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This was nothing particular to Marcus Aurelius; classical and pre-classical Greek authors did the same. So does Homer, for instance.Nor is it confined to Hellenistic culture. In a distant tradition, Turko-Mongol paganism, the pantheon is composed of hundreds (in one version, 77+44) gods, in their language tengris. But at the same time there is often reference to one god, tengri. I have seen English translators translate singular tengri as “Heaven”, which sounds Chinese, but there’s no trace of a distinction in the original. The Arab chronicler Ibn Fadlan, recording the traditions of the pagan Turkmen of 10th century Kazakhstan, records on the one hand multifarious groupings of gods with the heads of animals; and also, for instance,If one of them suffers an injustice, or something bad happens to him, he lifts his head to heaven and says ‘bir tengri’, which means ‘by the one God’ in the language of the Turks, for bir in Turkish means one and tengri is God.The idea of a hard monotheist/polytheist distinction is a purely internal thing of the monotheistic religions, which created new ideas to self-define as specific communities over and against others, who had no such strict “communal” distinctions — nor did they worship “sticks and stones”, a multitude of animalistic gods, as falsely presented in orthodox polemics. A look at modern Hinduism might be in order, which variously manifests as monotheistic and polytheistic, and whose word for “Ultimate Undifferentiated Godhead” (Brahman) is shared with a specific god (Brahma), and in Buddhism (which is conservative, preserving concepts that were historically dropped in Hinduism) a whole class of formless gods (the Brahmas).Probably the most self-consciously monotheistic religion, Islam, provides a good example of this. In its early days, it did not conceive of itself (still does not) as a new religion with a new god, but as a reformist movement: the crime of polytheism, shirk, is “associating others with Him”, not “worshipping others than Him”. The pagan, pre-Islamic Arabs already had a fully formed concept of Allah - some ‘Godhead’, which was not depicted in idols - as well as their vast pantheon of gods. When the pre-Islamic Arabs made the march to the Kaaba - and this was not philosophers, but lay worshippers going to worship their customary idols - they chanted, “Here I am, O Allah, here I am./You have no partner,/Except such a partner as you have./You possess him and all that is his.”Most of these have nothing to do with philosophy or systems of theology; when such were created, e.g. by the Platonists, the multiplicity of gods was integrated (as per Jamblichus) as multifarious orders or transmitters of the light of the Platonic Εν (One). While such a clear and rational distinction is the domain of the systematic thinker of later ages, there’s nothing in it that contradicts or radically innovates on the beliefs Jamblichus was, after all, trying to organize, not remove.You might also wish to read Steve Theodore’s What does the ancient Greek word "Theos" mean in all its usages and connotations? How can it be explained without using the word "God"?.

YES!Nepali people should be really worried about the coronavirus(COVID-19).The low number of reported COVID-19 infections/cases in Nepal is a blessing of our poor economy. Our economy isn't very fluid and also we don’t have a massive and frequent flow of international business patrons/tourists, who were the carriers of this virus around the globe in most cases. China was the first country where the outbreak occurred. Due to their prompt actions and us being their neighbours, saved us from the catastrophic impacts in Nepal.In case of a serious coronavirus outbreak, this will happen in Nepal:We will be on our own. No other country will come to our rescue in these times. We do not have sufficient pieces of equipment (PPE, ventilators). There is a global scarcity of those medical equipments. Nepal heavily relies on aids/donations which means we won’t receive it in time.The cheesy assurances of politicians couldn't treat COVID-19 in the west. So it will be the same for us in Nepal.If the medical professionals don't have PPEs, they will get infected too. That will be significantly slow down the treatment process.National Public Health Laboratory, Teku currently has a facility of biosafety level II(BSL- 2). But for COVID-19 according to WHO, propagative work (for example, virus culture, isolation or neutralization assays) should be conducted at a containment laboratory with inward directional airflow (BSL-3). In short, we don’t have a proper laboratory.Nepal has only one hospital that has experienced professionals in the field of pandemic response: Teku Hospital (Shukraraaj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital).These are the only few hospitals that the government can use during a pandemic if the private hospitals don’t cooperate:Bir HospitalTeaching HospitalPatan HospitalCivil Service HospitalNepal Police HospitalThere are not sufficient ICUs in the entire country of Nepal that can treat patients as required. https://kathmandupost.com/health/2020/02/12/nepal-s-hospitals-have-no-icus-to-treat-coronavirus-patients-doctors-sayThe available few resources will be used on a hierarchical basis which means the infected people with good social and political connections will be the only ones to get treated first. The general public will die like animals.Nepali pharmaceuticals depend on India for raw materials. India has ceased its export for the time being. Due to which, we will run out of the necessary medicines in case of an outbreak.Those who say it’s just flu, it’s NOT. Even if you don’t die due to the virus, you can be the cause for someone’s death as a transmitter/carrier. Stop reading meaningless photos/cures shared by bored uncles and aunties on Facebook. Instead, search for a scientifically accurate source if you want the news.The entire world wouldn't be shut if this wasn't something serious. Sometimes bravery can also be choosing not to fight. The only suitable option at present is to remain socially isolated. So please even if you want to go out, for the love of humanity, STAY THE FUCK HOME!!!

What do Turks think about Greco-Turkish of 1922 and Greco-Italian war of 1940?Obviously nothing for the second part of the question. For the first part, I would give an opinion.Before talking about what people of “our” time think about “those” times, I think we should try to understand the mentality of the Turkish people at the beginning of the 20th century. Below, a “kid’s song” from that era:Bir Küçücük Aslancık Varmış Şarkısı Ninni Tarzı - YoutubeBir küçücük aslancık varmışBabası onu çok severmişSen benim canımsın dermişAslan baba harbe gidinceKüçüğün rahatı bitmişAslan baba harpte vurulmuşKüçüğü çölden kovulmuşBu hikayenin sonu pek hoşmuşSöylemem boşmuşThere was a tiny little lionHis/her father loved him/her so muchHe used to say “You are my life”When father lion went to warComfort of the little one endedFather lion has been shot in the warLittle one has been exiled from the desert/wildThe end of this story was very niceIt’s meaningless for me to tell (the end*)*So they were not even able to make up a happy endingThere was an alphabet book to teach “kids” read&write from the start of 20th century. I couldn’t find it on google again but I remember the story from the book:“There was a little fish in the sea. He lived with his mother. One day fishermen killed her. Little fish became all alone...”After hearing this, in our times, you want to say “What is wrong with you people!”