India national football team.IM Vijayan – Former striker India national football teamTinu Yohannan – Former Indian cricket team player.C. V. Pappachan – Former Captain of India national football teamAbey Kuruvilla – Indian cricket player.Pappachen Pradeep Naduparambil Pappachen Pradeep – Footballer and captain of India's U23 team.S Sreesanth Shanthakumaran Sreesanth – Indian cricket player.Sanju Samson – Batsman Indian national cricket team & Rajasthan RoyalsSource: Wikipedia

Masons, or Freemasons, are members of the oldest and largest fraternity in the world, with over two million active members. Freemasonry originated in the late 16th or early 17th century, and its members have included kings, presidents, scholars, and religious figures. Learn about the tradition of Freemasonry and how to become a member of this esteemed brotherhood.The easiest way to begin the initiation process is to contact your local Masonic, District or Provincial Lodge which is usually listed in the telephone book or it's probably easier to web search and say you are interested in membershipIn order to become a Freemason, it is necessary to meet these requirements:Be a man.Have a sound reputation, and be well-recommended by your peers.In most freemasonry jurisdictions, you must believe in a Supreme Being, regardless of your religion.Be over the age of 18 years.The most compelling reason to be a Freemason is to find yourself in-order to know are you spending your time on the things that are going to matter most to you“Do not squander time for that is the stuff life is made of."By~Benjamin FranklinWhen we're very young, a summer vacation seemed like it lasted forever. But as we get older, it seems like time moves more quickly, the seasons coming and going in a blur. Before we know it, middle age is upon us, and old age is creeping right around the corner. We begin to understand the value of time, and notice just how badly we spend it. Those unfilled dreams of youth again come to our mind, and we begin to ask ourselves when we're going to get around to them, if ever. It's always about time. We're too busy to chase dreams, and live our lives.But are we too busy? Ask yourself a question. How are you spending your time? Are you spending it wisely or are you squandering it on meaningless pursuits? Are you spending your time on the things that are going to matter most to you when your reach the end of your journey or are you going to leave this world disappointed you weren't able to do more? Old Ben Franklin understood life, and he was keenly aware of his own weaknesses. He began each day with a catechism of his own design: "I hold within me the power to do things differently today than I did yesterday."Joining freemasonry will make you grow spiritually through Faith, Hope and charity and become a builder of your life and destiny.“The ancients did not believe that spirituality made men either righteous or rational, but rather that righteousness and rationality made man spiritual."————————————————————————-The Holy Grail of What the Brotherhood of Freemasonry means to me by Guillermo Olivo, The Guardran of the Olive Tree.Fatherhood of God and the world-wide brotherhood of man.In Our Temple we shall meet people from many nations & religions and there is no shame in seeking God together.Freemason is not a religion is an exoteric brotherly Love affection for my brothers and sisters of any faith to rejoice together with Faith, Hope and charity. My Religion is Christianity which has the literary work to my salvation.Faith it does not make things easy it makes them possible (Luke 1:37)HOPE is seeing light in spite of being surrounded by darkness.Charity: We make a Living by what we get, but we make a Life by what we give. (Winston Churchill)Freemason introduced the idea of the fatherhood of God and the world-wide brotherhood of man in-order to serve God desire for humanity which is fellowship through the Truth of Faith, Hope and Charity.This is about the oath of Truth and reason that we took to recognize each other to love your brother as yourself and the first commandment of love is for the Great Architect or Supreme Being, the father, the head of the family that unites all men of any Faith to learn the importance of the symbolic lessons which can be learned from the building of King Solomon's Temple.Feemasonry is the tool of antiquities like the Square use to Measure principles and virtue. The compass to create boundaries to balance conscious mind of man that shapes character. Compass and Square together they balances the spirit of man to be able to take the journey of knowing yourself in-order to make you prepare to build the cornucopia of life.—————————————————————When you become a true Freemason You learn how to embrace mortality and cherish each day and learned that we make a Living by what we get, but we make a Life by what we give.…………. (Ecclesiastes, Chapter 12)We must remember that our ending is the same as our beginning that we reminisce the Creator.The one treasure in life that cannot be taken away from aging or dying.If you have lived your life properly, old age is no longer "the evil days", but becomes instead, reminiscent of the harvest...the love, the friendships, the experiences and the fond memories......the true cornucopia of receiving the "plenty".