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There is an attempt not on Quora but also on other platforms like Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, to malign Nehru via misleading facts. BJP blaming today Nehru for everything wrong going on in our Country. BJP believes that if Sardar Patel was PM instead of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru then India will be more progressive and in the memory of him, Statue worth Rs 3000 crore unveiled in Gujarat but Party is hiding one fact that Sardar Patel banned RSS when Nathuram Godse killed Gandhi.Blaming Nehru for today's problem in India is like a person went to Airport to board a flight from Delhi to Mumbai to attend an important meeting unfortunately he missed the flight by few minutes and his Manager asked that person how you missed the flight as meeting is quite important. A person replied - Rajdhani Express derailed near Delhi. The same thing BJP doing today, the party is just deceiving billions of Indians in the name of Nehru, Congress etc.Let me answer in detail-November 14, 1889 - Jawahar Lal Nehru is born, first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics- before and after Independence. Nehru remains the longest serving Prime Minister of India and his Public Sector led Economic model is fiercely debatable today. He sensibly dealt with challenge of transforming an old Civilization to a modern Nation state. If Nehru had been a different man, India would have been a different Country.What shaped Nehru’s youth?Jawaharlal Nehru, the son of the eminent lawyer-politician Motilal Nehru and Swarup Rani, was born in the midst of wealth on November 14, 1889 in the city of Allahabad, situated along the banks of the Ganges River (now in the state of Uttar Pradesh).Jawaharlal's childhood was secluded. He was the only child of his parents for eleven years, and spent his time mostly in the company of adults. The solitary life compelled him to develop a passion for reading which stayed with him till the end of his life.Training as a lawyer, Motilal had moved to Allahabad and developed a successful practice and had become active in India's largest political party, the Indian National Congress. Nehru and his sisters — Vijaya Lakshmi and Krishna — lived in a large mansion called "Anand Bhavan" and were raised with English customs, manners and dress. Theirs was a ‘typical Indian Victorian family’.After being tutored at home and attending some of the most modern schools in India, Nehru would travel to England at the age of 15 to attend the Harrow School. He would proceed to study natural sciences at the Trinity College before choosing to train as a barrister at the Middle Temple in London. Frequenting the theatres, museums and opera houses of London, he would spend his vacations travelling across Europe. Observers would later describe him as an elegant, charming young intellectual and socialite. Nehru would also participate actively in the political activities of the Indian student community, growing increasingly attracted to socialism and liberalism, which were beginning to influence the politics and economies of Europe.Upon his return to India, Nehru's marriage was arranged with Kamala Kaul. Married on February 8, 1916, Nehru age was 27 and his bride was 16 years old. The first few years of their marriage were hampered by the cultural gulf between the anglicized Nehru and Kamala, who observed Hindu traditions and focused on family affairs. The following year Kamala would give birth to their only child, their daughter Indira Priyadarshini.Having made few attempts to establish himself in a legal practice, Nehru was immediately attracted to Indian political life, which at the time was emerging from divisions over World War I. The moderate and extremist factions of the Congress had reunited in its 1916 session in Lucknow, and Indian politicians had demanded Home Rule and dominion status for India.Joining the Congress under the patronage of his father, Nehru grew increasingly disillusioned with the liberal and anglicized nature of Congress politicians, which included his father.Why did Nehru rise up the political ranks?Jawaharlal Nehru emerged as one of the key figures of the twentieth century. He dominated the Indian political scene as a relentless front rank freedom fighter till independence and as the first Prime Minister of free India left behind him not only certain achievements but also a legacy that continues to be celebrated and debated.Before Nehru became the master of India’s destiny, he was the disciple of the Great Soul of India.Nehru was very strongly attracted to Gandhi's philosophy and leadership. Gandhi had led a successful rebellion on behalf of indentured Indian workers while a lawyer in South Africa. Upon his return to India, Gandhi organized the peasants and farmers of Champaran and Kheda in successful rebellions against oppressive tax policies levied by the British.Gandhi espoused what he termed as satyagraha — mass civil disobedience governed by ahimsa, or complete non-violence. A forceful exponent of Indian self-reliance, Gandhi's success electrified Indians, who had been divided in their approach to contesting British rule. Having met Gandhi and learning of his ideas, Nehru would assist him during the Champaran agitation.Following Gandhi's example, Nehru and his family abandoned their Western-style clothes, possessions and wealthy lifestyle. Wearing clothes spun out of khadi, Nehru would emerge as one of the most energetic supporters of Gandhi. Under Gandhi's influence, Nehru began studying the Bhagavad Gita and would practice yoga throughout his life. He would increasingly look to Gandhi for advice and guidance in his personal life, and would spend a lot of time travelling and living with Gandhi.Nehru travelled across India delivering political speeches aimed at recruiting India's masses, especially its youth into the agitation launched in 1919 against the Rowlatt Acts and the Khilafat struggle. He spoke passionately and forcefully to encourage Hindu-Muslim unity, spread education and self-reliance and the need to eradicate social evils such as untouchability, poverty, ignorance, and unemployment.Emerging as a powerful orator and prominent organizer, Nehru became