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In my opinion, this question cannot be adequately addressed without addressing its context. We discovered microorganisms in the context of human diseases (Germ theory of disease) and ever since we have tended to perceive microorganisms as either potentially pathogenic (with respect to humans) or as potentially benign (with respect to saprophytes). This thinking has informed not only the culture of fields such as immunology and medicine but indeed modern culture itself. Even a casual observation of advertisements touting hand washes that can eliminate 99.9% of "germs" suffices to underscore the extent to which we as a population have internalized the message that "germs" are bad and need to be eliminated. That this thinking continues to dominate the landscape is underlined by the fact that the two examples in the question are of pathogens influencing host behaviors. However, technology today has brought us to a critical juncture where we are being forced to confront this schism in our thinking on microbes, and to try to engage in some serious rethinking on this issue.My view is that we multi-cellular organisms would not even have been able to evolve if we had engaged with our microbial brethren on such strictly adversarial terms. Existing before our arrival on the scene, the latter have inherent advantages over us, namely, shorter generation times and higher rates of mutations. Given such advantages, we multi-cellular organisms perforce needed to negotiate and compromise with the microbial world in order to even evolve in the first instance, let alone continue to exist and thrive. Taking such thinking to a logical next step then would be to acknowledge that microbes could potentially influence every aspect of our physiology including behavior. This is an important consideration because scientific research is not pursued in a vacuum but rather underlying, often implicit assumptions drive research, and I believe that for far too long an adversarial stance towards microorganisms has dominated thinking in the biomedical field.I am not sure that there is one compelling example yet in humans of a particular microorganism influencing behavior in the manner that Toxoplasma gondii infection has been shown to influence the behavior of an infected mouse but a body of work is being generated that shows that the microbiome shapes not only gut health but also other aspects of our physiology including neurophysiology. I consider what follows below a short introduction to this topic.To my knowledge, it was the renaissance scientist René Dubos who first showed that merely transferring the intestinal microflora from one mouse strain to another soon after birth was itself sufficient to imprint many characteristics of the former to the latter, characteristics such as growth rate, body weight and resistance to infections, that then stably persisted for the life of the mouse. In fact as far back as 1960, Dubos generated much compelling evidence through a series of extensive experiments in mice models and concluded that "many characteristics assumed to be inherent in an individual can in reality be determined by the intestinal flora of the intestinal tract". One such example is this paper from 1960:THE EFFECT OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA ON THE GROWTH RATE OF MICE, AND ON THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONSA remarkable example of the intertwining between a microorganism and a multicellular organism is that of Vibrio fischerii and the deep-sea squid. Margaret McFall-Ngai of the University of Wisconsin elegantly demonstrated that the light organ (the eye) of the deep-sea squid is actually composed of a symbiotic bacterium, Vibrio fischerii (V. fischerii). In order for the squid to have a functioning light organ, its eye epithelium needs to be colonized at a particular stage in its development by V. fischerii, and only V. fischerii. Such is the exquisite specificity of this partnership that the light organ does not develop if V. fischerii is substituted with another Vibrio species. I recommend watching McFall-Ngai's NIH Director's seminar on Jan 16, 2013, "Living in a Microbial World: Deciphering the Molecular Language of Partnership" where she describes in detail this exquisitely specific dance-like process, and explores at length how the microbiome appears to influence every aspect of our physiology including behavior.Today, with the great interest in the human microbiome, witness the NIH funded Human Microbiome Project and others, we are witnessing an explosion of data in the scientific literature rediscovering the seminal findings of René Dubos, namely the profound influence of the microbiome on our normal health and physiology. I mention René Dubos as my attempt to right the oversight that those following in his footsteps have tended to overlook his considerable contribution to this topic.A few notable examples of the influence of the microbiome, to add to those mentioned by Daniel Cisalpino:In humans:1. Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesityJeff Gordon and colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, published in Nature one of the 1st populational analyses of human gut microbiome sequencing showing differences in gut microbiota of obese and non-obese individuals.2. In Autism, the Importance of the GutKara Margolis, a pediatric gastroenterologist at New York Presbyterian Hospital and a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center, is among the clinicians today exploring the link between autism and gastrointestinal problems, particularly bacterial dysbiosis. In this article in the Atlantic, she shares some of her clinical experiences showing how treating some autistic patients' gastrointestinal problems helped alleviate some of their behavioral issues, namely aggression and anxiety. In hindsight, it is easy to see a link between gut health and the central nervous system (CNS). Serotonin is important for many CNS functions such as "appetite, mood and sleep", and as the article in the Atlantic says, the bulk of serotonin is generated in the gut by the enteric nervous system.3. Fecal bacteriotherapyFecal Bacteriotherapy: transplanting fecal bacteria from healthy individuals into recipients. Alexander Khoruts at the University of Minnesota Medical Center was among the 1st to use this approach to treat Clostridium difficile infections, which are otherwise difficult to treat with antibiotics. Subsequently, this treatment showed some promise for neurological diseases such as Parkinson's as well, alluding to the microbiome's influence on neurophysiology.In animal models:1. A molecular sensor that allows a gut commensal to control its nutrient foundation in a competitive ecosystemLora Hooper, then working in Jeff Gordon's lab, used a mouse model experimentally derived to be completely free of microbiota (germ-free mice; Germ-free animal), incolulated with just one lab bacterial strain, Bacteriodes thetaiotamicron, and in this Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences article showed that colonization with this one bacterial species alone was sufficient to induce a physiological remodeling program in the mouse small intestine epithelium. Subsequently, she has published several other papers exploring host-microbe interactions that influence host physiology and immunity.2. Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental DisordersSarkis Mazmanian and colleagues at Caltech recently showed in this article in Cell that changes in gut microbiota influence neurophysiology in mice, changes that appear to recapitulate elements of "Autism Spectrum Disorders".

These 25 tech trends are leading the digital transformation in 2019The rapid pace of technological progress has led to exciting tech trends that can revolutionize entire industries. And if we have learned anything from recent years, then it is that companies that do not participate in these developments will have difficulty surviving. It is important to collect as much information as possible about the technology that most efficiently speeds up the digital transformation of your company. For that, you need to analyze in particular those technologies that can offer you the greatest competitive advantage.I have investigated 25 of the most disruptive trends for 2019 and have listed them for you.Trend 1: The immense potential of Blockchain is becoming increasingly clearAlthough it is primarily known as the technology behind cryptocurrencies, the potential of Blockchain is many times greater. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized ledger with unchangeable transactions. It stores data - spread across thousands of computers - without involving third-party validation. All kinds of sectors, such as the financial industry, the real estate sector, healthcare, and the retail trade, can benefit from Blockchain. For example, you can use it to create a cheaper payment system for international money transfers. Experiments are also being carried out in India With a Blockchain-driven land registry system, in which one can record the sale of land using smart contracts. The government in Dubai plans to run various public services on this decentralized ledger technology. Companies can also use Blockchain to raise money with the help of an Initial Coin Offering (ICO). This is a crypto version of an IPO, in which investors receive crypto coins instead of shares. As you can see, the potential applications of Blockchain are endless. The expected value of this technology by 2030 and as much as $ 3.1 trillion sums.Trend 2: Artificial intelligence will continue to do great things in 2019We are seeing more and more products and services that are driven by artificial intelligence (AI). Many benefits of AI that we benefit from in daily life are made possible by machine learning (ML), a subset of AI. With this tech, you can train machines to constantly learn things, discover patterns in large amounts of data and thereby generate insights and make decisions. All without human intervention. ML is already used in many sectors and the value of this market is expected to rise to $ 8.81 billion in 2022. The applications of ML are very varied and extensive. The self-driving Google car and the online recommendation systems from Amazon and Netflix are great examples of what is possible with machine learning. Artificial intelligence platforms are also expected to have a major impact on big data analysis. They can process data in a very efficient way and generate valuable business intelligence.Trend 3: Virtual reality - so much more than just gaming technologyVirtual reality (VR) technology has undergone tremendous development in recent years. The tech has shifted from the gaming industry to other sectors, where it has found many different applications. There are very few situations where VR cannot add value. For example, companies such as Osso VR and ImmersiveTouch have developed simulations that allow surgeons with VR headsets to practice surgical procedures. By combining VR with haptic feedback technology, physicians can make even the resistance of tissue to feel, making increasingly effective training methods possible. VR is also popular among scientists. For example, the molecular exploration company Nanome has developed a program that allows users to design and manipulate molecular structures. And for those interested in exploring the universe, SpaceVR is developing "the first virtual reality camera satellite in the world" that allows people to experience the vastness of space. One of the main reasons why VR has still not become mainstream is the cost of the headsets, despite efforts by companies such as Facebook and HTC to develop cheaper models. Yet VR is a promising technology with immense potential, the scope of which we cannot yet imagine.Trend 4: In the smart workplace of the future, everything and everyone is connectedOur workplaces are becoming smarter spaces where everything and everyone is connected. This development has various reasons, such as the fact that more and more people want to work in an efficient and environmentally-friendly office. An example of how technology can make the workplace more efficient is Honeywell's Vector Space Sense. With this software, you can see