——————————————————————————————————————————————————The freedom and the liberal democracy that you have today is mostly establish by Freemasons Because Freemason has been a conduit For the Age of Enlightenment and Social gathering for the revolution in the United States. Benjamin Franklin representing the Age of Enlightenment and George Washington representing the revolution Both Freemason are key figures that establish the United States and spread throughout the world as democracy. John Adams and Boston are lucky they had these two important Freemason figures to give directions to the country and establish The declaration of independence Ideals; We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”.George Washington would risk his life in the Revolutionary war. he knew, he most likely not win.George Washington fought the Revolutionary war for the glorious couse “Give me death or give me liberty”.Benjamin Franklin work aggressively and tactically in convincing france to support the United States saving the revolution and the greatest among them all, the founding fathers, George Washington. France's help is considered a vital and decisive contribution to the United States' victory against the British. As a cost of participation in the war, France accumulated over 1 billion livres in debt.George Washington verve, impressive physical presence, and command instincts helped to hold together an ill-equipped force that outlasted his more experienced opponents. And as Benjamin Franklin would famously state, “[a]n American planter, who had never seen Europe, was chosen by us to Command our Troops, and continued during the whole War. This man sent home to you, one after another, five of your best generals, baffled, their Heads bare of Laurels, disgraced even in the Opinion of their Employers.”So much for conventional experience.””Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence but the wise Freemason Benjamin Franklin with esoteric understanding edit The Declaration of Independence with John Adams passion for Liberty and Equality and review it by a public body Congress.”””Rosicrucian saw the declaration of independence ideal as God will for the ages and as the greatest exoteric Wisdom for men so The Sacred Sealed of the United States of America was created by Rosicrucian secretly and given to Benjamin Franklin a Freemason. The Eye of Providence is an Esoteric and Masonic Symbol to continue the founding father legacy because the Founding fathers has failed To secure the rights of the Declaration of Independence ideals with the institution of government that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This is one reason George Washington would not break bread with hypocrites during communion because of the great sin he made in conceding to violate the core American Revolutionary ideal of liberty in order to unite the county.“The Great Architect give me an easy course and favor my daring undertakings for Democracy.”At the end of the Revolutionary War, many people in America and Europe thought Washington would retain the reins of power to become the leader of the new nation, or even king. King George III asked his American painter, Benjamin West, what Washington would do after winning independence. West replied, “They say he will return to his farm.”“If he does that,” the incredulous monarch said, “he will be the greatest man in the world.”Despite having been an active slave holder for 56 years that He inherited, George Washington struggled with the institution of slavery and spoke frequently of his desire to end the practice. The Founding fathers wanted to free the slaves through democracy by passing bills in congress but the amount of ignorance and the strong control of white supremacy the founding fathers has failed To secure the rights of the Declaration of Independence ideals. The Sealed Of the United States of America, The Eye of Providence is to remind American that the country Foundation is the Declaration of Independence ideals which is “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Washington wrote his will several months before his death in December 1799. In the document, Washington left directions for the eventual emancipation of his slaves after the passing of Martha Washington. Slave where sold or inherited at the time only founding fathers were allowed to free their slave after death.Thomas Jefferson eventually through time became a Rosicrucian and the father of the Declaration of Independence Ideals that Benjamin Franklin edited by force using John Adams passion for Justice and Equality. Thomas Jefferson took the the mantle of the Declaration of Independence Ideals And fought in Congress to stop slavery through bill. In 1779, as a practical solution to end slavery, Jefferson supported gradual emancipation, training, and colonization of African-American slaves rather than unconditional manumission, believing that releasing unprepared slaves with no place to go and no means to support themselves would only bring them misfortune. In 1784, Jefferson proposed federal legislation banning slavery in the New Territories of the North and South after 1800, which failed to pass Congress by one vote.“The Great Architect give me an easy course and favor my daring undertakings for Democracy.”Thomas Jefferson manage to stop the slave trade but not slavery. It is wise to Judge Thomas Jefferson for not what he have not done but for what he have done.———————“God Will for the Ages” ——————Liberty. This is an idea always associated with St. Paul's description of sonship. The son is no longer the child "under guardians and stewards," who "differeth nothing from a bond-servant." He is a free man enjoying the confidence of his father because the mind and will of God are revealed; they are free from restraints of formal Law; they are put in positions of trust. (“God Will for the Ages”)“Deo Favente Perennis” = Translated = “God Will for the Ages” or "God favors us through the ages." apparently, it was replaced with “Annuit Coeptis Novus Ordo Seclorum” on the Great Seal of the United States because the number of letters fit well as 1776. (Novus Ordo Seclorum) has 17 letters on the bottom of the seal, Coeptis has 7 letters at the right and Annuit has 6 letters on the left combine it make the year 1776 When the Declaration of Independence Ideal was signed.