. What was wrong the war itself.Principally we can say that the demoralization of Turkish people started with the territory losses in Europe at the 18th century. As more and more losses happened, more and more people started to migrate to inner circles from lost lands.Then at the first quarter of the 1800s, our newspapers were full of the news of a terrorist organization and their supporters: Rum tedhişçiler/Greek terrorists (lit. “Roman terrorists”, how cool is that, it sounds retrofuturistic) of Filiki Eteria were massacring locals, attacking our soldiers with the help of West and some traitors/collaborators. There were even some western volunteers fighting for great Ancient Greece, cradle of civilization. (This whole story may sound familiar in our times). Then we lost Morea, but we got used to it, as it was a remote place for us, far from civilized lands. And immigrants kept coming.Russo-Turkish Wars had heavy results economically and sociologically. Tanzimat and other reforms couldn’t stop the disintegration. Then Serbians, Romanians and Bulgarians got their independence in the 19th century. But we got used to it. And immigrants kept coming.Meanwhile, the Padishahs who want to reform the army, society and the country, had to deal with some inner obstacles. In her “My Big Brother Atatürk” book, Makbule Atadan (sister of Atatürk) tells us a memory from her childhood in Selanik/Thessaloniki:“My big brother (16 years old Mustafa Kemal) and his friend went to the train station to see the volunteers (for Greco-Turkish War (1897)). What they saw was terrible. Sheiks of religious orders, altogether with their dervishes, are going to the battle. (...) All sheiks are performing their orders’ rituals separately. Some dervishes are ecstatic, shaken on the ground. Sheikh efendi rubs the noses of fainted dervishes by the palm of his hand (...) Dervishes play holy tambourines with verses from Quran written on them (...) It’s something to see, the dervishes making the circle of dhikr arm-in-arm and reciting hymns. Then holy mutterings, hı, hı, hı, hı, hı, hı. (...) There was a fireplace. They were heating “tulips”. In their language that means heating “iron”. A dervish licks the “tulip”. At the corner, a half-naked dervish sticks skewers in his arms. Beyond him, another dervish twirls a skewer in the air and sticks it in a side of his chest. All these weird looking people are going to the war in Greece to fight in the way of Hazret-i Pir.”For those who wonder, you can check “Takva” movie about those religious orders in modern İstanbul. Dhikr scene and the next scene is interesting, starting at 7:44:Don’t get me wrong, my Bektashi ancestors were both dervishes (they don’t harm themselves though, instead they were reciting poems) and warriors too but they were quite successful, because they were going to war by horses not by trains as that was 5-6 hundred years ago! (Altay Gün's answer to What do people of Turkey and Azerbaijan think of Turkification?). After the abolition of Janissaries and Bektashi order in 1826, the other religious orders were a bit out of control in their radius of action. Reform-minded Padishahs had to be careful with them.The schools opened by the efforts of reform-minded padishahs, educated many “Young Turks” from every ethnicity of the Empire. These “Young Turks”, full of Western ideas, created CUP (Committee of Union and Progress). Then CUP staged a coup and has taken over the government.Then the Balkan Wars started... This time, we couldn’t get used to its results. The Macedonian lands that we called “ancestral”, have been lost. It is said that, colours of Beşiktaş sport club were red and white originally, but after the loss of Balkans they turned it to black and white, only to be changed back when we got back our ancestral lands. It’s an urban legend but it’s a reflection of what Turks think. It was our biggest trauma ever. For Ottomans, Anatolia had always secondary importance. Except some urbanized mosque-going docile Turks and loyal Armenians and Greeks in the cities (urban percentage was low), Anatolia seemed to İstanbul