Dohns Part 1 Questions: Fill & Download for Free

A physician told me that people over 75 are the age group most likely to die from COVID-19. But is there a chance that COvid-19 is even deadlier for obese people, regardless of age?Hi DohnIt’s complex, but you’re right. Some[1] have even talked of ‘CoVesity’—the combination of an ongoing obesity ‘pandemic’ with the COVID-19 pandemic, although this may just be a cynical ploy to promote bariatric surgery :(There’s a burgeoning literature on the link between COVID-19 and obesity, which seems to almost double the risk of dying from SARS-CoV-2 infection, pretty much independent of age! If you want to read more, you can go to PubMed and enter e.g.obesity[ti] AND risk AND COVID-19 A very recent meta-analysis of over half a million patients suggests the risk is a bit more modest than I’ve asserted above, about 1.4 times greater,[2] with an increasing effect (1.9 times the risk) in the most obese patients. Interestingly enough, the older the person, the greater the added effect of obesity in this analysis—if you’ve over 65 and obese, your risk goes up to 2.5 fold.Another analysis suggests that over half of the variation in COVID-19 deaths from country to country is attributable to differing rates of obesity,[3] for example USA citizens tend to be more chubby than most, and die more often from COVID-19 at younger ages.[4]The really interesting question is “Why?” Why should obesity predispose to severe disease? The most convincing explanation seems to be based on something we already know—obesity reflects a state of chronic inflammation throughout the body. A large part of the harm caused by COVID-19 seems to be related to the host’s immune response—which is likely why dexamethasone has a modest effect on decreasing death. Dexamethasone is a steroid that is a potent inhibitor of inflammation.More recently, we’ve also seen reliable evidence from the RECOVERY trial[5] that a similar, modest effect occurs when sick patients are given another drug called tocilizumab—a decrease in deaths from 33% to 29%. This is relevant because tocilizumab is a drug that is otherwise used in rheumatoid arthritis to damp down the abnormal immune response by inhibiting the effects of something called IL6. IL6 is what we might call a pro-inflammatory cytokine—it generally heightens inflammation. In addition, a decent portion of the IL6 that’s normally kicking around in the bloodstream comes from fat cells.The image at the start of my post comes from Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obesity and T2D: Literature Review, which is available under the creative commons licence, and provides more detailed information about why obesity (and diabetes) should predispose to badness here. As I said at the start, it’s complex.I hope this helps a bit.My 2c, Dr Jo.Footnotes[1] SARS-CoV-2 and Obesity: “CoVesity”—a Pandemic Within a Pandemic[2] Obesity and Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PubMed[3] Obesity as a driver of international differences in COVID-19 death rates - PubMed[4] Data reveal deadliness of COVID-19, even in young adults[5] Tocilizumab reduces deaths in patients hospitalised with COVID-19

When we first see R2D2 (in The Phantom Menace), he is one of several robots aboard Queen Amidala's space cruiser fleeing Naboo for Tatooine. He clearly belongs to Padme. When we first see C3P0, he is in the final stages of being assembled by Anakin SkywalkerI think this answers your Question if not this might.in:Canon articles, We're Doomed!, Articles to be expanded,and 10 moreR2-D2EDITSHAREWe're Doomed!This article covers an essential topic and is in need of major additions and/or work.Please follow the guidelines in the Manual of Style and complete this article to the highest level of quality before continuing on other articles.[Hide]Master Qui-Gon, more to say, have you?It is requested that this article, or a section of this article, be expanded.See the request on the listing or on this article's talk page. Once the improvements have been completed, you may remove this notice and the page's listing.[Hide]Content approaching. Star Wars Battlefront II,From a Certain Point of View, The Weapon of a Jedi: A Luke Skywalker Adventure, Star Wars Book II: Showdown on the Smuggler's Moon,Star Wars: Vader Down, Star Wars Book IV: Rebel Jail, Star Wars Book V: The Last Flight of the Harbinger, Star Wars 26: Yoda's Secret War, Part I, Star Wars 35: The Hutt Run, Star Wars 36: Revenge of the Astromech, Star Wars 37: Imperial Pride, Star Wars: Forces of Destiny – "Beasts of Echo Base", The Legends of Luke Skywalker, ""—Star Wars Adventures Ashcan, Star Wars: The Last Jedi: Expanded Edition–class.Parts of this article have been identified as no longer being up to date.Please update the article to reflect recent events, and remove this template when finished.