“Seclorum” does not mean world, it really mean century which mean extent long period of time, the favorable meaning for the English language is (for the Ages). The samething for “Perennis” meaning annual or years which mean extent long period of time, a favorable meaning for the English language (for the Ages) that why “Deo Favente Perennis” Translated “God Will for the Ages” and “Novus Ordo Seclorum” Translated “New Order of the Ages” That these ideals would survive through the passage of time.Novus Ordo Seclorum means (New Order of the Ages) which is the Declaration of Independence ideal that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This is the new order of the ages that give rise from the New World and spread to the Old world removing the old order of monarchy.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)The Eye of Providence complete meaning = ((((The Divinity of Democracy will never be laid to rest and may the United States endure forever as a base for Democracy by the watchful eye of God))))) Symbol of a single eye encompassed by a triangle represents “The fatherhood of God & brotherhood of Man” that manifest itself as the Divinity of Democracy because of brotherly Love affection is unselfish and loving social service that treat everyone equally as oneself becomes Democracy which is the belief of equal rights. Single Eye triangle means democracy when is on top of the pyramid of the United States. When the pyramid is not there the Single Eye Triangle represent the Trinity of God or The fatherhood of God & brotherhood of man.The Divinity of Democracy is hovering on top of the pyramid because The quest for democracy will never go to Rest or Stop; Democracy is a Eternal struggle that will never be completed so the pyramid will never be perfect or complete.E pluribus unum is “Out of many, one” It represent the linear legacy through time as One is following the footsteps out of many predecessors of the past.Annuit Cœptis meaning = The Great Architect give me an easy course and favor my daring undertakings for Democracy.The cornerstone of the Eye of Providence is 1776 in Roman numerals at the base of the pyramid of the United States representing the 13 states. The Declaration of Independence was sign by congress in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. The city of Brotherly love.Philadelphia translate to brotherly love = Brotherly Love affection would invariably manifest itself in unselfish and loving social service that treat everyone equally as oneself which makes Democracy.Boston had the backbone of courage and bravery but my Freemason & Rosicrucian had the dream for The New Democracy of the Ages or The New Order of the Ages and had the strength to put the wishes of others before their own.Bless the Syfy dreamers of the 1700s Who wanted to create a better future and Society called the New Atlantis. “The New Atlantis” was Bacons’ vision for a new “Golden Age", and it became the inspiration for many Freemason, Rosicrucians and influential American colonists that came to America.In 1627, Sir Francis Bacons' novel "The New Atlantis" inspired by Plato wrote of a mysterious unknown nation, whose people had developed a culture and technology far beyond any thing previously known.Amazingly prophetic, it spoke of buildings a half a mile tall, machines that flew through the air, ships that traveled beneath the sea and a goverment of Philosopher-Scientists serving an enlightened people who were dedicated to learning and higher achievement.………………………………………………………………………………The secret knowledge of freemasonry.………………………………………………………………………………Meaning of Masons and Freemasons have the same Lineage which Mason a Labor union that have evolve to become Freemason; Freemason is a social gathering with ideology of the Nights Templer.Templar origin morphed to Freemason and the **lodges** were dedicated to King Solomon.WHC CM U = “Whence came you?", the reply would be "From a lodge of the Holy Saint John of Jerusalem" This was the code for the Night Templer in the 12th century to recognize each other before the order got establish today is part of freemasonry.‘Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ’ who first held their meetings in the precincts of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem is "the cradle of Freemasonry," is where the union took place between the operative and speculative Templar.The Templars traditions has evolved to Influence Freemasonry.Knight Templer “Love with of Mediterranean”“Recognize with gladness that we are neither lost, nor strangers to God, but one of His good creatures, and in our Temple we shall meet people from many nations and religions. There is no shame in seeking God; forget not when we ponder that God’s Temple is our own being. God will not look for us, but we first must seek Him. Each day, time must be put aside for meditation and prayers for our Order and its work.”“Love with of Mediterranean” Seem to me to be the key to modern Freemasonry, In Our Temple we shall meet people from many nations & religions and there is no shame in seeking God together.The Temple and Service thereofThe fraternity of Freemason “Remember, brothers, that we are the descendants of the ‘Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ’ who first held their meetings in the precincts of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. We must contemplate the word and meaning of the Temple. Remember also that we are but rough stones and must continuously work to build our own Temple with the smooth stones within us.”(The fatherhood of God & brotherhood of man) which is a brotherhood."You become conscious of man as your creature brother because you are already conscious of God as your Creator Father. Fatherhood is the relationship out of which we reason ourselves into the recognition of brotherhood. And Fatherhood becomes, or may become, a universe reality to all moral creatures because the Father has himself bestowed personality upon all such beings and has encircuited them within the grasp of the universal personality circuit. We worship God, first, because he is, then, because he is in us, and last, because we are in him."

