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You can use any of the research paper as reference for latest topics in Cryptography:Source:Security, Cryptography, and Privacy200 PublicationsAd Injection at Scale: Assessing Deceptive Advertisement ModificationsKurt Thomas, Elie Bursztein, Chris Grier, Grant Ho, Nav Jagpal, Alexandros Kapravelos, Damon McCoy, Antonio Nappa, Vern Paxson, Paul Pearce, Niels Provos, Moheeb Abu RajabProceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2015)Adding Third-Party Authentication to Open edX: A Case StudyJohn Cox, Pavel SimakovProceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 277-280Framing Dependencies Introduced by Underground CommoditizationKurt Thomas, Danny Huang, David Wang, Elie Bursztein, Chris Grier, Thomas J. Holt, Christopher Kruegel, Damon McCoy, Stefan Savage, Giovanni VignaWorkshop on the Economics of Information Security (2015)GraphSC: Parallel Secure Computation Made EasyKartik Nayak, Xiao S. Wang, Stratis Ioannidis, Udi Weinsberg, Nina Taft, Elaine ShiIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE (2015) (to appear)Improving SSL Warnings: Comprehension and AdherenceAdrienne Porter Felt, Alex Ainslie, Robert W. Reeder, Sunny Consolvo, Somas Thyagaraja, Alan Bettes, Helen Harris, Jeff GrimesProceedings of the Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, ACM (2015)Internal Access ControlsGeetanjali SampemaneCommunications of the ACM, vol. 58 (2015), pp. 62-65SAC070 - SSAC Advisory on the Use of Static TLD / Suffix ListsWarren Kumari, Jaap Akkerhuis, Patrik FältströmICANN SSAC Reports and Advisories, ICANN (2015), pp. 32 (to appear)Secrets, Lies, and Account Recovery: Lessons from the Use of Personal Knowledge Questions at GoogleJoseph Bonneau, Elie Bursztein, Ilan Caron, Rob Jackson, Mike WilliamsonWWW'15 - Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web, ACM (2015)Swapsies on the Internet: First Steps towards Reasoning about Risk and Trust in an Open WorldSophia Drossopoulou, James Noble, Mark S. MillerTenth Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security (PLAS 2015), ACMThe Correctness-Security Gap in Compiler OptimizationVijay D'Silva, Mathias Payer, Dawn SongSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2015 IEEE, IEEE, pp. 73-87The Performance Cost of Shadow Stacks and Stack CanariesThurston H.Y. Dang, Petros Maniatis, David WagnerProceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS), ACM (2015), pp. 555-566Thwarting Fake OSN Accounts by Predicting their VictimsYazan Boshmaf, Matei Ripeanu, Konstantin Beznosov, Elizeu Santos-NetoAI-Sec'2015, ACM (to appear)Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious ExtensionsNav Jagpal, Eric Dingle, Jean-Philippe Gravel, Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Niels Provos, Moheeb Abu Rajab, Kurt ThomasUSENIX Security Symposium (2015)Understanding Sensitivity by Analyzing AnonymitySai Teja Peddinti, Aleksandra Korolova, Elie Bursztein, Geetanjali SampemaneIEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 13 (2015), pp. 14-21A Language-Based Approach to Secure Quorum ReplicationLantian Zheng, Andrew C. MyersProceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security (2014), pp. 27-39BeyondCorp: A New Approach to Enterprise SecurityRory Ward, Betsy Beyer;login:, vol. Vol. 39, No. 6 (2014), pp. 6-11Cloak and Swagger: Understanding Data Sensitivity through the Lens of User AnonymitySai Teja Peddinti, Aleksandra Korolova, Elie Bursztein, Geetanjali Sampemane2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2014, Berkeley, CA, USA, May 18-21, 2014, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 493-508Communities, Random Walks, and Social Sybil Defense.Lorenzo Alvisi, Allen Clement, Alessandro Epasto, Silvio Lattanzi, Alessandro PanconesiInternet Mathematics (2014)Dialing Back Abuse on Phone Verified AccountsKurt Thomas, Dmytro Iatskiv, Elie Bursztein, Tadek Pietraszek, Chris Grier, Damon McCoyProceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (2014)Dividing secrets to secure data outsourcingFatih Emekci, Ahmed Methwally, Divyakant Agrawal, Amr El AbbadiInformation Sciences, vol. 263 (2014), pp. 198-210Enforcing Forward-Edge Control-Flow Integrity in GCC & LLVMCaroline Tice, Tom Roeder, Peter Collingbourne, Stephen Checkoway, Úlfar Erlingsson, Luis Lozano, Geoff PikeProceedings of the 23rd Usenix Security Symposium, USENIX, San Diego, CA (2014)Experimenting At Scale With Google Chrome's SSL WarningAdrienne Porter Felt, Robert W. Reeder, Hazim Almuhimedi, Sunny ConsolvoACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2014)Handcrafted Fraud and Extortion: Manual Account Hijacking in the WildElie Bursztein, Borbala Benko, Daniel Margolis, Tadek Pietraszek, Andy Archer, Allan Aquino, Andreas Pitsillidis, Stefan SavageIMC '14 Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, ACM, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, pp. 347-358Helping You Protect YouM. Angela Sasse, Charles C. Palmer, Markus Jakobsson, Sunny Consolvo, Rick Wash, L. Jean CampIEEE (2014), pp. 39-42Macaroons: Cookies with Contextual Caveats for Decentralized Authorization in the CloudArnar Birgisson, Joe Gibbs Politz, Úlfar Erlingsson, Ankur Taly, Michael Vrable, Mark LentcznerNetwork and Distributed System Security Symposium, Internet Society (2014)MiniBox: A Two-Way Sandbox for x86 Native CodeYanlin Li, Jonathan McCune, James Newsome, Adrian Perrig, Brandon Baker, Will DrewryProceedings of the Usenix Annual Technical Conference, Usenix (2014)Moving Targets: Security and Rapid-Release in FirefoxSandy Clark, Michael Collis, Matt Blaze, Jonathan M. SmithProceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 1256-1266RAPPOR: Randomized Aggregatable Privacy-Preserving Ordinal ResponseÚlfar Erlingsson, Vasyl Pihur, Aleksandra KorolovaProceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ACM, Scottsdale, Arizona (2014) (to appear)RFC7344 - Automating DNSSEC Delegation Trust MaintenanceWarren KumariIETF RFCs, Internet Engineering Task Force (2014)SSAC Advisory on Search List ProcessingWarren Kumari, Jaap Akkerhuis, Don BlumenthalICANN SSAC Reports and Advisories, ICANN (2014), pp. 17Securing the Tangled WebChristoph KernCommunications of the ACM, vol. 57, no. 9 (2014), pp. 38-47The End is Nigh: Generic Solving of Text-based CAPTCHAsElie Bursztein, Jonathan Aigrain, Angelika Moscicki, John C. MitchellWOOT'14 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Offensive Technologies, Usenix (2014)Tick Tock: Building Browser Red Pills from Timing Side ChannelsGrant Ho, Dan Boneh, Lucas Ballard, Niels Provos8th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 14), USENIX Association (2014)Would a Privacy Fundamentalist Sell Their DNA for $1000...If Nothing Bad Happened as a Result? The Westin Categories, Behavioral Intentions, and ConsequencesAllison Woodruff, Vasyl Pihur, Sunny Consolvo, Lauren Schmidt, Laura Brandimarte, Alessandro AcquistiProceedings of the Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security: SOUPS '14, USENIX (2014)Your Reputation Precedes You: History, Reputation, and the Chrome Malware WarningHazim Almuhimedi, Adrienne Porter Felt, Robert W. Reeder, Sunny ConsolvoProceedings of the Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security: SOUPS '14, USENIX (2014)ZARATHUSTRA: Extracting WebInject Signatures from Banking TrojansClaudio Criscione, Fabio Bosatelli, Stefano Zanero, Federico MaggiTwelfth Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, IEEE (2014), pp. 139-148“My religious aunt asked why I was trying to sell her viagra”: Experiences with account hijackingRichard Shay, Iulia Ion, Robert W. Reeder, Sunny ConsolvoProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '14, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2014), pp. 2657-2666Advisory on Internal Name CertificatesWarren Kumari, Steve Crocker, Patrik Fältström, Ondrej Filip, James Galvin, Danny McPherson, Ram Mohan, Doron ShikmoniICANN SSAC Reports and Advisories, ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) (2013)Alice in Warningland: A Large-Scale Field Study of Browser Security Warning EffectivenessDevdatta Akhawe, Adrienne Porter FeltUSENIX Security Symposium, USENIX (2013)Anti-forensic resilient memory acquisitionJohaness Stuerrgen, Michael CohenDigital Investigation, vol. 10 (2013), S105-S115Authentication at ScaleEric Grosse, Mayank UpadhyayIEEE Security and Privacy, vol. 11 (2013), pp. 15-22CAMP: Content-Agnostic Malware ProtectionMoheeb Abu Rajab, Lucas Ballard, Noe Lutz, Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Niels ProvosNetwork and Distributed Systems Security Symposium (NDSS), Network and Distributed Systems Security Symposium (NDSS), USA (2013)Cross Platform Network Access ControlPaul (Tony) WatsonRVASec 2013, RVASec 2013, RIchmond, VACrowd-Sourced Call Identification and SuppressionDaniel V. Klein, Dean K. JacksonFederal Trade Commission Robocall Challenge (2013)Design, Implementation and Verification of an eXtensible and Modular Hypervisor FrameworkAmit Vasudevan, Sagar Chaki, Limin Jia, Jonathan McCune, James Newsome, Anupam DattaIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2013) (to appear)Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScriptMark S. Miller, Tom Van Cutsem, Bill TullohESOP'13 22nd European Symposium on Programming, Springer (2013)Hunting in the Enterprise: Forensic Triage and Incident ResponseAndreas Moser, Michael CohenDigital Investigation, vol. 