Sample Questionnaire On Immunization: Fill & Download for Free

You can find many studies in Home - PubMed - NCBIFor example:Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of parents towards varicella and its vaccinationMothers and vaccination: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour in Italy.Attitudes and Beliefs of Parents Concerned About Vaccines: Impact of Timing of Immunization Information

Yes, your mind can aid in the recovery of your body from a wound.This question cannot be answered from a single scientific silo.Stress and Wound HealingThe connection between stress and wound healing has been established in the literature for a number of years.[1 - 7]The abstract from Godbout and Glaser, 2006 states:The communication between the central nervous system and the immune system occurs via a complex network of bidirectional signals linking the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has provided new insights to help understand the patho physiological processes that are linked to the immune system. Work in this field has established that psychological stress disrupts the functional interaction between the nervous and immune systems. Stress-induced immune dysregulation has been shown to be significant enough to result in health consequences, including reducing the immune response to vaccines, slowing wound healing, reactivating latent herpes viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and enhancing the risk for more severe infectious disease. Chronic stress/depression can increase the peripheral production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6. High serum levels of IL-6 have been linked to risks for several conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, mental health complications, and some cancers. This overview will discuss the evidence that psychological stress promotes immune dysfunction that negatively impacts human health.Connection Between Mind (Thoughts) and StressWith that connection established, the connection between the mind and stress has to be demonstrated and other scientific silos demonstrate that connection. However, I was pleased that Erecht, Hextall, Kirtley, Taylor, Dyson, and Weinman recognize that it is the perception of stress rather than the actual events that determine the impact on wound healing as indicated by both the design of their research and their summary:The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between perceived stress and impaired cutaneous wound healing in humans using a novel wound assessment technique, and taking into account putative mediating factors such as cortisol levels, health behaviours, and personality factors. . .Every subject received a standard 4mm-punch biopsy, and the healing progress was monitored via high-resolution ultrasound scanning. Participants completed questionnaires on perceived stress, health behaviours, and personality factors, and sampled saliva for cortisol assessment after awakening at 2 weeks prior, directly after, and 2 weeks after the biopsy.The overall results showed a significant negative correlation between speed of wound healing, and both Perceived Stress scale, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) scores at the time of the biopsy. The area under the morning cortisol response curve was negatively correlated with speed of wound healing, indicating a clear elevation in the morning cortisol slope of those whose wounds were slowest to heal. A median split of the complete sample yielded that the ‘slow healing’ group showed higher stress levels , lower trait optimism, and higher cortisol levels to awakening compared with the ‘fast healing’ group. None of the health behaviours investigated (i.e. alcohol consumption, exercise, healthy eating, and sleep) were correlated with healing speed at any time point.Our data hint at a considerable influence of stress on wound healing, and suggests that elevated cortisol levels, rather than altered health behaviours, play a role in this effect.Some technical details available in the study were omitted from the above to increase readability for laypersons.Our beliefs, expectations, emotional state, and focus all contribute to the way we perceive the events of our lives. Empowering beliefs are less stressful than dis-empowered beliefs. This excerpt from research was pulled from my book, Rescue Our Children from the War Zone:Burnette et al. describe it well, “Just as scientists develop theories to explain the phenomena they investigate, laypersons develop theories about human characteristics such as intelligence, personality, and athletic ability. Unlike scientists‘ theories, these lay theories are frequently implicit; that is, they are not explicitly articulated in the mind of the person holding them. Implicit theories . . . organize the way people ascribe meaning to events. This assumption—that personal beliefs are critical for understanding human behavior—has been influential in psychology for many decades. Piaget, for example, suggested that the development of meaning