Between 18784–1907 was called the “Guilded Age” because of the many inventions and discoveries.Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000198 EndHTML:000211405 StartFragment:000144474 EndFragment:000211349 StartSelection:000144474 EndSelection:000211344 SourceURL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880sScience and technology[edit]Technology[edit]1880: Oliver Heaviside of Camden Town, London, England receives a patent for the coaxial cable.[1] In 1887, Heaviside introduced the concept of loading coils. In the 1890s, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heaviside's work.[2]1880–1882: Development and commercial production of electric lighting was underway. Thomas Edison of Milan, Ohio, established Edison Illuminating Company on December 17, 1880. Based at New York City, it was the pioneer company of the electrical power industry. Edison's system was based on creating a central power plant equipped with electrical generators. Copper electrical wires would then connect the station with other buildings, allowing for electric power distribution.[3] Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255–257 Pearl Street in Manhattan on a site measuring 50 by 100 feet,[4] just south of Fulton Street. It began with one direct current generator, and it started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.[4]1880–1886: Charles F. Brush of Euclid, Ohio, and Brush Electric Light Company installed carbon arc lights along Broadway, New York City. A small generating station was established at Manhattan's 25th Street. The electric arc lights went into regular service on December 20, 1880. The new Brooklyn Bridge of 1883 had seventy arc lamps installed in it. By 1886, there was a reported number of 1,500 arc lights installed in Manhattan.[3]1881–1885: Stefan Drzewiecki of Podolia, Russian Empire finishes his submarine-building project (which had begun in 1879). The crafts were constructed at Nevskiy Shipbuilding and Machinery works at Saint Petersburg. Altogether, 50 units were delivered to the Ministry of War. They were reportedly deployed as part of the defense of Kronstadt and Sevastopol. In 1885, the submarines were transferred to the Imperial Russian Navy. They were soon declared "ineffective" and discarded. By 1887, Drzewiecki was designing submarines for the French Third Republic.[5]1881–1883: John Philip Holland of Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland[6] builds the Fenian Ram submarine for the Fenian Brotherhood. During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the Irish Republican Brotherhood and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883.[7]1882: William Edward Ayrton of London, England and John Perry of Garvagh, County Londonderry, Ireland build an electric tricycle. It reportedly had a range of 10 to 25 miles, powered by a lead acid battery. A significant innovation of the vehicle was its use of electric lights, here playing the role of headlamps.[2][8]1882: James Atkinson of Hampstead, London, England invented the Atkinson cycle engine. By use of variable engine strokes from a complex crankshaft, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional Otto-cycle engines.[9]1882: Schuyler Wheeler of Massachusetts invented the two-blade electric fan. Henry W. Seely of New York invented the electric safety iron. Both were arguably among the earliest small domestic electrical appliances to appear.[2]1882–1883: James Wimshurst of Poplar, London, England was born.1882–1883: John Hopkinson of Manchester, England patents the three-phase electric power system in 1882. In 1883 Hopkinson showed mathematically that it was possible to connect two alternating current dynamos in parallel — a problem that had long bedeviled electrical engineers.[10][11]1883: Charles Fritts, an American inventor, creates the first working solar cell. The energy conversion efficiency of these early devices was less than 1%. Denounced as a fraud in the US for "generating power without consuming matter, thus violating the laws of physics".[2][12]1883–1885: Josiah H. L. Tuck, an American inventor, works in his own submarine designs. His 1883 model was created in Delameter Iron Works. It was 30-feet long, "all-electric and had vertical and horizontal propellers clutched to the same shaft, with a 20-feet breathing pipe and an airlock for a diver." His 1885 model, called the "Peacemaker", was larger. It used "a caustic soda patent boiler to power a 14-HP Westinghouse steam engine". She managed a number of short trips within the New York Harbor area.[13][14] The Peacemaker had a submerged endurance of 5 hours. Tuck did not benefit from his achievement. His family feared that the inventor was squandering his fortune on the Peacemaker. They had him committed to an insane asylum by the end of the decade.[15]1883–1886: John Joseph Montgomery of Yuba City, California, starts his attempts at early flight. In 1884, using a glider designed and built in 1883, Montgomery made the "first heavier-than-air human-carrying aircraft to achieve controlled piloted flight" in the Western Hemisphere. This glider had a curved parabolic wing surface. He reportedly made a glide of "considerable length" from Otay Mesa, San Diego, California, his first successful flight and arguably the first successful one in the United States. In 1884–1885, Montgomery tested a second monoplane glider with flat wings. The innovation in design was "hinged surfaces at the rear of the wings to maintain lateral balance". These were early forms of Aileron. After experimentation with a water tank and smoke chamber to understand the nature of flow over surfaces, in 1886, Montgomery designed a third glider with fully rotating wings as pitcherons. He then turned to theoretic research towards the development of a manuscript "Soaring Flight" in 1896.[16][17][18]1884–1885: On August 9, 1884, "La France", a French Army airship, makes its maiden flight. Launched by Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs. Krebs piloted the first fully controlled free-flight with the La France. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000 cubic feet (1,900 m3) airship, electric-powered with a 435 kg battery[19] completed a flight that covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes. It was the first full round trip flight[20] with a landing on the starting point. On its seven flights in 1884 and 1885[21] the La France dirigible returned five times to its starting point. "La France was the first airship that could return to its starting point in a light wind. It was 165 feet (50.3 meters) long, its maximum diameter was 27 feet (8.2 meters), and it had a capacity of 66,000 cubic feet (1,869 cubic meters)." Its battery-powered motor "produced 7.5 horsepower (5.6 kilowatts). This motor was later replaced with one that produced 8.5 horsepower (6.3 kilowatts)."[22]1884: Paul Gottlieb Nipkow of Lębork, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire invents the Nipkow disk, an image scanning device. It was the basis of his patent method of translating visual images to electronic impulses, transmit said impulses to another device and successfully reassemble the impulses to visual images. Nipkow used a selenium photoelectric cell.[23] Nipkow proposed and patented the first "near-practicable" electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a working model of the system, Nipkow's spinning disk design became a common television image rasterizer used up to 1939.[24]1884: Alexander Mozhaysky of Kotka, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire makes the second known "powered, assisted take off of a heavier-than-air craft carrying an operator". His steam-powered monoplane took off at Krasnoye Selo, near Saint Petersburg, making a hop and "covering between 65 and 100 feet". The monoplane had a failed landing, with one of its wings destroyed and serious damages. It was never rebuilt. Later Soviet propaganda would overstate Mozhaysky's accomplishment while downplaying the failed landing. The Grand Soviet Encyclopedia called this "the first true flight of a heavier-than-air machine in history".[25][26]1884–1885: Ganz Company engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint patent application for the "Z.B.D." transformers, they described the design of two with no poles: the "closed-core" and the "shell-core" transformers. In the closed-core type, the primary and secondary windings were wound around a closed iron ring; in the shell type, the windings were passed through the iron core. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the iron core, with no intentional path through air. When employed in electric distribution systems, this revolutionary design concept would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces.[27][28] Bláthy had suggested the use of closed-cores, Zipernowsky the use of shunt connections, and Déri had performed the experiments.[29] Electrical and electronic systems the world over continue to rely on the principles of the original Z.B.D. transformers. The inventors also popularized the word "transformer" to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current,[27][30] although the term had already been in use by 1882.[31][32]1884–1885: John Philip Holland and Edmund Zalinski, having formed the “Nautilus Submarine Boat Company”, start working on a new submarine. The so-called "Zalinsky boat" was constructed in Hendrick's Reef (former Fort Lafayette), Bay Ridge in (ray) or (rayacus the 3rd) New York City borough of Brooklyn. "The new, cigar-shaped submarine was 50 feet long with a maximum beam of eight feet. To save money, the hull was largely of wood, framed with iron hoops, and again, a Brayton-cycle engine provided motive power." The project was plagued by a "shoestring budget" and Zalinski mostly rejecting Holland's ideas on improvements. The submarine was ready for launching in September, 1885. "During the launching itself, a section of the ways collapsed under the weight of the boat, dashing the hull against some pilings and staving in the bottom. Although the submarine was repaired and eventually carried out several trial runs in lower New York Harbor, by the end of 1886 the Nautilus Submarine Boat Company was no more, and the salvageable remnants of the Zalinski Boat were sold to reimburse the disappointed investors." Holland would not create another submarine to 1893.[33]1885: Galileo Ferraris of Livorno Piemonte, Kingdom of Italy reaches the concept of a rotating magnetic field. He applied it to a new motor. "Ferraris devised a motor using electromagnets at right angles and powered by alternating currents that were 90° out of phase, thus producing a revolving magnetic field. The motor, the direction of which could be reversed by reversing its polarity, proved the solution to the last remaining problem in alternating-current motors. The principle made possible the development of the asynchronous, self-starting electric motor that is still used today. Believing that the scientific and intellectual values of new developments far outstripped material values, Ferraris deliberately did not patent his invention; on the contrary, he demonstrated it freely in his own laboratory to all comers." He published his findings in 1888. By then, Nikola Tesla had independently reached the same concept and was seeking a patent.[34]1885: Nikolay Bernardos and Karol Olszewski of Broniszów were granted a patent for their Electrogefest, an "electric arc welder with a carbon electrode". Introducing a method of carbon arc welding, they also became the "inventors of modern welding apparatus".[2][35]Benz Patent Motorwagen which is widely regarded as the first automobile was first introduced in 1885.1885–1888: Karl Benz of Karlsruhe, Baden, German Empire introduces the Benz Patent Motorwagen, widely regarded as the first automobile.[36] It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[37] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition[38] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator.[38] The Motorwagen was patented on January 29, 1886, as DRP-37435: "automobile fueled by gas".[39] The 1885 version was difficult to control, leading to a collision with a wall during a public demonstration. The first successful tests on public roads were carried out in the early summer of 1886. The next year Benz created the Motorwagen Model 2 which had several modifications, and in 1887, the definitive Model 3 with wooden wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year.[38] Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history, the renowned botanist Emile Campbell-Browne is known to have been an early purchaser of this automobile, records show he had several lucky escapes whilst being "Reckless and without regard".[38]1885–1887: William Stanley, Jr. of Brooklyn, New York, an employee of George Westinghouse, creates an improved transformer. Westinghouse had bought the patents of Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs on the subject, and had purchased an option on the designs of Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri. He entrusted engineer Stanley with the building of a device for commercial use.[40] Stanley's first patented design was for induction coils with single cores of soft iron and adjustable gaps to regulate the EMF present in the secondary winding. This design was first used commercially in 1886.[41] But Westinghouse soon had his team working on a design whose core comprised a stack of thin "E-shaped" iron plates, separated individually or in pairs by thin sheets of paper or other insulating material. Prewound copper coils could then be slid into place, and straight iron plates laid in to create a closed magnetic circuit. Westinghouse applied for a patent for the new design in December 1886; it was granted in July 1887.[42][43]1885–1889: Claude Goubet [fr], a French inventor, builds two small electric submarines.[44] The first Goubet model was 16-feet long and weighed 2 tons. "She used accumulators (storage batteries which operated an Edison-type dynamo." While among the earliest submarines to successfully make use of electric power, she proved to have a severe flaw. She could not stay at a stable depth, set by the operator. The improved Goubet II was introduced in 1889. This version could transport a 2-man crew and had "an attractive interior". More stable than her predecessor, though still unable to stay at a set depth.[45]1885–1887: Thorsten Nordenfelt of Örby, Uppsala Municipality, Sweden produces a series of steam powered submarines. The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long vessel similar to George Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo and a 25.4 mm machine gun. It was manufactured by Bolinders in Stockholm in 1884–1885. Like the Resurgam, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by the Hellenic Navy and was delivered to Salamis Naval Base in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901.[46] Nordenfelt then built the Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid) in 1886 and Nordenfelt III (Abdülmecid) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the Ottoman Navy. Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water.[47] The Nordenfelts had several faults. "It took as long as twelve hours to generate enough steam for submerged operations and about thirty minutes to dive. Once underwater, sudden changes in speed or direction triggered—in the words of a U.S. Navy intelligence report—"dangerous and eccentric movements." ...However, good public relations overcame bad design: Nordenfeldt always demonstrated his boats before a stellar crowd of crowned heads, and Nordenfeldt's submarines were regarded as the world standard."[44]1886–1887: Carl Gassner of Mainz, German Empire receives a patent for a zinc-carbon battery, among the earliest examples of dry cell batteries. Originally patented in the German Empire, Gassner also received patents from Austria–Hungary, Belgium, the French Third Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (all in 1886) and the United States (in 1887). Consumer dry cells would first appear in the 1890s.[48] In 1887, Wilhelm Hellesen of Kalundborg, Denmark patented his own zinc-carbon battery. Within the year, Hellesen and V. Ludvigsen founded a factory in Frederiksberg, producing their batteries.