where, when and how spaces in a building are used at a certain moment so that you can better manage space and optimize its use. Siemens is developing a Smart Space solution that should improve the workplace in several ways. For example, algorithms calculate which room has the ideal size for a specific meeting. Moreover, they inform the participants about how to get there. The algorithms also ensure that the lighting and temperature automatically adjust to the preferences of the user (s). These and many other benefits are expected to lead to significant energy savings and more productive employees.Trend 5: Edge computing: a solution for processing the growing amounts of dataWhen data from the Internet of Things (IoT) devices are sent over long distances to clouds or other data centers, latency often occurs. With edge computing, you can streamline data traffic from IoT devices and process it closer to the source. This is done through a network of micro data centers instead of clouds. These are often no longer sufficient to directly process the data that we generate. Considering that by 2025 more than 75 billion IoT devices will be in use worldwide and we all generate more and more data, you understand why edge computing is becoming increasingly important. This prompted Intel and Alibaba to launch a Joint Edge Computing Platform that integrates Intel software, hardware and AI technologies with Alibaba Cloud IoT products. The expectation that the value of the edge computing market will reach as much as $ 6.72 billion in 2022 indicates that we will have much more to do with this technology in the future.Trend 6: Cyber attacks target new smart devicesCybersecurity is constantly evolving to counter the ever-changing nature of cyber threats. The latest trends in this area relate to the protection of IoT devices, whereby standard security such as firewalls or intrusion detection systems (IDS) are no longer adequate. Network behavior analysis based on deep learning technology is now seen as a possible solution because it can detect suspicious activities faster and prevent them from better. Another option is to introduce virtual private networks that hide the user's IP address. Hardware authentication protocols and data loss prevention technologies are also becoming increasingly popular. Finally, the growing popularity of the cloud means that this sector must also implement more advanced cybersecurity systems. This is possible, for example, through virtualized firewalls and burglary detection. Overall, the number of cyberattacks is expected to continue to increase in 2019. It is therefore important that both companies and individuals tighten their security measures considerably.Trend 7: Digital ethics, machines, and morality - the debate continuesMore and more attention is being paid to moral dilemmas about artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. An example is the well-known 'trolley problem' - a rushing train will kill five railroad workers, but you can save them by converting the points, with 'only' one man killed. What are you doing? This will also become an increasingly relevant issue in the future for autonomous vehicles and other machines. Because how does a self-driving car decide on life and death? And who is responsible for the actions of artificially intelligent devices? We will also continue to conduct the debate on privacy and data protection at the macro level. David Cearley, vice president of research firm Gartner, says companies continue should then ask questions such as "are we compliant?" and "are we doing the right things?" The European Commission is arguing for a legal and ethical framework for the use of AI. As digital technologies increasingly infiltrate our lives, the number of discussions about digital ethics will continue to increase.Trend 8: The race to bring the world's first quantum computer to the market continues unabatedOver the years, computers have changed from slow, large boxes to super-fast, tiny devices. But even though today's computers are more powerful than their predecessors, when it comes to extremely complex problems, their computing power is increasingly falling short. This has led researchers and companies to investigate the potential of quantum computing. Unlike traditional computers that use bits to process information (with the numbers 0 and 1), quantum computers use qubits. These can store much more information and perform more complex calculations at a much higher speed. Although this technology is still in its infancy, believes IBM we have much more to do with getting into the foreseeable future. Earlier this year IBM even introduced a quantum computer consisting of 50 qubits. Google followed with the 72-qubits quantum computer system Bristlecone. For the time being these super-fast computers are only suitable for laboratory work and research. For large-scale, mainstream use, much more work needs to be done. But the race to bring the world's first quantum computer to the market continues unabated.Trend 9: The emergence of fake contentHave you heard that Obama's are getting a divorce and that Hillary Clinton has financial ties to IS? In this era of fake news, this kind of fabricated story is popping up everywhere. Although fake news is as old as humanity itself, exponential developments in modern technology have made it easier and faster to create and distribute. Moreover, the technology that makes fake content possible becomes more powerful every day, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish it from fake. With artificial intelligence, you can easily create realistic content from someone who says or does something - what he or she has never said or done. This type of content, also called ' deep flakes are made to confuse you, undermine the truth and, for example, to extort companies or individuals. A recent example is actress Emma Watson. She became the victim of deep fakes after someone with fake images made a pornographic video of her. Unfortunately, there are no clear solutions to this problem yet. But developing machine learning in such a way that it can recognize fake content is certainly a step in the right direction.Trend 10: Companies do everything to get hold of consumer data and our privacy is increasingly at stakeIn recent years, privacy-related incidents and security breaches have shown us that our personal information is being leaked, shared and misused at an alarming rate. The scandal surrounding Cambridge Analytica, the data company that - without permission - had used the data of millions of Facebook users for the Donald Trump campaign, is just one of many examples. And social media giants continue to offer their customers all kinds of 'legal' ways to analyze our online behavior. For example, insurance companies can search social media accounts to find evidence for their customers' insurance claims. In the future, for example, they may blame someone who places a video of reckless driving with a higher insurance premium. Even content that you as a parent post about your children on social media can be collected and used to create personalized advertisements. Our privacy is increasingly at stake and it looks unlikely that this will change in 2019. Regulations such as GDPR could be the first step in giving consumers back control of their data, but we still have a long way to go.Trend 11: Augmented reality is gaining momentumAugmented reality (AR) is a promising technology that is already being used successfully in various industries. In healthcare, AR tools can improve patient outcomes and make medical staff more efficient. For example, the technology company Proximie is developing AR solutions to improve medical training and the California Institute of Technology has released an AR app to help people with visual impairments identify objects. In the military sector, AR-tech soldiers can help with their preparations for military missions. The US military has already 100,000 Microsoft HoloLens headsets with night vision purchased that generate data about the activities of the soldier. AR is also increasingly used in museums. A group of artists recently used an AR app that allows you to completely transform Jackson Pollock's paintings in the Museum of Modern Arts. Visitors who scan the paintings with the MoMAR Gallery smartphone app can experience these in very special, interactive ways.Trend 12: Drones are becoming indispensable in more and more sectorsDrone technology was originally only used in the army but has also been finding more and more applications in all sorts of other sectors in recent years. Take the Japanese construction company, Komatsu, for example. Earlier this year they bought 1,000 drones from the well-known drone manufacturer DJI, with which they scan construction sites, identify materials and map (potential) construction areas. Another innovation in drone tech is the mapping of land use. DroneDeploy wants this process through the Live Map, make a mobile tool that generates real-time drone cards a lot easier. What makes drones particularly attractive is that they can, for example, reach disaster areas safely and efficiently. There they can help rescue teams in tracing victims and deliver food and medical devices.Trend 13: Automation of last-mile deliveries - even faster deliveryConsumers are getting more and more power. They expect speed and convenience, especially when it comes to the delivery of purchased products. To meet these requirements, companies keep coming up with new ways to make their last-mile delivery more efficient and faster. And there is, of course, no better way to do this than with autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicle start-up Nuro works hard to improve last-mile deliveries. The company does this with the development of self-driving electric vehicles that deliver packages, groceries, and meals. Renault has also recently developed a self-driving vehicle, the EZ-PRO. With this, the car manufacturer wants to solve traffic problems in large cities and reduce pollution. Although some believe that these innovations will make human drivers redundant, the BBC reports that these developments will in the future allow people to spend more time on more valuable work.Trend 14: Can green technology help save our planet?The biggest problems we face today include pollution and climate change. Unfortunately, this problem is mainly caused by our reckless behavior. To help our planet and ensure that we can live more sustainably in the future, many companies are working on innovative green technologies that can reduce carbon dioxide. The Swiss company Climeworks, for example, has developed a system that can collect carbon dioxide (CO2) from the ambient air. This is then combined with sustainably produced hydrogen (H2) to produce methane fuel that adds virtually no CO2 to the atmosphere. The Climeworks factory in Italy can filter no less than 150 tons of carbon dioxide from the air every year. A group of researchers at the University of Michigan is working on an environmentally friendly fuel made from algae. In addition to being more efficient than our current fossil fuels, this fuel can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 percent. Indoor, URBAN, and vertical agriculture remain incidentally also gaining popularity. Far fewer pesticides, water, and soil are used with these new farming techniques than with traditional farming methods. And because urban farms grow food closer to the consumer, there is also much less need for transport for this form of fruit and vegetable cultivation. This allows CO2 emissions to be reduced even further.Trend 15: 3D printing technology is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has been around for a long time, but the enormous potential of this technology has only really become visible in recent years. Now more and more companies use 3D printers to make new products. For example, sportswear giant Adidas is planning to launch 100,000 pairs of shoes with 3D-printed midsoles by the end of this year. In the coming years, the company even wants to produce millions of these shoes. Aerospace giant Boeing is also interested in 3D printing technology. For example, the company uses the tech to produce air ducts and footrests and to date, there are 60,000of these 3D-printed components