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Yes. Absolutely. Most tribes do other things than having casinos for income.The majority of tribes do not have casinos. 238 tribes out of 573 tribes have casinos in 28 states. That means 59% of tribes do not have casinos. The rural and unpopulated locations of many Native nations make the idea of having a casino unfeasible and unprofitable. Many tribes operate gaming facilities primarily to generate employment. Approximately 72 tribes give per capita payments from gaming revenue. That is 12.6% who use the money they make to make payments to members. Those range from hundreds of dollars a year to many thousands. Very few distribute large sums. The rest of the tribes with income use the money to run the tribal government and address tribal needs. Those that do have casinos paid $6.2 billion in federal taxes, $2.4 billion in state income, and $100 million in local income through payroll, sales taxes, and direct revenue sharing through government agreements in 2010.Most tribes are very poor. They have small amounts of land and few natural resources. Those that had resources were forced to lease or sell them at below-market prices for generations. Some who succeeded in managing their resources well to the benefit of the tribe faced jealousy and resentments form white Americans. Those Americans work hard to pass laws to strip the tribes of their resources and any sources of wealth. This is how the Klamath Tribes of Oregon went from being one of the wealthiest tribes until the 1950s by operating timber and sawmill business to becoming one with no land or income after 1953. An act of Congress did that. It was even opposed by Oregon politicians. It was pushed relentlessly by Senator Arthur Vivian Watkins of Utah. He thought it would make them more likely to become Mormon. He decided there was an “Indian Problem” and his solution was to impoverish them. He was helped by politicians from South Dakota, Nevada, Wyoming, North Dakota and Washington.The fact is any business or land or resource ownership by a company or family in the US owes the title to the forcible taking of those lands and resources. Then those lands were given for nominal fees to Euro-Americans. Many large companies and family fortunes have their basis in this theft of resources. The Hearst company would not exist if tribal land had not been seized. That meant George Hearst was able to stake mining claims on that land and make great wealth that he invested in other things. Rockefeller wealth would not have happened without oil that was under land that was taken from tribes. All the great timber and mining and oil and coal and railroad wealth have the same basis.In Alaska, we have an example of how things could have been if the settlements with the tribes had been a little fairer. There are other tribes in different areas of the US who do the same thing but mostly on a smaller scale. Tribes make money on oil, gas, coal, timber, grazing, irrigated agriculture, farming, tourism, and by investing in many sorts of businesses and financial instruments. However, the Alaska tribes are a graphic example of how many tribes might succeed if they had right and ownership to a larger portion of the land and resources that are rightfully theirs.In Alaska, the settlement of land and resources with Native people was much fairer. Many things were not fair but it was in large part fairer that in the other states. So these tribes have more income. It is not from casinos. There are 573 federally recognized tribes in the US as of 2018. Of those, 229 are federally recognized Alaskan villages. That means 40% of tribes are in Alaska. There are no casinos in Alaska. There are two of the 229 Village Corporations that have bingo and pull tabs. All of the Alaskan Native people are shareholders in village corporations and shareholders in one of the 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations. There is only one small reservation in Alaska.Being an ANC shareholder is comparable to a tribal membership. It is a lifetime enrollment that cannot be bought or sold. The 13 corporations and villages control 44,000,000 acres and the resources on or over them. That is about the same size as Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Ireland combined. It is about the same size as North Dakota or Washington State. It is more land area than any single east coast state, including Florida. The Native Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANCSA) are very large and important economic, political, and cultural forces in Alaska and beyond. They have invested in Alaska and around the country and the world. employ 58,000 people worldwide, with about 16,000 of those jobs here in Alaska. They make money in mineral resources, forestry and fishing, among other things. In 2011 alone, $172 million in mining industry payments to Native Corporations were made. $82 million of it was redistributed to other regional and village corporations. These corporations cumulatively reached $11.3 billion in revenues in 2010. Of the 49 top companies n the state of Alaska, the ANRC made 74% of the total revenue earned. They have 64% of the total Alaska jobs, and 84% of all the employees working for those top 49 companies.Each ANRC has different resources. Below is a rundown on the sort of things they own and how they make money for their