Akc Lease Rules: Fill & Download for Free

If you are discussing US AKC Registration, only the Owner of the Bitch, or a person who Leased the Bitch for that Litter, can Register the Litter. The owner of the Stud Dog usually is paid Stud Fees, or may have an agreement to get a pup from the Litter. Usually, that Pup would be one the Stud Owner chooses. His Signature is required on the Litter Application however.It’s been over 10 years since I Registered a Litter tho, and DNA Testing may now provide an exception to that rule:)With non-Registered Litters, the Owner of the Bitch owns the Litter, and there is an agreement with the Owner of the Stud - assuming it is a deliberate planned breeding. Accidental Litters also belong to the Owner of the Bitch, but the quality, and value, is difficult to assess.Usually, the Owner of the Bitch wishes it hadn’t happened at all!

History of Jericho before British Mandate period;Natufian hunter-gatherers, c. 10,000 BCECalibrated Carbon 14 dates for Jericho as of 2013.[22]Epipaleolithic construction at the site appears to predate the invention of agriculture, with the construction of Natufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BCE, the beginning of the Holocene epoch in geologic history.[8]Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 10,000 BCE. During the Younger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was impossible. However, the Ein es-Sultan spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent-shaped microlith tools behind them.[23]Around 9600 BCE, the droughts and cold of the Younger Dryas stadial had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year-round habitation and permanent settlement.Pre-Pottery Neolithic, c. 9500–6500 BCEFurther information: Wall of Jericho and Tower of JerichoDwelling foundations unearthed at Tell es-Sultan in JerichoThe Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Jericho is divided in Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B.Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)The first permanent settlement on the site of Jericho developed near the Ein es-Sultan spring between 9,500 and 9000 BCE.[24][25]As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). Its cultures lacked pottery, but featured the following:small circular dwellingsburial of the dead under the floor of buildingsreliance on hunting of wild gamecultivation of wild or domestic cerealsAncestor Statue, Jericho, c. 9000 BC (Replica). Israel Museum.[26]At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.[27]By about 9400 BCE, the town had grown to more than 70 modest dwellings.[citation needed]The 8000 BCE Tower of Jericho at the site of Tell es-Sultan.The Pre-Sultan (c. 8350 – 7370 BCE)[dubious – discuss]is sometimes called Sultanian. The site is a 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft) settlement surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 metres (12 ft) high and 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) wide at the base (see Wall of Jericho), inside of which stood a stone tower (see Tower of Jericho), over 8.5 metres (28 ft) high, containing an internal staircase with 22 stone steps[18][28]and placed in the centre of the west side of the tell.[29]This tower and the even older ones excavated at Tell Qaramel in Syria[10][11]are the oldest ever to be discovered. The wall may have served as a defence against flood-water, with the tower used for ceremonial purposes.[30]The wall and tower were built during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period around 8000 BCE.[31][32]For the tower, carbon dates published in 1981 and 1983 indicate that it was built around 8300 BCE and stayed in use until c. 7800 BCE.[29]The wall and tower would have taken a hundred men more than a hundred days to construct,[30]thus suggesting some kind of social organization. The town contained round mud-brick houses, yet no street planning.[33]The identity and number of the inhabitants of Jericho during the PPNA period is still under debate, with estimates going as high as 2,000–3,000, and as low as 200–300.[13][30]It is known that this population had domesticated emmer wheat, barley and pulses and hunted wild animals.Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB, a period of about 1.4 millenia)The following are Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural features, for the period from 7220 to 5850 BCE (though carbon-14-dates are few and early):Expanded range of domesticated plantsPossible domestication of sheepApparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster, and eyes set with shells in some casesArea of the fertile crescent, circa 7500 BC, with main sites. Jericho was a foremost site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The area of Mesopotamia proper was not yet settled by humans.After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include ten plastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals' features.[18]These represent either teraphim or the first example of portraiture in art history,[dubious – discuss]and it is thought that they were kept in people's homes while the bodies were buried.[8][34]The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bonding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 m × 4 m (21.3 ft × 13.1 ft)[dubious – discuss]and 7 m × 3 m (23.0 ft × 9.8 ft))[dubious – discuss]with internal divisions; the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as a shrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fitted into this niche.The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. A total of ten skulls were found. Modelled skulls were found in Tell Ramad and Beisamoun as well.Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades, burins, scrapers, a few tranchet axes, obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were also querns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size, anthropomorphic and theriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads.In the late 4th millennium BCE, Jericho was occupied during Neolithic 2[dubious – discuss]and the general character of the remains on the site link it culturally with Neolithic 2 (or PPNB) sites in the West Syrian and Middle Euphrates groups. This link is established by the presence of rectilinear mud-brick buildings and plaster floors that are characteristic of the age.Bronze AgeA succession of settlements followed from 4500 BCE onward.Red terracotta jar, Ancient Bronze period 3500–2000 BCE, Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho, Tomb A IV. Louvre Museum AO 15611Early Bronze AgeIn the Early Bronze IIIA (c. 2700 – 2500/2450 BCE; Sultan IIIC1), the settlement reached its largest extent around 2600 BCE.