[Hide]R2-D2Production informationHomeworldNaboo[1]Date destroyed20 BBY(rebuilt shortly after)[2]ManufacturerIndustrial Automaton[3]Product lineR-series[4]ModelR2 series astromech droid[5]ClassAstromech droid[6]Technical specificationsHeight1.09 meters[1]Mass32 kilograms[7]GenderMasculine programming[6]Sensor colorRed[5]Plating colorBlueSilverEquipmentBuzz saw[8]Electric pikeDrinks tray (Only onJabba's Sail Barge)[8]Fusion welderData probe[9]Power recharge couplerRocket booster[10]HoloprojectorMotorized, all-terrain treads[9]Retractable third legChronological and political informationAffiliationRoyal House of Naboo[11]Jedi Order[12]Galactic Republic[11]501st Legion[13]R2-D2's battle droid squadron[14]D-Squad[15]House of Organa[12]Galactic Empire[16]Alliance to Restore the Republic[5]Massassi Group[5]Red Squadron[5]Leia Organa's team[17]Endor strike team[8]Bright Tree tribe(honorary member)[8]Resistance[18][Source]"You know, that little droid is going to cause me a lot of trouble.""Oh, he excels at that, sir."―Luke Skywalker and C-3PO[src]R2-D2, pronounced Artoo-Detoo and often referred to as Artoo, was an R2 series astromech droid manufactured by Industrial Automatonwith masculine programming. A smart, spunky droid serving a multitude of masters over its lifetime, R2 never had a full memory wipe (apart from a partial mind-wipe by Cad Bane during the buildup to the senate hostage crisis) nor has he received new programming, with these factors resulting in an adventurous and independent attitude. Oftentimes finding himself in pivotal moments in galactic history, his bravery and ingenuity saved the galaxy time and time again.Beginning his service in the employ of Queen Amidala of Naboo, the droid would wind up serving Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker during the waning years of the Galactic Republic, often accompanied by the protocol droid C-3PO in many adventures throughout the Clone Wars. After his master's turn to the dark side of the Force, he would eventually serve Senator Bail Organa for a time in the Imperial Senate. Nineteen years following the death of the Galactic Republic, he would play a pivotal role in helping the Alliance to Restore the Republicdestroy the Empire's dreaded Death Star, carrying technical readouts essential to its destruction. Serving Jedi Purge survivor Luke Skywalker throughout the Galactic Civil War, he would participate in both the Battles of Hoth and Endor, and would witness the destruction of the Empire's dreaded Death Star II a mere four years after the first space station's destruction.In the subsequent thirty years, Artoo would accompany Luke Skywalker until the destruction of his attempted resurrection of the Jedi Order. Following Luke's disappearance, Artoo set himself into a self-imposed low power mode as newer droid models started to out-compute the aging astromech. Despite this, his celebrated role in the Rebellion protected him from the usual recycling procedure of many old droids, allowing him a peaceful semi-retirement in the Resistanceas he pored over several decades of uninterrupted data, causing him to 'dream' of many of his greatest adventures.Contents[show]BiographyEditServing Padmé AmidalaEditInvasion of NabooEdit"An extremely well-put together droid, Your Highness. Without a doubt, it saved the ship, as well as our lives.""It is to be commended. What is its number?""R2-D2, Your Highness.""Thank you, R2-D2."―Captain Panaka and Sabé in the guise of Queen Amidala[src]R2-D2 repairing the shield generator of Queen Amidala's Royal Starship.R2-D2 was one of several astromech droids stationed on Queen Amidala's Naboo Royal Starship during the invasion of Naboo by the Trade Federation. The ship was used by Queen Amidala and her entourage in an attempt to escape the planet. Unluckily for the ship's passengers, the vessel took a hit to the shield generatorfrom a Trade Federation battleship. The astromechs were sent out to repair the ship but only R2-D2 survived to bring the shields online by bypassing the main power drive, allowing pilot Ric Olié to escape into hyperspace.[11]As the ship traveled to Tatooine, R2-D2 was taken before Sabé, the Queen's decoy in the guise of Amidala, where he was commended for his actions. The ship landed on Tatooine without any further incidents, although the voyage fried the hyperdrive. R2-D2 accompanied Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn, Gungan exile Jar Jar Binks and Padmé, the queen in disguise, to the city of Mos Espa to find a replacement. In the junk shop of the Toydarian merchant Watto they found they could not afford a replacement hyperdrive and later took shelter from a sandstorm in the home of Watto's slaves, a boy named Anakin Skywalker, and his mother, Shmi.[11]At the Skywalker home, R2-D2 met C-3PO, a protocol droid that Anakin had built. The two would bond as they worked on Anakin's personal podracer. R2-D2 and C-3PO would cheer on Anakin during the Boonta Eve Classic, where the boy would win his freedom, and enough money to buy a new hyperdrive.[11]R2-D2 accompanied the group to Coruscant, and from there back to Naboo. As Queen Amidala led an attempt to liberate the planet, R2-D2 nestled into an N-1 starfighter. Anakin, being ordered to hide in the cockpit by Qui-Gon Jinn, accidentally launched the fighter and the two flew into battle, destroyed the Droid Control Ship and shut down the droid armies, liberating Naboo.[11]The Clone WarsEditGenesis of the Clone WarsEdit"Don't worry. We have Artoo with us."―Anakin Skywalker, to Padmé Amidala[src]R2-D2 accompanied Amidala to Coruscant prior to the senate's vote on the Military Creation Act. After an assassination attempt on Amidala took the life of her handmaiden and decoy, Corde, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker were assigned to be her Jedi protectors. That night, another assassination attempt was carried out. A pair of kouhuns narrowly missed killing Amidala and although one assassin, Zam Wesell, was neutralized, another escaped.