10 (2013), pp. 89-98Identifying and Exploiting Windows Kernel Race Conditions via Memory Access PatternsMateusz Jurczyk, Gynvael ColdwindBochspwn: Exploiting Kernel Race Conditions Found via Memory Access Patterns, The Symposium on Security for Asia Network, 102F Pasir Panjang Road, #08-02, Singapore 118530 (2013), pp. 69Making programs forget: Enforcing Lifetime for Sensitive DataJayanthkumar Kannan, Gautam Altekar, Petros Maniatis, Byung-Gon ChunProceedings of the 13th USENIX conference on Hot topics in operating systems, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA (2013)Rogue Femtocell Owners: How Mallory Can Monitor My DevicesDavid Malone, Darren F Kavanagh, Niall Richard Murphy2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE, New Jersey, USA, pp. 3553-3558S-links: Why distributed security policy requires secure introductionJoseph BonneauWeb 2.0 Security & Privacy 2013, IEEESAC062 - SSAC Advisory Concerning the Mitigation of Name Collision RiskWarren KumariICANN SSAC Reports and Advisories, ICANN (2013)Sok: The Evolution of Sybil Defense via Social NetworksLorenzo Alvisi, Allen Clement, Alessandro Epasto, Silvio Lattanzi, Alessandro Panconesi2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2013Strato: A Retargetable Framework for Low-level Inlined Reference MonitorsBin Zeng, Gang Tan, Úlfar ErlingssonProceedings of the 22nd USENIX Conference on Security, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA (2013), pp. 369-382The Dangers of Composing Anonymous ChannelsEmilia Kasper, George DanezisInformation Hiding - 14th International Conference, IH 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Springer, Lecture notes in Computer Science (2013), pp. 191-206Trustworthy Proxies: Virtualizing Objects with InvariantsTom Van Cutsem, Mark S. MillerECOOP 2013Verified Boot on Chrome OS and How to do it yourselfSimon GlassEmbedded Linux Conference Europe, Linux Foundation, 660 York Street, Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA (2013)Verifying Cloud Services: Present and FutureSara Bouchenak, Gregory Chockler, Hana Chockler, Gabriela Gheorghe, Nuno Santos, Alexander ShraerOperating Systems Review (2013)A taste of Capsicum: practical capabilities for UNIXRobert N. M. Watson, Jonathan Anderson, Ben Laurie, Kris KennawayCommunications of the ACM, vol. 55(3) (2012), pp. 97-104Advisory on Impacts of Content Blocking via the Domain Name SystemWarren Kumari, Alain Aina, Jaap Akkerhuis, Don Blumenthal, KC Claffy, David Conrad, Patrik Fältström, James Galvin, Jason Livingood, Danny McPherson, Ram Mohan, Paul VixieICANN SSAC Reports and Advisories, ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) (2012)Browser Exploits as a Service: The Monetization of Driveby DownloadsC. Grier, L. Ballard, J. Caballero, N. Chachra, C. Dietrich, K. Levchenko, P. Mavrommatis, D. McCoy, A. Nappa, A. Pitsillidis, N. Provos, Z. Rafique, M. Rajab, C. Rossow, K. Thomas, V. Paxson, S. Savage, G. VoelkerProceedings of 19th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (2012)Cloud Data Protection for the MassesDawn Song, Elaine Shi, Ian Fischer, Umesh ShankarComputer, vol. 45, no. 1 (2012), pp. 39-45Contextual OTP: Mitigating Emerging Man-in-the-Middle Attacks with Wireless Hardware TokensAssaf Ben-David, Omer Berkman, Yossi Matias, Sarvar Patel, Cem Paya, Moti YungApplied Cryptography and Network Security - 10th International Conference, ACNS 2012, Springer, pp. 30-47Enhanced multi-factor authenticationLantian ZhengPatent (2012)How well can congestion pricing neutralize denial of service attacks?Ashish Vulimiri, Gul A. Agha, Philip Brighten Godfrey, Karthik LakshminarayananProceedings of the 12th ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE joint international conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2012), pp. 137-150Let's Parse to Prevent PwnageMike Samuel, Úlfar ErlingssonUSENIX workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats, USENIX (2012)Lockdown: Towards a Safe and Practical Architecture for Security Applications on Commodity PlatformsAmit Vasudevan, Bryan Parno, Ning Qu, Virgil D. Gligor, Adrian PerrigTRUST 2012, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 21Manufacturing Compromise: The Emergence of Exploit-as-a-ServiceChris Grier, Lucas Ballard, Juan Caballero, Neha Chachra, Christian J. Dietrich, Kirill Levchenko, Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Damon McCoy, Antonio Nappa, Andreas Pitsillidis, Niels Provos, M. Zubair Rafique, Moheeb Abu Rajab, Christian Rossow, Kurt Thomas, Vern Paxson, Stefan Savage, Geoffrey M. VoelkerProceedings of 19th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (2012)Non-interactive CCA-Secure threshold cryptosystems with adaptive security: new framework and constructionsBenoit Libert, Moti YungProceedings of the 9th international conference on Theory of Cryptography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012), pp. 75-93Origin-Bound Certificates: A Fresh Approach to Strong Client Authentication for the WebMichael Dietz, Alexei Czeskis, Dirk Balfanz, Dan Wallach21st USENIX Security Symposium, The USENIX Association (2012), pp. 317-332RFC6583 - Operational Neighbor Discovery ProblemsWarren Kumari, Igor Gashinsky, Yahoo!, Joel Jaeggli, ZyngaIETF RFCs, Internet Engineering Task Force (2012)Robust Trait Composition for JavaScriptTom Van Cutsem, Mark S. MillerScience of Computer Programming: Special Issue on Advances in Dynamic Languages (2012)Scalable group signatures with revocationBenoit Libert, Thomas Peters, Moti YungProceedings of the 31st Annual international conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2012), pp. 609-627Security and TestingKurt RosenfeldIntroduction to Hardware Security and Trust, Springer (2012) (to appear)Vanity or Privacy? Social Media as a Facilitator of Privacy and TrustJessica StaddonCSCW Workshop: Reconciling Privacy with Social Media (2012)Address space randomization for mobile devicesHristo Bojinov, Dan Boneh, Rich Cannings, Iliyan MalchevWiSec '11 - Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on wireless network security, ACM, New York, NY (2011)App Isolation: Get the Security of Multiple Browsers with Just OneEric Y. Chen, Jason Bau, Charles Reis, Adam Barth, Collin Jackson18th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ACM (2011)Automated Analysis of Security-Critical JavaScript APIsAnkur Taly, Úlfar Erlingsson, John C. Mitchell, Mark S. Miller, Jasvir NagraIEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy (SP), IEEE (2011)Digital Forensics with Open Source ToolsCory Altheide, Harlan CarveySyngress (2011)Distributed forensics and incident response in the enterpriseMichael Cohen, Darren Bilby, Germano CaronniJournal of Digital Investigation, vol. 8 (2011), S101-S110Fast Elliptic Curve Cryptography in OpenSSLEmilia KasperFinancial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2011 Workshops, RLCPS and WECSR, SpringerHardware Trojan Detection Solutions and Design-for-Trust ChallengesKurt RosenfeldIEEE Computer (2011), pp. 64-72Indirect Content Privacy Surveys: Measuring Privacy Without Asking About ItAlex Braunstein, Laura Granka, Jessica StaddonSymposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), ACM SIGCHI (2011)Public vs. Publicized: Content Use Trends and Privacy ExpectationsJessica Staddon, Andrew Swerdlow6th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security (HotSec '11), USENIX (2011)Rootkits in your web applicationArtur Janc28C3: Chaos Communications Congress, Berlin, Germany (2011)Security Challenges During VLSI TestKurt RosenfeldProceedings of 2011 IEEE NEWCAS Conference, IEEESecurity-Aware SoC Test Access MechanismsKurt RosenfeldProceedings of the 2011 IEEE VLSI Test SymposiumShellOS: Enabling fast detection and forensic analysis of code injection attacksKevin Snow, Srinivas Krishnan, Fabian Monrose, Niels ProvosUSENIX Security Symposium (2011)Third International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems, ESSoS 2011Úlfar Erlingsson, Roel Wieringa, Nicola Zannone, editors.Springer Verlag, Berlin / HeidelbergTransparency and Choice: Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Online WorldAlma Whitten, Sean Harvey, Ian Fette, Betsy Masiello, Jochen Eisinger, Jane HorvathW3C Workshop on Web Tracking and User Privacy, W3C (2011), pp. 3Automata Evaluation and Text Search Protocols with Simulation Based SecurityCarmit Hazay, Rosario Gennaro, Jeffrey SorensenGoogle, Inc. (2010)Dagstuhl Seminar 09141: Web Application Security (Abstracts collection)Dan Boneh, Úlfar Erlingsson, Martin Johns, Benjamin LivshitsDagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Germany, Dagstuhl, Germany (2010)Drac: An Architecture for Anonymous Low-Volume CommunicationsGeorge Danezis, Claudia Diaz, Carmela Troncosco, Ben LauriePETS 2010 (to appear)Engineering Privacy in an Age of Information AbundanceBetsy Masiello, Alma WhittenIntelligent Privacy Management Symposium (2010)Group Message AuthenticationBartosz Przydatek, Douglas WikströmSecurity and Cryptography for Networks, SCN 2010, Springer Verlag, pp. 399-417Improving users' security choices on home wireless networksJustin T. Ho, David Dearman, Khai N. TruongProceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2010), 12:1-12:12Large-Scale Automatic Classification of Phishing PagesColin Whittaker, Brian Ryner, Marria NazifNDSS '10 (2010)Making Privacy a Fundamental Component of Web ResourcesThomas Duebendorfer, Christoph Renner, Tyrone