one of the most popular political leaders in northern India, especially with the people of the United Provinces, Bihar and the Central Provinces. His youth and passion for social justice and equality attracted India's Muslims, women and other minorities. Nehru's role grew especially important following the arrest of senior leaders such as Gandhi and Nehru's father, and he would also be imprisoned along with his mother and sisters for many months. Alarmed by growing violence in the conduct of mass agitations, Gandhi suspended the struggle after the killing of 22 state policemen by a mob at Chauri Chaura on February 4, 1922. This sudden move disillusioned some, including Nehru's father, Motilal, who would join the newly formed Swaraj Party in 1923.However, Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi and publicly supported him.A lull in nationalist activities enabled Nehru to turn his attention to social causes and local government. In 1924, he was elected president of the municipal corporation of Allahabad, serving as the city's chief executive for two years.Nehru would launch ambitious schemes to promote education, sanitation, expand water and electricity supply and reduce unemployment — his ideas and experience would prove valuable to him when he assumed charge of India's government in 1947. Achieving some success, Nehru was dissatisfied and angered by the obstruction of British officials and corruption amongst civil servants.He would resign from his position within two years. He would then spend the next two decades fighting for India’s independence so that he could one day get to do for the entire nation that he couldn’t do for Allahabad.When did Nehru become the first choice of Gandhi?Nehru attended not only the Socialist Congress at Brussels but also journeyed to the Soviet Union in 1927. It was in this period that he moved very close to socialism and even to Marxism and communism.He openly expressed in his speeches that evolution of communism was an inevitability. This view-point of Nehru was carried into the Congress fold. The first part of the thirties was a period of intense anxiety within the Congress organization. A large number of leaders thought that Nehru had become a communist and some of the industrialists openly challenged him.He and Subhash Chandra Bose had become the most prominent youth leaders, and both demanded the outright political independence of India. Nehru criticized the Nehru Report prepared by his father in 1928, which called for dominion status for India within the British Empire.The radicalism of Nehru and Bose would provoke intense debates during the 1928 Congress session in Guwahati. Arguing that India would deliver an ultimatum to the British and prepare for mass struggle, Nehru and Bose won the hearts of many young Indians. To resolve the issue, Gandhi said that the British would be given two years to grant India dominion status. If they did not, the Congress would launch a national struggle for full political independence. Nehru and Bose succeeded in reducing the statutory deadline to one year.The failure of talks with the British caused the December 1929 session in Lahore to be held in an atmosphere charged with anti-Empire sentiment. Preparing for the declaration of independence, the All India Congress Committee (AICC) elected Jawaharlal Nehru as Congress President at the encouragement of Gandhi. Favored by Gandhi for his charismatic appeal to India's masses, minorities, women and youth, the move nevertheless surprised many Congressmen and political observers. Many had demanded that Gandhi or the leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha, Vallabhbhai Patel, assume the presidency, especially as the leader of the Congress would the inaugurator of India's struggle for complete freedom. Nehru was seen by many as too inexperienced for the job of leading India's largest political organization.And then one of the defining moments of India’s freedom struggle arrived. On December 31, 1929 Nehru hoisted the flag of independence before a massive public gathering along the banks of the Ravi River. The Congress would promulgate the Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) declaration on January 26, 1930. With the launching of Gandhi’s Salt Satyagraha in 1930, Nehru travelled across Gujarat and other parts of the country participating and encouraging in the mass rebellion against the salt tax. Despite his father's death in 1931, Nehru and his family remained at the forefront of the struggle. Arrested with his wife and sisters, Nehru would be imprisoned for all but four months between 1931 and 1935.Nehru was re-elected Congress President in 1936, and he presided over its session in Lucknow. Here he participated in a fierce debate with Gandhi, Patel and other Congress leaders over the adoption of socialism as the official goal of the party. Younger socialists such as Jaya Prakash Narayan, Mridula Sarabhai, Narendra Dev and Asoka Mehta began to see Nehru as leader of Congress socialists. Under their pressure, the Congress passed the Avadi Resolution proclaiming socialism as the model for India's future government.Meanwhile, Gandhi himself wrote a letter to Nehru expressing his fear that he was moving away from him on a different path – towards communism. But it wasn’t because of Gandhi that Nehru could resist the charm of communism. Hitler and Stalin took care of that.The socialist enthusiasm of Nehru wilted away because of certain developments, both world-wide and internal. In Europe the forces of fascism, embodied by German’s Fuhrer Adolf Hitler, grew more and more ominous. The socialist utopia of Karl Marx was clouded by the purges in the USSR and Stalin's inscrutable policies.Nehru was re-elected as President in 1937, and oversaw the Congress national campaign for the 1937 elections. Largely leaving political organization work to others, Nehru travelled the length and breadth of the country, exhorting the masses on behalf of the Congress, which would win an outright majority in the central and most of the provincial legislatures. Although he did not contest elections himself, Nehru was seen by the national media as the leader of the Congress.Torn between the freedom struggle and tending to his sick