installed in Boeing aircraft. Researchers at the University of Minnesota are experimenting with 3D printing technology to create a soft and stretchable material. This material is better in several respects than the traditional plastic that is normally used in 3D printing. Because it is soft and stretchable, you can make its unique products with various shapes and possibilities.Trend 16: The autonomous revolution in the freight transport sectorEverything around us is becoming increasingly automated and that will be no different in the transport sector in the coming years. Because autonomous technology can make this industry much more efficient, many companies are particularly interested in it. For example, iron mining company Vale plans to replace its traditional truck fleet with autonomous vehicles in early 2019. If everything goes according to plan, there will be 13 driver-less trucks with GPS, radar and artificial intelligence on the Vale mine site in Brazil. These new trucks are estimated to reduce fuel consumption by 10 percent and significantly improve on-site safety. But trucks are not the only means of transport that become autonomous. For example, in Norway the world's first autonomous shipping company, Masterly, established. This company will start using the autonomous shipping of goods next year, using the autonomous container ship YARA Birkeland.Trend 17: 5G wireless technology - even faster, even more reliable, even more, possibilitiesWe are becoming increasingly dependent on wireless communication. And even though smartphones and other wireless technologies reasonably meet our needs and expectations, of course, even faster and more reliably is better. That can be achieved with the fifth generation of wireless technology, also known as 5G. 5G technology offers enormous benefits. In combination with sensor technology, for example, it can cause for efficient communication between autonomous vehicles, so that accidents can be prevented more often. And in the event of serious traffic problems, governments can use 5G to advise alternative routes. 5G can also improve the way we use our mobile phones many times. For example, this tech makes hologram phone calls and live interactive broadcasts possible. The British telecommunications company Vodafone recently showed how such a hologram telephone call with 5G works.Trend 18: More and more countries are introducing cryptocurrency as legal tenderSince the introduction of Bitcoin almost ten years ago, cryptocurrency has made considerable progress. Governments are also determined to start using this technology. Although Russia was not initially enthusiastic about cryptocurrency, the country has changed its mind. The Russian government has announced that it wants to introduce its virtual state currency - the CryptoRoebel. With this state currency, Russia wants to take the bitcoin out of the sails and drives it towards a national ban on bitcoin trade. The Marshall Islands are also working on their crypto coin, the Sovereign or SOV. The Marshall Islands parliament accepted a bill in March to introduce this national cryptocurrency. The SOV is issued in collaboration with Israeli technology company Neema and acts as a traditional currency used alongside the US dollar. This makes the Marshall Islands the first independent country with cryptocurrency as legal tender. Estonia, Iran, and China are also considering introducing their cryptocurrency.Trend 19: Basic Income as a solution for the consequences of automationAccording to many, self-scanning checkouts that make cashiers unnecessary, robots replacing factory workers and self-driving trucks that put drivers out on the street - that is the future we are going to. The technological revolution not only leads to more efficient companies and new products, but also to the unemployed who are in urgent need of a kind of social safety net. One way to address these challenges is to introduce a universal basic income - a regular amount of money paid out by the state to help citizens meet their basic needs. Entrepreneurs such as Richard Branson and Elon Musk are enthusiastic proponents and the governments of Canada, Finland, and several other countries have already run pilots to gain a better understanding of the pros and cons. Italy recently a basic income for the poor introduced and continue to experiment more governments around the world with this approach to find solutions to the effects of automation.Trend 20: Will the IoT finally make fully smart cities possible?The Internet of Things (IoT) will continue its impressive growth in 2019 years, and the IoT market is expected to reach a value of no less than $ 561.04 billion by 2022. This means that the current number of 3.6 billion IoT devices will grow, which will contribute to further penetration of the IoT market. We will see particularly strong growth in sectors such as the manufacturing industry and healthcare. For example, the number of connected devices in the production sector will double between now and 2020. The IoT has promise to not however completely smart cities create yet fulfilled. But projects like Sidewalk Labs Show in Toronto that we can expect at least some smart neighborhoods. Our cars are also increasingly equipped with IoT systems that, for example, monitor the oil level, fuel consumption, and tire pressure. We can assume that soon every conceivable device will be connected to the internet. And to ensure that we protect ourselves against cyberattacks, we will also need to provide these devices with robust cybersecurity.Trend 21: AI and 3D imaging give sales of e-commerce companies a boostIn an online market where competition is becoming increasingly fierce, e-commerce companies must increasingly use technology to impress their customers. One of the technologies that we will see more often in e-commerce in the future is 3D product imaging. This technology allows customers to zoom in on a product, rotate the item and view it from different angles. E-commerce companies that have implemented this tech, such as TSUM, report a 40 percent increase in their conversion. Online fashion retailers like Yoox have AI tools developed that analyze social media content, customer feedback, online magazines, and own sales data. With this information, they can advise their customers on certain clothing. The Indian e-commerce site Myntra takes a similar approach. According to Ananth Narayanan, the CEO of the company, the sale of shirts with KI-generated designs has doubled. Artificial intelligence will also play an essential role in other e-commerce segments in the coming years. Chatbots, for example, is already an important part of customer service and KI-driven analytics and ad-delivery systems enable companies to reach customers more efficiently than ever.Trend 22: The market for wearables is expanding far beyond the health and fitness sectorThe worldwide sale of wearables is growing by an average of 20 percent per year and this market will have a value of no less than $ 29 billion in 2022. Brands such as Apple, Fitbit, Jawbone, and Xiaomi are a few of the most important players in this sector and fitness trackers and smartwatches are still the most popular. Portable technology is also gaining ground in the construction sector. For example, there is a lot of demand for cooling vests, smart safety helmets and Microsoft HoloLens technology that makes the work of construction workers more efficient and safer. Physical work will also be less demanding in the future than before. For example, LG has the CLOi SuitBot exoskeleton designed to make it easier to lift heavy objects. Even life insurance companies like John Hancock use wearables. For example, they determine the level of insurance premiums with the data generated by health and fitness trackers. Policyholders who exercise regularly and eat healthy, for example, are rewarded with lower premiums, gift vouchers, and other benefits.Trend 23: Digital twins provide insight into their physical counterpartsBy creating digital twins of a physical object and dynamically adjusting them using real-time data, engineers can better monitor and analyze the performance of objects such as cars, buildings, and even jet engines. Digital twin technology is, therefore, an important tool with which engineers can develop ways to improve products and test 'what if' scenarios. This technology is even used by NASA and the US Air Force to create a new generation of vehicles. Investment management firm Goldman Sachs also uses digital twin-tech. They have the technology included in their series The Outsiders as a trend that "condition of the contemporary investment universe on the edge". Gartner predicts that "by 2021 half of the large industrial companies will use digital twins, increasing the effectiveness of these organizations by 10%".Trend 24: Organizations increasingly use technology to protect the environmentCurrent efforts to reduce global warming are not delivering the desired results. It is therefore unlikely that we will be able to keep the global temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius, as proposed in the Paris Agreement. This has led many organizations to rely on technology. The Environmental Defense Fund, an NGO, wants to launch a satellite to measure the amount of methane released into the atmosphere by the oil and gas industry. Methane is one of the most important man-made greenhouse gases. This data is then used to develop emission reduction strategies. Google Maps Street View cars will be coming soon equipped with Aclima's air quality sensors that measure and map carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in cities. Companies such as the Iceland-based Carbon Recycling International (CRI) even have a way found to convert carbon dioxide into methanol, which is then sold on the European fuel market. And Volkswagen wants to invest more than € 40 billion in electrification and e-mobility. These initiatives paint a picture of a global economy that increasingly focuses on environmental technology to protect our planet; a trend that is expected to continue well beyond 2019.Trend 25: We are seeing robots in more and more sectors2019 is expected to be a great year for commercial robots. Several robotics companies have already scaled up their production and many others report breakthroughs in research. Boston Dynamics, a robotics company owned by the technology company Softbank, plans to about 1,000 four-legged robots Spot Mini next year produce. These machines can be used for, among other things, elderly care, parcel delivery, construction, and security. Agility Robotics dragged $ 8 million on investments to continue the development of the two-legged robot Cassie. Among other things, this robot could help people with paraplegia. And researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University have developed a bipedal robot that can on uneven and rough terrain locomotion. Thanks to this capacity, these machines are extremely suitable for applications in space exploration and assistance during (natural) disasters. Research and innovation continue undisturbed and we expect that we will encounter these and similar robots in more and more sectors in the coming years.Being technologically 'vigilant' is no longer optional in the world of tomorrowThe rapid pace of technological development has led to a proliferation of disruptive innovations that bring about major changes. To initiate and guide digital transformation, it is important to observe, evaluate and acknowledge the potential behind emerging technological trends. Being technologically 'vigilant' is no longer optional in today's and tomorrow's world - it is increasingly becoming a prerequisite to take governments and companies to the next level.