Grandison, Michael Maximilien, Mark WeitzelW3C Workshop on Privacy for Advanced Web APIs, W3C (2010), pp. 5Practical Privacy Concerns in a Real World BrowserIan Fette, Jochen EisingerW3C Workshop on Privacy for Advanced Web APIs, W3C (2010), pp. 4Protecting Browsers from Extension VulnerabilitiesAdam Barth, Adrienne Porter Felt, Prateek Saxena, Aaron BoodmanNetwork and Distributed System Security Symposium (2010)PseudoID: Enhancing Privacy in Federated LoginArkajit Dey, Stephen WeisHot Topics in Privacy Enhancing Technologies (2010), pp. 95-107Public-Key Encryption in the Bounded-Retrieval ModelJoel Alwen, Yevgeniy Dodis, Moni Naor, Gil Segev, Shabsi Walfish, Daniel WichsAdvances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2010, 29th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, French Riviera, May 30 - June 3, 2010. Proceedings, Springer, pp. 113-134Technology Companies are Best Positioned to Offer Health Record TrustsShirley Gaw, Umesh ShankarHealthSec '10 Position Paper (2010)The Nocebo Effect on the Web: An Analysis of Fake Anti-Virus DistributionMoheeb Abu Rajab, Lucas Ballard, Panayiotis Marvrommatis, Niels Provos, Xin ZhaoLarge-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats, USENIX (2010)Trustworthy Hardware: Identifying and Classifying Hardware TrojansKurt RosenfeldIEEE Design and Test of Computers (2010), pp. 39-46Universally optimal privacy mechanisms for minimax agentsMangesh Gupte, Mukund SundararajanProc. ACM SIGMOD, ACM, Indianapolis, Indiana (2010), pp. 135-146Using the Wave Protocol to Represent Individuals’ Health RecordsShirley Gaw, Umesh ShankarHealthSec '10 Position Paper (2010)Web Application ObfuscationEduardo Alberto Vela NavaSyngress (2010), pp. 282A New Randomness Extraction Paradigm for Hybrid EncryptionEike Kiltz, Krzysztof Pietrzak, Martijn Stam, Moti YungEUROCRYPT '09: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Advances in Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 590-609A Unified Framework for the Analysis of Side-Channel Key Recovery AttacksFrançois-Xavier Standaert, Tal G. Malkin, Moti YungEUROCRYPT '09: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Advances in Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 443-461Balancing Usability and Security in a Video CAPTCHAKurt Alfred Kluever, Richard ZanibbiProceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS '09), ACM Press (2009)Browser Security: Lessons from Google ChromeCharles Reis, Adam Barth, Carlos PizanoACM Queue, vol. 7, no. 5 (2009), pp. 3Capacity of Steganographic ChannelsJeremiah Harmsen, William PearlmanIEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 55 (2009), pp. 1775-1792Composability and On-Line Deniability of AuthenticationYevgeniy Dodis, Jonathan Katz, Adam Smith, Shabsi WalfishSpringer, pp. 146-162Constructing Variable-Length PRPs and SPRPs from Fixed-Length PRPsDebra L. Cook, Moti Yung, Angelos KeromytisInformation Security and Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 157-180E Unum Pluribus - Google Network Filtering ManagementPaul (Tony) Watson, Peter MoodyLISA'09 23rd Large Installation System Administration Conference (2009)Efficient Robust Private Set IntersectionDana Dachman-Soled, Tal Malkin, Mariana Raykova, Moti YungACNS '09: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 125-142Efficient Traceable Signatures in the Standard ModelBenoît Libert, Moti YungPairing '09: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference Palo Alto on Pairing-Based Cryptography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 187-205Efficient and secure authenticated key exchange using weak passwordsJonathan Katz, Rafail Ostrovsky, Moti YungJ. ACM, vol. 57 (2009), pp. 1-39Elastic block ciphers: method, security and instantiationsDebra L. Cook, Moti Yung, Angelos D. KeromytisInt. J. Inf. Secur., vol. 8 (2009), pp. 211-231Expecting the Unexpected: Towards Robust Credential InfrastructureShouhuai Xu, Moti YungFinancial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 201-221Firefox (In)Security Update Dynamics ExposedStefan Frei, Thomas Duebendorfer, Bernhard PlattnerACM Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 39 Issue 1 (2009), pp. 16-22Generative usability: security and user centered design beyond the applianceLuke Church, Alma WhittenNew Security Paradigms Workshop (2009)Key Evolution Systems in Untrusted Update EnvironmentsBenoît Libert, Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Moti YungInformation Security and Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 12-21MAC ReforgeabilityJohn Black, Martin CochranFast Software Encryption, Springer (2009), pp. 345-362On the Portability of Generalized Schnorr ProofsJan Camenisch, Aggelos Kiayias, Moti YungEUROCRYPT '09: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Advances in Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 425-442Plinko: polling with a physical implementation of a noisy channelChris Alexander, Joel Reardon, Ian GoldbergWPES '09: Proceedings of the 8th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2009), pp. 109-112Privacy-Preserving Information Markets for Computing Statistical DataAggelos Kiayias, Bülent Yener, Moti YungFinancial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 32-50Privacy-preserving indexing of documents on the networkMayank Bawa, Roberto J. Bayardo, Rakesh Agrawal, Jaideep VaidyaThe VLDB Journal, vol. 18 (2009), pp. 837-856Redirects to login pages are bad, or are they?Eric SachsSOUPS '09: Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2009), pp. 1-1Secure EPC Gen2 Compliant Radio Frequency IdentificationMike Burmester, Breno Medeiros, Jorge Munilla, Alberto PeinadoADHOC-NOW '09: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ad-Hoc, Mobile and Wireless Networks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 227-240Secure Function Collection with Sublinear StorageMaged H. Ibrahim, Aggelos Kiayias, Moti Yung, Hong-Sheng ZhouICALP '09: Proceedings of the 36th Internatilonal Collogquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009), pp. 534-545The Goals and Challenges of Click Fraud Penetration Testing SystemsCarmelo Kintana, David Turner, Jia-Yu Pan, Ahmed Metwally, Neil Daswani, Erika Chin, Andrew BortzInternational Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (2009)The Kurosawa-Desmedt key encapsulation is not chosen-ciphertext secureSeung Geol Choi, Javier Herranz, Dennis Hofheinz, Jung Yeon Hwang, Eike Kiltz, Dong Hoon Lee, Moti YungInf. Process. Lett., vol. 109 (2009), pp. 897-901Why Silent Updates Boost SecurityThomas Duebendorfer, Stefan FreiETH Zurich (2009), pp. 1-9xBook: Redesigning Privacy Control in Social Networking PlatformsKapil Singh, Sumeer Bhola, Wenke Lee18th Usenix Security Symposium, Usenix (2009)(Under)mining Privacy in Social NetworksMonica Chew, Dirk Balfanz, Ben LaurieW2SP 2008: Web 2.0 Security and Privacy 2008A block cipher based pseudo random number generator secure against side-channel key recoveryChristophe Petit, François-Xavier Standaert, Olivier Pereira, Tal G. Malkin, Moti YungASIACCS '08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 56-65Access ControlBen LaurieGoogle, Inc. (2008)All Your iFrames Point to UsNiels Provos, Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Moheeb Rajab, Fabian Monrose17th USENIX Security Symposium (2008)Anonymous RFID authentication supporting constant cost key lookup against active adversariesM. Burmester, B. De Medeiros, R. MottaInt. J. Appl. Cryptol., vol. 1 (2008), pp. 79-90Asynchronous Multi-Party Computation with Quadratic CommunicationMartin Hirt, Jesper Buus Nielsen, Bartosz PrzydatekInternational Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, ICALP 2008, Springer Verlag, pp. 473-485Choose the Red Pill and the Blue PillBen Laurie, Abe SingerNew Security Paradigms Workshop 2008Competition and Fraud in Online Advertising MarketsBob Mungamuru, Stephen A. WeisFinancial Cryptography (2008)Corrupted DNS Resolution Paths: The Rise of a Malicious Resolution AuthorityDavid Dagon, Chris Lee, Wenke Lee, Niels ProvosProc. 15th Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), Internet Society, San Diego, CA (2008)Distributed divide-and-conquer techniques for effective DDoS attack defensesMuthuprasanna Muthusrinivasan, Manimaran GovindarasuIEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) (2008)Does Physical Security of Cryptographic Devices Need a Formal Study? (Invited Talk)François-Xavier Standaert, Tal G. Malkin, Moti YungICITS '08: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Information Theoretic Security, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008), pp. 70-70Efficient Constructions of Composable Commitments and Zero-Knowledge ProofsYevgeniy Dodis, Victor Shoup, Shabsi WalfishProceedings of Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2008, 28th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 17-21, 2008, pp. 515-535Error-Tolerant Combiners for Oblivious PrimitivesBartosz Przydatek, Jürg WullschlegerInternational Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, ICALP 2008, Springer Verlag, pp. 461-472Fair Traceable Multi-Group SignaturesVicente Benjumea, Seung Geol Choi, Javier Lopez, Moti YungFinancial Cryptography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008), pp. 231-246Ghost Turns Zombie: Exploring the Life Cycle of Web-based MalwareMichalis Polychronakis, Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Niels ProvosProceedings of the 1st USENIX Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats (LEET) (2008)Insecure Context Switching: Innoculating regular expressions for survivabilityWill Drewry, Tavis Ormandy2nd USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT '08) (2008)Methods for Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis of Elastic Block CiphersDebra L. Cook, Moti Yung, Angelos D. 