[10]R2 using his rockets just prior to the Battle of Geonosis.For her own protection, Padmé was sent home to Naboo, with R2-D2 and Anakin Skywalker accompanying her. The three would later travel to Tatooine, where they were reunited with C-3PO, and then to Geonosis to rescue Kenobi. As they explored a massive droid factory, R2-D2 had to save Amidala from being covered with molten lava while C-3PO temporarily switched heads with a battle droid. R2 was able to restore his companion during the Battle of Geonosis. After the battle, R2-D2 and C-3PO were the sole witnesses to the marriage of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala in Lake Country.[10]The Defense of ChristophsisEditR2-D2 with Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi when Anakin met Ahsoka Tano for the first time.Following the outbreak of the Clone Wars, R2-D2 accompanied Skywalker and Master Kenobi, who had both been promoted to the position of Jedi General, during the defense of the planet Christophsisagainst a besieging Separatist army led by Admiral Trench. When the Clone Commander Cody and the Clone Captain Rex discovered a spy among their number, Artoo Detoo helped to ferret out the traitor by monitoring his transmissions. R2-D2's work led to the arrest of Clone Sergeant Slick, who was identified as the traitor.[19]During the subsequent battle, the Jedi and Clones managed to defeat the Separatist army by sabotaging their shield generator; exposing them to Republic artillery. The Republic forces were also aided by the arrival of Ahsoka Tano, Skywalker's newly designated Togruta Padawan.[13]Rescuing RottaEditFollowing the defense of Christophsis, R2-D2 along with General Skywalker and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano took part in a mission to rescue Rotta, the son of the Hutt crime lord Jabba. While Skywalker and Tano successfully laid siege to a Separatist-held B'omarr Order Monastery on Teth where Rotta was being held, R2-D2 sat in Skywalker's starfighter and maintained contact with High General Kenobi. Skywalker's starfighter was hit when Separatist reinforcements arrived but he managed to eject from the vehicle moments before it exploded. Later, Artoo linked up with Skywalker and Tano as they escaped from the building.[13]R2 using his rockets to escape Ventress.On the way, they encountered Asajj Ventress, a dark side agent of the Separatist leader Count Dooku, and several B2 super battle droids. Before a skirmish could occur, Artoo activated a trap-door which sent everyone plunging down a chute into an arena. During the skirmish, R2-D2 assailed a second group of B2 battle droids, causing them to fall into the arena. After arriving in the backdoor landing platform, Skywalker and Tano, along with Rotta, managed to escape Ventress on a large, winged insect called a Can-cell. Artoo followed behind by activating his booster rockets. Artoo and his companions then left Teth on a G9 Rigger freighter called Twlight.[13]Unable to rendezvous with the Star Destroyer, R2-D2 and his companions were forced to travel to Tatooine and deliver the Huttlet directly to his father, who owned a desert palace there. R2-D2 programmed the coordinates into the ship's navicomputer, and it jumped to hyperspace. Arriving above Tatooine, the Twilight was attacked by Separatist vulture droids and crash-landed on the Dune Sea. Artoo and his companions were forced to continue the journey to Jabba's palace on foot. While Skywalker confronted Count Dooku, Artoo and Tano continued the journey to Jabba's palace. After fighting off three IG-100 MagnaGuardss, the two then entered the palace and returned the Huttlet, which coupled with a holo-transmission from Senator Amidala on Coruscant identifying Jabba's uncle Ziro as the instigator behind the kidnapping, placated an angry Jabba. As a result, the Republic was able to conclude a treaty with Jabba.[13]Hunting the MalevolenceEditR2 helping Anakin brief Shadow Squadron for their mission with his holo-projector.R2-D2 along with Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi later took part in the hunt for General Grievous' flagship, the Subjugator-class heavy cruiserMalevolence, which had destroyed several Republic warships. After a prolonged hunt, Skywalker's Venator-class Star Destroyer Resoluteprepared to destroy the Malevolence near the Kaliida Nebula. However, their mission was complicated by the arrival of Senator Padmé Amidala's yacht, which had been lured there by disinformation. Unwilling to endanger his wife, Skywalker, accompanied by R2-D2 and Kenobi, boarded the Malevolence to rescue her.[20]During their mission aboard the Malevolence, R2-D2 remained at the airlock entrance where he shut down the rail jet hovertrain under orders from Skywalker. Artoo then help locate his old friend C-3PO, who had arrived with Amidala but gotten lost aboard the massive warship. After finding Threepio, the two droids rendezvoused with Amidala and Skywalker before meeting Kenobi at Skywalker's ship, the Twilight. After destroying the Malevolenceby sabotaging its hyperdrive, R2 and his companions fled back to the Resolute. Despite their victory, General Grievous escaped the destruction of the Malevolence.