as the land of heterodox, unpredictable, rebellious-minded Turks, since the time of Tamerlane and Ottoman-Safavid Wars. But Macedonia/Thracia/Balkans were the Empire itself. And immigrants kept coming in very huge numbers from every corner of the former territories of the Empire.While all of this going on, we didn’t even have any worthwhile central regulation or organization for immigrants. You can check minutes of Ayan Meclisi (Upper House of the Parliament) at 8 March 1915 2:40 PM below, I translated some part of the speeches about the acceptance of government’s offer for the foundation of “Aşair ve Muhacirin Müdiriyeti Umumiyesi” (General Office of Tribes/Nomads and Immigrants) finally after almost a century of mass migration towards Turkey.https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MECLISIAYAN/mad03ic02c002/mad03ic02c002ink038.pdfThe speeches on the offer of Treasury Committee (Nail, Ali Rıza, Dilber, Abdulhalim, Şükrü, Salih, Mavrocordatos, Faik, Aram):Ahmet Rıza Bey: (...) It is a fact that, until now, the resettlement of immigrants wasn’t regulated and observed orderly and for this reason, half of immigrants died and maybe a large part of them are devastated. (...) Recently, they (Treasury Committee) have received a lot of money from Germany to get Russian captives here and for other matters. It is said that, they would also set a budget for expenses of the resettlement of immigrants from Treasury. What is the total amount? (...)Şükrü Bey: (...) Apart from us, when the army of a country withdrew (from a territory), their nation (population of that captured territory) is left behind. But when our army and flag withdrew, our nation withdrew from that land too (...) After some personal efforts, some immigrants were resettled. For example, Chechens (probably he means all North Caucasians) which were brought by Musa Paşa. They were sent to the sides of Iraq and corners of Habur and valleys of Tabuk (S. Arabia) without thinking about the nature of their original lands and habits. From a population of 40-50 thousand, today, some ruined houses and huts left, only a graveyard stands still as a souvenir. (...) Because the center (state) has no organization. It is unknown how many immigrants have come. If we try to understand how many immigrants have come and where they were resettled, we can’t find a certain result and a document of record. Moreover, we can’t know how many immigrants have come after 1293 war (Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878), afterwards we found 250.000 of them by our surveys with %20 margin of error, because we have no central organization. As there is no organization, immigrants come all together, and send all together. Nobody investigates adequately for their origins, skills, languages. When I was tasked (in Treasury Committee), I had a telegram from the territory around Taberiye Lake (Sea of Galilee) with a sign “Immigrants of Tırnovacık (Malko Tarnovo)”. Altitude of Tırnovacık is more than 800 m, but Taberiye Lake is at 50-60 m. Nobody knows why these immigrants were sent there. (...) A group is coming from Selanik (Thessaloniki) to İstanbul but in this group actually there are Bosnians, Selanik people, Bitola people, people of Danube shores, Edirne people, Kırkkilise (Kırklareli) people, and they send them to Syria altogether. Our purpose is to end this situation and save the immigrants from misery. We should organize and resettle immigrants according to their origins and skills. (...)Reshid Akif Pasha Reşit Akif Paşa: (...) I will give an example: I was appointed as the governor of Sivas, one week later I encountered a strange group, they looked like human in appearance but their general conditions were not humanlike. The biggest problem in Sivas Province was the problem of immigrants. There were many abuses, immoral crimes, these refugees got killed but I don’t want to say more as everybody