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IP Address Management (IPAM)Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) WHITE PAPER © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 2 Introduction Network complexity grows as the result of organic expansion and network-intensive initiatives such as virtualization, cloud adoption, and bring your own device (BYOD). These factors increase the need for accurate and dynamic IP address management (IPAM). IPAM discovers IP addresses on a network, deploys new addresses, keeps accurate records, enables address planning, and monitors IP address usage from a central interface. An IP address is the single, unique identifier for physical and virtual objects on the network. Ranges of IP addresses define the networks themselves. Infoblox takes IP address management to a new level by providing information that gives IT departments and organizations integrated management of network resources while advancing the concept of IP resource management. This paper reviews the layers of information that can be built by the Infoblox IPAM solution, explains the optimal methods for adding detail, and tells how these levels of detail form a single pane of glass for viewing the network and its virtually and physically attached devices, and how it can be leveraged to support mission-critical tasks. IPAM Today Today’s need for IPAM begins with IP address discovery, tracking, and allocation. As networks grow, keeping track of multiple types of data pertaining to devices on the network adds complexity. IT vendors are creating new tools to help track network devices, but the information is often not centralized, eroding confidence in the data’s accuracy and timeliness. In some cases, the data is growing more disparate and out of sync among each “ecosystem” of information, with little or no sharing between groups, making the overall picture murky. The single greatest challenge today in IP address management is to centrally track and maintain a near-real-time view of all the adds, moves, and changes occurring on the network. Every time a virtual machine is provisioned, or a tablet leaves the wireless network, the IP address landscape changes and the IPAM database needs to be up to date. What Is Needed Creating a central repository of all the information on networks, IP addresses and hosts alike, is critical to maintaining control of the network. The challenge with traditional tools is that there is a different one for each category of devices: one system to track virtual machines, one system to track wireless users, one system to track Windows servers, one system to track Linux machines, etc. Today’s organization needs a single repository where all the data relevant to networks, hosts, servers, dynamic clients, and virtual environments can be tracked and synchronized. The ability to search across all this information will enable network teams to quickly track changing network landscapes and rapidly troubleshoot issues as they arise. In addition, business data related to a network resource helps bind together the logical network construct and the reality of IT resources. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 3 Deriving the Complete Picture When considering IP address assignments, network administrators are not only interested in the utilization of the IP address space, but in the type of resource each IP address is assigned to. The IP address itself is irrelevant to the organization: the resources and services associated with that address are what matter. Using Infoblox, IPAM administrators are able to see all the pertinent meta-information related to the network resource such as hostname, device type, physical location, etc. When the same capability is applied across the organization, others gain access to service information related to the resources that are germane to their job functions. For example: Server Team • Device type • Device name • Hardware • OS • Software or services installed • Function • Security profile Network Team • IP address • Network, gateway, and netmask • Network name • VLAN • Switch port and interface • Interface speed and duplex Operations or Facilities • Hardware components • Licensing status • Support information • Maintenance contract and renewal dates • Owner or contact information • Depreciation lifecycle • Ticketing or approval information • Operational status (production, testing, development, backup, etc.) • Last seen on network A centralized, authoritative database of resources clearly defined by metadata constitutes a huge leap forward in managing the network and in managing the business of network resources. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 4 Bringing the Data Together By leveraging its database along with Extensible Attributes, Infoblox ties together the various data associated with devices, networks, and services in one clear and easy-to-manage interface. Taking IPAM past the level of just IP addressing allows users to associate information to all objects in the Infoblox database and allow administrators to search, sort, and export based on any data mapped to those objects. For example, a search for everything that has the Extensible Attribute “City” equal to “Denver,” gives back all DNS entries, fixed addresses, and even network administrators, architects, and engineers that have this attribute. By allowing all-inclusive mapping of information, Infoblox accelerates inventory and troubleshooting tasks and allows organizations to map data in a way that is specific to their organizational structure, needs, and requirements. Data is brought into the Infoblox solution through the import of protocol data such as DNS and DHCP, but can also be imported from spreadsheets and other ad hoc mechanisms maintained throughout an organization. Functions such as Infoblox DHCP Fingerprinting enrich the data captured for hosts and clients connected to the network. Once this data is ingested and mapped to the attribute structure, additional discovery tasks can be configured to validate the data and keep it up to date, keeping administrators current with the highly dynamic network landscape. Protocol Data Much of the basic IPAM information is provided by the protocol data in the form of DNS and DHCP entries. Administrators do not have to start from scratch. DNS and DHCP data provides a good portion of the IP address landscape. Having integrated access to protocol data reduces the legwork of maintaining an IPAM database as DNS and DHCP entries are updated. As the server team provisions a new server, and in the process create a DNS entry for it, or as the network team creates a new network serving DHCP, that data is also captured in the IP address database. Because IP address and names are the most searched and tracked information about hosts connected to the network, this is the best starting place to bring objects into the database. DHCP Fingerprinting for Richer IP Data Analysis of the DHCP information gathered from DHCP helps characterize the dynamic hosts on your network. By analyzing the data provided by the client, Infoblox can identify and label clients based on common criteria. When a client sends a DHCP discovery or request packet, Infoblox processes the request and can “fingerprint” the type of client making the request. This becomes an important part of the overall information tracked related to the hosts on the network and provides a means to enforce access policies at the edge of the network. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 5 Below is the process in which Infoblox takes information included in client DHCP discovery and request messages and adds it to the IPAM view. DHCP Fingerprinting also provides a mechanism to detect and track changes to fingerprints, allowing it to detect MAC spoofing in the network. One common way to gain unauthorized access to a network is to find an existing client on that network and spoof its MAC address. By tracking DHCP fingerprinting and MAC address pairs, the system can determine if the associated fingerprint has changed. The storage of MAC address and fingerprint pairs prevents access to potentially malicious behavior on a network. DHCPDISCOVER DHCPOFFER DHCPOFFER Option Sequence 1,15, 3, 6, 44, 46, 47, 31, 33, 121, 249, 43 DHCPDISCOVER Option Sequence 1, 3, 6, 15, 119, 78, 79, 95, 252 Figure 1. Device fingerprinting for enforcing network-access policy Figure 2. DHCP-fingerprint/MAC-address pairs that have had changes should be treated as risks and investigated. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 6 Network administrators can easily see what devices are attached to their network using an Infoblox dashboard widget. The Infoblox dashboard widget gives the administrator a quick view of network elements germane to their tasks. Granular role-based administration lets administrators define which widgets they see when logging into the system, and be proactive with their first cup of coffee Extensible Attributes Extensible Attributes are categories of information or metadata related to the objects in the Infoblox solution. Infoblox supports the addition and maintenance of Extensible Attributes to allow merging of information about hosts from different groups in an organization. Infoblox goes past traditional IPcentric IPAM and these attributes can, at the discretion of the user, be applied to any type of object in the architecture. Figure 3. DHCP-fingerprint data is aggregated and presented through a simple dashboard widget. Figure 4. Two Extensible Attributes being applied to the network 192.168.1.0/24: VLAN is 144 and City is San Francisco, CA © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 7 As shown in Figure 4, the values for Extensible Attributes can be in drop-down lists for users, or could be in any of the pre-defined data formats such as date, email address, number (integer), or a free-form text string. Each Extensible Attribute can be configured to be required, recommended, or not required for any object type. For example, the attribute “VLAN” can be set up as a required field whenever an IPv4 network is being added, because without specifying the required VLAN information, administrators will not be able to save the IPv4 network. Extensible Attribute Inheritance Another way Infoblox allows for the quick application of Extensible Attributes is through the concept of inheritance. When an IPAM object such as a network is created, users can opt to have objects within that object inherit these attributes, thus allowing application of the attributes to all child objects at one time and ensuring that parent and child objects get the same attributes. If a network is in the “City” of “Denver,” users don’t have to manually add that attribute to every DHCP range, fixed address, or host object in that network. Smart Folders Smart Folders are a powerful way to organize and categorize information collected on the Infoblox Grid™. IPAM information can be organized based on the built-in values or Extensible Attributes. It is not necessary to use Extensible Attributes in order to use Smart Folders, although having them greatly enhances the Smart Folder experience. Using Smart Folders is similar to creating play lists based on meta-info of your music library, such as “80’s Movie Sound Tracks.” For example, a network administrator can create Smart Folders based on the location of the networks, and then under each city, organize by the network usage. Screenshots in Figure 6 show different views of the same data set. Figure 5. Inheritance of Extensible Attributes Figure 6. Smart Folder examples using Extensible Attributes © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 8 CSV Import While protocol data and device-fingerprint data are automatically captured by Infoblox DNS and DHCP services, other groups inside organizations also maintain a variety of information about the devices connected to the network. All of the data related to network devices can be brought into Infoblox to create a single, authoritative source of information. The Infoblox CSV import tool can be used to migrate and import this data to give a complete picture of network entities. CSV import can bring in additional information for new and existing hosts. Adding Network Discovery Data Protocol data and CSV imports alone may not cover all the needs of an organization’s IPAM implementation. There are hosts outside of the realm of DNS and DHCP that are difficult to identify, and there is valuable attribute information beyond that which is provided by protocol data. Infoblox provides additional discovery methods, including network discovery and virtual machine (VM) discovery in the core DDI solution; however, in a best practice for IPAM scenario, Infoblox expands discovery data with Infoblox Network Insight. The discovery performed by Network Insight is very efficient, customizable on a very granular basis regarding what is discovered when and is integrated into existing workflows in DDI to make it efficient. Network Insight discovers missing hosts, detects address assignment conflicts, provides additional information about the existing entries in the IPAM database, and equally important, provides information on network assets not reflected in the IPAM database. Enhanced IPAM with Infoblox Network Insight You can deliver more efficient workflows using a single source of network infrastructure and IPAM data. Infoblox Network Insight enhances Infoblox IPAM by integrating infrastructure device data with IP address management. The collection and correlation of this data provides exceptional visibility, helping network administrators gather information, analyze it, and then take the appropriate action to: Figure 7. A network admin adds comments for networks for additional clarity. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 9 • Reduce mean time to repair (MTTR) • Exclude the network as a root cause • Validate designs • Identify errors • Improve operational efficiencies through seamless workflows for device and IP address • Reduce security and service interruption risk • Detect rogue devices • Bring unmanaged networks and devices back to a managed state within the IPAM database Network Insight resides on physical or virtual appliances that are Infoblox Grid members, making them part of a unified system with a single point of management, common updates, built-in security, and resiliency. Integrated Discovery Data The integration of Network Insight into DDI makes discovery part of the administrator’s standard workflow. Discovery is active and connectivity-aware. For example, Infoblox uses its awareness default gateways to seed the discovery process and help it run efficiently. Different discovery techniques are necessary to discover all devices and related information. Infoblox Network Insight uses multiple ways to discover what is on the network and uses these methods in efficient ways. Network scanning is a common method and uses technologies such as ping to sweep the network for connected devices. Infoblox uses ping to perform network scanning, but it can also use more efficient and predictable tools such as SNMP- based discovery with layer-2 and layer-3 devices. These are less-intrusive methods, work better with large address space like IPv6, and can still be leveraged if a system has a local firewall that prevents scanning. This method leverages the information that routers and switches already possess about connected devices to bolster IPAM data. This unique, layered approach and the integration of device data provides deeper and richer data that is especially valuable to network administrators in a Microsoft Windows environment. Figure 8. Infrastructure devices within the Acme network Figure 9. Drill-down into discovered device data © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 10 Infoblox DDI Automates Network Services for the Cloud Infoblox provides the industry’s widest range of supported platforms for managing DNS, DHCP, and IP address integration with private cloud platforms. Private clouds gained traction because they enable agile and scalable delivery of IT services. To fully exploit the advantages of private clouds, organizations must quickly add and remove applications and services, shifting workloads across sites, running workloads in multi-tenant architectures, and making the underlying networks resilient to failures. While many of these processes are automated today from a server and storage perspective, network services are still largely managed manually, complicating and impeding private cloud operations. Infoblox DDI automates network services for private-cloud deployments by providing network services without needless delay. Virtual machines (VMs) can be provisioned with IP addresses and DNS records in minutes, instead of the hours or days that manual processes can require. These IP addresses can be recovered and reused, and DNS records cleaned up automatically when VMs are retired. Infoblox DDI integrates with these seven cloud platforms, orchestrators, and products: • VMware: vCenter Orchestrator, vCloud Suite, and vRealize Automation (vRA) • Microsoft: System Center Orchestrator and Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) • HP: Operations Orchestration and Cloud Service Automation (CSA) • Cisco: Cisco Intelligent Automation for Cloud (CIAC) • BMC: Atrium Orchestrator and Cloud Lifecycle Manager • CA: CA Process Automation and Auto Suite for Cloud (ASC) • ElasticBox: ElasticBox Enterprise Edition Visibility, Control, and Centralized Management The Infoblox IPAM solution delivers centralized and unified IP address management of physical, virtual, and cloud environments. High availability ensures datacenter survivability and improves uptime. It also lowers operating costs and allows IT organizations to do more with less. The Infoblox solution is delivered through a single pane of glass for visibility across multiple datacenters, so network administrators can keep track of VMs in each datacenter, identify problems easily, and reduce MTTR. It also provides classification of VMs using metadata, which enables better tracking of resources and improves overall datacenter efficiency. Because Infoblox IPAM is part of the Infoblox Grid, it is highly available, reliable, and scalable; the data related to Infoblox integration is stored in the Grid, providing unmatched reliability by eliminating single points of failure. Leveraging a Complete Picture Having the complete picture of network assets lets administrators quickly and easily identify resources and answer questions on location, ownership, or whatever is important to the organization. In a graphical or list view, administrators manage these resources and can easily re-assign any attributes associated with the objects. The complete picture is much more than just IP and name: it incorporates information from virtually all organizations. By combining this disparate information, Infoblox IPAM delivers the true “complete picture.” In Figure 10, operations information and network information are applied to the same hosts. Users can look for expiring maintenance, specific device type, and manufacturer and model information. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 11 Having all data in a single place gives every team in the organization easy access to information. All a user have to do is enter a phrase or a description, and the IPAM system will find everything that matches the search terms. For example, a user can enter “San” in Global Search, and it will search in every available field and show everything that it finds, be it the location of a network, or a part of a hostname, a comment, or a user name. By using Smart Folders leveraging the IPAM information, organizations can proactively find issues. For example, users can organize networks by VLAN number and usage, and use Smart Folders to visually organize them to quickly check compliance with policies such as: “All voice networks should be using VLAN 200 plus the 3rd octet of the IP” (Network 10.45.57.0 would be 200+57=257.). Figure 11 shows that one of the wireless networks in Denver is not using this company standard for VLAN assignment. Smart Folders can also leverage IPAM information to reduce troubleshooting times. For example, a user calls the help desk to say that she’s having problems connecting to the wireless network in Denver, Colorado. The help desk staff can open Smart Folders, use the Organization to quickly see the wireless network allocated for Denver, CO is 192.168.4.0/23—click to expand the IPAM Figure 10. Integrated device data in the IPAM list view Figure 11. VLAN data with an error in naming the VLAN 10.45.51.0/24 © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 12 view, and see whether or not DHCP ranges are full, or how many active DHCP leases are out. The help desk can also switch from this view to syslog quickly to see if there are error messages from the DHCP server, or to see if the user did receive a DHCP lease, but is getting an IP conflict because another device has taken that IP address without authorization. This can also be remediated in the same place by resolving this conflict within Infoblox IPAM. Users and Maintenance Infoblox provides granular role-based administration at the object level, letting administrators give just the access needed so users can manage the information relevant to them. Giving users access not to zones and networks but just to specific object types allows work to be distributed to teams with oversight by more senior and core administrators. And as a central point of IPAM, administrators can safely allow read access to those groups and individuals that need quick access to information about the assets on the network, such as help-desk and support engineers. With authentication and authorization options for leveraging existing Active Directory, LDAP, RADIUS, TACACS, and OCSP, Infoblox IPAM lets administrators leverage the existing user structure with a simplified interface to map users to role-based groups. By using IPAM information, administrators can also map the assets under their control to allow these groups to do the work they are tasked to do. By including Infoblox workflows, access can be granted to those users who are responsible for day-to-day changes while allocating the responsibility for executing changes to senior staff. Creating an approver group allows users to manage their own data, freeing up key resources to Figure 12. Smart Folder data © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 13 focus on managing the network. Approvers will receive email alerts when changes are submitted and can approve changes in compliance with relevant policies. Using the previous example, tying group permissions to IPAM makes it possible to create a group with write access (RW) to the Denver Wireless IPv4 Networks and read-only access (RO) to everything else. The Infoblox Advantage The Infoblox database allows for searching managed and grouped objects across all of the data and information that has been imported. By creating a single store for all the information about the network connected hosts, Infoblox provides unprecedented ease of management. Many IPAM solutions are IP-centric, but Infoblox has taken IPAM much further. Admins don’t always know the IP addresses of the assets they are looking for, and Infoblox allows users to identify assets regardless of which information is used to start the search. Infoblox IPAM can import or integrate with the managed information from other solutions. If a spreadsheet is used to keep track of the point-of-sales devices that are deployed, Infoblox can import the data from the spreadsheet and preserve all data fields (converted to Extensible Attributes). If proprietary ERP software is used in the organization, admins can leverage the Figure 13. Selecting an object to apply group permissions © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 14 Infoblox API to update the IPAM database when a new item is added that changes the IP address landscape. This is a good example of how a single pane of glass is utilized for all types of information about networks and clients. Maintaining accuracy is central to a truly effective IPAM solution. With discovery functions that can monitor the network, VM-specific discovery, and Network Insight, users can be assured that the information in the Infoblox IPAM solution is up to date and accurate. Improving Day-to-day Operations Having an accurate and complete IPAM solution is one thing, but Infoblox has created a system designed for ease of use in both day-to-day tasks as well as troubleshooting. With a constant focus on security and usability, users will leverage IPAM information in a variety of ways to increase productivity while decreasing troubleshooting and support times. Data Consistency Infoblox can enforce policies on the data-entry process to ensure that as the organization grows, its IPAM data grows along with it. For example, whenever a DNS entry is being made, Infoblox can require users to provide a ticket number, email the administrative contact, and await approval from another group. Infoblox can also require that whenever an IPv6 network is being added, that users must provide information about its physical location, city of deployment, network usage, etc. To minimize user entry errors, Infoblox allows the extensible attributes to be configured as drop-down lists rather than free-form text. These enforcement policies will ensure IPAM data maintains consistent quality. Identifying and Resolving Conflicts Infoblox IPAM not only allocates and tracks resources, but can be configured to actively validate its own accuracy against live data on the network to identify conflicts between what is allocated and what is deployed. Infoblox can identify conflicts through network discovery, protocol data, VM discovery, or other methods. For example, an administrator may allocate three IP addresses to the Windows server team, but through various discovery methods, the administrator might see that the server team has only used two of the allocated IP addresses and took a third IP address that was not allocated to them. Another example is unauthorized use of network address space. As we saw in the Network Discovery section of this document, administrators can identify IP addresses that are currently in use but were never allocated or authorized. This could be due to misconfiguration on the server, but more importantly it could lead to network conflicts later. Infoblox IPAM helps identify and resolve these allocation conflicts. Troubleshooting Infoblox provides physical connectivity information through Network Insight, dramatically reducing troubleshooting time. Too often, the network connectivity information is out of date or was not kept in the first place. Network administrators may need to rely on comments in configuration files if they exist, or worse, resort to manually tracing the connection whenever an issue arises. Infoblox IPAM not only provides connectivity level information, but also other metadata that helps administrators quickly determine the nature of the problem. For example, if someone reports an IP address is generating excess network traffic, an admin can search Infoblox IPAM for the IP address and discover the switch port it is connected to, the VLAN it is on and meta-information such as that it is running embedded Windows XP, is located in Las Vegas, and is a cash register in a test environment owned by R&D. © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 15 Additional Examples Suppose a trouble ticket is opened indicating that all Canon Model “XYZ” printers are exposed to a virus and need to be patched. In a global organization that could involve talking to four or five groups to identify where these printers are deployed and if they are still in use. With Infoblox IPAM, making a simple global search of all objects where “Manufacturer” is “Canon” and “Model” is “XYZ” returns the