[18]During Early Bronze IIIB (c. 2500/2450–2350 BCE; Sultan IIIC2) there was a Palace G on Spring Hill and city walls.Middle Bronze AgeFor the Biblical battle, see Battle of Jericho.Jericho was continually occupied into the Middle Bronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.[35]During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna'an. ... The defenses ... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stone revetment ... part of a complex system" of defenses.[36]Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Notably this carbon datingc.1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical datingc.1550 by Kenyon.Late Bronze AgeThere was evidence of a small settlement in the Late Bronze Age (c.1400s BCE) on the site, but erosion and destruction from previous excavations have erased significant parts of this layer.[37][38]Iron AgeTell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt.[39][38][40]Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.[41]By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.[39]Persian and Early Hellenistic periodsAfter the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,[39]whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.[41]The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.[41]During the Persian through Hellenistic periods, there is little in terms of occupation attested throughout the region.[39]Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.[citation needed]In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire, when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.[42]One of these forts, built at the entrance to Wadi Qelt, was later refortified by Herod the Great, who named it Kypros after his mother.[43]Hasmonean and Herodian periodsFurther information: Jericho royal winter palacesAfter the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or Hasmonean and Early Roman or Herodian periods, was established as a garden city in the vicinity of the royal estate at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq and expanded greatly thanks to the intensive exploitation of the springs of the area.[41]The new site consists of a group of low mounds on both banks of Wadi Qelt.[39]The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group (kohanim) from the tribe of Levi, who ruled over Judea following the success of the Maccabean Revolt until Roman influence over the region brought Herod to claim the Hasmonean throne.[44]The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian- and Hasmonean-era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh and Jabal Quruntul in Jericho and were used between 100 BCE and 68 CE.[43]Herodian periodRemains from Herod's palaceHerod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony had given it to her as a gift. After their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod absolute rule over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain. Herod's rule oversaw the construction of a hippodrome-theatre (Tell es-Samrat) to entertain his guests and new aqueducts to irrigate the area below the cliffs and reach his winter palaces built at the site of Tulul Abu el-Alaiq (also written 'Alayiq).[43]In 2008 the Israel Exploration Society published an illustrated volume of Herod's third Jericho palace.[45]The dramatic murder of Aristobulus III in a swimming pool at the winter palaces near Jericho, as described by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus, took place during a banquet organized by Herod's Hasmonean mother-in-law. After the construction of the palaces, the city had functioned not only as an agricultural center and as a crossroad, but also as a winter resort for Jerusalem's aristocracy.[46]Herod was succeeded in Judea by his son, Herod Archelaus, who built a village in his name not far to the north, Archelaïs (modern Khirbet al-Beiyudat), to house workers for his date plantation.[citation needed]First-century Jericho is described in Strabo's Geography as follows:Jericho is a plain surrounded by a kind of mountainous country, which in a way, slopes toward it like a theatre. Here is the Phoenicon, which is mixed also with all kinds of cultivated and fruitful trees, though it consists mostly of palm trees. It is 100 stadia in length and is everywhere watered with streams. Here also are the Palace and the Balsam Park.[43]In the New TestamentChrist Healing the Blind in Jericho, El GrecoThe Christian Gospels state that Jesus of Nazareth passed through Jericho where he healed blind beggars (Matthew 20:29), and inspired a local chief tax-collector named Zacchaeus to repent of his dishonest practices (Luke 19:1–10). The road between Jerusalem and Jericho is the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan.[47]John Wesley, in his New Testament Notes on this section of Luke's Gospel, claimed that "about twelve thousand priests and Levites dwelt there, who all attended the service of the temple".[48]Smith's Bible Names Dictionary suggests that on the arrival of Jesus and his entourage, "Jericho was once more 'a city of palms' when our Lord visited it. Here he restored sight to the blind (Matthew 20:30; Mark 10:46; Luke 18:35). Here the descendant of Rahab did not disdain the hospitality of Zaccaeus the publican. Finally, between Jerusalem and Jericho was laid the scene of his story of the good Samaritan."[49]Roman provinceAfter the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 CE, Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 CE it was but a small Roman garrison town.[50]A fort was built there in 130 and played a role in putting down the Bar Kochba revolt in 133.Byzantine periodCopy of Mosaic of the Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, 6th–7th century CEAccounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.