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'Is it appropriate to make citations to papers published as preprint when writing a research or review article?'Preprints have long been a staple in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, economics, philosophy, political science while they're a relative novelty in biology (and biomedical science), the focus of this answer. Preprints are scientific manuscripts directly posted to preprint servers, side-stepping a key pillar of the modern scientific process, Peer review - Wikipedia. Note that such side-stepping is for the most part, at least so far, only temporary since analyses suggest peer-reviewed versions of biology preprints eventually end up getting published in mainstream scientific journals anyway.Nevertheless, courtesy their novelty, preprints remain an unfamiliar entity to many in biology. Biology preprints thus occupy a rapidly changing space in scientific publishing, with the entry of several new players as well as major funders and investors injecting substantial investments in recent years. Journal and grant funder policies with respect to preprints are currently fluid so researchers should actively monitor policy updates.This answer considersWhether scientific publishers accept biology preprints as citations (references) in research articles submitted for peer-review.Whether grant funders allow applications to cite biology preprints in their submissions.Do scientific publishers accept biology preprints as citations (references) in research articles submitted for peer-review with them? Some do, others may not. Check individual journal/publisher policy.Manuscript submission policies can be vastly different from one scientific publisher to another. For example, NPG (Nature Publishing Group - Wikipedia) states (1, see below from emphasis mine),'Only articles that have been published or accepted by a named publication, or that have been uploaded to a recognized preprint server (for example, arXiv, bioRxiv), should be in the reference list; papers in preparation should be mentioned in the text with a list of authors (or initials if any of the authors are co-authors of the present contribution).Published conference abstracts, numbered patents, preprints on recognized servers (preprints of accepted papers in the reference list should be submitted with the manuscript) and research datasets that have been assigned a digital object identifier may be included in reference lists, but text, grant details and acknowledgements may not.'However, other publishers may not allow such citations so authors should check the written manuscript submission policies of the individual journal/publisher.Next, let's examine the citation index of a preprint first posted to the preprint server, bioRxiv, on November 25, 2015 (2).Google Scholar shows one version of this preprint being cited 40 times so far (as of January 31, 2018) including by papers published in the peer-reviewed journals, Nature and Lancet Infectious Diseases (see below).In any case, preprints such as this one which happen to be cited rather robustly offer another way to find out which journals allow preprints to be cited. Simply look them up on bibliographic databases such as Google Scholar (free), Scopus or Web of Science (subscription only) for journal articles that cited them.Do grant funders allow applications to cite biology preprints in their submissions? Yes, many do.A recent review in Science magazine calls itself a survival guide for preprints and is well worth the read (see below from 3),'Major research funders have also moved to legitimize preprints. The U.K. Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust in London, as well as NIH and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Maryland, now encourage grantees to cite preprints—not just peer-reviewed papers—in grant proposals. CZI [Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative] has even made posting a preprint (at the same time as the paper is submitted to a journal) a requirement for its grantees...Because preprints can be cited, they can help young scientists quickly build a scholarly track record.'Other articles in the peer-reviewed scientific literature echo the point that preprints can be cited in grants and fellowship applications (see below from 4),'Many journals will now consider an article that has appeared on a preprint server, and grant-awarding bodies on both sides of the Atlantic allow preprints to be cited in grant and fellowship applications‹some, such as the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, insist that their investigators deposit their papers as preprints.'Another peer-reviewed analysis of biology preprints notes similarly (see below from 5),'A growing number of scientific societies and journals, including ASM [American Society for Microbiology], view preprints as citable and as having a legitimate claim to primacy (1, 20–22); however, it remains to be determined whether the journals will stand by these policies...several funding agencies, including the NIH, Wellcome Trust, and UK Medical Research Council, encourage fellowship applicants to include preprints in their materials.'Bibliography1. Formatting guide,2. de Melo Freire, Caio Cesar, et al. "Spread of the pandemic Zika virus lineage is associated with NS1 codon usage adaptation in humans." BioRxiv (2015): 032839. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/11/25/032839.full.pdf3. Kaiser, Jocelyn. "The preprint dilemma." (2017): 1344-1349. The preprint dilemma4. Cobb, Matthew. "The prehistory of biology preprints: a forgotten experiment from the 1960s." PLoS biology 15.11 (2017): e2003995. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003995&type=printable5. Schloss, Patrick D. "Preprinting microbiology." mBio 8.3 (2017): e00438-17. Preprinting MicrobiologyThanks for the R2A, Saeed Doroudiani.