location and owners of the devices, enabling admins to quickly get patches on the printers. Future Planning Enabled with the Solution IP Space Visualization The Infoblox map view provides quick visualization of how network allocations are being handled. With the setting of thresholds users can be alerted when DHCP ranges reach pre-set levels, allowing proactive remediation of IP allocation needs. IP Network Visualization Infoblox NetMap allows you to visualize the network you have allocated and easily find room for new networks when needed. The GUI tool allows for selecting regions and allocating right from the network map. With tools to zoom and select and color codes to show utilization, Infoblox provides unprecedented ease of network allocation. Figure 14. IPAM network map Figure 15. NetMap for viewing overall address space allocation © Infoblox, Inc. All rights reserved. WP-0205-01 1705 - Best Practices for Successful IP Address Management (IPAM) 16 Summary Infoblox provides a significant advantage for IPAM that goes beyond allocating space and assigning addresses. Infoblox IPAM manages all IP network resources and provides the means to centralize information with tools to leverage knowledge, creating efficient IT teams. Infoblox IPAM build an authoritative database of actionable information by gathering network data from protocol services, by importing data, and through network discovery and user-provided metadata. Utilizing Smart Folders, the Infoblox solution ensures the right data is quickly and easily accessed in support of adds, moves, and changes as well as troubleshooting. The solution supports the automation of virtual environments, the creation of auditable work flows, and granular, role-based administration in order to drive collaboration across IT and support teams. About Infoblox Infoblox delivers Actionable Network Intelligence to enterprises, government agencies, and service providers around the world. As the industry leader in DNS, DHCP, and IP address management (DDI), Infoblox provides control and security from the core—empowering thousands of organizations to increase efficiency and visibility, reduce risk, and improve customer experience.#copied

The climate has not changed appreciably since the 1960s. Where I lived it was “hot as hell” in the summer and cold in the winter. There were lots of storms and tornadoes. In some summers, there were droughts that caused loss of crops. In others, there were rainstorms for days with resultant floods. Some winters had lots of snow; others not so much.The main difference was that the climate news was all about possible imminent catastrophic global cooling, more so as the 70s came about.Now you have probably heard from current-day catastrophic anthropogenic global warming alarmists that there was no big concern about global cooling in the 70s. But that claim comes from either outright mendacity or from ignorance of the facts. They obviously do not want us to know about this failed prediction (or maybe it was also a scam to have money directed to climate scientists). It would tend to discredit their current alarm about future catastrophic warming.To this end, alarmists have tried to eliminate all references to the global cooling scare of the 70s. But factual information can still be found with a diligent search. As even the CIA stated: there is “growing consensus among leading climatologists that the world is undergoing a global cooling trend”, which “could have an enmormous impact, not only on the food-population balance, but also on the world balance of power.” (see below).Despite the fallacious claims by AGW alarmists, there was, indeed, a fake catastrophic global cooling scare in the 1970s. Furthermore, it was created by some of the same climate scientists who now are pushing CAGW. Here is just one paper from two eminent climate scientists (S.I. Rasool and Stephen Schneider from NCAR and Stanford) who predicted severe global cooling in the 1970s but switched to the global warming scare in the 1980s and 1990s. They both believed that increasing aerosol pollution was causing the reported global cooling which began after WWII, and that, if it continued, it might lead to an ICE AGE!Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate Rasool, S. I.; Schneider, S. H. Publication: Science, Volume 173, Issue 3992, pp. 138-141 Pub Date: July 1971 DOI: 10.1126/science.173.3992.138 Bibcode: 1971Sci...173..138RAbstract: Effects on the global temperature of large increases in carbon dioxide and aerosol densities in the atmosphere of Earth have been computed. It is found that, although the addition of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does increase the surface temperature, the rate of temperature increase diminishes with increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For aerosols, however, the net effect of increase in density is to reduce the surface temperature of Earth. Because of the exponential dependence of the backscattering, the rate of temperature decrease is augmented with increasing aerosol content. An increase by only a factor of 4 in global aerosol background concentration may be sufficient to reduce the surface temperature by as much as 3.5 degrees K. If sustained over a period of several years, such a temperature decrease over the whole globe is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age.Let’s look at that again, shall we?: “If sustained over a period of several years, such a temperature decrease over the whole globe is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age.”There is no question whatsoever that both Rasool and Schneider, top climate scientists, were both seriously concerned about imminent global cooling and a possible new ice age.This 1976 book about imminent catastrophic global cooling stated: “Our climate has swung wildly from severe warming during the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s to severe cooling during the 1960s. . . . The cooling is a fact.” - p. 31; “This cooling has already killed hundreds of thousands of people. If it continues and no strong action is taken, it will cause world famine, world chaos and world war, and this could all come about before the year 2000.” —Page xv The Cooling: Has the Next Ice Age Already Begun? Can We Survive It? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976 by Lowell Ponte )And here is what Dr. Schneider wrote about this book for its back cover:“This well-written book points out in clear language that the climatic threat could be as awesome as any we might face, and that massive world-wide actions to hedge against that threat deserve immediate consideration.” - Stephen Schneider, endorsing: The Cooling: Has the Next Ice Age Already Begun? His quote sounds exactly like what alarmists are now saying about impending CAGW: catastrophe requiring immediate world-wide actions!Along with most of the other “global cooling alarmists”, Schneider later became a vigorous global warming alarmist and made a revealing quote about using scientific dishonesty: "…we need to get some broadbased support, to capture the public's imagination. That, of course, entails getting loads of media coverage. So we have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have. This 'double ethical bind' we frequently find ourselves in cannot be solved by any formula. Each of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honest. I hope that means being both.” - Dr. Stephen Schneider, Stanford Professor of Climatology, lead author of many IPCC reports (Quoted in Discover, pp. 45–48, October 1989.)Dr. Schneider’s also made this prediction in 1974 about imminent global cooling causing “food shortages and death by starvation for millions”:Somehow it doesn’t appear he had the right balance between “being effective and being honest”!And here is a journal article written by one of Schneider’s colleagues at NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research), Walter Roberts, astronomer and atmospheric physicist: A New World Climate Norm? Climate Change and its Effect on World Food- Walter Orr Roberts, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, and National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado:“In February of 1972 earth-orbiting artificial satellites revealed the existence of a greatly increased area of the snow and ice cover of the north polar cap as compared to all previous years of space age observations. Some scientists believe that this may have presaged the onset of the dramatic climate anomalies of 1972 that brought far-reaching adversities to the world's peoples. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that the bad climate of 1972 maybe the forerunner of a long series of less favorable agricultural crop years that lie ahead for most world societies.“Thus widespread food shortages threaten just at the same time that world populations are growing to new highs. Indeed, less favorable climate may be the new global norm. The Earth may have entered a new ‘little ice age’. Perhaps this future period will not be so extreme as that around 1700 AD, but it seems likely, at least, to be a cooler period resembling the hemispheric climatic regimes of the period from 1880-1920.“ https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/16505796265.pdf (1974)A few more excerpts from his article discussing possible catastrophic global cooling:“If we are, indeed, experiencing a worsening of world climates it is, perhaps, equal in severity to any within the last millennium. The arguments for this view were developed by several of the climatologists who attended an international workshop on climate and its effects on human life convened in May 1974 in Bonn, Germany.