would cry in bloody tears. They sent these Chechens of 7-8 thousand houses, to a little town -which I don’t remember the name-. Even the birds flying over this little town is getting malaria. That strange group I saw in Sivas was the surviving 60 houses of those Chechens. That place was a graveyard of immigrants. I saw it by my own eyes. I guess my friend his excellency Aristidi Paşa (Georgantzoglou / Yorgancıoğlu) has a good grasp of this statement. I repeat, there were many bad incidents, some people settled these immigrants in exchange of money to places in Sivas territory where they can’t build a real life and dragged them to vagabond lives. When they have arrived to Sivas, local people started to file complaints. They (locals) were telling us to relocate them if they will insist on keeping immigrants in their territories. I started to notice political climate change in the province that if the government insists, there will be a revolt. This place (Sivas City) is populated by our Armenian citizens, I regret, there were many abuses on them too, there are Muslims partly among them too. As these immigrants were dragged into criminal and vagabond lives, they don’t work and they sit all day. There is no possibility to employ them. They disturb locals, moral corruption starts and finally they start to steal things. After my investigations, I learned that some people settled these immigrants in exchange of money, as my friend his excellency Aristidi Paşa is also a witness. Can you imagine, demanding money from this helpless folk? As I said, both immigrants and locals had been robbed, immigrants were sent to uninhabitable places and finally these poor people are devastated.(After many questions, examples and promises about immigration issue, Şükrü Bey talks about the aşirets (tribes and nomad clans))ŞÜKRÜ BEY: In our country tribe/nomad life start from the walls of İstanbul, continues from İzmit to Basra. (...) Iraq, Syria, Arabian Peninsula. Their resettlement is easier. (...) We have tribes/nomads in Anatolia too. Turk and Turkmen tribes/nomads and Kurds. Some of them became tribes/nomads due to climate. Because it’s not possible for them to stay at the same highland in winter. There must be an administrative organization for them. Maybe we won’t be able to resettle all of them.For those who wonder, you can see below full list of members of Meclis-i Mebusan (Lower House of Parliament) after 1914 elections. All of them are CUP members. I count 15 Greeks, 10 Armenians, 3–4 Jewish out of 241 (plus 4 empty seats), if I’m not wrong. As we lost all European lands except Eastern Thrace, non-Muslim numbers are low comparing older parliaments.https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MECMEB/mmbd03ic02c001/mmbd03ic02c001ink001.pdfADANA: Suphi Paşa, ACRE, ISRAEL: Abdülfettah Sadi Efendi, AMARAH, IRAQ: Abdülmecit Bey, Abdülkerim Bey, Şükri Efendi, AMASYA: Fazıl Arif Efendi, empty, Nafiz Bey, ANKARA: Atıf Bey, Hacı Tayyip Efendi, Hilmi Efendi, Ömer Mümtaz Bey, ANTALYA: Fuat Hulusi Bey, Hamdullah Emin Paşa, ASIR, SAUDI ARABIA: Abdülvahap Efendi, Adi Haydar Bey, Şerif Yusuf Bey, AYDIN: Emanuelidi Efendi (Nephew of Aristidi Paşa), Veli Bey, Yunus Nadi Bey, AYNTAP: Ali Cenani Bey, Fazıl Efendi, Hacı Mustafa Efendi, BAGHDAD, IRAQ: Cemil Efendi, Fuat Bey, Murat Bey, Sason Efendi, Şevket Paşa, Tevfik Efendi, BASRA, IRAQ: Abdullah Sair Efendi, Abdurrezzak Efendi, Hacı İsa Ruhi Efendi, Naim Bey, Süleyman Feyzi Efendi, BEYAZIT: Şefik Bey, BEIRUT, LEBANON: Kâmil Esat Efendi, Misel Sarsak Efendi, Selim Seldin Bey, BİGA: Kâzım Bey, Cavit Bey, BİTLİS: Hasan Lâmi Efendi, BOLU: Mustafa Zeki Bey, Necati Bey, Rıfat Kamil Bey, Yusuf Ziya Efendi, BURDUR: Seyyit Haşini Bey, BURSA: Hacı Adil Bey, Hafız Ahmet Efendi, Hilmi Bey, Memduh Bey, Rıza Bey, CANİK: Talât Bey, Nihat Bey, Osman Bey, Todoraki Efendi, CEBELİBEREKET: Sezai Bey, JEDDAH, SAUDİ ARABİA: Şerif Faysal Bey, ÇATALCA: Teokidis Efendi, ÇORUM: İsmet Bey, Muhittin Bey, DENİZLİ: Rüştü Bey, Sadık Efendi, DERSİM: Mehmet Bey, AL DIWANIYAH, IRAQ: Doktor Sami Bey, Fuat Bey, Halit Bey, Haydar Mithat Bey, DİYARBAKIR: Feyzi Bey, Zülfü Bey, EDİRNE: Faik Bey, İbrahim Efendi, Talat Bey, ERGANİ: Kâmil Efendi, ERTUĞRUL: Mehmet Sadık Efendi, Şemsettin Bey, ERZİNCAN: Halet Bey, ERZURUM: Hüseyin Tosun Bey, Medetyan Osef Efendi, Raif Efendi, Seyfulîah Efendi, Ziya Efendi, GELİBOLU: Feytu Efendi, Süleyman Bey, GENÇ: Mehmet Emin Efendi, GÜMÜŞHANE: Hasan Fehmi Bey, Veysel Rıza Bey, HAKKARİ: empty, Münip Bey, ALEPPO, SYRIA: Ahmet Efendi, Artin (Boşgezenyan) Efendi, Beşir Efendi, Hami Bey, Şeyh Beşir Efendi, HAMA, SYRIA: Abdülkadir Efendi, Vasfi Enas Efendi, HAVRAN: Sadettin Efendi, Sekip Arslan Bey, AL HUDAYDAH, YEMEN: Abdurrahman Efendi, Hakkı İlhami Bey, Hıfzı Bey, Mustafa Efendi, Zühdü Efendi, ISPARTA: Hakkı Bey, Mahmut Esat Efendi, İÇEL: Hafız Emin Efendi, İSTANBUL: Ahmet Nesimi Bey, Haralambidir Efendi, Hüseyin Cahit Bey, Kallaçyan Efendi (Bedros Khallachyan), Karasu Efendi (Emmanuel Carasso), Orfanidis Efendi, Osman Bey, Salah Simcoz Mey, Şefik Bey, Viktor Bey, İZMİR: Abdullah Efendi, Nişim Mazelyah Efendi, Onnik İhsan Efendi, Seyyit Efendi, Simonoğlu Simondaki Efendi, Vangel Efendi, İZMİT: Anastas Efendi, Hafız Rüştü Efendi, Ziya Bey, KARAHİSAR-I SAHİP: Ağaoğlu Ahmet Bey, Kâmil Efendi, Salim Efendi, KARAHİSAR-I ŞARKİ: Ali Muammer Bey, Yanko Efendi, KARESİ: Ferhat Bey, Galip Efendi, Hüseyin Kadri bey, Mehmet Vehbi Efendi, Savapulos Efendi, Tomayan Efendi, KASTAMONU: İsmail Mahir Efendi, İzzettin Molla Bey, Necmettin Molla Bey, Şükrü Bey, KAYSERİ: Ömer Mümtaz Bey, KENGİRİ: Fazıl Berki Bey, Nedim Bey, KERBELA, IRAQ: Mehdi Efendi, Nuri Efendi, AL-KARAK, JORDAN: Tevfik El Meccali Efendi, KERKÜK, IRAQ: Abdullah Safi Efendi, Mehmet Ali Bey, Nazım Bey, KIRKKİLİSE: Fehmi Efendi, Rıza Bey, KIRŞEHİR: Ali Rıza Efendi, Mahmut Mahir Efendi, KONYA: Ali Rıza Efendi, Haydar Bey, Şakir Bey, Şeref Bey, Tevfik Bey, KOZAN: Nalbantyan Matyos Efendi, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL/PALESTINE: Feyzi İlmi Efendi, Ragıp Neşaşibi Efendi, Sait El Hüseyni Efendi, KÜTAHYA: Hacı Abdullah Efendi, İbrahim Efendi, Sadık Efendi, LAZİSTAN: Savizade Sudi Bey, Ziya Molla Bey, LATAKIA, SYRIA: Abdülvahit Harun Efendi, MALATYA: Haşim Bey, Keşşaf Efendi, MAMURETÜLAZİZ: Hacı Sait Efendi, Mustafa Efendi, Nuri Efendi, MARAŞ: Abdülkadir Efendi, Agop Haralakyan Efendi, MARDİN: İhsan Bey, Mustafa Efendi, MEDINA, SAUDI ARABIA: Memun Berri Efendi, MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA: Hasan Şeybi Efendi, Şerif Abdullah Bey, MENTEŞE: Halil Bey, Sait Bey, MERSİN: Sadık Paşa, MUSUL, IRAQ: Davud Yusfani Efendi, İbrahim Fevzi Efendi, Mehmet Ali Fazıl Efendi, Salih Sadi Efendi, MUŞ: Hacı İlyas Efendi, Keygam Efendi, NASIRIYAH, IRAQ: Abdülmuhsin Bey, Kureyş Efendi, Maruf El Rassafi Efendi, NABLUS, PALESTINE: Emin Abdülhadi Efendi, Tevfik Hammad Efendi, NİĞDE: Ananyas Efendi, Hayri Bey, Muhittin Bey, SAN'A, YEMEN: empty, Seyyit Ahmet El Kepsi Efendi, Seyyit Ahmet Habbari Bey, Seyyit Ali İbrahim Efendi, Seyyit Mehmet Makhafi Efendi, SARUHAN: Haydar Bey, Mehmet Sabri Bey, Mustafa Feyzi Efendi, Mustafa İbrahim Efendi, SİİRT: Şeyh Nasrettin Efendi, SİNOP: Hasan Fehmi Efendi, Ömer Lütfi Bey, SİVAS: Dikran Barsanyan Efendi, Emin Edip Efendi, Ömer Şevki Bey, Rahmi Bey, Rasim Bey, SİVEREK: Vehbi Bey, SULAYMANIYAH, IRAQ: Hacı Sait Bey, DAMASCUS, SYRIA: Avni Bey, Bedi El Müeyyet Bey, Emir Ali Paşa, Faris El Huri Efendi, Mehmet Feyzi Paşa, TAIZ, YEMEN: Ebubekir Haddad Efendi, empty, Seyit İsmail Grubani Efendi, Seyyit Ahmet Paşa, Tahir Feyzi Bey, TEKFURDAĞI: Harun Hilmi Efendi, Timistokli Efkalidis Efendi, TOKAT: Fehmi Efendi, Kamil Efendi, Tahsin Rıza Bey, TRIPOLI, LEBANON: Osman Paşa, Saduîlah Molla Bey, TRABZON: Hafız Mehmet Efendi, İzzet Bey, Kofidi Efendi, Mahmut Bey, Naci Bey, Servet Bey, Yorgi Efendi, URFA: Ömer Edip Efendi, Şeyh Saffet Efendi, VAN: Asaf Efendi, YOZGAT: Kasım Nuri Efendi, Şakir Bey, DEIR EZ-ZOR, SYRIA: Mehmet Nuri EfendiLet’s get back to pre-WW1 era. Upon all that social, economic disasters, we started to follow Enver Paşa:Welcome Heroic Enver Paşa!