wife, Nehru would travel back and forth between India and Europe. Kamala Nehru died in 1938. Deeply saddened, Nehru nevertheless continued to maintain a hectic schedule. He would always wear a fresh rose in his coat for the remainder of his life to remember Kamala, who had also become a national heroine.By now India’s freedom seemed inevitableAt the outbreak of World War II, the Assemblies were informed that the Viceroy had unilaterally declared war on the Axis on behalf of India, without consulting the people's representatives. Outraged at the viceroy's arbitrary decision, all elected Congressmen resigned from their offices at the instigation of Subhash Bose and Nehru.But even as Bose would call for an outright revolt and would proceed to seek the aid of Nazi Germany and Japan, Nehru remained sympathetic to the British cause. He joined Maulana Azad, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari and Patel in offering Congress support for the war effort in return for a commitment from the British to grant independence after the war. In doing so, Nehru broke ranks with Gandhi, who had resisted supporting war and remained suspicious of the British.The failure of negotiations and Britain's refusal to concede independence outraged the nationalist movement. Gandhi and Patel called for an all-out rebellion, a demand that was opposed by Rajagopalachari and resisted by Nehru and Azad. After intensive debates and heated discussions, the Congress leaders called for the British to Quit India — to transfer power to Indian hands immediately or face a mass rebellion.Despite his skepticism and for his unflinching dedication to the Mahatma, Nehru travelled the country to exhort India's masses into rebellion. He was arrested with the entire Congress Working Committee on 9 August, 1942 and transported to a maximum security prison at a fort in Ahmednagar. Here he would remain incarcerated with his colleagues till June 1945.India's first prime ministerNehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power. The Congress held a presidential election in the knowledge that its chosen leader would become India's head of government. Eleven Congress state units nominated Vallabhbhai Patel, while only the Working Committee suggested Nehru. Sensing that Nehru would not accept second place to Patel, Gandhi supported Nehru and asked Patel to withdraw, which he immediately did.Nehru's election surprised many Congressmen and continues to be a source of controversy in modern times. Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India as per a plan released by the British on June 3, 1947.He would take office as the Prime Minister of India on August 15, and delivered his inaugural address titled "A Tryst With Destiny." With that Nehru would take charge of India’s destiny for the next 17 years. Rabindranath Tagore in 1941 had asked, “The wheels of fate will someday compel the English to give up their Indian Empire. What kind of India will they leave behind, what stark misery? When the stream of their centuries’ administration runs dry at last, what a waste of mud and filth will they leave behind them?”It was now a matter of what kind of India did Nehru want to create.Where did Nehru take India towards?“Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, is dead. At 2 p.m. local time today 460,000,000 people in this country that has been forged on the anvil of this one man's dreams and conflicts were plunged into the nightmare world which they have, in the last decade, come to dread as the "after Nehru" era.” ~ The Guardian, 28 May 1964A major event such as this inevitably gives rise to “where were you?” questions. Where were you when Kennedy was assassinated? Where were you when Indira Gandhi was killed? Where were you when the World Trade Centre was brought down? The shock of the event magnifies the immediate around you and imprints it in your mind. But where was India when Nehru died?First, some context to the challenges Nehru faced in 1947.After independence in 1947, India was among the poorest countries in the world. Two centuries of plunder, neglect, and exploitation by the British, had left a country of over 300 million people destitute and lost. India’s entire infrastructure, it’s economy, it’s bureaucracy, it was all designed and built solely to serve the needs of British industry and further Britain’s interests.India had been drained of its resources and manpower, so that Britain could win wars on the European continent; the Bengal Famine of 1943 killed 3 million Indians during WW II because Winston Churchill did not wish to ‘waste’ grain on his Indian subjects when there were many Englishmen to feed. And as a final parting gift, the British co-engineered the Partition in 1947, leading to around 14 million refugees and mass killings all over the subcontinent.Half the population of India now lived below the poverty line, and over 80 percent of the people were illiterate. The country was famine-ridden and life expectancy was around 30 years. The per capita income, the agricultural output, and the food grains output had all been continuously shrinking for the previous three decades. Around 1700, the Mughal Empire produced one-third of the global GDP. For the Indian republic in 1947, this was less than 1 percent.Many Western pundits and leaders expected India to collapse. But India progressed. Nehru took care of that, one socialist policy at a time.There was every possibility that India would end up as just another post-independence basket case. However, as the world watched India, expecting it to fail, quite the opposite happened. When the 1950s rolled by, and consecutive 5-year plans were drawn up and executed, it came to the world’s attention that India was doing remarkably well.Percival Griffith, a former colonial administrator who was highly sceptical of India’s capabilities, wrote in 1957 that post-independence foodgrain production had been ‘spectacular,’ and that India was succeeding in doing what he himself had thought impossible. He noted that it was “impossible to travel round India without feeling that the country has entered a new, dynamic phase,” and that “the signs of a rise in the standard of living are unmistakable.”British economist Barbara Ward remarked in 1961 how in India a “process of continuous growth covers everything from Tata’s works at Jamshedpur, producing over half a million tons of steel a year, down to the villager selling his first mound of rice in the market.” Ward further wrote that “investment in all sectors, including agriculture, almost double between the first and second plans,” and that “the Indian record in both infrastructure and industry is one of substantial advance on a broad front, like the big push needed to achieve sustained growth.”From over 40 years of zero-percent growth between 1900 and 1947, India saw the economy grow to 4 percent annually until 1962, putting it ahead of China, Japan, and the UK.American political scientist Michael Brecher was quite clear in who the credit must go to: “Whatever progress has been achieved is primarily due to the efforts of the prime minister. Indeed he is the heart and soul and mind of India’s heroic struggle to raise the living standards of its 390 million people.”On gaining independence in 1947, rumor has it that Lord Mountbatten and the colonialists assured Nehru – in good zest - that he wouldn’t have to worry about uniting a heterogeneous nation like India under a single Republic because the nation would break into many states anyway. While credit has to be given to Sardar Patel in uniting India’s princely states, few at the time philosophically fathomed the challenges of binding a nation like India: how does a nation of over a billion people — or 17.5 percent of the world’s population, — home to every religion known to mankind, 4,600 castes and sub-castes, 22 major languages, 13 different scripts, and hundreds of dialects, continue to remain united?Of course it had to be NehruAs India lost the Mahatma in 1948, Nehru became responsible for continuing his legacy and creating the India they together had dreamed of. He ended up creating an India which he alone had dreamt of – but it was still a good version of the many possibilities that India offered in 1947.Nehru’s idea of India’s modern nationhood consisted of four key dimensions: democracy, secularism, socialism, and non-alignment. These dimensions came about through long discussions between Nehru and Gandhi, Nehru’s own experience in the independence movement, and his observations as he saw the world change and move into new, unknown territory. The British leaving him no tradition of good governance to fall back on, Nehru had to reinvent the art of Indian statesmanship in a new world order.Overnight, India had become the largest democracy in the world; the sheer size of its population gave it a voter-base larger than the entire populace of most other democracies. India’s democracy took ideas from both UK and US; India became a union of states with strong local government like the US, but with a parliamentary system like the UK.For Nehru, democracy was not just about the right to vote, but also having the economic means to leverage your democratic rights. Political democracy would be meaningless without economic democracy. Nehru was also a strong advocate for Panchayati Raj, the idea of self-governance for villages.Nehru’s idea of secularism was to be often tested during his premiership; with Partition and the creation of Pakistan, the idea of Muslim-Hindu cohabitation came under fire by both Muslims and Hindus. Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, believed that Muslims would never be safe as a minority in a Hindu-dominated India. On the other side, there were those who believed in Hindutva, the idea that India is first and foremost a Hindu nation and should be guided by Hindu principles. The creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan gave Hindutva new boon as its adherents now argued that, with the Muslims having their own state, Hindus were entitled to having India as their country. Nehru would have none of this and till his lasts days he fought for a secular India. When the Islamic minority had to be reassured that India would continue to be their home as well, Nehru stated in 1951: “If anyone raises his hand against another in the name of religion, I shall fight him till the last breath of my life, whether from inside the government or outside.”Nehru’s foreign policy for India was to be shaped by the idea of non-alignment. Over a hundred new countries would emerge from the ruins of European colonialism after WW II, and the two competing super powers — the US and the USSR — were both looking to expand their influence over these maiden nations. India was also courted, but Nehru rejected the false dichotomy of American capitalism and Russian communism. Instead, he chose the third path of non-alignment. Non-alignment was also a way for India to maintain its national sovereignty; having just thrown out the British, it seemed foolish to immediately become a vassal of a new foreign master. Furthermore, India’s choice to not align itself with either great power, but to always remain an advocate for non-violence and peaceful cooperation among nations, gave it a much larger voice in international politics than its economy or military strength really justified.India would become one of the leading nations of the Movement of Non-aligned Countries, a power bloc and a spiritual force in the United Nations of many newly-liberated countries.Who benefitted in the Nehruvian era?The mixed model was built on public sector-led growth with private participationNehru implemented his socialist vision by introducing a modified, "Indian" version of state planning and control over the economy. Creating the Planning Commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government's investments in industries and agriculture.Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programs to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural production. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams, irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched India's program to harness nuclear energy.For most of Nehru's term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production. Nehru's industrial policies encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries, yet state planning, controls and regulations impaired productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, chronic unemployment amidst entrenched poverty continued to plague the population.Investment in India’s futureJawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management.Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programs and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition. Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organized for adults, especially in the rural areas.Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women. A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.The big Chinese miscalculationIn the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh (which evolved into the Bharatiya Janta Party that leads India today) and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. In a matter of months, a Chinese invasion of northeastern India exposed the weaknesses of India's military as Chinese forces came as far as Assam.Nehru assumed that as former colonies India and China shared a sense of solidarity, as expressed in the phrase "Hindi-Chini bhai bhai" (Indians and Chinese are brothers). He was dedicated to the ideals of brotherhood and solidarity among developing nations, while China was dedicated to a realist vision of itself as the hegemon of Asia. Nehru did not believe that one fellow socialist country would attack another; and in any event, he felt secure behind the impregnable wall of ice that is the Himalayas.Both proved to be tragic miscalculations of China's determination and military capabilities. Nehru decided to adopt the policy of moving his territory forward, and refused to consider any negotiations China had to offer. As Nehru declared the intention to throw every Chinese out of the disputed areas, China made a preemptive attack on the Indian front. India was vanquished by the Chinese People's Liberation Army in a bitter and cold battle in the Northeast.Nehru was forced to sack the defence minister Krishna Menon and accept U.S. military aid. Nehru's health began declining steadily, and he was forced to spend months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died on May 27, 1964. As per his wishes, Nehru was cremated as per Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.How contested is Nehru’s legacy today?When a great man dies in office, there is often a tendency to measure his greatness by the scale of the ensuing alarm and uncertainty. This is a fallacious measure. Indeed, it is a mark of weakness, not of strength, if a national leader fails to bequeath a smoothly working structure of leadership to a clearly designated successor.Nehru failed to do this. If he had succeeded in doing it, both India and the rest of the world could have received the news of his death with calmer grief; and his greatness would have been not diminished but enhanced. As it is, the hasty induction of Gulzarilal Nanda, the home minister, as head of a caretaker government, was taken as signifying the beginning, not the outcome, of the battle of the succession.With the bountiful benefit of hindsight, Nehru is today criticized for establishing an era of socialist policies that created a burgeoning, inefficient bureaucracy (which inhibits India to this day) and curbed free enterprise and productivity while failing to significantly eliminate poverty, shortages and poor living conditions.Historians and Hindu nationalists also criticize Nehru for allegedly appeasing the Indian Muslim community at the expense of his own conviction in secularism. Nehru's declaratory ‘neutral’ foreign policy is criticized as hypocritical due to his affinity for the Soviet Union and other socialist states.He is also blamed for ignoring the needs of India's military services and failing to acknowledge the threat posed by the People's Republic of China and Pakistan. Many believe India would not have had as difficult a time in facing the challenges of the twenty-first century had Vallabhbhai Patel been Prime Minister and Nehru worked as External Affairs Minister, which was his forte.But, going back to 1947…There is no single explanation for what kept and still keeps India united, but much of modern India’s unity is indebted to Nehru. Most importantly, many colonized countries that attained freedom at the same time — none as vast and as complex as India — promptly became dictatorships, including Pakistan which soon passed into military hands. India defied its many western critics, proving under Nehru that it was not going to implode under the many pressures it faced at the time.Perhaps his shortcomings are compensated by his strong democratic principles, which set down such firm roots in post-1947 India that India's democracy has proved to be robust and solid in the face of emergencies, wars and other crises. Nehru laid the foundations of a vibrant democracy that India continues to celebrate today — the same democracy that made the electoral victory of Narendra Modi – a fierce Nehru critic - possible in 2014. While every general election in India can be regarded as the largest voting exercise in democracy, the 1951-52 elections saw universal suffrage at time when there were still nations in the “developed” west that hadn’t established voting rights for their women – Switzerland enacted universal suffrage at the national level in 1971.In practical terms, Nehru’s legacy extends to other features of India’s modern identity. English’s status as a national lingua-franca across the academic and the professional spheres in India is thanks to Nehru’s vision. Additionally, India’s world-class higher-educational institutes and the foundations of New Delhi’s space program were put in place due to his visionary foresight.Whatever his shortcomings may have been on foreign and economic affairs, India as it exists today could not have come about without Nehru. One cannot be simultaneously proud of India’s achievements after independence and ashamed of what Nehru did to the country in the most challenging years. They say if Nehru had been a different man, India would have been a different country. India, therefore, could have been Singapore. But Singapore isn’t the best example of a democratic state.“Pandit Nehru is invincible”.Footnotes :-https://www.history.com/topics/india/jawaharlal-nehruJawaharlal Nehru: a legacy revisited Jawaharlal Nehru: a legacy revisitedJawaharlal NehruWorld without NehruNehru’s Legacy, 51 Years After his DeathTryst with Destiny | Jawaharlal Nehru: Tryst with Destiny | Jawaharlal Nehru