[50]Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including St George of Koziba in 340 AD and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.[46]At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.[43]The monasteries were abandoned after the Persian invasion of 614.[18]The Jericho Synagogue in the Royal Maccabean winter palace at Jericho dates from 70–50 BCE.A synagogue dating to the late 6th or early 7th century CE was discovered in Jericho in 1936, and was named Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, or "peace unto Israel", after the central Hebrew motto in its mosaic floor. It was controlled by Israel after the Six Day War, but after the handover to Palestinian Authority control per the Oslo Accords, it has been a source of conflict. On the night of 12 October 2000, the synagogue was vandalized by Palestinians who burned holy books and relics and damaged the mosaic.[51][52]The Na'aran synagogue, another Byzantine era construction, was discovered on the northern outskirts of Jericho in 1918. While less is known of it than Shalom Al Yisrael, it has a larger mosaic and is in similar condition.[52]Early Muslim periodFurther information: Hisham's PalaceArabic Umayyad mosaic from Hisham's Palace in JerichoJericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part of Jund Filastin ("Military District of Palestine"), part of the larger province of Bilad al-Sham. The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. 'Uqba (died 758) recorded that caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians of Khaybar to Jericho (and Tayma).[53]By 659, that district had come under the control of Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty. That year, an earthquake destroyed Jericho.[54]A decade later, the pilgrim Arculf visited Jericho and found it in ruins, all its "miserable Canaanite" inhabitants now dispersed in shanty towns around the Dead Sea shore.[55]A palatial complex long attributed to the tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) and thus known as Hisham's Palace, is located at Khirbet al-Mafjar, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) north of Tell es-Sultan. This "desert castle" or qasr was more likely built by Caliph Walid ibn Yazid (r. 743–744), who was assassinated before he could complete the construction.[56]The remains of two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items can still be seen in situ today. The unfinished structure was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 747.Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties. Irrigated agriculture was developed under Islamic rule, reaffirming Jericho's reputation as a fertile "City of the Palms".[57]Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that "the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in all Islam. Bananas are plentiful, also dates and flowers of fragrant odor".[58]Jericho is also referred to by him as one of the principal cities of Jund Filastin.[59]The city flourished until 1071 with the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, followed by the upheavals of the Crusades.[citation needed]Crusader periodIn 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated to John the Baptist, and are credited with introducing sugarcane production to the city.[60]The site of Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills") holds remains of a Crusader sugar production facility. In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.[18]Ayyubid and Mamluk periods14th century map of Jericho in Farchi BibleIn 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi said of Jericho, "it has many palm trees, also sugarcane in quantities, and bananas. The best of all the sugar in the Ghaur land is made here." In the 14th century, Abu al-Fida writes there are sulfur mines in Jericho, "the only ones in Palestine".[61]Ottoman periodPostcard image depicting Jericho in the late 19th or early 20th century16th centuryJericho was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1545 a revenue of 19,000 Akçe was recorded, destined for the new Waqf for the Haseki Sultan Imaret of Jerusalem.[62]The villagers processed indigo as one source of revenue, using a cauldron specifically for this purpose that was loaned to them by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem.[63]Later that century, the Jericho revenues no longer went to the Haseki Sultan Imaret.[64]In 1596 Jericho appeared in the tax registers under the name of Riha, being in the nahiya of Al-Quds in the liwa of Al-Quds. It had a population of 51 household, all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives, water buffaloes, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 40,000 Akçe. All of the revenue still went to a Waqf.[65]17th centuryThe French traveller Laurent d'Arvieux described the city in 1659 as "now desolate, and consists only of about fifty poor houses, in bad condition ... The plain around is extremely fertile; the soil is middling fat; but it is watered by several rivulets, which flow into the Jordan. Notwithstanding these advantages only the gardens adjacent to the town are cultivated."[66]19th centuryIn the 19th century, European scholars, archaeologists and missionaries visited often.[18]At the time it was an oasis in a poor state, similar to other regions in the plains and deserts.[67]Edward Robinson (1838) reported 50 families, which were about 200 people,[68]Titus Tobler (1854) reported some 30 poor huts, whose residents paid a total of 3611 Kuruş in tax.[69]Abraham Samuel Herschberg (1858–1943) also reported after his 1899–1900 travels in the region[70]of some 30 poor huts and 300 residents.[71]At that time, Jericho was the residence of the region's Turkish governor. The main water sources for the village were a spring called Ein al-Sultan, lit. "Sultan's Spring", in Arabic and Ein Elisha, lit. "Elisha Spring", in Hebrew, and springs in Wadi Qelt.[67]J. S. Buckingham (1786–1855) describes in his 1822 book how the male villagers of er-Riha, although nominally sedentary, engaged in Bedouin-style raiding, or ghazzu: the little land cultivation he observed was done by women and children, while men spent most of their time riding through the plains and engaging in "robbery and plunder", their main and most profitable activity.[72]An Ottoman village list from around 1870 showed that Riha, Jericho, had 36 houses and a population of 105, though the population count included men, only.[73][74]The first excavation at Tell es-Sultan was carried out in 1867.[18]1900–1918The Greek Orthodox monasteries of Monastery of St. George of Choziba and John the Baptist were refounded and completed in 1901 and 1904, respectively.[18]