(Just) give an order to your armyLet it pass Caucasus MountainWelcome Heroic Enver Paşa!Long live with your soldier, nation, flagCHORUS: March forward, soldier of Turk never returns*CHORUS: From right to left, from left to right, take the flag, onto enemyMachine gun in the battlefront, shines like mirrorTurks of Turkistan (Caucasia, Iran, Central Asia, China) raised flags and waitingCHORUS*It’s true, my maternal great-grandfather never returned from Caucasus Mountain, even his name tag, neither his brother from YemenWW1 have come with its own disasters in Caucasus and Arabian Fronts, but Gallipoli (and Kut in small-scale) created some sparks of hope. After realizing that Enver Paşa is a little bit adventurous and awkward to handle things and after raising questions on his capabilities and achievements, we found, Thank God, someone else who is more reliable, and we changed the words of the same song, as our vision (from Turkistan to Turkey) and our military capabilities (from machine gun to bayonet) were “updated”, and the tune has changed from Ottoman military march to local Caucasian:Welcome Mustafa Kemal Paşa!Long live with your soldier, nation, flagCHORUS: March forward, soldier of Turk never returns*CHORUS: From right to left, from left to right, take the flag, onto enemyBayonets in the battlefront, shines like mirrorYour heroic Turks raised flags and waitingCHORUSYoyr shining star illuminates the worldThe flag of Republic flies in the heavensCHORUS*My paternal grandfather returned alive after Independence War, but not during warAll the agony, losses and deaths and never-ending war brought us to 26 August 1922. Our mothers tell us “if you run away from enemy, let my milk be haram to you” (something like Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς) and we say “if I die, (I will be) martyr, if I stay, ghazi”. You can blame our mothers for all of our “monstrous and barbaric” battle rage, not us, as we prefer dying rather than seeing their unpleased looks in their faces. Before leaving for battlefront, Mustafa Kemal Paşa too “takes helallik” from his mother:(all photos from “Kurtuluş” TV series)And if you ask about what Turks think about WW1 and Greco-Turkish War as a whole, what we remember is briefly this, the last cavalry charge of entire Turkish history:Video is from Kurtuluş series, but the song is originally a Köroğlu poem, and it suits the opinion of Turks, no hard feelings:Yiğitler silkinip ata binendeDerelerde aç kurtlara ün olurYiğit olan döne döne dövüşürKötüler kavgadan kaçar hun olurWhen the braves shake off themselves (from idleness, despair etc) and mount horsesHungry wolves start to howl in the creeks (as flesh meat is on the way)Brave one fights by turning repeatedly (towards every direction)Evil ones flee from fight (and) become bloodyBir yiğit cidasın almış elineBaşın koymuş yiğitliğin yolunaKalkan paralana zırhlar delineKanlı gömlek koçyiğide don olurA brave held his javelin in his handHe put his head on the path of braveryLet the shield be damaged, let the armors be piercedBloody shirt becomes the (regular) clothes of the ram(like)-braveBir yiğit cidasın almış atıyorAğ elleri kızıl kana batıyorKötü yoldaşını koymuş kaçıyorKaçma kötü kaçma şimdi dön olurA brave held his javelin and throws itHis white hands covered in crimson bloodEvil one leaves his comrade alone and runs awayDon’t run evil, don’t run, now is the time to turn backHasım da çağırır figan ağıtlarİman ehli birbirini öğütlerBoydan boya demir donlu yiğitlerÇalar cıdasını kahraman olurFoe groans (and) mournsFaithful folk give advice to each otherBraves in iron clothes head to toeThey thrust their javelin