tribes. If the Cherokee or the Creek in the SE or the Six Nations tribes in NY had been allowed to retain their assets then they might look a bit like what Alaskan tribes do. Of course, it would be different because the environment and resources are different, but it could be similar. You might even live or work in a building owned in part of all by an Alaska Native Corp as they run things all over the country. In addition, most of the ANRC and some villages have created nonprofits to provide social services and healthcare through grant funding and federal compacts. They focus generally on cultural and educational activities, such as scholarships for Native students, sponsorship of cultural and artistic events, preservation efforts for Native languages, and protection of sites with historic or religious importance.The 13th Alaska Native Corp has failed. That is because Congress explicitly refused to give them ANCSA land as was provided the other 12 regions. If Congress had not done this their entitlement would have been approximately 1.2 million acres. Because the 13th shareholders did not receive an equal entitlement of land they were denied any share in 7(i) revenues generated through sales of minerals, timber, and other valuable resources or development of selected lands through the revenue pooling provisions of ANCSA, as do the original 12 corporations and their shareholders. From 1975 to 2013 the used half the initial money they did get for investments. The other half was disbursed to shareholders. There has been mismanagement and possibly criminal fraud on the part of the operation. They owned M Kennedy Construction, part of Mail Boxes Etc in the Northwest, Alindeska Electrical Contractors, North Star Industrial Contractors, North Star Industrial Contractors, Four Winds Services, Inc. NW Business Services Group, a land deal investment in Spokane, Wash, and Cold Bay Development Corp.So, here are the 12 Alaska Native Regional Corporations.Ahtna Inc. It owns approximately 1,528,000 acres in the Copper River Basin in east-central Alaska. Ahtna has 14 operating subsidiaries that are involved in government contracting, civil and vertical construction, pipeline maintenance, environmental remediation, surveying, facilities maintenance, administrative and janitorial services, and food service contractors.The Aleut Corporation manages and sells sand, gravel, minerals and rock aggregates as part of its subsurface rights within the region. The Corporation’s primary areas of business are real estate, government operations and maintenance contracting, aggregate sales, and investments in oil and gas producing properties and marketable securities.Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) has title to nearly five million acres of land abundant in natural resources in northern Alaska. In addition to oil and gas potential, ASRC lands include one of the world’s largest bituminous coal deposits. The ASRC owns and runs companies in engineering, venture capital and financial management, oil and gas support services, petroleum refining and distribution, aerospace engineering, consulting, civil construction, and communications.Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC) owns the majority of Alaska's Seward Peninsula and the coastal lands of eastern Norton Sound. It manages nearly two million acres of subsurface estate of land. Other businesses they own are real estate management and development, tourism, construction, mining services and sales of rock and aggregate. In Anchorage, they have an office that runs the company's government contract work under SBA's 8(a), HubZone and also small business programs.Bristol Bay Native Corporation (BBNC) Has land that is home to the world’s largest salmon fishery. BBNC owns nearly three million acres of sub-surface land in the Bristol Bay region. Key assets include an investment portfolio and over 30 operating subsidiary companies, specializing in petroleum distribution, construction, government services, and oilfield and industrial services. The company does business in Alaska and throughout the U.S. and the world. Gross revenue for fiscal year 2011 was $1.7 billion. It has provided over $100 million in shareholder dividends since 1979.Calista Corporation has a diverse business and investment portfolio with subsidiaries specializing in oil well work-over drilling, construction, government and military contracting, public relations services, property management, catering and camp services, telecommunications, heavy equipment sales, construction and royalties from gold and construction material mining. Annual corporate revenues from this diversified portfolio are in excess of $200 million. Their mineral lands include a number of placer gold properties, and adjacent hard rock gold and platinum prospects.Chugach Alaska Corporation (CAC) As well as in Anchorage it has regional offices in Washington, D.C., Nevada, Alabama and Hawaii. It is provider of Base Operations and Facilities Maintenance. Other Chugach subsidiaries provide business services in the areas of General Construction & Construction Management; Civil Engineering; Oil & Gas Services; Educational Services; Environmental/Oil Spill Response Services; Information Technology (including network security and monitoring); Telecommunications; Employment Services; and Manufacturing Services. It operates the best trained and equipped oil spill response organization in the world. It operates in remote locations including the Western Pacific Islands, Canada, Africa, Spain and Turkey.Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (CIRI) is based in Anchorage and has interests across Alaska, the United States and abroad. It is Southcentral Alaska’s largest private landowner and has 1.3 million acres of subsurface available for responsible gas, oil and mineral leasing. They have a diversified business portfolio that includes energy and resource development, oilfield and heavy construction services, commercial and retail real estate development and management, environmental remediation services, tourism and hospitality, renewable energy, telecommunications, aerospace defense, private equity, venture capital and marketable securities investments. They are developing alternative energy resources on CIRI land including a commercial-scale wind farm on Fire Island three miles offshore from Anchorage and an underground coal gasification project west of Cook Inlet.Doyon Limited Has 12.5 million acres. It is the largest private landowner in Alaska and is one of the largest private landowners in North America. Doyon Drilling is the corporation’s largest subsidiary, producing more than half of the corporation’s revenues. The subsidiary is actively engaged in Arctic drilling activity on the North Slope. Doyon is a partner in a gas exploration project in the Nenana Basin and the corporation also holds prospective gas resources in the Yukon Flats. Other companies they own provide a wide range of services, including catering, facility maintenance, security, tourism and support for oil, gas and mining construction across Alaska. They also manage real estate assets and have operations in the tourism industry.Koniag Incorporated has land holdings across the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island and Afognak Island. Koniag Development Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Koniag, operates as Koniag's business arm, managing most of the corporation’s real estate holdings and business operations, including oversight of nearly a dozen subsidiaries. The work of these companies can be grouped into six broad categories: Operations and Maintenance, Environmental Services, Logistics, Information Technology, Consulting, and Manufacturing. Koniag’s real estate portfolio is comprised of office buildings, warehouses, apartment buildings, hotels and vacant land, in Alaska, Washington, California, Nevada, Arizona and Idaho. Koniag’s share of ownership in these properties ranges from 10 percent to 100 percent.NANA Regional Corporation, Inc. (NANA) is a billion dollar corporation with more than 13,000 employees at operations spanning the globe. Investments range from the resource development industry to facilities management and logistics, engineering and construction, information technology and government contracting. NANA manages the surface and subsurface rights to more than 2.2 million acres of land in northwest Alaska covering 38,000 square miles, or an area roughly the size of Indiana. The NANA region is mineral-rich. NANA has a stake in the Red Dog Mine, located in the Delong Mountain Range 90 miles north of Kotzebue. Red Dog Mine is one of the world’s largest zinc and lead mines. They have a subsidiary called NANA Development Corporation (NDC). It is a leader in engineering and construction; resource development; facilities management and logistics; real estate and hotel development; and information technology and telecommunications.Sealaska Corporation is a diverse company with investments in forest products and marking, silviculture and land management, financial investments, fabrication, plastics injection molding and manufacturing, information technology, construction aggregates, environmental remediation and consulting, logistics, construction and security services in Alaska and around the world.If you have stuck with me through these details I hope you can see the sorts of things that some tribes who have had access to resources have done to make money. The tribe with the largest enrollment and largest land base is the Navajo tribe. They are about 330,000 members and have 27,000 sq miles of land. They have coal, oil, gas, forestry, the largest contiguous irrigated agriculture in the US and tribally owned businesses. In recent years they decided to start 4 casinos on the edges of their land. Most of the reservation land is too remote to attract people to a casino. For decades older Navajo voters rejected the idea of casinos. This is largely because of some traditional religious stories about a Great Gambler who enslaved all the people. Some non-traditional people opposed it for Christian religious reasons as well. Other’s thought it would bring bad influences to the Navajo Nation. It is not the majority of tribal income but it has been bringing in $80 million for the tribe and for the fund which gives money to the 110 Navajo tribal local governments (like counties), known as Chapters. Each tribe around the country is a unique situation. Some have tribal fisheries or wild rice. Others have ranching or timber. The luckiest have mineral resources like the Southern Ute who are most likely the tribe doing the best. How a tribe makes what money it can, depends a great deal on where it is and what resources it has.