I would never fly an Indonesian airline, how much is your life worth….According to data from the Aviation Safety Network, Indonesia has had 104 civilian airliner accidents with over 1,300 related fatalities since 1945, ranking it as the most dangerous place to fly in Asia.EXPLAINER: Why Indonesia's plane safety record is a concernIn June 2007, the European Union banned Garuda Indonesia, along with all other Indonesian airlines, from flying into any European country due to poor safety records.In Indonesia, there are 22 commercial scheduled airlineswith flights carrying more than 30 passengers (AOC 121), and 32 airlines that only operate flights with fewer than 30 passengers (AOC 135).[10][56] Some notable Indonesian airlines, among others, include:[57]Garuda Indonesia, the government-owned flag carrierof Indonesia.Citilink, the low-cost carrier subsidiary of Garuda Indonesia group.Lion Air, currently the largest private low-cost carrier airline in Indonesia.Batik Air, the premium subsidiary of Lion Air group.Wings Air, the regional short-haul subsidiary of Lion Air group, connecting towns and small regional airports.Sriwijaya Air, currently the largest medium service regional carrier in Indonesia, also the country's third largest carrier.NAM Air, regional short-haul subsidiary of Sriwijaya Air, also using "Medium Service" concept.Indonesia AirAsia, the Indonesian branch of Malaysian-based AirAsia.Xpress Air, a medium service regional airline. Mostly serving cities in eastern and central Indonesia, but also have several routes in western Indonesia.Trigana Air, a medium service regional airline serving towns and small regional airports with small aircraft. Mainly serving eastern and central Indonesia.TransNusa, a medium service regional airline serving towns and small regional airports with small aircraft. Mainly serving Nusa Tenggara routes.Susi Air, regional airline serving towns and small regional airports with small aircraft. Started as a chartered cargo airline carrying fresh seafood from Pangandaran to Jakarta, owned by Susi Pudjiastuti.Aviastar, domestic passenger airline started as a helicopter charter services company with various leased helicopters, now is an established company dealing with air transportation services either for chartered flights or schedule flights.Aviation market share in Indonesia (2015)[58]Lion Air (41.6%)Garuda Indonesia (23.5%)Sriwijaya Air (10.4%)Citilink (8.9%)Wings Air (4.7%)Indonesia AirAsia (4.4%)Others (6.5%)In mid 2015, Lion Air rules Indonesia's domestic air travel market share by 41.6 percent, while Garuda Indonesia came in second with 23.5 percent share. Sriwijaya Air came in third with a market share of 10.4 percent, followed by Garuda's low-cost subsidiary Citilink (8.9 percent) and Lion Air's short-haul subsidiary Wings Air (4.7 percent). Indonesia AirAsia, a unit of the Malaysian budget airline, had a 4.4 percent market share.[58]Overall, Indonesian domestic air travel business is overwhelmingly ruled by two groups; Lion Air group and Garuda Indonesia group. By mid 2015, Lion Air group accounted for 43.17 percent of market share, while Garuda Indonesia group had a 37.08 percent market share.[59]from Wikipedia…List of aviation accidents and incidents in Indonesia - Wikipedia1930s6 October 1937: a KLM Douglas DC-3-194B "Specht" (PH-ALS) crashed just after takeoff from Talang Betoetoe Airport, killing four of 12 on board. The number one engine failed, causing a fire. Although the pilot cut fuel to the engine, the aircraft could not gain altitude on the remaining engine.[20]1940s22 January 1940: a KNILM Lockheed 14-WF62 Super Electra (PK-AFO) lost altitude after takeoff from Denpasar Airport in Bali and crashed into the Indian Ocean after a wingtip struck the water, killing 8 occupants and leaving only 1 survivor.[21]6 December 1941: Dutch Navy Consolidated PBY-5 Catalina Y-44 crashed at Tandjong Pandan, killing five.[22]29 December 1941: a KNILM Douglas DC-3-194B "Nandoe" (PK-ALN) was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters while parked at Polonia Airport.[23]29 December 1941: a BOAC Short Empire Mk.I "Cassiopeia" (G-ADUX) crashed on takeoff off Sabang after it struck debris, killing four.[24]30 January 1942: a Qantas (leased from Imperial Airways) Short Empire "Corio" (G-AEUH) was shot down by seven Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero aircraft and crashed 3 nmi from the mouth of the Noelmini River; 13 of 18 on board died in the attack.3 March 1942: a KNILM Douglas DC-3-194B "Pelikaan" (PK-AFV) was attacked and shot down by three Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero aircraft, whom returning to base after attacking Broome in Western Australia, causing the evacuation flight from Bandung to force-land at Carnot Bay, 90 kilometers north of Broome; three passengers and one crew member (J.F.M. Blaauw, mechanic) died during a later strafing attack.[25]August 1943: an Imperial Japanese Airways Nakajima L2D (J-BIOA) was shot down near Sulawesi.[26]24 January 1945: an Imperial Japanese Airways Nakajima L2D (J-BKOA) disappeared between Denpasar and Surabaya.[27]29 July 1947: an Orissa State Government Douglas C-47B (VT-CLA) was shot down by a Royal Dutch Indies Army Curtiss P-40. The C-47 went into a dive, crashing into trees and later into rice paddies in Ngoto, Bantul and broke up, killing eight of nine on board; only the tail remained intact. The C-47 was chartered by the Indonesian government to deliver Malaysian Red Cross supplies. Dutch authorities claimed that they were not informed of the flight and that the aircraft had no Red Cross markings.[28]25 October 1948: a Pacific Overseas Airlines C-47 (HS-PC103) crashed off Sumatra Island; the aircraft was probably shot down by Dutch pilots.[29]2 December 1949: a Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) Boeing-Canada Canso B(PK-AKC) crashed on landing at Muntok Bay during a survey flight, killing six of 11 on board.