Darin hit it dead on. Also Huyen's excellent response was extremely insightful.Up until 1975, Saigon was known as “The Pearl of the Orient.” It was prosperous and despite having been led by a dictator, it had moved to democracy with elections in 1967.You couldn't say that about North Vietnam, a one-party state. In a one-party state, there is no political opposition allowed.I continue to hear that South Vietnam was corrupt. Of course, it was corrupt. Vietnam was always corrupt, even under the French colonial rule.Most of this was due to Chinese influence.Vietnam - Effects of French colonial ruleThe Friendly Neighborhood Opium DenVietnam remains corrupt today. Compare it to the rest of the world. Corruption has always been an issue. It wasn’t just Diem or Thieu.It is a way of life. It reminds me of doing business in Nigeria…the mindset was if you want me to do something for you, it is reasonable to expect a gift in return.While investigating major production issues for a client, I had several Nigerians explain that people work hard to get to a position of influence so they can enjoy the rewards of all those effort by benefiting from that influence. I believe that is Vietnam today.Vietnam Corruption ReportVietnam’s Corruption ProblemVietnam’s corruption crackdown is targeting the powerful. Has it gone too far? - Los Angeles TimesVietnam Corruption Rank | 1997-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | ForecastCorruption Perceptions Index of VietnamI can site numerous references to corruption in Vietnam to validate my point but after awhile it seems like shooting a rabbit with a .44 magnum.North Vietnam didn’t free the South from corruption. At the cost of millions of Vietnamese lives, it freed the South from the freedoms of religion, of assembly, of choice, of speech, of job selection, etc. It freed it from prosperity as Vietnam now is slightly higher that Uzbekistan and Angola as far as GDP per Capita (factored for Purchasing Power-PPP) but less in world standing than Laos and Bolivia. Look at the GDP rating link.Central Intelligence AgencyI chose to learn to speak Vietnamese and practice whenever I can. I studied Ho Chi Minh's history extensively to understand my former enemy. I write numerous responses here on Quora regarding the Vietnam War so I have considerable affinity for Vietnam.The nation will struggle as long as people continue to place self-interest over service and obligation.EDIT: per a request, I offer up several viable solutions. Neither are easy but as a State initiative with strong leadership, they could make inroads. As long as Vietnam suffers from rank corruption, it will never be able to fully develop.Combating CorruptionFive success stories in combating corruption: lessons for policy makersHere is an excellent responseWhat countries have most successfully fought corruption and how?Alongside the statutory measures dealing with corrupt offenders, a proactive approach to curb corruption was adopted in the government. With the full support of parliament and the heads of government departments, strict rules and regulations have been formulated to govern the conduct of public officers. A high standard of discipline is demanded of these officers such as:a) a public officer cannot borrow money from any person who has official dealings with him or her;b) a public officer’s unsecured debts and liabilities cannot at anytime be more than three times his or her monthly salary;c) a public officer cannot use any official information to further his or her private interest;d) a public officer is required to declare his or her assets at his or her first appointment and also annually;e) a public officer cannot engage in trade or business or undertake any part-time employment without approval; andf) a public officer cannot receive entertainment or present in any form from members of the public.The commitment of ministers and heads of government departments similarly resulted in the establishment of administrative measures to reduce the chances of public officers getting involved in corruption and wrongdoings. These measures include:a) identifying and removing opportunity for corruption in government work procedures;b) streamlining cumbersome administrative procedures and slashing red tape to provide an efficient and transparent civil service so that no one needs to recourse to corrupt civil servants to get things done;c) reviewing public officers’ salary regularly to ensure that they are paid adequately and comparable to that of the private sector;d) reminding government contractors at the time when contracts are signed that bribing public officers administering the contract may render their contracts to be terminated. A clause to this effect forms part of the standard contract conditions.Source: CORRUPTION CONTROL IN SINGAPORE by Koh Teck Hin

Does PayPal vet merchants to ensure that they are not assisting fraudulent activity?:Paypal does not give any answer to this question- my guess would be that there is very little if any vetting on this since there seem to be that fraudulent activities are getting through. What Paypal offers is protection for buyers and sellers who have experienced these activities, and here they arePayPal Buyer Protection PolicyLast Update: April 29, 2019GeneralThe PayPal Buyer Protection protects the Buyer if an item purchased has not been shipped (“Item Not Received” or “INR”) or if a shipped item is significantly not as described by the Seller (“SNAD”); see Section 4. for http://details.As soon as the Buyer files a Claim for PayPal Buyer Protection, PayPal will review the Claim and may ask both Buyer and Seller to provide additional information to settle the case.PayoutWhen a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection is successful, PayPal returns to the Buyer the full purchase price, including shipping costs. If the original payment was made in another currency than Swiss francs (CHF), the payout amount will be in that currency. In the event that we are obliged to make a refund to you under PayPal Buyer Protection for any reason, you agree to receive