systems is just as important as logical thinking in shaping behavior. Similarly, Kelly suggested that, “man looks at his world through transparent templates which he creates and then attempts to fit over the realities of which the world is composed’”124[8]Most individuals are unaware of the strong impact their beliefs, expectations, emotional state, and focus have on how they perceive their life experiences. They are also unaware that they can adjust these factors to make their lives less stressful.Lower stress is lower stress. The subject that makes an individual experience lower stress is not relevant. Someone with a wound could be happy and experiencing low stress because s/he is in love, because s/he is looking forward to a positive event, or because s/he trusts the wisdom of his/her body. It doesn’t matter how one achieves a state of lower stress. Once achieved, lower stress improves biochemistry and cellular communication which improves (speeds) wound healing.It is beneficial to have empowered beliefs about one’s body. Examples could include:My body is wise.My body knows what to do.My body is smarter than the smartest scientist. It can do things scientists can’t yet explain and things they can’t yet do.I trust my body to provide a comfortable place for me to live.The above thoughts, and others that feel empowering, are healthier for both your mind and body than worrisome thoughts.Our mind attempts to maintain our emotional state. When we are in a positive mood, we interpret new information in a more positive light than we do when we interpret the same information while in a more negative mood.[9]Stating, “This wound will heal quickly” when you believe that it will, is an example of a positive expectation. If you believe the wound will heal quickly, you are less stressed than if you are worried that it won’t heal, that it will become infected, or that it will take a long time to heal.If you could take the same person, inflict a small wound and monitor healing when s/he is in their normal mindset which is either neutral or negative and then, once that wound is healed, inflict an identical wound in the same person but teach them to use their mind to reduce stress, the second would would heal faster.The original question,“Can the healing of a self recoverable physical wound (e.g. a small cut) be accelerated by using the mind/willpower alone? …Or is it just a waste of time and resources?”Suggests it is about willing the wound to heal which leads to a slightly off understanding of the process. A person who believes that willing the wound to heal will invoke the Placebo Effect. In this scenario, one way the Placebo Effect works is via stress reduction which then has a positive impact on the body’s biochemistry and immune function. It is not a simple cause-effect process but rather a chain of events, much like a train of dominoes falling, one after the other.It is important to understand the relationships that lead to the improvement, especially since they can be explained scientifically.The latest research on emotions indicates that emotions are designed to let us know how stressed we are (or aren’t) and that our job is to take corrective action based on that information. This is no different from how we respond to physical pain from a nail in our foot or something that is burning our flesh. The difference is in how humans have traditionally responded to emotional stress. If we relate it to physical pain, we leave our hand on the burning burner on the stove because we’re tough and we can handle it.This ill-advised response to emotional pain worsens our outcomes in every area of life. Every area includes the quality of our relationships, mental, physical, emotional, and behavioral health, and success in career, academics, and sports. New strategies that significantly increase personal empowerment and decrease stress give individuals greater control over emotion regulation and reduce stress to healthier levels.[10]Footnotes:Erecht, M., Hextall, J., Kirtley, L.-G., Taylor, A., Dyson, M., & Weinman, J. (2004). Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 798-809.Godbout, J. P., & Glaser, R. (2006, August 10). Stress-induced immune dysregulation: implications for wound healing, infectious disease and cancer. The Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 421-427.Gouin, J.-P., Carter, C. S., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., Glaser, R., Marlarkey, W. B., Loving, T. J., et al. (2010). Marital behavior, oxytocin, vasopressin, and wound healing. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1082-1090.Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Marucha, P. T., Marlarkey, W. B., Mercado, A. M., & Glaser, R. (1995). Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. The Lancelot, 346, 1194-1196.Kim, M.-H., Gorouhi, F., Ramirez, S., Granick, J. L., Byrne, B. A., Soulika, A. M., et al. (2014, March). Catecholamine stress alters neutrophil trafficking and impairs wound healing by β adrenergic receptor mediated upregulation of IL-6. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 809-817.Walbum, J., Vedhara, K., Hankins, M., Rixon, L., & Weinman, J. (2009, April). Psychological stress and wound haling in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ournal of Psychosomatic Research, 253-271.Weinman, J., Ebrecht, M., Scott, S., Walburn, J., & Dyson, M. (2008). Enhanced wound healing after emotional disclosure intervention. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 95-102.Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. O., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2012 (in press), May 9). Mindsets Matter: A Meta-Analytic Review of Implicit Theories and Self-Regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 1-63.Ziegler, R. (2010). Mood, source characteristics, and message processing: A mood-congruent expectancies approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 743-753.Joy, Jeanine (2016). Mental Health Made Easy Maintain and Restore Your Mental Health: Develop Health Habits of Thought, The Smart Way™ to Permanently Reduce Stress

Sounds reasonable to think that being regularly exposed to sick people would help doctors and nurses build up a stronger immune system except we need to consider the type of sick people. To build up a stronger immune system, we need to be frequently exposed to a variety of infections, a situation that certain health-care workers share with daycare workers, kindergarten and primary school teachers, and funeral industry workers (1).All health care workers are not equally exposed to infections, some such as endocrinologists, oncologists and radiologists being less exposed and others such as doctors-in-training (interns), emergency doctors, internal physicians (general practitioners), pediatricians and infectious disease specialists being more exposed. Does their increased exposure to infections help these types of doctors build up a stronger immune system? What does the reported data suggest? Data is sporadic, not systematic.We cannot generalize because different countries have different risk-assessment and -alleviation measures, and different infections have different prevalence rates in different countries. For example, this 2007 study (2) states that Brazil did not have a national surveillance system for tracking occupational infections among health-care workers at the time of the study.There were two landmark meta-analysis studies published by Kent A. Sepkowitz at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering in 1996 (3, 4). He reviewed English-language articles and abstracts published between January 1983 until February 1996 on occupationally acquired infections among health-care workers. He found 'More than 15 airborne infections have been transmitted to health care workers, including tuberculosis, varicella, measles, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Outbreak-associated attack rates range from 15% to 40%. Most occupational transmission is associated with violation of one or more of three basic principles of infection control: hand-washing, vaccination of health care workers, and prompt placement of infectious patients into appropriate isolation'. His compelling summation of the data speaks for itself (see below), and suggests that rather than protected, health-care workers are more at risk for many infections, and that prophylactic vaccinations have been most effective in reducing their infection rates.Airborne diseases: Inhalation most common reason.From 3.Blood-borne diseases: It's obvious why health-care workers are at increased risk, no? Needle-pricks.From 4.Oral-Fecal diseases: Insufficient hand-washing most common cause.From 4.Thus, health care workers are more, not less, at risk from blood-borne and airborne infections.Blood-borne infectious diseases spread by needle prickThe WHO estimates that occupational exposure of health-care workers to blood-borne pathogens is responsible for '66000 cases of hepatitis B, 16000 cases of hepatitis C, and 200–5000 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) annually, as well as a smaller number of other infections such as tuberculosis or malaria' (5).Hepatitis B and C are typical needle-prick and blood-borne diseases. Studies suggest health care professionals have a four-fold higher risk of acquiring Hepatitis B, HBV (6). Among specializations, dentists, dialysis technicians, laboratory cleaning service employees, nurses and physicians have the highest HBV rates (7, 8). In the US, before mandatory vaccination policies, HBV infection rates were 3 to 10 times higher among dentists (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) with 16 to 23% prevalence rates overall for health care workers (15, 16, 17). Since the 1980s, US HBV prevalence rates among health care workers have declined to about 9% following better HBV vaccination coverage (18, 19).Geographic differencesStudies from Nigeria and South Africa show that tuberculosis is a high risk for health-care workers (20, 21).Chicken pox; Varicella zoster virus (VZV)Causes herpes zoster, a