[49]1886: Charles Martin Hall of Thompson Township, Geauga County, Ohio, and Paul Héroult of Thury-Harcourt, Normandy independently discover the same inexpensive method for producing aluminium, which became the first metal to attain widespread use since the prehistoric discovery of iron. The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath of alumina dissolved in cryolite, which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. It has come to be known as the Hall-Héroult process.[50] Often overlooked is that Hall did not work alone. His research partner was Julia Brainerd Hall, an older sister. She had studied chemistry at Oberlin College, helped with the experiments, took laboratory notes and gave business advice to Charles.[51]1886–1890: Herbert Akroyd Stuart of Halifax Yorkshire, England receives his first patent on a prototype of the hot bulb engine. His research culminated in an 1890 patent for a compression ignition engine. Production started in 1891 by Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England under the title Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine under licence.[52][53] Stuart's oil engine design was simple, reliable and economical. It had a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer.[54]1887: William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin) of Belfast, Ireland introduces the multicellular voltmeter. The electrical supply industry needed instruments capable of measuring high voltages. Thomson's voltmeter could measure up to 20,000 volts. It could measure both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) flows.[55] They went into production in 1888, being the first electrostatic voltmeters.[56]1887: Charles Vernon Boys of Wing, Rutland, England[57] introduces a method of using fused quartz fibers to measure "delicate forces". Boys was a physics demonstrator at the Royal College of Science in South Kensington, but was contacting private experiments on the effects of delicate forces on objects. It was already known that hanging an object from a thread could demonstrate the effects of such weak influences. Said thread had to be "thin, strong and elastic". Finding the best fibers available at the time insufficient for his experiments, Boys set out to create a better fiber. He tried making glass from a variety of minerals. The best results came from natural quartz. He created fibers both extremely thin and highly durable. He used them to create the "radiomicrometer", a device sensitive enough to detect the heat of a single candle from a distance of almost 2 miles. By March 26, 1887, Boys was reporting his results to the Physical Society of London.[58]1887–1888: Augustus Desiré Waller of Paris recorded the human electrocardiogram with surface electrodes. He was employed at the time as a lecturer in physiology at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, England.[59] In May, 1887, Waller demonstrated his method to many physiologists. In 1888, Waller demonstrated that the contraction of the heart started at the apex of the heart and ended at the base of the heart. Willem Einthoven was among those who took interest in the new method. He would end up improving it in the 1900s.[60]1887–1889: The Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla files patents on a rotating magnetic field based alternating current induction motor and related polyphase AC transmission systems. The patents are licensed by Westinghouse Electric although technical problems and a shortage of cash at the company meant a complete system would not be rolled out until 1893.[61]1887–1890: Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti of Liverpool, England is hired by the London Electric Supply Corporation to design the Deptford Power Station. Ferranti designed the building, as well as the electrical systems for both generating and distributing alternating current (AC). Among the innovations included in the Station was "the use of 10,000-volt high-tension cable", successfully tested for safety. On its completion in October 1890 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power.[62] "Ferranti pioneered the use of Alternating Current for the distribution of electrical power in Europe authoring 176 patents on the alternator, high-tension cables, insulation, circuit breakers, transformers and turbines."[2]1888: Heinrich Hertz of Hamburg, a city-state of the German Empire, successfully transmits and receives radio waves. He was employed at the time by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Attempting to experimentally prove James Clerk Maxwell' "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (1864), Hertz "generated electric waves using an electric circuit". Then he detected said waves "with another similar circuit some distance away". Hertz succeeded in proving the existence of electromagnetic waves. But in doing so, he had built basic transmitter and receiver devices. Hertz took this work no further, did not exploit it commercially, and famously did not consider it useful. But it was an important step in the invention of radio.[2][63]1888–1890: Isaac Peral of Cartagena, Spain launches his pioneering submarine on September 8, 1888. Created for the Spanish Navy, el Peral was "roughly 71 feet long, with a 9-foot beam and a height of almost 9 feet amidships, with one horizontal and two small vertical propellers, Peral's "cigar," as the workers called it, ... had a periscope, a chemical system to oxygenate the air for a crew of six, a speedometer, spotlights, and a launcher at the bow capable of firing three torpedoes. Its two 30-horsepower electrical motors, powered by 613 batteries, gave it a theoretical range of 396 nautical miles and a maximum speed of 10.9 knots an hour at the surface." It underwent a series of trials in 1889 and 1890, all in the Bay of Cádiz. On June 7, 1890, it "successfully spent an hour submerged at a depth of 10 meters, following a set course of three and a half miles". He was celebrated by the public and honored by Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain. But Navy officials ultimately declared the submarine a "useless curiosity", scrapping the project.