the refund by way of a funds transfer to your PayPal Account. If the original payment has been funded by credit card, the amount will be charged back to that credit http://card.In these cases the refund takes place irrespective of PayPal being able to (re-)claim the payout amount from the Seller.eligibility order to qualify for PayPal Buyer Protection in addition to the conditions of Section 5 the following requirements must be met:3.1. Purchase paid with PayPal ServicesThe Buyer has purchased an item and paid for it using the PayPal Services.3.2. Eligible transactionsPurchases of most goods and services are eligible (including travel tickets, intangible items such as rights of access to digital content and other licenses), except for the following transactions:Purchases of real estate (including, without limitation, residential property),Purchases of any interest in a business (including, without limitation, any items or services forming part of a business or corporate acquisition),Purchases of vehicles (including, without limitation, motor vehicles, motorcycles, aircrafts, and boats; except for personally portable light vehicles used for recreational purposes like bicycles and wheeled hoverboards),Purchases of custom made items (unless they are claimed to be INR),Purchases of goods and services prohibited by the PayPal Acceptable Use Policy,Purchases of industrial machinery used in manufacturing,Purchases of items equivalent to cash (including, without limitation, stored value items such as gift cards and pre-paid cards),Personal transactions,Gambling, gaming, and/or any activity involving a chance to win a prize,Payments made in respect of financial products and investments,Payments made to state-run bodies (except for state-owned enterprises) or traders acting on mandates received from state-run bodies,Donations,Purchases of items which you collect in person or arrange to be collected on your behalf (including at a retail point of sale) and which you claim to be INR,Payments made in respect of gold (whether in physical form or in exchange-traded form), andPayPal Mass Payments transactions.3.3. Association of PayPal payment with an item purchased PayPal payment must be directly associated with the item purchased. This means that the payment must be completed either:Through "Pay Now" on the eBay website; orVia "Send Money" in your PayPal Account which includes the eBay item number; orFor purchases made outside of eBay: via the “Send Money” tab on the PayPal Website by clicking the “Purchase” tab, or the Seller’s PayPal checkout flow. Other payments that you make outside the above-mentioned payment flows cannot be allocated by us and are thus not covered by PayPal Buyer Protection.3.4. The single payment you must have made the complete purchase price payment from one registered PayPal Account by means of a single payment (no installments, no down payments, no deposits, no deferred payments).3.5. No violation of PayPal Acceptable Use PolicyThe item purchased does not violate the PayPal Acceptable Use Policy.3.6. No recovery from other sources you have not received a recovery for that purchase from another source.3.7. DeadlinesThe Buyer must initiate a Claim through the PayPal Resolution Center within 180 days of making the payment through PayPal. The Buyer must make a Claim within 180 days and must use the PayPal resolution process. This can be done in the PayPal Resolution Center after you have logged into your PayPal Account. Please note that if you agree on delivery times that exceed or are close to 180 days after payment, you may not have a chance to file a Buyer Protection http://Claim.In the event the Claim cannot be resolved through the Resolution Center, you may file a Claim under the Buyer Protection in the PayPal Resolution Center within 20 days after initiating the resolution process. This also can be done in the PayPal Resolution Center after the user logged in to the PayPal Account.Covered CasesThe Buyer can make a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection in these cases:4.1. Item Not received an item for which shipment has been agreed, you have paid for with PayPal has not been shipped by the Seller or the Seller has not complied with the Seller duties described in this clause 4.1.PayPal Buyer Protection for items that have not been shipped does not cover items lost in transit. If the seller can provide within the required time frame valid proof of shipment (as described in more detail in the PayPal Seller Protection Policy), or a respective equivalent proving shipment and/or receipt as agreed between PayPal and the seller, PayPal will refuse to grant PayPal Buyer Protection. Before filing a Claim for PayPal Buyer Protection, the Buyer must allow sufficient time for shipping and delivery of at least one week and try to resolve the dispute by contacting the Seller directly.4.2. SNADBelow we show a number of examples for items significantly not as described or SNAD.Note: This applies to the condition of the item in which the Buyer has received it irrespective of the condition the item had originally been shipped and this list is not exhaustive:The item significantly differs from its item description, e.g. an audiobook instead of a print version, a desktop PC instead of a laptop computer, an empty box;The actual condition of the item differs significantly from condition as described, e.g. the item has obviously been used instead of being new and sealed;The item is unusable but was not mentioned as such in the item description, e.g. important parts or components are missing, the item does not work, or the best before date has expired;The item is not authentic but was not declared as such in the item description, or the item is fake or a pirated copy;Part of the amount ordered is missing, e.g. ten golf balls had been paid for, but only four were delivered. Below a number of examples for items that do not qualify as SNAD; this list is not exhaustive. The item is defective but was not described as such in the item description: "Device may not work properly", "Parts missing", "The photo shows scratches or defects";The Buyer does not want the item anymore after having received it or the item does not meet the buyers expectations, even though it