painful skin rash, has both acute and chronic phases as well as nerve pain (neuralgia). Spread by aerosol droplets from coughs or sneezes, also from the patients' infected blisters and fomites (any inanimate object touched by the patient). Earlier, questionnaire-based studies suggested that health-care workers are more immune to VZV (22, 23). However, these studies had 3 key flaws: Low response rates, self-reporting, small sample sizes. The first population-based study comparing VZV incidence between health-care workers and the general population in Taiwan 'did not find any protective effect against herpes zoster among health-care workers. In our study, the health-care workers had a higher incidence of herpes zoster than the general adults for the 20-49 year age groups. After controlling for sex, age and other factors, health-care workers had a higher odds chance of getting herpes zoster than the general adults' 'Health-care workers, who work long hours in hospitals, have a greater chance of exposure to VZV compared to general adults. Transmission of VZV poses a major infection risk for health-care workers in the hospital environment' (24).BibliographyDavidson, Susan Salter, and William H. Benjamin. "Risk of infection and tracking of work-related infectious diseases in the funeral industry." American journal of infection control 34.10 (2006): 655-660 Page on www.kiza.nlPage on ajaums.ac.irSepkowitz, Kent A. "Occupationally acquired infections in health care workers: Part I." Annals of internal medicine 125.10 (1996): 826-834.Sepkowitz, Kent A. "Occupationally acquired infections in health care workers: part II." Annals of internal medicine 125.11 (1996): 917-928.Prüss-Üstün A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Sharps injuries: Global burden of disease from sharps injuries to health-care workers. WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No 3. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2003.E. Dannetun, A. Tegnell, A. Torner, and J. Giesecke, “Coverage of hepatitis B vaccination in Swedish healthcare workers,” Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 201–204, 2006.EPINET, “Needle stick prevention devices,” Health Devices, vol. 28, pp. 381–407, 1999.Jha, Arun Kumar, et al. "Hepatitis B infection in microbiology laboratory workers: prevalence, vaccination, and immunity status." Hepatitis research and treatment 2012 (2012).Mosley JW, White E. Viral hepatitis as an occupational hazard of dentists. J Am Dent Assoc 1975;90:992–7.Mosley JW, Edwards VM, Casey G, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in dentists. N Engl J Med 1975;293(15):729–34.Feldman RE, Schiff ER. Hepatitis in dental professionals. JAMA 1975;232:1228–30.Smith JL, Maynard JE, Berquist KR, et al. From the Centers for Disease Control: comparative risk of hepatitis B among physicians and dentists. J Infect Dis 1976; 133(6):705–6.Hollinger FB, Grander JW, Nickel FR, et al. Hepatitis B prevalence within a dental student population. J Am Dent Assoc 1977;94:521–7.Wei RB, Lyman DO, Jackson RJ, et al. A hepatitis serosurvey of New York dentists. NY State Dent J 1977;43:587–90.Schiff ER, Medina MD, Kline SN, et al. Veterans administration cooperative study of hepatitis and dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1986;113(3):390–6.Gerberding JL. Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and cytomegalovirus among healthcare personnel at risk for blood exposure. Final report from a longitudinal study. J Infect Dis 1994;170(6):1410–7.Rose, Gregory, and Virginia R. Roth. "Infections in healthcare workers." Evidence-Based Infectious Diseases (2009): 291 Page on yimg.comCleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among US dentists, 1983–1992. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;127: 1385–90.Mahoney FJ, Stewart K, Hu H, Coleman P, Alter MJ. Progress toward the elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission among health care workers in the United States. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2601-5) Page on hr.hku.hkMalangu, Ntambwe, and Adelaide Legothoane. "Analysis of occupational infections among health care workers in Limpopo Province of South Africa." Global journal of health science 5.1 (2012): p44 Page on ccsenet.org)Salami, A. K., and P. O. Oluboyo. "Health careworkers and risk of hospital-related tuberculosis." Nigerian journal of clinical practice 11.1 (2008): 32-36 Page on www.ajol.infoSolomon BA, Kaporis AG, Glass AT, Simon SI, Baldwin HE. Lasting immunity to varicella in doctors study (L.I.V.I.D. study). J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: 763.Terada K, Hiraga Y, Kawano S, Kataoka N. Incidence of herpes zoster in pediatricians and history of reexposure to varicella-zoster virus in patients with herpes zoster. Kansen Zasshi 1995; 69: 908–912.WU, Chen‐Yi, et al. "Do the health‐care workers gain protection against herpes zoster infection? A 6‐year population‐based study in Taiwan." The Journal of dermatology 37.5 (2010): 463-470.Thanks for the A2A, Anonymous.