[30]1950s17 November 1950: a Garuda Indonesia Airways Douglas C-47A-65-DL (DC-3) overran the runway into a ditch while landing at Juanda Airport, killing 2 crew aboard, while 20 passengers and a crew member survived.[31]11 April 1955: An Air India Lockheed L-749A Constellation was en route from Hong Kong to Jakarta when it exploded in mid-air and crashed into the waters off the coast of the Natuna Islands; 16 people were killed in the crash and three survived. A time bomb had been placed on the aircraft in an attempt to assassinate Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.[32]16 July 1957: KLM Flight 844 was taking off from Biak Airport in West Papua when it plunged into Cenderawasih Bay. Out of 68 people on board, only 10 people survived the accident. The cause of the crash was never determined.1960s24 January 1961: Garuda Indonesia Flight 424, a Douglas C-47A (PK-GDI), struck the western slope of Mount Burangrang, (15 km north of Bandung), killing all 21 occupants aboard. The DC-3 took off from Jakarta for a flight to Bandung, Yogyakarta and Surabaya; wreckage was found four days later.[33]3 February 1961: Garuda Indonesia Flight 542 Douglas C-47 went missing while flying over the Java Sea. All 5 crew and 21 passengers on board were believed to have been perished.[34]1 January 1966: The only known mid air collision in Indonesia, two Garuda Indonesia C-47A collided in mid-air near Palembang, killing all 34 on board both aircraft.[35][36]16 February 1967: Garuda Indonesia Flight 708 crashed on landing at Manado due to pilot error, killing 22 of 92 on board.[37]28 May 1968: a Garuda Indonesia Convair 990 bound for Karachi, Pakistan crashed into the sea shortly after taking off from Bombay Santa Cruz Airport. All 29 people on board (15 passengers and 14 crew members) died. In addition, there was one casualty on the ground.[38]1970s1971–197210 November 1971: A Merpati Nusantara Vickers Viscount 828 (PK-MVS) "Sabang" crashed into the sea 75 miles (121 km) off Sumatra killing all 69 people on board.[39]5 April 1972: a Merpati Nusantara Vickers Viscount was the subject of an attempted hijacking. The hijacker was killed.[40]197328 February 1973: A Merpati Nusantara Airlines DHC-6 crashed into terrain near Nabire, Papua, killing all 13 on board.1974Edit22 April 1974: Pan Am Flight 812 crashed into a hillside at Grogek, North Bali. The flight was a scheduled international flight from Hong Kong to Sydney, Australia, with an intermediate stop at Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. All of the 96 passengers and 11 crew on board were killed.[41]7 September 1974: a Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-27 crashed on approach to Tanjung Karang-Branti Airport. The aircraft crashed short of the runway while on approach in limited visibility. The aircraft eventually struck buildings near the runway and caught fire. 33 out of 36 people on board perished.[42]1975–1979Edit24 September 1975: Garuda Indonesia Flight 150 crashed on approach to Palembang Airport. The accident, which was attributed to poor weather and fog, killed 25 out of 61 passengers and one person on the ground.[43]4 November 1976: a Bali International Air Service Fokker F-27 was landing at Banjarmasin Airport when one of its propeller auto-feathered due to crew error. The plane crashed into the side of the runway and burst into flames. 29 out of 38 people on board were killed in the crash.[44]7 February 1977: a Merpati Nusantara Douglas C-47A PK-NDH was damaged beyond economic repair in a landing accident at Tanjung Santan Airport.[45]29 March 1977: A Merpati Nusantara DHC-6 Twin Otter stalled and crashed into the woods in Sulawesi after the pilot made an erroneous maneuver to evade an imminent collision with terrain. 13 people out of 23 people on board were killed.[46]5 October 1978: A Merpati Nusantara Douglas C-47A (PK-NDI) burned out whilst parked at Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali.[47]11 July 1979: a Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-28 on a domestic flight hit a volcano on approach to Medan Airport, Indonesia. All 61 people on board were killed.[48]1980sEdit1981Edit12 January 1981: a Garuda Indonesia Douglas DC-10-30 PK-GIB overran the runway on landing at Ujung Pandang Airport, Sulawesi, Indonesia and was substantially damaged. The aircraft subsequently returned to service.[49]28 March 1981: Garuda Indonesia Flight 206, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, PK-GNJ "Woyla", was hijacked on a domestic flight from Palembang to Medan by five heavily armed hijackers. The hijackers diverted the flight to Penang, and then to Bangkok. The hijackers demanded the release of 84 political prisoners in Indonesia. On the third day of the hijacking (31 March 1981) the airplane parked in Bangkok Don Muang International Airport was stormed by Indonesian commandos One of the commandos was shot, probably by his comrades, as was the pilot, also probably by Indonesian commandos. The rest of the hostages were released unharmed. Two of the hijackers surrendered to the Thai commandos, but they were killed by the Indonesian commandos on the plane taking them back to Jakarta.[50][51]1982Edit20 March 1982: a Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-28 on a domestic flight overran the runway at Tanjung Karang-Branti Airport in bad weather. The aircraft subsequently burst into flames killing all 27 people on board.[52]24 June 1982: British Airways Flight 9 from Kuala Lumpur to Perth, flew into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung in West Java while flying over Indian Ocean, resulting in the failure of all four engines. The aircraft was diverted to Jakarta while gliding out the ash cloud. All engines were successfully restarted, although one failed again soon after, allowing the aircraft to land safely at the Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Jakarta.[53][54]1984–1987Edit30 December 1984: a Garuda Indonesia DC-9-30 on a domestic flight touched down too late and overran through a ditch, trees and a fence at Ngurah Rai International Airport. The aircraft broke in 3 and caught fire. All 75 on board survived.[55]4 April 1987: Garuda Indonesia Flight 035, a Douglas DC-9-30, struck power lines and crashed short of the runway at Polonia International Airport due to possible windshear, killing 23 of 45 on board.[56]1990sEdit1992Edit24 July 1992: Mandala Airlines Flight 660 – PK-RVU, a Vickers Viscount 816, was flying from Makassar, South Sulawesi to Ambon, Maluku. Suddenly a strong gust of wind from above caused the plane to lose altitude rapidly. It slammed into the side of Inahau Hill in Mount Lalaboy. All 70 people on board perished. Investigators concluded the strong wind and pilot error were the cause of the crash.18 October 1992: Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601, an IPTN/CASA CN-235-10 (PK-MNN) struck the side of Mount Papandayan while on approach to Bandung, Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board. The plane lost contact with control tower while above Mount Puntang. A search and rescue team found the debris of the plane and no survivors. Merpati's sole female pilot was among the dead.[57]1993Edit1 July 1993, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724, a Fokker F28 Friendship, smashed into a hill and impacted on water after the crew lost control of the plane whilst on final approach to Jefman Airport in Sorong, Papua. 41 people were killed.1994Edit30 November 1994, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 422, a Fokker F28 overran the runway at Achmad Yani International Airport with no casualties among the 85 on board.[58]1995Edit10 January 1995: Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 6715, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6(PK-NUK) "Sangihe", went missing over the Molo Strait between Flores and Rincaislands. As of November 2016, the aircraft was never found. Search and rescue operation were called off. All 14 people on board were presumed dead.[59]1996Edit7 December 1996: Dirgantara Air Service Flight 5940, a CASA C-212 Aviocar was taking off from Banjarmasin when one of its engine suddenly malfunctioned. The pilot had attempted to return to airport. However, it failed to reach its intended destination and crashed into an industrial factory, killing 18 people including 3 on the ground. 1 passenger survived the crash.1997Edit19 April 1997: Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 106 – The plane was on approach to Buluh Tumbang Airport in Belitung when it suddenly stalled and banked to the left. It then crashed into the ground, killing 15 people. Investigators concluded pilot error was the cause of the accident.17 July 1997: Sempati Air Flight 304 – A Fokker F27 crashed onto a residential area near Bandung after one of its engines caught fire and failed in flight. 28 people were killed.26 September 1997: Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, an Airbus A300B4-220 flying from Jakarta to Medan, crashed in Sibolangit, 18 miles (29 km) short of Medan airport in low visibility, killing all 234 people on board. Airborne searchers and National Search and Rescue Agency later found that the plane crashed 25 km south of Medan killing 234 passengers and crews on board. The plane impacted terrain due to ATC error, and didn't aware that the plane was in close proximity to terrain as there were no visual references due to 1997 Southeast Asian haze. It is the deadliest aviation incident in Indonesia.[60]19 December 1997: SilkAir Flight 185, operated by a Boeing 737-300 plunged into the Musi River in Sumatra during a routine flight from Jakarta to Singapore, killing all 104 people on board. The US NTSB concluded that the crash resulted from an intentional act by a pilot, most likely the captain. NTSB stated that the plane crashed due to suicide by pilot, while Indonesian investigators couldn't determined the cause as because of lack of evidence. The Los Angeles County Superior Court suggested that the cause of crash was due to rudder failure.[61][62]2000sEdit2000Edit18 November 2000: Dirgantara Air Service Flight 3130 failed to take off from Datah Dawai Airport in East Kalimantan and crashed to nearby forest due to overloading. No passengers or crew were killed however everyone was injured. Investigation found an astonishing fact that the pilot voluntarily endangered the occupants by accepting bribes to let a handful of passengers board the already fully loaded aircraft.2002Edit14 January 2002: Lion Air Flight 386, a Boeing 737-200 crashed on take-off and was written off at Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport. Everyone on board survived.[63]Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 after its "successful" ditching, dubbed as "Miracle Flight" in Indonesia16 January 2002: Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 en route from Lombok to Yogyakarta was forced to make an emergency landing in poor weather on the Bengawan Solo River, due to an engine flameout caused by water and hail ingestion. In the process, the cabin floor suddenly ripped, causing two flight attendants to be sucked out. One person, a stewardess, was killed in the accident. The remaining 59 people survived.[64]2004Edit7 September 2004: human rights activist Munir Said Thalib was murdered on Garuda Indonesia Flight 974. Garuda's CEO at the time, Indra Setiawan, his deputy Rohainil Aini, and pilot Pollycarpus Priyanto were all convicted of his murder. Garuda was found negligent in refusing to perform an emergency landing and was ordered to pay compensation to Munir's widow. The airline then failed to pay the compensation.[65]30 November 2004: Lion Air Flight 583, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, was landing during a rainy condition at Adisumarmo International Airport when it overran the runway and crashed onto an embankment and a cemetery. 25 people died.[66]2005Edit5 September 2005: Mandala Airlines Flight 91 shook violently, stalled and crashed into a residential neighborhood in Medan, North Sumatra. A total of 149 people were killed in Indonesia's deadliest air disaster involving ground fatalities. Flight crew took-off with flaps and slats retracted.2006Edit11 February 2006: Adam Air Flight 782, registration number PK-KKE (c/n 23773), lost navigational and communications systems twenty minutes into a flight from Jakarta to Makassar, Sulawesi. The plane was subsequently flown into a radar "black spot" and was lost for several hours, eventually making an emergency landing at Tambolaka Airport, Sumba.[67]4 March 2006: Lion Air Flight 8987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, crashed after landing at Juanda International Airport. Reverse thrust was used during landing, although the left thrust reverser was stated to be out of service. This caused the aircraft to veer to the right and skid off the runway, coming to rest about 7,000 feet (2,100 m) from the approach end of the runway. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was badly damaged.[68]24 December 2006: Lion Air Flight 792, a Boeing 737-400, landed with an incorrect flap configuration and was not aligned with the runway. The plane landed hard and skidded along the runway causing the right main landing gear to detach, the left gear to protrude through the wing and some of the aircraft fuselage to be wrinkled. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.[69]2007Edit1 January 2007: ATC lost contact with Adam Air Flight 574 en route from Surabaya (SUB) to Manado (MDC). The aircraft, a Boeing 737-400 with registration code of PK-KKW (c/n 24070), had 96 passengers and 6 crew. On 10 January, parts of the aircraft's tail stabilizer were found 300 meters offshore in Makassar Strait.[70] All 102 people were killed.Adam Air Flight 172.21 February 2007: Adam Air Flight 172, a Boeing 737-300 aircraft flying from Jakarta to Surabaya with registration PK-KKV (c/n 27284), had a hard landing at Juanda International Airport. The incident caused the fuselage of the plane to crack and bend at the middle, with the tail of the plane drooping towards the ground. There were no reports of serious injuries from the incident.[71][72]7 March 2007: Garuda Indonesia Flight 200, a Boeing 737-400 flying from Jakarta to Yogyakarta, bounced three times after suffering a hard landing at Adisucipto International Airport, Yogyakarta. The aircraft overran the runway and crashed onto a nearby embankment. 21 people were killed. Investigators found the pilot did not extend the flaps to the recommended position and was fixated on landing the aircraft immediately, even though it was traveling too fast.[73]2008Edit10 March 2008: an Adam Air Boeing 737-400 aircraft flying from Jakarta to Batam with registration PK-KKT (c/n 24353), skidded 75 metres off the end of the runway while landing in Batam. All passengers survived and two were treated for shock. The plane sustained damage to one wing.[74][75]2009EditThe wreckage of Mimika Air Flight 514, seen on the slope of Mt. Gergaji23 February 2009: Lion Air Flight 972, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 landed without the nose gear at Hang Nadim International Airport, Batam.[76]9 March 2009: Lion Air Flight 793, a McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 (registration PK-LIL) ran off the runway at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. No-one was injured.[77]17 April 2009; Mimika Air Flight 514, a Pilatus Porter PC-6 crashed upside down into Mount Gergaji, Papua, killing all 11 people on board. Investigators blamed the pilot for the crash.2 August 2009: Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 9760, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 crashed on the island of New Guinea, about 14 miles (23 km) north of Oksibil. All 16 people on board were killed. Pilot error was blamed for the controlled flight into terrain(CFIT).[78]3 December 2009: a Merpati Nusantara Fokker 100 PK-MJD made an emergency landing at El Tari Airport, Kupang when the left main gear failed to extend. There were no injuries among the passengers and crew.[79]2010sEdit2010EditMerpati Flight 836 overran the runway in Manokwari, crashed and split into two in April 201013 April 2010: Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 836 – A Boeing 737 operated by Merpati Airlines overran the runway in Manokwari with 109 people on board. The plane impacted terrain and broke up into three pieces. All 109 people on board survived; 44 people suffered minor injuries.2 November 2010: Lion Air Flight 712, a Boeing 737-400 (registration PK-LIQ) overran the runway on landing at Supadio Airport, Pontianak, coming to rest on its belly and sustaining damage to its nose gear. All 174 passengers and crew evacuated by the emergency slides, with few injuries.[80]2011Edit7 May 2011: a Merpati Nusantara Xian MA60 PK-MZK, operating on the Sorong-Kaimana route, crashed onto the sea several meters from Kaimana Airport. The aircraft was on approach to Kaimana in Papua when it impacted water 500 meters from the runway. A total of 25 people were killed in the incident. The Captain chose to abort landing and performed a sharp left turn. It was also revealed that the Captain didn't retract the flaps properly causing the plane to lose altitude rapidly.[81]29 September 2011: Nusantara Buana Air Flight 823 – As the aircraft flying quite low over Gunung Leuser National Park, the crews encountered a thick cloud. Knowing that there were no other options as there were no gaps between the cloud, thus forcing them to fly into the cloud. But without any visual reference, the plane lost altitude and impacted terrain. All 18 people were killed.3 December 2011, a Merpati Nusantara CASA C-212 Aviocar passenger plane sustained substantial damage in a landing accident at Larat-Watidar Airport, Indonesia. There were three crew members and 19 passengers on board. Two passenger suffered minor injuries.[82]2012EditA graffiti in Solo regarding the Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet 100 crash9 May 2012: a Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft crashed on a demonstration flight operating from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia.[83] The aircraft hit the cliff in Mount Salak, a volcano in the province of West Java, killing all 37 passengers and 8 crew aboard. The plane was on a demonstration flight in Indonesia, carrying potential customers and reporters. But few minutes later the plane impacted Mount Salak with 'no chance of survival'. Final reports indicated that the crews ignored the Terrain Warning System. They thought that the warning system was broken so they turned off the warning system while enganging in a conversation with a potential customer. Unbeknownst to them that the plane was in extreme proximity with terrain.