has been described appropriately in the item description;The item description is misleading for both parties. For instance, if the item appears to come in a different color than advertised; the Buyer calls it “light green”, while the seller states it to be “turquoise”.PayPal decides each case individually by requesting and reviewing documentation to determine whether or not an item is significantly not as described.4.3. One claim per purchase or any PayPal payment the Buyer may only file one single Claim on PayPal Buyer Protection, either when the Seller has not shipped the item or when the item is significantly not as described. You may change the reason for your Claim later on (e.g. if initially, you did not receive an item but later on received one that was significantly not as described) via the PayPal Resolution Center or by contacting our Customer Support.4.4. Coverage of multiple items Claim on PayPal Buyer Protection may cover multiple items, e.g. if the Buyer purchased three items but two don't get shipped. The Buyer may apply for both within one Claim.4.5. Decision by PayPal finalPayPal's decision about the Claim on PayPal Buyer Protection is final and may not be disputed. You may not take additional legal actions after a decision is made in this regard against PayPal; your statutory rights remain without limitation apart from the provisions of this PayPal Buyer Protection policy.Buyer Responsibilities5.1. TimelinesThe Buyer must reply in a timely manner to any questions asked by PayPal in regards to the PayPal Buyer Protection Claim. PayPal will decline the Claim if the Buyer does not provide an answer within the stated timeframe. PayPal may extend this timeframe in case of extraordinary circumstances which are outside the control of the Buyer.5.2. Return of Item to SellerWhen the Buyer files a Claim for PayPal Buyer Protection because the item received significantly differs from the Seller's item description, the Buyer is required upon request of PayPal to return the item at his own expenses to the Seller or to another person or address as requested by PayPal during the Claim process, as well as to provide appropriate proof of delivery. The proof of delivery needs to contain at least the details required in the PayPal Seller Protection Policy for proof of delivery of the Seller. PayPal will not request such return if there is a reasonable suspicion that the return of the item would result in a violation of existing law. PayPal reserves the right to request further documentation from the Buyer to support the Claim. The Buyer has to bear any costs that may arise from this request.Final provisions6.1. Assignment of payment claims of the time of receipt of a payout under PayPal Buyer Protection, the Buyer hereby assigns any claims the Buyer may have vis-à-vis the Seller to PayPal, based on the purchase contract in the amount of the payout amount. For the avoidance of doubt, in case PayPal is fully satisfied after successfully pursuing such assigned claims against the Seller, it will not seek double relief for the same matter under the PayPal User Agreement.6.2. Availability of PayPal Buyer protection PayPal reserves the right to modify or abandon PayPal Buyer Protection at its own discretion and without naming reasons. In the case of abandonment of PayPal Buyer Protection, any open claims will still be processed until a final decision has been reached.6.3. Access to shipping information Buyer grants PayPal the right to access on his behalf shipping information of the shipping service used in order to verify shipping of an item.6.4. Buyer Protection offered either by PayPal or eBay PayPal will refuse a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection in case the Buyer has already been granted a payout in relation to the same purchase in the scope of the eBay Buyer Protection program. Further, you may not file a Claim with PayPal Buyer Protection, if in relation to the same purchase you have already filed a Claim with an eBay Buyer Protection program.6.5. Statutory Rights and Rights under your Purchase AgreementThe statutory and/or contractual rights of the Buyer and Seller are not affected by the PayPal Buyer Protection and are separate from the PayPal Buyer Protection. PayPal acts as representative neither for the Buyer, the Seller, nor the recipient of the payment. PayPal only decides on the outcome of a PayPal Buyer Protection Claim. Please note that following the Seller’s return policy (if any) can invalidate your potential Claim in respect of the same item under PayPal Buyer Protection in certain circumstances. For instance, if the Seller directs you to (and you proceed to) post the item to an address that does not correspond with our records, we may determine that you have not posted the item back to the Seller in compliance with clause 5.2 above.6.6. PayPal Buyer Protection and chargeback right towards credit card issuers Buyer may either file a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection or issue a Chargeback towards the credit card issuer. Two payouts are not possible.PayPal shall deny any claims under the PayPal Buyer Protection if a credit card Chargeback claim has already been filed by the Buyer. This is irrespective of the outcome of a Chargeback claim towards the credit card issuer. Canceling or denying a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection does not affect a Chargeback claim towards the credit card issuer. Terms and conditions of the credit card issuer apply. PayPal reserves the right to limit access to the Buyer's PayPal Account or to close that PayPal Account if the right to file a Chargeback towards the credit card issuer is misused. PayPal also reserves the right to dispute any illegitimate Chargeback cases. The regulations of the respective credit card issuers APPLY.IT is generally recommended to try resolving any disputes directly with the seller, rather than filing a PayPal Buyer Protection claim; however, please note that if you opt to resolve the issue directly with the Seller, your right to raise a Claim under PayPal Buyer Protection remains subject to the requirements and timeframes set out in clause 3.6. and that it is your responsibility to keep track of these requirements and deadlines.