Affordable Housing and Community DesignBOOKSAaron, Henry J. Shelter and subsidies: Who Benefits from Federal Housing Policies?. The BrookingsInstitution. 1997.Ackoff, Russell L. and Sheldon Rovin. Redesigning Society. Stanford University Press. 2003.First sentence: "The thinking we use to redesign society stems from three essential concepts:doing the right thing, focusing on what we want, and thinking systematically"Alexander, Christopher. The Production of Houses. Oxford University Press. 1985.As an innovative thinker about building and planning, Christopher Alexander has attracted a devotedfollowing. His seminal books--The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, the Oregon Experiment,and The Linz Cafe--defined a radical and fundamentally new process of environmental design. Alexandernow gives us the latest book in his series--a book that puts his theories to the test and shows what sort ofproduction system can create the kind of environment he has envisioned.The Production of Houses centers around a group of buildings which Alexander and his associates built in1976 in northern Mexico. Each house is different and the book explains how each family helped to lay outand construct its own home according to the family's own needs and in the framework of the patternlanguage. Numerous diagrams and tables as well as a variety of anecdotes make the day-today processclear. The Mexican project, however, is only the starting point for a comprehensive theory of housingproduction. The Production of Houses describes seven principles which apply to any system of production inany part of the world for housing of any cost in any climate or culture or at any density. In the last part of thebook, "The Shift of Paradigm," Alexander describes, in detail, the devastating nature of the revolution inworld view which is contained in his proposal for housing construction, and its overall implications for deepseatedculturalchange.　Atlas, John and Ellen Shoshkes. Saving Affordable Housing: What Community Groups Can Do & WhatGovernment Should Do. A National Housing Institute Study Funded by the Ford Foundation. 1997.Bauman, John F. and Roger Biles and Fristin Szylvian. From Tenements to Taylor Homes; In Search of anUrban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America. Pennsylvania State University Press:University Park, PA. 2000.Bell, Bryan. Good Deeds, Good Design: Community Service Through Architecture. Princeton ArchitecturalPress: New York. 2004.Ben- Joseph, Eran. Regulating Place: Standards and the Shaping of Urban America. Routledge: New York.2005.Blau, Eve. The Architecture of Red Vienna. MIT Press: Massachusetts. 1999.Bosma, Koos and Dorine van Hoogstraten and Martijn Vos. Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and theSAR. Nai Publishers. 2000.Brown, David J. The Home House Project: The Future of Affordable Housing. MIT Press: Massachusetts.2004.Davis, Sam. Designing for The Homeless: Architecture That Works. University of California Press: Berkeley.1995.Ehrenkrantz, Ezra. Design in Affordable Housing: A Guidebook. Funded by the Naional Endowment of theArts.Emery, Frederic E. and Eric L. Trist. Towards a Social Ecology. Springer: 1Edition. 1995.stComplex social systems like the human body rely a great deal on the sharing of parts. Just as the mouth isshared by the sub-systems for breathing, eating, speaking, etc., so individuals and organizations act as partsfor a multiplicity of social systems. Just as there are physiological switching mechanisms to prevent uschoking too often over our food, so there are social mechanisms to prevent us having too many CharlieChaplins dashing out of factories to tighten up buttons on women’s dresses (in Modern Times). I think that itis this sharing of parts that enables social processes to grow for quite long periods without detection. If theycould grow only by subordinating parts entirely to themselves then they would be readily detectable. If,however, their parts continue to play traditional roles in the existing familiar systems, then detection becomesdifficult indeed. The examples that most readily come to mind are the pathological ones of cancer andincipient psychoses. Perhaps this is because we strive so hard to detect them. In any case, healthychanges in physical maturation, personality growth or social growth typically follows the same course. Oncewe are confronted with a new fully-fledged system, we find that we can usually trace its roots well back into apast where it was unrecognized for what it was.Source location for this excerpt: Page on members.shaw.caFeldman, Roberta. The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents’ Activism in Chicago Public Housing.Cambridge. 2004.This comprehensive case study chronicles the four decade history of Chicago's Wentworth Gardens publichousing residents' grassroots activism. It explores why and how the African-American women residentscreatively and effectively engaged in organizing efforts to resist increasing government disinvestment inpublic housing and the threat of demolition. Through the inspirational voices of the activists, RobertaFeldman and Susan Stall challenge portrayals of public housing residents as passive and alienated victims ofdespair. Review source: The Dignity of ResistanceForrester Sprague, Joan. More Than Housing: Lifeboats for Women and Children. Butterworth Architecture.1991.Franck, Karen A. and Sherry Ahrentzen. New Households and New Housing. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991.Greer, Nora R. The Creation of Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1988.Greer, Nora R. The Search for Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1986.Hatch, Richard C. Scope of Social Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.Hayden, Delores, Redesigning the American Dream. W. W. Norton & Company, 1edition, 2002.stAmericans still build millions of dream houses in neighborhoods that sustain Victorian stereotypes of thehome as 'woman's place' and the city as 'man's world.' Urban historian and architect Dolores Hayden talliesthe personal and social costs of an American 'architecture of gender' for the two-earner family, the singleparentfamily,andsinglepeople.Manysocietieshavestruggledwiththearchitecturalandurbanconsequences of women's paid employment: Hayden traces three models of home in historical perspective—the haven strategy in the United States, the industrial strategy in the former USSR, and the neighborhoodstrategy in European social democracies—to document alternative ways to reconstruct neighborhoods.Source location: Page on wwnorton.comJackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford UniversityPress. 1987.Book Description: This first full-scale history of the development of the American suburb examines how "thegood life" in America came to be equated with the a home of one's own surrounded by a grassy yard andlocated far from the urban workplace. Integrating social history with economic and architecturalanalysis, and taking into account such factors as the availability of cheap land, inexpensive building methods,and rapid transportation, Kenneth Jackson chronicles the phenomenal growth of the American suburb fromthe middle of the 19th century to the present day. He treats communities in every section of the U.S. andcompares American residential patterns with those of Japan and Europe. In conclusion, Jackson offers acontroversial prediction: that the future of residential deconcentration will be very different from its past inboth the U.S. and Europe.Source location:Amazon.com: Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (9780195049831): Kenneth T. Jackson: BooksJones, Tom and William Pettus and Michael Pyatok. Good Neighbors: Affordable Family Housing. McGrawHill.1995.Leeuwen, Jos van and HJP Timmermans. Recent Advances in Design and Decision Support.Kluwer:Dordrecht, Boston. 2004.　McCamant, Kathryn and Charles Durret and Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach toHousing Ourselves. Ten Speed Press. 1993.From The Woman Source Catalog & Review: Tools for Connecting the Community for Women; review byIlene RosoffDoes the idea of not having to cook meals for yourself or family every night, deal with traffic on your block, orworry when your children are out playing in the neighborhood appeal to you? If the answer is yes, you maywant to consider exploring cohousing, a concept that originated in Denmark in the early 1970s and hasspread throughout Europe. In Cohousing, a number of European cohousing communities are profiled.Although each community is a unique reflection of its members' tastes and desires, there are some commoncomponents, such as parking lots on the perimeters of the community for pedestrian safety, a commonhouse where meals can be shared, and recreational facilities housing various community activities andservices. With all the responsibilities entailed in managing a home and/or a family, cohousing is a solution forfinding sufficient time to relax and spend with the people who are important to us. (The authors have recentlystarted The Cohousing Company, a design and development company formed specifically to assist groupsinterested in planning and implementing cohousing in this country.)Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. US Dept . of Housing and Urban Development, Office ofPolicy Development and Research: Washington, DC. 1996.Obelensky, Kira. Good House Cheap House: Adventures in Creating an extraordinary Home at an OrdinaryPrice. Taunton. 2005.The 27 homes in Good House Cheap House prove that good design doesn't have to cost a fortune. Whatgoes into making a good, cheap house? As writer Kira Obolensky discovers, there are three mainingredients: adventuresome homeowners who are actively involved; cutting-edge architects and designerswho can solve tough design challenges; and an array of innovative uses of materials. Industrial bridgewashers make for gorgeous mantelpiece rosettes, old concrete subflooring is given new life with rich-huedstain, and glass sliding doors make for windows that are oversized and affordable.From a Texas farmhouse to a loft in St. Paul, to a prefab cabin on the Wisconsin prairie, these houses, inwhich anyone would feel at home, display a wonderful mix of design smarts and budget savvy. "Good HouseCheap House is chock full of great ideas and creative solutions for those of us on a budget-but even the lessfinancially-challenged can learn a thing or two about stylish and innovative design."--Charles Burbridge, designer, HGTV's Design on a Dime "The cookie-cutter house trend has been aroundlong enough. With its outside-the-box ideas and great resources, Good House Cheap House proves you canbuild a unique space without emptying your bank account."--Amber Jones, Editor, do! MagazineSanoff, Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. Wiley-Academy. 1999.Book Description (Source: Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning: Henry Sanoff: 9780471355458: Amazon.com: Books)Theonlyhow-toguidetocommunitydesignwrittenfromthedesignprofessional'sperspective.Inthisgroundbreakingguidetotheincreasinglyimportantdisciplineofcommunitydesign,aleadinginternationalexpertdrawsuponhisownexperiencesandthoseofcolleaguesaroundtheworldtoprovideproventoolsandtechniquesforbringingcommunitymembersintothedesignprocesssuccessfullyandproductively.Thefirstandonlyhow-toguideoncommunitydesigndevelopedfordesignprofessionals,Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning features:* Fifteen case studies chronicling community design projects around the world* Coverage of educational facilities, housing, and urban and rural environments* Design Games-a proven, culture-neutral approach to educating participants in their design options and theconsequences of their choices* Proven techniques for fostering community participation in the design process* Checklists, worksheets, questionnaires, and other valuable toolsCommunity Participation Methods in Design and Planning is an indispensable working resource for urbandesigners and planners, architects, and landscape architects. It is also an excellent resource for students ofthose disciplines.Schmitz, Adrienne, Beta Site. Multifamily Housing Handbook. Urban Land Institute: Washington D.C. 2000.Steiber, Nancy. Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity 19001920. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 1998.Timmermans, Harry. Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture. Dordrecht: Boston: KluwerAcademic. 1993.Torres, Martha. Affordable Home Design: Innovations and Renovations. Loft Publications by Harper CollinsDesign. 2005.Affordable Home Design showcases a wide array of solutions to this same architectural challenge of gooddesign and structure on a budget. The projects featured include extensions of houses and apartmentsalready in existence, ecological housing design, sustainable and structurally cost-effective homes, and newbuildings in strictly coded conservation zones. Through more than 250 full-color photographs, this essentialbook reveals how today's architects are able to adapt to the necessities of a more affordable budget whenapproaching the always exciting necessity of designing a home.Towers, Graham. At Home in the City: An Introduction to Urban Housing Design. Architectural Press/Elsevier: Oxford. 2005.Trulove, James G. Great Houses on a Budget. Collins Design, 2005.For the typical American homeowner, Great Houses on a Budget presents case studies from across thecountry that achieve high style at an affordable cost. Most homeowners can only fantasize about owning andliving in beautiful dream homes designed by top architects -- houses that are well beyond the reach ofaverage consumers. This splendidly illustrated volume promises to provide a reality check by presentingbeautifully designed houses by the same architects, but with one exception. The houses in this book weredesigned and built for clients with high standards, as well as modest budgets. Fifteen in-depth case studiesdisplay the work of some of today's finest architects in locations ranging from California and Connecticut, toVirginia and Oregon. Each project includes lavish photography accompanied by detailed discussion of theeconomical construction techniques implemented in each house. With an in-depth look at square footagecosts, design techniques, and low-cost building materials, Great Houses on a Budget will provide readerswith everything they need to plan a great home on even the smallest budget.Tucker, William. The Excluded Americans: Homelessness and Housing Policies (Ragnery) and Zoning,Rent Control, and Affordable Housing. Cato Institute.Vale, Lawrence. Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods.Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass. 2002.Vale, Lawrence. From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. HarvardUniversity Press. 2000.1. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., author of Streetcar Suburbs (Harvard) : In tracing the story of public housing fromPuritan times to the present, Professor Vale pays special attention to the spatial dimensions of povertymanagement. His is not a mechanical tale of segregation, but a careful presentation of the placement of thepoor in response to the policies of aid and discipline. This book, at once both an excellent history and anunusually thorough Boston case study, illustrates the continuing cultural and political ambivalence that playsitself out in ever-changing environments for the poor.2. Sir Peter Hall, author of Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order : Lawrence Vale'smajor study throws new and important light on the contradictions and dilemmas of American public housingpolicy over the past half-century, as they worked themselves out in one of the nation's great cities. It has vitalmessages both for scholars of public policy, planning, and urban studies, and for urban policy-makers, bothin the United States and the wider world. This is a major contribution to the urban literature. Source location:From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors: Prof. Lawrence J. Vale: 9780674002869: Amazon.com: BooksVenkatesh, Sudhir, Alladi. American Project: The Rise and fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard UniversityPress: Cambridge, Mass. 2000.Vliet, Williem van. The Encyclopedia of Housing. Sage Publications. 1998.This multidisciplinary work, which aims to summarize and synthesize current information on housing, drawson sociology, economics, urban studies, political science, architecture, and law to provide broad coverage ofthe pertinent concepts, organizations, issues, and policies. The 600 or so entries vary in length, with longerentries containing extensive discussion as well as relevant research, critical analysis, policy information, andhistorical background as appropriate. Though the book focuses primarily on the United States, it includessome international material, and various points of view are represented. Cross references, indexes ofsubjects and cited authors, and brief bibliographies on most entries add to the encyclopedia's usefulness.About 240 academics and professionals in housing or closely related fields contributed to this volume underthe leadership of van Vliet, who has written and edited several works on housing. He notes that the languageused is comprehensible across subject specialties and internationally. A welcome addition to the housingliterature, which has lacked a general encyclopedia, this is sure to be the standard reference forprofessionals in housing and related fields as well as policymakers, students, and the educated public. Anexcellent purchase for all academic and public libraries.AMary Jane Brustman, SUNY at Albany Libs.Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc.Waldheim, Charles. Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revsions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 2005.Woudhuysen, James and Ian Abley, Stephen Muthesius, and Miles Glendinning. Why is Construction soBackward?. Wiley-Academy. 2004.Synopsis Location: Amazon.co.uk: James Woudhuysen, Ian Abley: 9780470852897: BooksWhyarehomessoexpensivetobuyandtomaintain?Constructionhasemergedasamainstreampoliticalissue.Yetthebuildingtradeisoneoftheworld'sweakest:itisfragmented,barelyglobalizedandbehindothersectorsinintroducingdisruptiveinnovationstoitsbasicprocesses.Themodestworldwidescaleofprefabricatedbuildingconfirmshowconstructionremainsa19th-centuryaffair,nota21st-centuryone.Drawingonthelatesttechnologiesthathaveemergedbothinsideandoutsidethesector,Whyisconstructionsobackward?formsadetailed,practicalalternativetotheconventionalwisdominbuildingdesignandurbanplanning.Itisapowerfulcallforreform,andasharpattackagainstarchitectureassocialengineeringandenvironmentalistdogma.'Verycompelling...asignificantpieceofresearchandthoughtleadership.Essential.'ColinBartle-Tubbs,UKOperationsDirector,Deloitte'Welcomeandtimely...takesonanindustrythathasreveledincomplacencyfortoolong.'BernhardBlauel,Principal,BlauelArchitects'Theauthorsarepreparedtobedaring,reframethequestionandpositnewparadigms.Reflectingeffortlesslyacrosstheliteratureofproperty,business,marketresearchandconstruction,thebook'skaleidoscopeofideas, examples and images gives it a refreshing depth of insight and breadth of vision. ' John Worthington,Founder, DEGW 'A tour de force of polemical provocation. This timely work forces one to think aboutconstruction in the broadest terms.ARTICLESAdler, Lynn. "Study warns of affordable US apartment shortage." Wired News. Mar 8. 2006.Allen, Isabel. "Exciting innovation in housing design" (book review). Architect’s Journal. v208, n19. p 68.Nov 1996.A review of "Housing: new alternatives, new systems!", by Manuel Gausa, 1998, described by this revieweras "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of architect-speak in existence..." with, however "an in-depthcompilation of contemporary housing which is breathtaking in its diversity."Anger, David. "Bleak House." Architecture Minnesota. v20, n3. p 44-45, 71-73. May/Jun 1994.Arieff, Allison. "Technology is the New Craft." Dwell. p 100-107. Nov/Dec. 2003.Atlas, John. "The Battle in Brooklyn." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing and CommunityBuilding. p 12-15. Nov/Dec. 2005.Barlow, James and Ritsuko Ozaki. "Through innovation in the production system: lessons from Japan."Environment and Planning. v37, n1. p 9-20. Jan 2005.Borden, Lain. "Innovation in social housing in France, 1970-1990." AA Files. n23. p 94-96. Summer 1992.Symposium at the AA, 21 Nov. 1991.Bornstein, Julie. "Designed to Fit." UNITS magazine. Jun. 2005.Published by the National Apartments Association (Article Location:Page on nmhc.org)Bullard, Robert D. "Housing Barriers: Trends in the Nation’s fourth-Largest City." Journal of Black Studies.v21, n1. p 4-14. Sep 1990.Bullard, Robert D. "The Black Family: Housing Alternatives in the 80s." Journal of Black Studies. v14,n3. p 341-351. Mar 1984.Bullivant, Lucy. "Home Front: New Developments in Housing." Architectural Design. v73, n4. p 5-10. Jul/Aug2003.Cardoso, Medina. "Geometria en la vivienda." Obras. v10, n112. p 52, 55-56, 59-60. Apr 1982."Viviendas decorosas," affordable housing prototypes designed by Alfonso Cardoso MedinaColin, Berry. "Artists in residence: Reoccupying Affordable Quarters." Preservation: The Magazine for theNational Trust for Historic Preservation. v55, n4. p 12-13. Jul/Aug 2003.Collins, Timothy L. "Rent Controls on the Edge." City Limits. v23, n4. p 32. Apr 1998.Davis, Braxton C. "Regional planning in the US coastal zone: a comparative analysis of 15 special areaplans." Ocean & Coastal Management. v47. p 79-94. 2004.This article compares the regional planning of 15 very different coastal zones in the United States in attemptto understand their operation and the effectiveness of their planning. The zones evaluated did not use typicalplanning tools, and therefore it is informative to investigate their "goals, environmental and socioeconomicsettings, management approaches, land use planning tools, and keys to success for special area planningunder state and territory coastal programs."34 out of 35 coastal states have adopted the national coastal management program administered by theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management(NOAA/OCRM).Areas were evaluated based on the areas of concern to participate in the program. The Special AreaManagement Practices were then investigated to determine if comprehensive regional planning was takingplace and to what extent, or if "subject-oriented" plans were taking precedent (wetlands, ports, etc.). (DM)Davis, Howard "Learning from Vellore: low income housing project in India." Arcadia. v23, n2 p 8-10.Mar/Apr 1993.Low income housing project for bicycle rickshaw drivers in Vellore is being developed by an internationalcollaboration of three organizations: Centre for Development Madras; Pacific Architecture; and the Center forHousing Innovation of the Univ. of Oregon.Djebarni, R. and P. Hibberd. "The impact of TQM on innovation in the construction industry: a researchagenda." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v21, n2. p 85-95. 1997.Total Quality Management (TQM) as an innovation in the British construction industry is studied to evaluateits effectiveness.Fairbanks, Robert B. "Reform and the Community Development Strategy in Cincinatti, 1890-1960." TheJournal of American History. v77, n2. p 689-690. Sep 1990.Ferrera, Peter J. "Federal Housing and Poverty (in letters)." Science. v248, n4955. p 538-539. May, 1990.Fletcher, Jane. "Affordable." Builder. v12, n9. p 83-92. Sep 1989.Friedman, Avi. "Ten Years Old and Growing (Grow Home, Montreal)." Canadian Architect. v46, n5, p 18-19,May 2001.The Grow Home, a demonstrative project started on the McGill campus in 1990, tapped a market withinaffordable housing. The project initially sold for $76,000, and units spread like wildfire. The attractive rowhousebuildingshaveflexiblelayouts,lowconstructioncost,lowoperatingcosts,andtheirownyards.ThearticlecomparesfinancingandconstructioncostsoftheGrowHomewithstandardconstruction.Italsotalksaboutthehistoryofitssuccess,andthebenefitsofcreating"theHondaCivic"ofhousing.　Thearticleincludesimagesofthreeplanlayouts,andphotosofgrowhomesinfillingneighborhoodsintwodifferentcitiesinCanada.(DM)　Friedman, Avi. "The Home of the 90’s-2: An Urban Starter." Canadian Architect. v35, n4. p 32-33. Apr 1990.Considers household income, level of education, and receptivity to innovation in a study of consumerpreferences.Friedrichs, Jurgen. "Affordable Housing and the Homeless." Contemporary Sociology. v19, n1. p 86-87. Jan1990.The twin issues of affordable housing and homelessness are discussed in this collection from a comparativeinternational persepctive. The central theme in the essays is that advanced industyrial societies, includingsocialist countries, are undergoing significant changes in their ability and willingness to provide affordablehousing to their citizens. Friedrichs points out that affordable housing and homelessness are interrelatedproblems in that the "new" homelessness is primarily the result of structural economic changes and ashortage of affordable housing. - By Howard A. SavageGann, David. "Housing innovation: how we live and what we might live in." Scroope: CambridgeArchitectural Journal. n11. p 55-62. 1999-2000.Ideas about the direction and pace of the changes in the way housing is designed and built in the UnitedKingdom.Gates, Gary J. "Gay America: to understand the real housing choices of the gay community, developersmust move beyond stereotypes." Urban Land. v64, n2. p 78-82. Feb 2005.Today, the gay and lesbian community signals the presence of a diverse and creative population that notonly is important to high-tech innovation but also has taken the initiative of moving to distressed urbanneighborhoods and in doing so has helped bring economic vitality to these neighborhoods.Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. "Rethinking Rental Housing." Contemporary Sociology.v17, n5. p 644-645. Sep 1988.Affordable housing becomes a receding goal when the percentage of U.S. households paying over a quarterof their income for rent is increasing. John Gilderbloom and Richard Appelbaum show that sociologists couldmake a major contribution to debate about a housing policy designed to reverse such trends - if such adebate existed. Combining a critical review of a diverse literature with original analyses, the authors developtwo lines of argument. First, institutions and organizations affect characteristics of rental housing thateconomists attribute to market forces. Second, affordable, habitable housing is a "universal nationalentitlement," and it requires a federal housing program that creates a non-market sector. By Judith J.FriedmanGirling, Cynthia, and Ronald Kellett. "Comparing stormwater impacts and costs on three neighborhood plantypes." Landscape Journal. v21, n1. p 100-109. 2002."This paper summarizes a comparison of three alternative plans for a demonstration development site forenvironmental impacts, particularly stormwater quantity and quality, and costs of development. Two of thethree alternatives are representative of neighborhood plan types in many areas of the United States - aconventional low density pattern typical of many subdivision developments, and a more dense, mixed usenew urbanist-influenced pattern. A third less common but lower environmental impact plan represents similardensity and land use mixes to the mixed use plan with greater open space, urban forest and stormwaterfeatures." Paper presented at the joint ASLA-CELA conference in Boston, Sept. 1999.Goodno, James B. and Elisabeth Hamin. "Good Luck, Arnold." Planning. v70, n1. p 4-9. Jan.2004.Hall, Carlyle. "Carlyle Hall Joins CRA." L.A. Architect. p 7. Mar 1990.His thoughts on the goals and policies of the Community Redevelopment Agency, which focuses onaffordable housingHerszenhorn, David M. "New York Offers Housing Subsidy as Teacher Lure." New York Times. Apr 19.2006.Hoch, Charles J. and William Peterman and William C. Baer. "Homelessness and Housing." Journal of theAmerican Planning Association. v66, n3. p 328-331. Summer 2000.Illia, Tony. "Quigley SROs show affordable housing is possible in Las Vegas." Architectural Record.v189, n4. p 40. Apr 2001.Two SRO apartment developments, Kirby Lofts and L'Octaine, combine apartments with retail and restaurantspace. Architect: Rob Wellington QuigleyLadd, Helen F. and Jens Ludwig. "Educational Opportunities: Evidence from Baltimore." The AmericanEconomic Review. v87, n2. p 272-277. May 1997.Lakshmanan, T.R. and Lata Chatterjee and P. Roy. "Housing Requirements and National Resources."Science. v192, n4243. p 943-949. Jun 1976.Lang, Michael H. "Homelessness amid Affluence: Structure and Paradox in the American PoliticalEconomy." Contemporary Sociology. v20, n1. p 76-77. Jan 1991.LeFevre, Camille. "Joseph Selvaggio: Taking Pride in Housing the Poor." Architecture Minnesota. v18, n3.p 17, 74-75. May/Jun 1992.Linn, Charles. "Auburn Court, Cambridge, Massachusetts." Architectural Record. v185, n 7. p 112-113. Jul1997.Massimo, Alvisi and Kirimoto Junko. "Riken Yamamoto: dalle origini alla luce dell’innovazione: from theorigins to the light of innovation." Architectura. v 42, n17(494). p 674-680. 1995.Matheou, Demetrios. "Council opts for innovation in housing commission." Architects’ Journal. v200, n3.p 17-19. Jul 1994.Potter's Fields housing site, Southwark, London. Architects: Alsop & Sto!rmer.Miles, Henry. "Norse Code: Flats, Nesodden, Norway." Architectural Review. v214, n1281. p 95. Nov 2003.Affordable Housing built of Larch. Architects: Code ArkitekturNoero, Jo. "Red Location Innovation: PELIP Project/ Port Elizabeth." South African Architect. p 28-32.Nov/Dec 1999.Pheng, Low Sui, and Chua Hok Beng. "Promoting innovation in prefabrication for public housing: case studyof Singapore." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v26, n3. p 217-226.2002.Russell, James S. "New Housing at Almere." Architectural Record." v190, n10. p 234-237. Oct 2002.It may not be as "wild" as advertised, but new Housing at Almere, by UN Studios, makes a strong case forresidential innovation.Salversen, David. "HUD announces awards for building innovation." Urban Land. v55, n7. p 22-23. Jul 1996."The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has announced a nationwide competition - theBuilding Innovation for Homeownership program - to accelerate the adoption of innovative building anddevelopment techniques that will make houses more affordable."Sapolin, Donna. "Now, the Possible Dream." Metropolitan Home. v21, n10. p 111-112, 114. Oct 1989.Schill, Michael H. "Housing and Community Development in New York City." Political Science Quarterly.v114, n4. p 708-709. Winter 1999-2000.Scott, Ralph. "Advocates for Healthy Housing." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing andCommunity Building. p 20-23. Mar/Apr 2005.Taylor, David. "Lessons to learn from Dutch housing innovation." Architects’ Journal. v208, n1. p 24. Jul1998.Almere as a model for British housing construction.Taylor, David. "Affordable housing in Harlem." Architecture California. v8, n6. p 9-10. Nov/Dec 1986.Taylor, David. "A New Affordable House." Inform: Architecture, Design, the Arts. v11, n4. p 8-9, 11. 2000.Williams, Austin. "Movement for innovation: rethinking construction." Architects’ Journal v211, n18. p 34-43.May 2000.On the M4I, the Movement for Innovation, established to bring about a radical improvement in the way inwhich the construction industry and its clients work together.Wortman, Arthur. "Convertibility in building practice: DKV on innovation." Archis. n3. p 86-88. 2002.　　　　　　PAPERSBarrios-Paoli, Lilliam and Peter Madonia and William C. Rudin. Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter. TheCity of New York. Jun 2004."Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter is a 10-year action plan that brings together the business, nonprofit,and public sector communities to address the challenging issue of homelessness at its core, rather thanmanage it at the margins. It reflects my strong belief that every individual and family deserves safe,affordable housing –a goal we can achieve through proactive, coordinated action and investments in costeffectiveinitiativesthatsolvehomelessness."-MayorMichaelR.Bloomberg　Feldman, Ron. The Affordable Housing Shortage: Considering the Problem, Causes and Solutions. FederalReserve Bank of Minneapolis. Aug 2002.Abstract: Many observers claim that we are in the midst of an "affordable housing shortage" or, even worse,an "affordable housing crisis." The primary concern is that too many households live in "unaffordable" rentalunits. We hope to clarify the current debate by first measuring the size of the problem, then diagnosing itsunderlying causes and, finally, discussing treatments that policymakers should consider. While our review ishardly exhaustive, we conclude that a shortage of income is largely behind the housing affordability problemdespite the current focus on housing. Policymakers should recognize that government financing of newhousing units is unlikely to be a cost-effective response to low household income.Hu, Yucum and Qiping Shen. Systems Thinking in the Study of Housing Development in Hong Kong NewTowns. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate. 2000."In this paper, we have applied system dynamics to analyze housing development in Hong Kong new towns.Because housing development is concerned with many factors such as population growth, employment,personal income, gross domestic product and government policies, it is a complex social-economic systemthat demands system thinking for its solution. We have constructed a system dynamics model that attemptsto describe housing development in new towns. In this model, the interactions of various factors in urbanhousing development are taken into consideration. The model has been implemented in a computersimulation package named "I think". The simulation provides a trend of future housing development in HongKong new towns. These results can assist decision makers produce more appropriate plans for futurehousing development. We found that the application of system dynamics into housing development is a newand fruitful attempt."Katz, Bruce and Margery Turner, Karen Brown, Mary Cunningham and Noah Sawyer. Rethinking localaffordable housing strategies: lessons from 70 years of policy and practice. The BrookingsInstitution Center in Urban and Metropolitan Policy and The Urban Institute. Dec 2003.Efforts to provide affordable housing are occurring at a time of great change. The responsibilities forimplementing affordable housing are increasingly shifting to state and local actors. The market anddemographic changes in the country are complicating the picture, as sprawling jobs-housing patterns anddowntown revivals in some places are creating demand for affordable housing for working families andimmigrants in both cities and suburbs. To help state and local leaders design fresh solutions to today’saffordable housing challenges, The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and theUrban Institute joined forces to examine the lessons of seven decades of major policy approaches and whatthese lessons mean for local reforms. This executive summary of the full report, funded by the John S. andJames L. Knight Foundation, finds that past and current efforts to expand rental housing assistance, promotehomeownership, and increase affordable housing through land use regulations have been uneven in theireffectiveness in promoting stable families and healthy communities. The findings suggest guiding principlesfor local action, with important cautions to avoid pitfalls.Pascale, Connie. The Critical Shortage of Affordable Housing in New Jersey: A Brief Overview. The LegalServices of New Jersey Poverty Research Institute. Jun 2003.For at least three decades, study after study has documented New Jersey’s severe affordable housingshortage. This report from Legal Services of New Jersey’s Poverty Research Institute compiles such studiesand data to present a current portrait of just how bad the housing shortfall has become. It is intended as aresource for policy makers and the public, to help energize and guide the urgent question of what should beNew Jersey’s governmental response to this crisis.The report was prepared primarily by Connie Pascale, Vice President and Assistant General Counsel atLegal Services of New Jersey, with assistance from colleagues Kristin Mateo and Anjali Srivastava. Ourhope is that armed with information, at long last New Jersey’s leaders will guide the state toward acomprehensive and effective government-wide housing policy.Pickard, Deena, et. Al. A Systematic Approach to Service Improvement: Evaluating Systems Thinking inHousing." The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2005."This report provides a review of work undertaken to explore the use of systems thinking in a social housingsetting. In particular, the research considered the effects on the delivery of housing management servicesand assessed efficiency gains arising."Pickard, Deena, et. Al. Defining a National Housing Research Agenda Construction Management andProduction. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2004.Soffin, Jeremy. Housing Crises Threatens Regional Economy. The Regional Plan Association and CitizensHousing and Planning Council. May 2004.High housing costs, poor housing quality and long commutes are putting the NY-NJ-CT metropolitan regionat a competitive disadvantage in attracting and retaining a talented workforce, according to a regionalhousing study released today. The report, "Out of Balance: The Housing Crisis from a Regional Perspective,"is a collaborative effort of Regional Plan Association (RPA) and Citizens Housing and Planning Council(CHPC) to survey regional housing trends and identify housing problems that pose obstacles to regionaldevelopment or diminish the quality of life.Tucker, William. How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable Housing. Cato Institute. May 1997.Cato Policy Analysis No. 274 Location: How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable HousingWhite, Lawrence J. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization is Good PublicPolicy. Cato Foundation. Aug 2004.WEBSITES/ ADDITIONAL RESOURCESAmhearst H. Wilder Foundation Redirecting to new location...Archvoices ArchVoicesAssociation of Community Design Resources Page on communitydesign.orgThe Brookings Institute HomeThe Cato Foundation Cato InstituteCommunity Development Society Community Development SocietyCommunity Resources Directory of Nonprofit Organizations and Other Community ResourcesDevelopment Training Institute The Center for Leadership InnovationDesign Advisor Design AdvisorDesign Matters: Best Practices in Affordable Housing Landing Page | cada.uic.edu |Doors of Perception Doors of PerceptionThe Enterprise Foundation Enterprise Community PartnersHabitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity Int'lHousing Again Page on housingagain.web.caHousing First brooklyn apartments rent‎ Resources and Information.Housing Prototypes Housing Prototypes.Inhabitat Design For a Better World!Planning a Housing development Enterprise Community PartnersProject proformas Enterprise Community PartnersThe Housing and Community Development KnowledgePlex The affordable housing and community development resource for professionalsNational Community Building Network Nuovi Bonus Casino Nazionali - bonus senza depositoNational Multi Housing Council National Multifamily Housing CouncilNational Community Housing Forum Page on nchf.org.auNew Village Building Sustainable CulturesNovogradac & Company LLP Affordable Housing Resource CenterPlanners Network Planners NetworkRose Fellowship Page on rose-network.comRudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence Page on buffalo.eduRural Studio Welcome - Rural StudioShimberg Center for Affordable Housing The Shimberg Center at the University of FloridaSocketsite Page on socketsite.comStardust Organization Redirecting your pageStrategy Survival Guide Page on strategy.gov.uk　　　　　　Affordable Housing and Community Design: SustainabilityARTICLESArchitype. "Green Credentials: Housing in Brighton." RIBA Journal.Bone, Eugena. "The House That Max Built." Metropolis. v16, n5, p 37-42, Dec 1996.The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems (Max’s Pot) built the Advanced Green Builderdemonstration house on the outskirts of Austin with only local materials. It is the place where founderPliny Fisk III and his wife "concoct environmentally sound and sustainable building technologies." BothCalcrete and Solar-Tube were conceived there. The house uses Green Forms, an "open-ended" post andbeam system as structure. The central concept is that the Green Forms provide the frame for site-specific(and therefore more sustainable) elements and finishes. This approach also leaves plenty of potential forpersonalization. Local climates are studied as well as attainable materials for cladding, insulation, andother surfaces from the area. Options may include rammed earth, adobe, straw wall, industrial by-products,and Styrofoam. The project also helps to sustain local businesses, distributors, and craftsmen byutilizing their services within their communities.The article also mentions innovative composite materials that can be used in cladding, including mixingleftover wood fiber with plastic from recycled bottles to make hardy wood-like panels. Water sustainability isaddressed with composting toilets and wetland integration.For further energy consumption reduction photovoltaic panels can be added to roofs, radiant heat can bedistributed from floor slabs, and a gas-fired water heater can double as the heat source for the floor slabs.While the house (at time of article publishing) costs about $250,000, the goal is to build for $10 to $12 persquare foot. The article includes photos of the house in Austin and images of examples of various sitespecificcladdingmaterials.(DM)　Cameron, Kristi."Rebirth: BOASE, Denmark’s Model for Sustainable Mass-Produced Housing, On Stilts."Metropolis. v23, n5. p 66-69. Jan 2004.BOASE is an innovative national competition winning concept proposed by a team of students inDenmark. The primary themes of the project are affordable housing, mass production of units, and soilremediation that occurs through phytoremediation while the housing units sit above the petrochemicallypolluted site in a network of "tree dwellings."The units stand on stilts, and therefore allow rainwater and sunlight to filter down and nourish the soilcleaningplantecology.Theprovocativenotionofdevelopingpollutedsitesisrootedinthecheapnessoflandthatnoonewantstouse-pollutedland.Theplantsareexpectedtocleanthetopsixfeetofcontaminatedsoilinaperiodoftenyears,which,bysome,maybeworthwhile"ratherthanspendingmillionshaulingthecontaminateddirttoalandfilloftreatmentfacility."Iftheclean-upprocessdoesnotoccurasexpectedthroughphytoremediation,notallislost;"evenifthetreesdon’tmanagetocleanupthesoil,theyaresuckingupwaterandevaporatingitthroughtheirleaves…(it)won’tleachintogroundwatersupplies,takingpollutantswithit."Unitsaremanufacturedfromlightweightfiberglass-reinforcedplastic,givingthemtheadvantagesoflastingstructuralstrengthwithminimalweight.Inthisproject,the"home"becomesindustrialized,aunitofmassproduction.Thethreetechnologiesusedinthisprojectare:GratzelSolarCells,FiberlinePlasticComposites,andPhytoremediation.(DM)　Couling, Nancy and Klaus Overmeyer (of cet-0). "New From Suburbia: Agro City." Architectural Design, v74,n4, p 66-71. Jul/Aug 2004.Couling and Overmeyer have produced a model for areas outlying urban centers to becomeneighborhoods surrounding farming-land green spaces, rather than arbitrary parks and green spaces,commonly ordained by local zoning codes. The theory proposes that the residents maintain and work the"farm-land" and it gives back to them, monetarily, as well as enriching a closer-knit community than atypical suburb. The article includes a model for investment and return based in its proposed operations in anarea outlying Hamburg- the location of cet-0’s Fischbek-Mississippi project. The underlying concept is a"symbiosis of land for farming and land for building…Green areas are a combination of agricultural fields anddomesticated plots, leased to an ecofarmer, or to the Mississippi Club, of which the new residents wouldideally be members"(Couling p. 69). (DM)Diamond, Richard C. "Affordable Housing Through Energy Efficiency." GSD News/ Harvard University..p 14. Winter/Spring. 1993.Ehrenzweig, Dina. "Consumer acceptance of straw-bale housing." International Journal for Housing Scienceand its Applications. v23, n1. p 69-77. 1993.Evans, Barrie. "Making housing sustainable." Architect’s Journal. v205, n2. p 48. Jan 1998.On the potential provision of housing for the 4.4 million new English households predicted for the period from1991 to 2016. Taken from presentations at the BRE 75th anniversary international conference, "SustainableConstruction: an Agenda for Innovation".Gifford, H. "Third Street: Can architects and builders work together to produce highly energy-efficient andaffordable multifamily housing without any grant support? Two New Yorkers prove that it can bedone." Home Energy. v22, n5, p 24-29 Energy federation Incorporated. 2005.Third Street considers the assemblies and methods utilized to create more energy-efficient apartmentbuildings in New York City. The buildings are located at 299 E. 3rdSt. (38-family building) and 228 E. 3St.(22-family building) in Manhattan. The project was developed by Mary Spink and the architect is ChrisBenedict.The article denotes specific building assemblies that improve thermal and acoustical insulation. Specificwall sections are shown, as well as efficiency comparisons based on energy consumption and cost.The article also implies concerns about the negative effect of funding sustainable projects through grants,relating this approach to the concept that one can only do good if funded. Another interesting issueexemplified by these projects is that buildings that may be extremely energy efficient and "green" to a greatextent will never satisfy current LEED criteria because of certain detailing that, in a sense, make them evenmore sustainable. (DM)Gregory, Rob. "Wake Up Call." The Architectural Review. p 44, Nov 2003.BedZED is a prototype for sustainable high affordable housing complexes by Bill Dunster Architects. It is anexample of high density suburban-urbanization in Sutton, England. Highlights of the project include liveworkunits,acommunityhall,southfacingspacesandterraces.Theonebedroomloftapartmentshavetheirownentrancesandopenontoaskygarden.Thearticleincludesphotographs,asiteplan,anelevation,sections,andasunstudy.(DM)Koebel, Theodore "Sustaining sustainability: innovation in housing and the built environment." Journal ofUrban Technology. v6, n3. p 75-94. Dec 1999.Sustaining Sustainability discusses a wide spectrum of issues related to spreading the desire for, andacceptance of, sustainable housing. The article theorizes the necessity for technological developments topush the viability of sustainability into mainstream construction. Koebel also articulates various circuits withinthe development and construction industries through which sustainable practices must spread if they areto effectively diffuse within our culture. Included issues are mass production, adaptability, change agents,codes, and policies (and their makers). The general message is that everyone needs the tools and the knowhow,ascollectivelyacceptedacrosstheindustry,toprogressinsupportingandencouragingsustainablehousing.　rdAn interesting theory on the method of diffusion and its characteristics is delineated and discussed.Koebel’s research designates certain "characteristics of innovations that influence adoption," (Koebel p.79)including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability.Koebel goes further into the issue of diffusion by discussing various initiatives in sustainable housing andtheir overall performance. (DM)Makovsky, Paul. "Green Space: In the country's first green residential tower, a temporary showcase interioroffers lasting ideas." Metropolis. vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 118-120, Nov 2003Makovsky outlines various sustainable furniture and finishes used at the Solaire in Battery Park City, NewYork. The Solaire is significant in that it is the country’s first high-rise sustainable apartment building. Theinterior design of the apartments was created by Stedila Design.The article describes the innovative finishes and furniture and interesting descriptions of their origins andhow they are designated as sustainable for this project. Perhaps most helpful are the actual names,manufacturers, and distributors of many pieces.Sustainable finishes and furniture mentioned include:Uba Tuba granite from BrazilUrea-free formaldehyde fiberboard cabinetsNon-Urea formaldehyde parquet floorsReclaimed-recycled lines of carpet and furnitureAbaca fiber instead of plasticsA "less than 500 miles" philosophy, aiding in cutting embodied energy expenditure (DM)Martin, Glen and Frank Escher and Andrew Wagner. "Shades of Green: Dwell Home II."Dwell. v5, n6, p 114, 116. June 2005.Dwell Home II was constructed in Topanga Canyon, California as a test home for green design. It’sconstruction in such an isolated area prompted many questions about the true sustainability of remotenessin this modern world, since a car must be used for traveling into town for commodities. Andrew Wagnerfacilitated a discussion/ interview with the homeowner Glen Martin and architect Frank Escher, prompted byquestions written to Dwell magazine regarding the project.In the project’s defense, the convenience and viability of bus lines and telecommuting are available for usein the remote setting. Aside from those conveniences, Escher maintained that the building, when seen assiteless, is extremely efficient, performing well, and addresses "environmental questions that need to beaddressed on any site."Dwell Home II cools itself, generates its own electrical power, uses a quarter of the water ofconventional houses, and treats its own wastewater.The article brings up the interesting notion that "in the 70’s, central Europe was going through what we aregoing through in California now. There were some people who were really interested in more intelligent useof resources and sustainable design…" (Escher p.116). (DM)Shore, William B. "Land-use, transportation and sustainability." Technology in Society. v28. p.27-42. 2006.This article proposes three strategies for recentralizing the dispersed population epidemic in the UnitedStates on the grounds that regional planning is a substantial element in reaching a more sustainablelifestyle, and culture. The strategies are: "pricing goods and services to reflect sustainable needs,improving the magnetism of cities, and legislating enforceable regional plans."The article articulates the history of population dispersal away from cities and the ramifications of this trend. Itthen discusses the sustainability of a "spread city" in comparison to "traditional centers andcommunity." (DM)Solomon, Nancy B. "The Pick of the Sustainable Crop." Architectural Record. v193, n7, p 153-156, 158,160, Jul 2005.The Pick of the Sustainable Crop reviews three of the top 10 Green Projects awarded by the AIACommittee on the Environment. The article gives background on the COTE selection process and categoriesthat qualify their concept of sustainable design.With narrative, photos, diagrams and sections, the innovative design aspects of the three built projectsare elaborated.The Pittsburgh Glass Center, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, has an innovative and effective heat recoverysystem and effective insulation and ventilation systems. It is an industrial building that houses hotshops,offices and exhibition space, designed by DGGP and Bruce Lindsey AIA.Rinker Hall in Gainesville, Florida is the home of the M.E. Rinker School of Building Construction in thedepartment of the University of Florida’s College of Design and Construction. Designed by CroxtonCollaborative Architects + Gould Evans Associates, the building utilizes enthalpy wheel technology, passivesolar design, and high-performance glazing.A connection is made between daylighting and occupants’ circadian rhythms "connecting… to nature’s owncircadian rhythm- allows occupants to experience what Croxton describes as `the most primitive, deepseatedaspectsofcomfort’."TheAustinResourceCenterfortheHomeless(ARCH)isa26,800sfbuildingthathouseshomelesstemporarilyandforthelongterm,whileprovidingsupportprogramsinAustinTexas.ThebuildingwasdevelopedconcurrentlywithAustin’sadoptionofanewpolicythatthedesignofanynewmunicipalbuildingmust follow the guidelines put forth by the U.S. Green Building Council for its LEED rating system. Theproject utilized the method of stack-cast tilt-frame construction, cutting down on the cost of formwork forconcrete. Fly-ash was substituted for 45% of the portland cement in the concrete mix. A rain-watercollection system was also developed to mediate Austin’s serious flooding problems (due to poor topsoilconditions). (DM)Zhang, Zhihui and Xing Wu, Xiaomin Yang, and Yimin Zhu. "BEPAS- a life cycle building environmentalperformance assessment model." Building and Environment. v41. p 669-675. 2006.In this journal article, BEPAS (building environmental performance analysis system) is explained and testedin a case study. It has been proposed that the system’s methodologies can be utilized on both new andexisting buildings, evaluating their facilities (operation phase consumption and pollution), location,and materials. This article seems to have been inspired by the "rapid process of industrialization andurbanization" currently underway in China. It is also in response to the relative subjectiveness ofsustainability evaluation checklist-type methods such as LEED. The BEPAS researchers responded tothese issues by creating a more objective analytical approach to evaluating building performance,building upon the in-depth model of LCA (life cycle analysis). Results of the article’s case study show the testbuilding’s environmental impact was 96.6% from the facility operation, and only 5.6% from the buildingmaterials.BEPAS attempts to include more variables than other existing analysis models of a similar genre.(DM)Affordable Housing and Community Design: Gulf Coast RegionARTICLESAllais, Lucia. "Building Dwelling, Not Thinking" Thresholds. v20. p 50-55. 2000.Allais theorizes that housing typologies can have underlying social implications that must be recognized,especially when addressing affordable housing for poor predominantly African American populations incertain areas of the country. She specifically addresses the symbolism embodied in the shotgun-stylehousing that is commonly constructed as affordable infill housing.The discussion of the possible sociological ramifications of typology arose through a competition for DelrayBeach Florida’s Redevelopment Agency to design "affordable infill housing" in the predominantly blackMount Olive community.Allais sites the works of Marylis Nepomechie and Heidegger as current and historical thinkers on the samesubject; the architects’ argument about the pride of ownership.The theories, as presented in this article, are very subjective, and tend to make difficult assumptions thatsometimes waiver on the verge of being credible. However, the concepts put forth are extremely provoking,and are frequently neglected in design of affordable housing. The relationship between form and meaningcan have great impact, and the architect needs to be held responsible for intervening in the best interest ofmediating this phenomenon, downplaying the tones of social segregation in affordable housing. (DM)Burby, R. J."Reconstruction/Disaster Planning: United States." International Encyclopedia of the Social &Behavioral Sciences. p 12841-12844. 2004.This encyclopedic entry is a good introduction to the basic elements of procedures and plans typically setup for post-disaster reconstruction in the United States.The organization of the short article is in five sections: the problem, evolution of planning for resilience, postdisasterandrecoveryplans,hazardmitigationplans,andconclusion.　Onecanimaginethattheseproceduresareeffectedbythemagnitudeofkeydisastersinthecountry’shistory,andthusdonotincludethedevastationofHurricanesKatrinaandRita,northeresultantpoliciesthatmayhavebeendeveloped.　Thearticleelaboratestheprimaryelementsofplansthataddressnaturalhazards,fallingintwocategories:post-disasterreconstructionandhazardmitigation.(DM)Kroloff, Reed and Kevin Pratt. "A Newer Orleans: Six Proposals." Artforum. v44, n7, p 266-283, Mar 2006.An overview of the current search for inspiration for hope and design for a "newer Orleans" sets theprecedent for the summary of 6 design proposals, or "six visions" to invoke a "spirit of possibility." Theintroduction mentions that the Congress for the New Urbanism (led by Andres Duany) had an extensivedesign charette to provide design guidance for Mississippi’s devastated regions, and it has now "seduced"Louisiana’s government as well. Artforum suggests that a fresh, inventive dialogue needs to commence.These proposals do not situate themselves in the realistic realm of feasibility any time in the near future, butthey are refreshing and drastically different takes on how a new city might reshape itself after a disaster ofsuch enormous destruction.The six teams were proposed by Artforum for proposals to be published, two each (one Dutch and oneAmerican team) for three segments: community (MVRDV, Huff + Gooden), urban icon (UN Studio,Morphosis), and landscape (West 8, Hargreaves Associates). The proposals did not address affordablehousing within their broad assigned categories.Recurring themes within the variety of proposals were: public space, connections (both communicationand physical), pride and dignity, high density revitalized areas, reinvigoration and symbolism. (DM)Shepard, Richard . "Refilling a Neighborhood: West Coconut Grove, Miami." Places. v14, n3, p 44-45,Spring 2002.Shepard (as director of the Center for Urban and Community Design at the University of Miami School ofArchitecture) describes a studio project that integrated students and university with a strugglingneighborhood whose population, property, and quality of life has drastically declined. The project was forstudents to design an affordable house after surveying the conditions, lifestyles and policies of itsneighborhood and jurisdiction. The project set a precedent of trust between the University and theneighborhood that could potentially lead to similar future collaborations benefiting both parties, the academyand the struggling neighborhood.The underlying concept driving the development of the project is Shepard’s assertion that "If vacant lots andabandoned buildings could be developed for low-and moderate- income families, the proportion ofstakeholders could increase and the community pride of ownership could return" (Shepard p. 44).The studio culminated in the actual approval and eventual building of a two-story shotgun housedesigned by students who saw it take shape before graduating from architecture school. A local developerhad become an enthusiast of the studio and funded the projectShepard’s concept and its follow-through becomes an exemplar for students, teachers and developerswondering how they can do more in their "own back yard." (DM)Sorkin, Michael."Will new plans for the Gulf drown it again, this time in nostaligia?" Architectural Record.New York, v194, n2, p.47. Feb 2006.This article critically expresses concerns related to the Congress for the New Urbanism’s (CNU) recentcharette and resultant design recommendations for post-hurricane redevelopment of 11 towns examinedalong the Mississippi Gulf coast. While the report calls for ample transportation (along with a virtual "concretekimono"), it is also overtly concerned with regulating every facet of architecture in a someone’s aestheticutopian ideal, it pays little attention to disaster mitigation and future damage precautions, nor sustainablestrategies and environmental conscientiousness. (DM)Voss Matthews, Sherrie. "Orlando Planners Build Energy-Efficient House." Planning. Chicago. v69, n5. p 40.May 2005.The house at 2516 East Church St. in Orlando, Florida is not, by most means "affordable at an appraisalvalue of $300,000. However, it is an example of the availability of systems, materials and labor available inFlorida to conduct sustainable construction. The house includes 9-foot tall ceilings and a floorplan thatsupports good ventilation through airflow. Since termites are often a problem in Florida, no wood was usedin construction. The house is clad, instead with wood fiber cement plank siding over steel frame. Flooringfinishes include bamboo (impregnated with borates) and ceramic tile. Energy Star criteria were met forappliances throughout the house, reducing greenhouse emissions. In terms of water conservation, low flowfixtures and toilets were installed. Water is heated with solar heat, and the house has an integratedinsulation system. The house, at 2,000 square feet, is "affordable to operate, and runs on $60 per month,for everything." (DM)PAPERSFEMA/ US Department of Homeland Security. Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal ConstructionTechnical Sheet Series. FEMA 499, Aug 2005.In August of 2005, FEMA produced guidelines for coastal construction in a technical fact sheet series. Theseries of 31 fact sheets gives guidance and recommendations for coastal residential buildings. This guidewas produced to improve building performance in high winds and flood conditions. The document includesinformation that incorporates national Flood Insurance Program regulatory requirements. Topics emphasizedand illustrated are siting, structural connections, the building envelope, utilities and additional resources onvarious subjects. (DM)