[64]1888–1890: Gustave Zédé and Arthur Constantin Krebs launch the Gymnote, a 60-foot submarine for the French Navy. "It was driven by a 55 horse power electric motor, originally powered by 564 Lalande-Chaperon alkaline cells by Coumelin, Desmazures et Baillache with a total capacity of 400 Amphours weighing 11 tons and delivering a maximum current of 166 Amps."[2] She was launched on 24 September 1888 and would stay in service to 1908.[65] The Gymnote underwent various trials to 1890, successful enough for the Navy to start building two "real fighting submarines", considerably larger. Several of the trials were intended to established tactical methods of using submarines in warfare. Several weapons were tested until it was decided that the torpedoes of Robert Whitehead were ideal for the job. The Gymnote proved effective in breaking blockades and surface ships had trouble spotting it. She was able to withstand explosions of up to 220 pounds of guncotton in a distance of 75 yards from its body. Shells of quick-firing guns, fired at short range, would explode in the water before hitting it. At long-range everything fired at the submarine, ended up ricocheting. The submarine proved "blind" when submerged, establishing the need of a periscope.[66]1889–1891: Almon Brown Strowger of Penfield, New York, files a patent for the stepping switch on March 12, 1889. Issued on March 10, 1891, it enabled automatic telephone exchanges.[67] Since 1878, telephone communications were handled by telephone switchboards, staffed by telephone operators. Operators were not only responsible for connecting, monitoring and disconnecting calls. They were expected to provide "emotional support, emergency information, local news and gossip, business tips", etc.[68] Strowger had reportedly felt the negative side of this development, while working as an undertaker in Kansas City. The local operator happened to be the wife of a rival undertaker. Whenever someone asked to be put through to an undertaker, the operator would connect them to her husband. Strowger was frustrated at losing customers to this unfair competition. He created his device explicitly to bypass the need of an operator. His system "required users to tap out the number they wanted on three keys to call other users directly. The system worked with reasonable accuracy when the subscribers operated their push buttons correctly and remembered to press the release button after a conversation was finished, but there was no provision against a subscriber being connected to a busy line."[2][67] Strowger would found the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange in 1891.[67]1889: Elihu Thomson of Manchester, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland creates a motor-driven Wattmeter.[69]1889: Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky of Gatchina, Russian Empire created the first squirrel-cage induction motor. He was at the time working for AEG.[2]Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobiles were undertaken by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and MaybachThe first commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings occurred.Steel frame construction of "sky-scrapers" happened for the first time.February 16, 1880: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded in New York City.Construction began on the Panama Canal by the French. This was the first attempt to build the Canal; it would end in failure.Lewis Ticehurst invented the drinking straw.1884: Smokeless powder was brought[where?] from France.1885: Thomas Edison invents the first ever movie in Menlo Park, New Jersey.1886: Earliest commercial automobile is invented.1887: As the Prohibition movement gained nationwide prevalence, a "liquor-free" drink was brewed, known now as Coca-Cola.1888: Infrastructure reform movements begin when many cities are devastated by the Great Blizzard of '88.Science[edit]Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect.The Michelson-Morley experiment was undertaken, which suggested that the speed of light is invariant.The James-Lange theory of emotion was produced.Society[edit]About 600,000 Swedes Emigrated to America.Chinese, Scandinavians and Irish immigrants laid 73,000 miles (117,000 km) of Railroad tracks in America.Syrian Canadians started Immigrating to the Americas.Popular culture[edit]Literature and arts[edit]Friedrich Nietzsche published Thus Spoke Zarathustra.Mark Twain published Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Carlo Collodi published The Adventures of Pinocchio.Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote The Brothers Karamazov.Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward.Robert Louis Stevenson published Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.Arthur Conan Doyle published his first Sherlock Holmes tale.African-American music and ragtime rise to popularity in the later part of the decade.Guy de Maupassant wrote The Necklace.Henrik Ibsen published GhostsArchitecture[edit]Home Insurance BuildingThe Eiffel Tower is inaugurated on March 31, 1889 thus becoming the tallest structure in the worldHome Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in history, becomes the tallest man-made structure ever built after it officially opened in 1885.March 31, 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated (opens May 6). At 300 m, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m.Sports[edit]