Thanks.They are.The FBI was caught in a rock and a hard place. Investigate out in the open Trump corruption and see the machine of terror roll down on you - your agents being pursued for minor mistakes turned into stupid misdemeanor, your budget cut, your careers destroyed, your people sold out to foreign enemies by the very congress people and president who took an oath to protect the realm. Still, the FBI stayed in the game.This was the number of terrorist charged within 24 hours of the attack on the capitol and there charge sheet summary:Cleveland Meredith was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with making interstate threats to Speaker Nancy Pelosi.Richard Barnett, of Arkansas, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful entry; violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and theft of public money, property, or records. Barnett allegedly entered a restricted area of the Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi.Lonnie Coffman, of Alabama, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with possession of an unregistered firearm (destructive device) and carrying a pistol without a license. It is alleged that Coffman’s vehicle contained 11 explosive devices known as Molotov cocktails and firearms. It is further alleged he was in possession of two firearms. Coffman was arrested and is currently being held. His detention hearing is scheduled for Jan. 12, 2021.Mark Leffingwell, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; assault on a federal law enforcement officer; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds. Leffingwell allegedly entered the Senate side of the Capitol and when stopped by law enforcement, struck an officer in the helmet and chest. Leffingwell is currently being held and has a detention hearing in district court today.Christopher Alberts, of Maryland, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with carrying or having readily accessible, on the grounds of the United States Capitol Building, a firearm and ammunition. Specifically a Taurus G2C, 9mm handgun and 9mm caliber ammunition. The defendant appeared in district court and was released. He has a preliminary hearing scheduled for Jan. 28, 2021.Joshua Pruitt, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority. The defendant appeared in district court and was released. He has a preliminary hearing scheduled for Jan. 28, 2021.Matthew Council, of Florida, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds. Council allegedly unlawfully entered the Capitol building, and when stopped by law enforcement, he pushed the officer.Cindy Fitchett, of Virginia, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Michael Curzio, of Florida, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Douglas Sweet, of Florida, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Bradley Ruskelas, of Illinois, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Terry Brown, of Pennsylvania, was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Thomas Gallagher was charged on Jan. 7, 2021, with knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority; or knowingly, with intent to impede government business or official functions, engaging in disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds; and violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.Damn, and now that is hundreds and hundreds more waiting for warrants.

It so happens that I’m logged into the OED at the moment, and can answer that very question!The earliest use of ‘cracker’ to refer to white people is from a letter by one G. Cochrane in 1766:I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers; a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas and Georgia, who often change their places of abode.In 1784, the London Chronicle was using it in a rather similar manner:Maryland, the back settlements of which colony had since the peace been greatly disturbed by the inroads of that hardy banditti well known by the name of Crackers.The OED further notes that Georgia was sometimes called ‘the Cracker state’, as the Washington Herald did in 1910:Through November the ‘Cracker State’ has occupied the center of motordom's stage.It has been speculated that ‘cracker’ came from ‘corn-cracker’, meaning someone so poor that they lived on corn or maize; Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms up to 1860 used it to mean a native of Kentucky. The OED is dubious that ‘cracker’, meaning the poor whites of Georgia and Florida, was derived from ‘corn-cracker’ because of quote such as Cochrane, above, who stated that they were called ‘crackers’ because of their boastful tendencies. ‘Cracker’ is a now obsolete word for ‘boaster’, or ‘liar’ going back to the 16th century. Shakespeare used it that way in King John, Act Two, Scene 1:What cracker is this same that deafes our earesWith this abundance of superfluous breath?But the OED has an even earlier citation, from Alexander Barclay’s 1509 The shyp of folys of the worlde:Crakars and bosters with Courters auenterous.Anyway, as we have seen, ‘cracker’ went from being a word for a boasful person, to being a word used to refer to poor whites from the south, to its current status of being a word used chiefly by black people about white people in general, generally with a less than affectionate tone.I don’t think ‘cracker’ had anything to do with the hardened biscuit, because it wasn’t used in that sense until the early 20th century.There is a secondary meaning of ‘cracker’, meaning something excellent, but it doesn’t appear to have anything to do with the term used with reference to white people.Source: https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/43642?rskey=zKwwzo&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid