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Worldwide health advice: don't travel. Avoid all international travel due to the global impact of COVID-19.Take special care in Russia because of terrorism, harassment, and the arbitrary application of local laws. Some areas are at increased risk. Read the entire travel report.Do not travel to:The North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus, as a result of terrorism, kidnapping, and the risk of civil unrest.Crimea because of the occupation of the Ukrainian territory by Russia and the abuse of the occupying authorities.Terrorist groups, transnational and local terrorist organizations and individuals, inspired by extremist ideology, continue to plot possible attacks in Russia. Terrorists can attack with little or no warning, targeting tourist spots, transportation centers, markets/shopping centers, local government facilities, hotels, clubs, restaurants, places of worship, parks, major sports and cultural events, educational institutions, airports, and other public areas.U.S. citizens, including former and current members of the U.S. government and military, who visit or stay in Russia have been arbitrarily questioned or detained by Russian officials and may be subject to intimidation, abuse, and extortion. For this reason, the U.S. Embassy in Moscow has advised all members of the U.S. government and Defense Department personnel to carefully consider visiting Russia. Russian officials may unnecessarily delay US consular assistance to US detained citizens. The Russian authorities arbitrarily apply the law to American religious workers and open questionable criminal investigations against American citizens who carry out religious activities.Russia has special restrictions on dual US-Russian nationals and may refuse to recognize dual US citizenship for US and Russian nationals, including refusing US consular assistance to detained double nationals and preventing their departure from Russia.As a result of the reduction in US diplomatic personnel in Russia imposed by the Russian government, the US government may have delayed providing services to US citizens, especially in the St. Petersburg region.If you decide to travel to Russia:View local media for disruptions and adjust your plans based on the information.Stay alert to places frequented by Westerners.Have up-to-date and easily accessible travel documents.Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive alerts and facilitate your location in an emergency.Follow the State Department on Facebook and Twitter.See crime and security reports for Russia.U.S. citizens traveling abroad should always have an emergency plan and a plan to contact the family to let them know you are safe. See the checklist for travelers.North Caucasus (including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus) - Level 4: Don't travelTerrorist attacks and the risk of civil unrest persist throughout the North Caucasus region, in particular in Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya, and Kabardino-Balkariya. Local gangs have kidnapped American citizens and other foreigners for ransom. There are credible reports of arrests, torture and extrajudicial killings of LGBTI people in Chechnya carried out by regional Chechen authorities.Do not attempt to climb Elbrouz Mountain, as travelers must get close to unstable and unstable areas of the North Caucasus.The U.S. government is unable to provide emergency relief to U.S. citizens traveling to the North Caucasus, including Mount Elbrus because U.S. government employees are not allowed to travel to the area.The international community, including the United States and Ukraine, does not recognize Russia's alleged annexation of Crimea. There is a significant military presence of the Russian Federation in Crimea. The Russian Federation is likely to take further military action in Crimea as part of its occupation of this part of Ukraine. Crimean occupation authorities continue to abuse foreigners and the local population by the occupying authorities in Crimea, in particular against those who are deemed to contest their authority over the peninsula.The US government is unable to provide emergency assistance to US citizens traveling to Crimea because US workers are not allowed to travel to Crimea.Travelers in risk areasIn our travel information, we warn people not to visit certain high-risk countries and regions, both because of local conditions and because we are limited in providing consular services at these locations.We want you to be aware of the danger of traveling to high-risk locations and to strongly consider not going there at all. Traveling to high-risk places is endangering your life, and perhaps others'. Traveling to risk areas increases the risk of kidnapping, hostage-taking, theft, and serious injury.What the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can and cannot do in risk areasYou are subject to the laws and legal system of the country you visit.Any people cannot help you in many risk areas. This could be due to the lack of an operational government, ineffectiveness, or the policies of local authorities, armed conflict, or bad governance.In many countries where the United States does not have diplomatic or consular relations, the United States government does not have the means to provide consular services to American citizens. In the limited number of countries where the United States has an official agreement on the protection of power with another country, very limited aid may be available.In the event of a crisis in a high-risk area, we may have to rely on local resources to solve the problems. See what we can and cannot do here during a crisis: see our webpage on what the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can and cannot do in a crisis.Travel tipsPlease take a moment to review the travel recommendations from:Consular Service of the Ministry of Foreign AffairsThe Overseas Security Advisory Council, a public-private partnership of large U.S. companies with the State Department's Office of Diplomatic SecurityThe Federal Office of InvestigationBefore going to a high-risk areaFor those who, after careful consideration, decide to go to risk areas, we strongly recommend that you:Register your trip with the State Department's Smart Traveler Registration Program (STEP).Draw up a will and designate the correct policyholders and/or the power of attorney.Discuss a plan with your loved ones regarding care/guardianship of children, pets, property, personal effects, illiquid assets (collections, art, etc.), funeral wishes, etc.Share important documents, connection information, and points of contact with your loved ones so they can manage your business if you cannot return to the United States as planned.Draw up your own personal security plan in consultation with your employer or host organization, or consider consulting with a professional security organization.Develop a communication plan with the family and/or your employer or host organization so they can monitor your safety and location when traveling in risk areas. This plan should indicate who you would contact first and how they should share the information.Identify the most important resources that may be available to you and your family in an emergency, such as the U.S. Embassy or Consulate, the FBI, the State Department, your employer (if you are on a business trip), and high-risk friends / local families. zoned.Make sure to appoint a family member to serve as a point of contact with hostages, the media, U.S. and host government agencies, and members of Congress if you are taken hostage or detained.Create a proof of life with your loved ones so that if you are held hostage, your loved ones can know specific questions (and answers) to ask hostages to make sure you're alive (and to rule out a hoax)Leave the DNA samples with your doctor in case your family needs access to them.Remove any photos, comments, or other sensitive documents from your social media pages, cameras, laptops, and other electronic devices that may be considered controversial or provocative by local groups. Leave your expensive / felt stuff behindTips for Indians Traveling to RussiaThere are a few things (tips actually) to keep in mind before embarking on this fascinating journey that will not only help you plan your trip effectively but also add to the experience.Get a Russian visaWhile this is a fairly straightforward process, obtaining a visa for Russia can take up to 20 days, so make sure to apply well in advance. You must have an "invitation" to apply for a Russian tourist visa. This invitation is nothing more than an original document proving your reservation for accommodation in a hotel. Keep in mind that a copied or email version of this will not be good. You can get this invitation from your hotel for a small fee of around 20 to 30 euros. The courier costs are for your account.There is a rule in Russia where all foreigners entering the country must register with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Most hotels will keep your passport overnight at check-in for verification and return it the next morning. The hotels also give you a registration form that you must keep for the entire journey until you leave the country.Choose your hotel wiselyRussia puts all the cards on the table and is an expensive destination, including hotel accommodation. Especially in Moscow, the distances within the city are enormous, so it makes sense to stay in a well-located hotel (close to the main attractions, the airport and other places of interest). It is better (and worth it) to spend money on an ideally located hotel than to travel long distances. Some hotels also serve an extensive vegetarian buffet, especially Indian vegetarian dishes. In addition to hotels, vegetarian food is also easily available elsewhere. There are few Indian restaurants in Moscow and St. Petersburg where vegetarian food is readily available. Other restaurants serving European dishes also have vegetarian options on their menus.Safe and welcomingContrary to popular belief, Russia, especially the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, are completely safe for tourists. Like everywhere in the world, if you don't bother anyone, nobody will bother you in Russia. However, it is important to always be careful with the environment and avoid questionable areas. In addition, it is essential that everyone in Russia (including tourists and locals) always carry a copy of their passport, if not the original passport itself. Exploring Moscow and St. Petersburg is also easy as cities have efficient public transportation. People in Russia use their private vehicles like taxis; another simple and safe way to get around. To travel in one of these taxis, you can simply call one by standing in a street, reaching out and giving the driver the address of your destination. If you don't speak Russian or meet someone who doesn't understand English, it's good to have a Russian version of the address on a piece of paper or on your phone. These private taxis charge from 200 to 500 rubles for any distance.The language borderLanguage accidents in Russia can be quite mitigating. That's why it's important to hire an English-speaking guide or have a dictionary or book of common phrases on hand during the visits. Mastering the Russian language can greatly improve your visit.To know enough about Russia? Now is the time to visit this enchanting country. Two nights in Moscow and three nights in St. Petersburg would be an ideal travel route for Indian travelers. For partygoers who want to experience the nightlife of a lifetime, they can even head to the bustling city of Minsk in Belarus. Moscow and St. Petersburg are connected by flights, a night train, and the flashy Sapsan train that covers a distance of nearly 750 kilometers in 3.5 to 4 hours. You can take a train from Moscow or St. Petersburg to Minsk. However, because you are Belarus, you must apply for a separate visa.

(To access links, click on them and the link will appear in black. Copy it with Cntrl C and paste into your browser)As a retired grandmother who qualified only as a medical secretary in the NHS (no financial training) but who is is thinking of our future generations, I shall be voting OUT (Brexit) on 23rd June 2016. Quite honestly, (and that’s a lot better than the lies told by the Remainders!) I do NOT KNOW and anyone with just a grain of integrity would say that too.Instead the IN campaigners have been concocting scenarios that have been steered by collusion of the Tory Government’s PM and Chancellor, big business, and the Governor of the Reserve Bank (who actually said there would be an initial downturn for maybe two quarters and then the economy should pick up) and various other bodies such as the IMF. As for the IMF and biased reporting by the BBC i.f.o. the IN campaign - BOTH have been subsidised heavily by the EU Commission.The Chancellor can’t predict 2 months ahead what will happen in the UK’s economy, and nor could I (for obvious reasons) let alone 5/10/25 or 50 years ahead and nor can the parties/people/organisations he has trundled forth to support his view. I think you may be surprised to hear (whereas I would not be) that the Government has done no, or very little, forward planning regarding the process of either remaining in the EU or if we exit (Brexit) the E.U. Asked in a parliamentary committee meeting on 9th May 2016, Osborne admitted that the only forward planning he had done was regarding the economy - and confirmed when asked by the Chairman, Mr Andrew Tyrie, he had done nothing in any other field!!! Here, I am worried about the future of the UK, and the Chancellor seems to say that it is a HUGE amount of work but that he has not made a start on any of it - incredible.Just today I read part of a document put out by the EU about TTIP. Here is my take on just a few pages of that document. Apologies for the Caps, but no time to alter.“The following Table 1, is from a TTIP study put out by the EU at the following link: (my comments in brackets and in Caps - LoL)http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578984/IPOL_STU(2016)578984_EN.pdfTable 1: Main results1. How have past episodes of trade liberalization-affected labour market outcomes?• There is very little ex post-evaluation work on the long-run employment effects of existing trade agreements. (so what they dish up here is so much guesswork).However, cross-country studies show that higher international trade openness is associated to slightly lower structural unemployment rates. The direction of causality, however, is difficult to establish and effects are rather small. According to estimates, in the sample of EU countries, an increase of openness by 10 percentage points lowers the long-run unemployment rate by about 0.2 percentage points on average. (that kind of unemployment is a very big figure in relation to the UK’s labour force).• Empirical evidence convincingly demonstrates that, on average, RTAs increase overall openness. (they mean access to the rich multinationals). In the EU, net trade creation effects due to RTAs have often ranged around 40 %. So, a country at average levels of openness and with a share of external trade of 70 % covered by RTAs, has benefited from these agreements through a reduction of unemployment of about 0.4 percentage points.This is a minor but positive long-run effect, amounting to about 1 million jobs in the EU. (I don’t think the UK’s RTAs run at 70% and that 0.4% is very small advantage).• Empirical evidence points towards short-run unemployment-increasing effects of trade liberalization episodes as workers have to move from shrinking firms and industries to growing ones. However, the literature finds that 3 years after liberalization, structural unemployment tends to fall below the initial level. (I really would like to know how this is going to work – where are all these growing industries taking over from our shrinking ones – the Steel Industry comes to mind – where will they go?).• Evidence from EU Eastern enlargement and the WTO entry of China shows job losses in regions specialized in import-competing industries while regions specialized in export-oriented industries experienced job gains. In Germany, the net effects of recent trade integration may have created some 440 000 jobs, while the US may have suffered net job losses. Results do not easily extend to other EU countries. However, they show that job destruction and job creation effects can be sizeable and that the economic costs to individual workers can be high.(That sums up the TRUE situation and just as long as GERMANY benefits, it’s O.K. then??? Another point is obvious, even to me without financial study, that of course exporting manufactured goods will grow the labour force to get the goods exported).2. What do ex ante assessments of TTIP predict and why do results differ?• Most quantitative ex ante assessments of TTIP assume away any effects on aggregate employment. However, all studies predict – explicitly or implicitly – that workers relocate from shrinking firms and sectors to growing ones. These reallocation effects can involve a reduction in life income, in particular for the less skilled and in countries with structural labour markets deficiencies.(Once again, the large multinational companies and organisations, together with the rich individuals and countries who will benefit. It is the SMEs and organisations like the NHS that will suffer. Again, where are all these workers going to relocate to if there are no other obvious growing manufacturing sectors available the resultant “reduction in life income”?).• More precisely, despite substantial uncertainties, estimates suggest that the automotive sector (not only in Germany) might add employment of both high-skilled and low-skilled workers; similarly, the insurance sector (e.g., in France and the Netherlands) or processed food (e.g., in Spain, Italy, and Denmark) might create additional jobs. In contrast, the sectors of electrical machinery (e.g., inGermany) and metal products (e.g., in Poland or the Czech Republic) mightshrink as workers are competed away into growing sectors. (might is an over-used word here, no certainty either??? UK too, “as workers are COMPETED AWAY INTO GROWING SECTORS – WHERE???.Our trade is being taken away from us by the E.U. bit by bit and this Government is too blind to see it!!! Just as the EU did to the West African countries by taking their livelihoods away. Please avail yourselves of the following report from the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation 2013:http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/reform/docs/ssnc_annex_en.pdf(This report is an example of what happens when the E.U.’s EXPANSION policy decides it wants certain base metals, precious stones, pearls, raw materials such as fish and agricultural products, and fuels at cheap prices from unsuspecting, unsophisticated countries whose heads of state are bribed into signing trade deals/treaties/understandings/RTAs or whatever other name is put to these free-pillaging access processes by the E.U. The result of this is that more and more poverty is being created globally by these arrangements that benefit Europe and in particular the E.U. and block access for less powerful countries to trade with each other, and the EU in free-trade arrangements rather than RTAs. The mere fact that the E.U. is going BIG into countries of the Commonwealth should be a WARNING that any trade that the U.K. would normally have outside of the E.U. WOULD ALREADY BE SEWN UP by the E.U. and there would be NOTHING we could do about it UNLESS WE ACT NOW and Brexit. The only light at the end of the tunnel is that more and more countries are seeing the EU for what it is, and want to get out of the EU - or as in the case of Switzerland, will never join the E.U.).• Studies differ as to the potential economic benefits to be expected from TTIP, mostly because they assume different scenarios (yes the same as this study is doing!). Typically, approaches borrowing from the experiences with existing RTAs typically find larger economic effects than studies that limit the scenario to specific tangible policy changes. So far, all existing studies ignore the effects of TTIP on R&D, technology adoption (i.e. stealing of other countries’ trade secrets when these countries are coerced into the “family” of the EU?), or human accumulation (what on earth is that?), all of which can lead to dynamic economic benefits. (just name a few???).• The size of economic benefits (measured, e.g., by gains in real per capita incomes) is commensurate to the amount of real location of workers across sectors and industries. In the more conservative studies, about 0.3 % of the work force could be displaced by the agreement over a ten year adjustment period; in more ambitious studies, this share could be as high as 1.5 %. These calculations typically neglect firm-to-firm transitions within industries (usurping function of SME’ s and swallowing them up), and therefore may underestimate the effect. However, compared to the normal yearly labour market turnover TTIP-induced effects are almost negligible. (How many manufacturers in the UK have so many other plants/facilities for easy transfer of labour??? Stupid comment and outrageous “solution”!)• Short-term reallocation can be seen as a one-time investment to unlock long-run efficiency gains (what!!!???). Studies using CGE models find that long-run benefits outweigh the costs. In one conservative study, long-run yearly gains are about 0.5 % of baseline GDP, while one-time reallocation needs affect about 0.6 % of the workforce. Even if reallocated worker transit through one year of unemployment, accumulated benefits outweigh costs by a factor of 9:1.• Few studies calculate the potential effect of TTIP on long-run unemployment rates. For Europe, existing studies based on extended computable general equilibrium trade models find small positive aggregate job gains between 99 000 and 1 346 000 (0.04 % to 0.54 % of EU labour force). The Keynesian approach by Capaldo (2014), finds negative effects of 600 000 jobs (-0.24 % of EU labour force)(I think this figure has grown somewhat since 2014 with high migration).3. Which policy options exist?• Labour market policies aiming at reducing adjustment to trade liberalization come with the negative effect that they undo some of the economic gains that would be otherwise achievable. Phasing-in provisions in the most vulnerable industries could smooth adjustment needs over time and lower their adverse impacts.• Unemployment insurance systems can cushion a possible temporary surge in joblessness triggered by TTIP. If inadequate, they need to be revised. (so, an increase in NI payments, not just for the UK but ALL member states? Oh,no – not the smaller, poorer states such as Malta, Lithuania and Bulgaria! The rest of the member states will be forced to pay for them).• EU member states will likely differ with respect to the reallocation effects triggered by TTIP. Small countries such as Malta, Lithuania, or Bulgaria could be more severely affected. To facilitate the functioning of social security systems, these countries should have access to temporary assistance from central EU funds. (paid by the UK which is one of the richer member states, of course as in the case of Greece)!• To prepare for possible disruptions, the budget of the European Globalization Adjustment Fund (EGF) could be temporary increased. Also, eligibility rules could be extended to cover displacements due to a large trade agreement such as TTIP.(So now the UK is looking at another HUGE payment to the European Globalization Adjustment Fund – like the last one for Greece, that Osborne and Cameron said they would not pay – and then paid any way!!!).WHERE DOES IT END? WITH EACH NEW MEMBER THAT IS CONSIDERED A “POOR” RELATION IN THE E.U. “FAMILY” WILL WE BE EXPECTED TO COUGH UP WHEN THE E.U. DECIDES WE SHOULD? THAT MECHANISM, IN ONE GO, WOULD NEGATE ANY BENEFIT OF THE T.T.I.P. TO THE U.K. - IF THERE WAS EVER ANY TO BE FOUND IN THE FIRST PLACE – THE WHOLE TREATY IS ABOUT THE U.S.A. AND THE E.U. AND THE 28 MEMBER STATES ARE THE MINIONS OF THAT INSTITUTION, JUST BEING ORDERED TO DO AS THEY ARE TOLD.But as I have said before, any complaints to this Tory Government is like shouting at thunder - absolutely useless. Cameron and his lily-livered cohorts have lost all respect for the people. They have taken the same stance as the E.U. that we, the people, are mere chattels and can be ordered about as they see fit, for the Cabal’s enrichment and “to hell” with the workers.No longer will they be able to do this. We will be voting OUT of the E.U. on 23rd June – despite the scare tactics and other“financial guesswork” the IMF cooks up, or the crud they devise to scare us about our security. We do not believe their lies.END of quote:On your question about BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) my reply at the outset has to be merely an amateur’s opinion and I shall say a few words on each in order of the acronym.BRAZIL - Googled some info and a quick summary for you at the following link:Facts, Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, Corruption“Brazil’s limited experiment with market-oriented reforms has been uneven and even derailed in some areas. The state’s presence in such sectors as energy, financial services, and electricity remains extensive. The legacy of decades of central planning, state meddling in economic activity continues even where it has demonstrably failed, and the weak rule of law further undermines economic progress.Economic Freedom Snapshot2016 Economic Freedom Score: 56.5 (down 0.1 point)Economic Freedom Status: Mostly UnfreeGlobal Ranking: 122ndRegional Ranking: 21st in the South and Central America/Caribbean RegionNotable Successes: Trade FreedomConcerns: Corruption, Management of Public Finance, and Regulatory EfficiencyOverall Score Change Since 2012: –1.4The onerous regulatory environment hinders needed economic transformation and undercuts realization of the economy’s full potential. Growing public debt and higher debt service costs have kept fiscal pressure high, and burdensome taxes further crowd out private-sector growth.”RUSSIA - Again, I Googled the info but will give a few thoughts after the quote. Here’s the link I went to: Russia Economy - GDP, Inflation, CPI and Interest RateRussia Economic OutlookMay 10, 2016Following a strong contraction Q4 2015, Russia’s economic activity decreased in Q1, although the drop is expected to be less severe than in the previous quarter. Industrial production took a step back from an incipient recovery in March as output contracted following February’s modest expansion. Moreover, a continuous deterioration in economic conditions prompted unemployment to rise in March. On the external front, weakness in global demand coupled with the country’s deep recession prompted exports to contract at a double-digit rate again in March. Heading into Q2, leading indicators suggest that the economy is still fragile. In April, the manufacturing PMI fell to an eight-month low, while the services PMI continued to improve. These results highlight the diverging performance between Russia’s goods producers and services providers once againMy Thoughts: I am afraid that Russia is in a really bad place at the moment, and sanctions do not help. I think it is time that they were dropped now. As far as I can see, the Crimean Peninsula annexation has settled down (but it is difficult to tell as an outsider). I just know that a hungry man does bad things and if some sort of “hand of friendship” is not extended to Russia soon and some sort of trade initiated so that it can grow its economy, there is going to be a blow up and extreme tension will spill over in conflict, especially if something is not done before Winter this year. I do not think any member state of the EU have fully appreciated what Putin did in trying circumstances (bad state of Russia’s economy), albeit not in accordance with the USA’s and EU’s aims to get rid of Assad in Syria (especially after Putin’s help with the Syrian bombing of ISIS/DAESH - for which I think he expected some sort of thanks from the West). I think it would make more sense to befriend the man rather than to make an enemy of him (he does not have many friends and if we are not careful he will look East to find some friends (North Korea and China).The E.U. was perceived by Russia to be enticing the Ukraine towards the West and Russia felt threatened by this and bit back by invading the Crimea - wrongly or rightly??? Of course the threat of Russian aeroplanes flying over the UK and trespassing into our air space is not desired but this Tory Government has not engaged with Russia on any level other than through the EU. Perhaps it is about time we got the Russian Bear on our side and initiated some contact with them. It is the common people of Russia and the Ukraine that I feel sorry for. Once again, the E.U. was after the Ukraine’s gas supplies in the Crimean Peninsula and Putin saw that as a threat. Gazprom has cut off supplies of gas to Ukraine as it says Ukraine has not paid in advance…. and the trouble bubbles on.INDIA - Sorry but my knowledge of India is minimal. However, here is a link that may explain how complex that country is both politically and economically. But having said that, I would think with a guiding hand from say the World Trade Organisation, it would be worth investment and trade with India but once again, making sure that ethical trade and working conditions are met. Here’s the link:Politically difficult to speed up structural reforms: Raghuram Rajan - The Economic TimesCHINA - This huge country is another ball game altogether. With its censorship and lack of transparency, corruption and intrigue in various processes of law and worker’s rights, would put me off trying to do trade on my own with that country. As for its political machinations, corruption, and an actually fragile economy at the moment due to steel price falls, to enter into any long-term trade deals at the moment would be ill-advised.That is one reason, I cannot understand the EU’s eagerness to include China in various trade treaties (although I read somewhere that China has said it did not like “the EU interfering in its trade”!!!). Having said that, I do believe that with its huge population, simple short-term trade deals may be agreed to benefit both sides but the way the EU does business with tariffs and regulations and taking AGES to pass legislation, would make China distrust that institution - and would result in tensions.For the reasons stated above, I cannot guess at the reasons the Tory Government wants China to build our nuclear power plants. The computer programmes required to run them would be open to hacking on a grand scale, workmanship is not on a par with say, Sweden or Denmark when it came to precision and trustworthiness, and with the industrial accidents that often happen in China (ones that we hear about, but many others we do not, because of censorship) my question is where would that leave us???Here’s a link giving several views on China’s economy - with one article about China imposing tariffs on steel imported from the E.U.Chinese economy | Business | The GuardianSorry if you were expecting an erudite dissertation but this is what it is - an amateur’s take on some very important questions. Have a good sleep if you are able to read all of these thoughts - LoL