[84][85]2013Edit13 April 2013: Lion Air Flight 904, a Boeing 737-800 (registration PK-LKS; c/n 38728) from Bandung to Denpasar with 108 people on board, crashed into the water near Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali, while attempting to land. The aircraft's fuselage broke into two parts. While Indonesian officials reported the aircraft crashed short of the runway, reporters and photographers from Reuters and the Associated Press indicated that the plane overshot the runway. All passengers and crew were evacuated from the aircraft and there were no fatalities.[86]10 June 2013: a Xian MA60 PK-MZO, operating Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 6517from Bajawa to Kupang with 50 people on board, crash-landed at Kupang airport in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Twenty five passengers were injured. The aircraft, which has been damaged beyond repair, lay on its belly on the runway with its engines jammed face down into the tarmac and its wings bent forward.[87]6 August 2013: Lion Air Flight 892, a Boeing 737-800 (registration PK-LKH; c/n 37297) from Makassar to Gorontalo with 117 passengers and crew on board, collided into a cow in Jalaluddin Airport. All people on board survived.[88]2014Edit1 February 2014: Lion Air Flight 361, a Boeing 737-900ER (registration PK-LFH; c/n 35710), from Balikpapan Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport to Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar/Bali via Juanda International Airport in Surabaya, with 222 passengers and crew on board, landed hard and bounced four times on the runway, causing a tail strike and substantial damage to the plane. There were no casualties, but two passengers were seriously injured and three others had minor injuries.[89]Tail section of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 850128 December 2014: The Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501aircraft, operating the route from Surabaya to Singapore, crashed into the Java Sea during bad weather, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board. A little crack in solder caused a significant electrical interruption to the rudder travel limiter. The crews tried to fix the problem, but just made it worse as they pulled the circuit breakers off, causing protection system to go off. Subsequent miscommunication later caused the plane to plunge into the Java Sea. Had the crews not pulled the circuit breakers, the flight would have made it through to their destination. It remains the third deadliest accident in Indonesia.[90]2015Edit30 June 2015: an Indonesian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashed near a residential neighbourhood with 12 crew and 109 passengers on board shortly after taking off from Medan, killing all aboard, along with 22 people on the ground.[91]16 August 2015: Trigana Air Service Flight 267 – The ATR 42 was on final leg to Oksibil Airport when it suddenly slammed into Tangok Mountain, few miles from the airport. Search and rescue teams found that none of the 54 people on board survived the crash. Both black boxes were retrieved by the National Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT). A preliminary report indicated the plane hit the terrain instantaneously, indicating a CFIT.Crash site of Aviastar Flight 75032 October 2015: Aviastar Flight 7503 – Missing over Sulawesi, SAR team later found that debris have been found in Latimojong Mountain. As they reach the crash site, there were no survivors found. All 10 people on board were killed in the crash.2016Edit4 April 2016: Batik Air Flight 7703 – While taking off from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Jakarta, the Boeing 737-800's left wingtip collided with a towed (across the active runway) TransNusa Air Services ATR 42-600. The wingtip sliced off the ATR 42's left wing and vertical stabilizer, destroying it. The Boeing's left wing then caught fire. All passengers and crew were evacuated unharmed.14 June 2016: A Cessna Citation 208 Grand Caravan belonging to Associated Mission Aviation (AMA) crashed into three traditional honai houses in Papua. Seven people were injured, including the American pilot.2018Edit29 October 2018: Lion Air Flight 610 – Less than 15 minutes after taking off from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 crashed into the Java Sea. 189 people were pronounced dead, making it the second-deadliest air disaster in the country's history.2019Edit28 June 2019: Indonesian Army – A military Mi-17 helicopter with registration number HA-5138 carrying twelve people crashed on a flight from Oksibil to Jayapura in Papua province, killing all on board and their military weapons and ammunitions were seized by the Free Papua Movement rebels. [92][93][94]2020sEdit2020Edit23 March 2020: Indonesian Air Force - A CASA/IPTN CN-235 with registration number A-2909 cargo plane was shot with five bullets from an M-16 assault rifle by a faction of the Free Papua Movement while flying over Serambakon district in Oksibil, Bintang regency, Papua, from Sentani, Jayapura. The Free Papua Movement rebels took responsibility through its spokesperson, Sebby Sambom, who resides in Papua New Guinea.[95][96]12 May 2020: Mission Aviation Fellowship – An American pilot Joyce Chaisin Lin, 40, died when her plane malfunctioned while she was on her way to deliver Covid-19 rapid test kits to a remote Indonesian village in Mamit Sentani, in Papua province, in a Quest Kodiakaircraft. She was a missionary with the Mission Aviation Fellowship, in an effort to bring test kits to the local clinic. Within minutes of takeoff, she reported an emergency but the aircraft fell into Lake Sentani[97][98]6 June 2020: Indonesian Army – A Russian-built Mi-17 helicopter of the Indonesian military on a training mission, about an hour after taking off from the provincial capital, Semarang crashed into an industrial area in Kendal, Central Java, killing 4 people, five others were hospitalized with serious injuries.[99]2021Edit9 January 2021: Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 - Shortly after taking off from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, the Boeing 737-500 went missing and debris was later found amid the Kepulauan Seribu islands off Jakarta.[100] All 62 passengers and crew on board are presumed dead (as of 16 January 2021). This accident is currently under investigation.