and become heroKöroğlu da der ki kalmayın naçarSerçenin gönlünden şahinlik geçerŞahini görünce ormana kaçarGider tenhalarda kahraman olurAnd Köroğlu says don’t be desperateA sparrow dreams about being a hawkWhen it sees the hawk, it runs away to the forestIt goes and becomes a hero in solitudeBelow, Mustafa Kemal Paşa says: “Poor little kids, who told you to come here...”Spridonos asks questions about atrocities of retreating Greek Army, to the high rank commanders including Georgios Hatzianestis. By the way, I read somewhere that in his memoirs, Spridonos wrote “That day, Turkish transmitters were sending this message repeatedly: “Greeks! Remember your history (ancestors), be ashamed of yourselves now, don’t run, let’s fight!”. As I don’t know Greek, I don’t know if he wrote that or he has published his memoirs or not.Mustafa Kemal Paşa welcomes captive generals Trikoupis and Digenis, informs Trikoupis that he has been appointed as Commander-in-Chief of Greek Army, and offers them Turkish coffee (or Greek...). Then Trikoupis asks them to let his wife in İstanbul know that he is alive.İzmir people says “Their king entered this house by stepping on our flag”, he replies “He made a mistake by stepping on the sign of a nation. I can’t repeat that mistake.”Then we rode our horses towards British checkpoints at northwest (Chanak Crisis):They were gentle enough to let us pass:You can check for “Kurtuluş” series in youtube, here is the link for 6th and last episode of the series:Kurtuluş 6. Bölüm - YoutubeBy the way, as you can see from photos, state funded TRT (Turkish Radio Television) made this TV series in 1994. You are able to see Atatürk, as it’s broadcasted before the time when Gülenists took over TRT in the AKP’s era of “What did you ask and we didn’t provide?”.Anyway, I’m no sociologist but I guess the “Defeat” is a taboo for Turks (for men mostly). When we are defeated, we don’t groan and we don’t talk about the pain. We blame ourselves, not the enemy, we don’t ask questions like “Why did you defeat us” as we have been asked regularly by other people. And we start to wait patiently for the next possibility to reverse things.After wars especially after victories, we Turks return to our daily lives and forget easily the struggles, losses, deaths we endured. For us, the war is a natural part of mundane life. As Aşık Veysel (1894-1973) said;Who would read, who would write?Who would solve this problem?Sheep and wolf would roam togetherIf there were no different ideasThey say that he wrote this poem for his wife who left him for another man. I’m sending this poem to the nations who had live with us once :) I hope you feel at ease in your new unions and I hope you have a voice in the world.Güzelliğin on par’etmezBu bendeki aşk olmasaEğlenecek yer bulamanGönlümdeki köşk olmasaYour beauty wouldn’t worth a pennyIf there was no love in meYou couldn’t find a place to feel at easeIf there was no mansion in my heartTabirin sığmaz kalemeDerdin dermandır yaremeİsmin yazılmaz alemeAşıklarda meşk olmasaExpression of yours is beyond (to be written by) a penYour trouble (thinking about you) is cure to my woundYour name wouldn’t be written in the worldIf the “aşık”s (lovers/minstrels) had no practice (of love)Kim okurdu kim yazardıBu düğümü kim çözerdiKoyun kurt ile gezerdiFikir başka başk’olmasaWho would read, who would write?Who would solve this problem?Sheep and wolf would roam togetherIf there were no different ideasGüzel yüzün görülmezdiBu aşk bende dirilmezdiGüle kıymet verilmezdiAşıkla maşuk olmasaYour beautiful face would be unseenThat love wouldn’t revive in meRose wouldn’t be appreciatedIf there were no lover and belovedSenden aldım bu feryadıBu imiş dünyanın tadıAnılmazdı Veysel adıO sana aşık olmasaI got this cry (poetic capabilities) from (thanks to) youI realized that this is the taste of worldVeysel name wouldn’t be rememberedIf he was not in love with you