““At this meeting Profs. H. Flohn of Germany, H.H. Lamb of the United Kingdom and Reid Bryson of the United States developed a highly persuasive demonstration that there has been a steady cooling of northern hemisphere temperatures during the last 30 years, with the strongest cooling at the higher latitudes. The average cooling has been only about 0.3°C, but this appears to be sufficient to cut about one week from the mid-latitude growing season, a highly significant matter agriculturally.“Even more important, however, such a cooling appears, these climatologists believe, to be accompanied by a more variable climate, with agriculturally adverse droughts, abnormally cold spells, heat waves, and other extremes becoming more common.” (The exact same weather extremes climate alarmists are now blaming on anthropogenic global warming! Getting the picture?)“The participants, from 11 countries, included climatologists, agricultural economists, geographers, lawyers, oceanographers, political scientists…Their unanimously adopted conclusions are sobering. They expect anomalies like 1972 to recur, and consider the world ill-equipped to deal with them…"The facts of present climate change are such that the most optimistic experts would assign near certainty to major crop failures within a decade. (i.e., by 1984!!!) If national and international policies do not take these near certain failures into account, they will result in mass deaths by starvation and probably in anarchy and violence that could exact a still more terrible toll.” https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/16505796265.pdf (1974)The above embarrassing 1974 report from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, was removed from its website [can’t have this evidence of a global cooling consensus around for skeptics to find] but is still listed at https://www.personal.psu.edu/lxv1/climate3.html and https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/16505796265.pdfThe results of the satellite survey mentioned in the above report was also recounted in the leftist newspaper, The Guardian (1974), which now constantly reports about the coming apocalypse of CO2-caused global warming:From a Windsor Star April 18, 1974 article (shown below), severe drought caused by the ongoing global cooling is expected to continue for 30 years, according to British climatologist Hubert Lamb. And American climatologist, Reid Bryson, attributes the drought to the fact that “heat reaching the earth from the sun has declined noticeably in the past 30 years. The cause could be the veil of dust pumped into the atmosphere by industry, or simply a cyclical change in the power of the sun itself.” He fears the current global cooling and drought will kill “a billion people”! As I recall, it didn’t:And note that they think decreased solar activity has caused the polar vortex to shift farther south, creating the cold and drought. Isn’t that the same polar vortex that CAGW alarmists recently told us global warming was causing to move farther south, creating the recent colder winters?? Strange how global warming and global cooling cause almost all of the same climatic extremes!Here’s another 1974 story from the reliable NYT about climatologists from Japan, Europe and the US warning about global cooling, prompting policy-makers at the National Academy of Sciences to propose the evacuation of 6 million people!!And here’s a report from the CIA summarizing the “growing consensus among leading climatologists that the world is undergoing a global cooling trend”, which “could have an enormous impact, not only on the food-population balance, but also on the world balance of power”:Also see: CIA 1974 National Security Threat : Global Cooling/Excess Arctic Ice Causing Extreme Weather and http://www.climatemonitor.it/wp-... and The CIA documents the global cooling research of the 1970’sHere’s a report and subsequent letter written to President Nixon in 1972 by two climate scientists and professors at the Brown University Department of Geological Sciences, Kukla and Matthews, about the National Science Foundation meeting held at Brown titled “When Will the Present Interglacial End?” and published in Science:In the paper, these scientists discuss recent global cooling, which could signal the beginning of the end of the current Interglacial:“The present global cooling, which reversed the warm trend of the 1940s, is still underway.”And they list some of the changes which had occurred, bolstering their concern, such as: “Pack ice around Iceland is once again becoming a serious hindrance to navigation.”Illustrating the seriousness of the scientific conclusion, two months after publication of the above report, the two scientists sent the letter shown below to President Nixon about the prediction of more global cooling causing insufficient food production and extreme weather events, leading to a possible ice age, which “42 top American and European investigators” reached at the NSF meeting (sounds like the beginning of a consensus as there were a lot fewer climate scientists in 1972):Nixon referred the letter to various administration officials and scientists for study and recommendations. Even the CIA and the military bought into the scare, and in 1973, DARPA initiated the formation of an ad hoc panel within the Interdepartmental Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (ICAS) to study this non-existent problem!:“This panel is hereby established to review the status of Federal awareness, understanding, preparation and research concerning the contingency of a transition from the present interglacial period to a new glacial period.”In 1975, a NOAA climatologist stated: “We can call the cooling trend ominous…if it continues long enough…”In June, 1974 Time Magazine published the following article based upon interviews with numerous climate scientists and a review of published journal papers:Another Ice Age?“…a growing number of scientists are beginning to suspect that many seemingly contradictory meteorological fluctuations are actually part of a global climatic upheaval. However widely the weather varies from place to place and time to time, when meteorologists take an average of temperatures around the globe they find that the atmosphere has been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades. The trend shows no indication of reversing. Climatological Cassandras are becoming increasingly apprehensive, for the weather aberrations they are studying may be the harbinger of another ice age.“Telltale signs are everywhere —from the unexpected persistence and thickness of pack ice in the waters around Iceland to the southward migration of a warmth-loving creature like the armadillo from the Midwest. Since the 1940s the mean global temperature has dropped about 2.7° F. Although that figure is at best an estimate, it is supported by other convincing data. When Climatologist George J. Kukla of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory and his wife Helena analyzed satellite weather data for the Northern Hemisphere, they found that the area of the ice and snow cover had suddenly increased by 12% in 1971 and the increase has persisted ever since. Areas of Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic, for example, were once totally free of any snow in summer; now they are covered year round.“Scientists have found other indications of global cooling. For one thing there has been a noticeable expansion of the great belt of dry, high-altitude polar winds —the so-called circumpolar vortex—that sweep from west to east around the top and bottom of the world. Indeed it is the widening of this cap of cold air that is the immediate cause of Africa's drought. By blocking moisture-bearing equatorial winds and preventing them from bringing rainfall to the parched sub-Sahara region, as well as other drought-ridden areas stretching all the way from Central America to the Middle East and India, the polar winds have in effect caused the Sahara and other deserts to reach farther to the south.“The changing weather is apparently connected with differences in the amount of energy that the earth's surface receives from the sun. Changes in the earth's tilt and distance from the sun could, for instance, significantly increase or decrease the amount of solar radiation falling on either hemisphere—thereby altering the earth's climate.“Man, too, may be somewhat responsible for the cooling trend. The University of Wisconsin's Reid A. Bryson and other climatologists suggest that dust and other particles released into the atmosphere as a result of farming and fuel burning may be blocking more and more sunlight from reaching and heating the surface of the earth.“Some scientists like Donald Oilman, chief of the National Weather Service's long-range-prediction group, think that the cooling trend may be only temporary.“Whatever the cause of the cooling trend, its effects could be extremely serious, if not catastrophic. Scientists figure that only a 1% decrease in the amount of sunlight hitting the earth's surface could tip the climatic balance, and cool the planet enough to send it sliding down the road to another ice age within only a few hundred years.“University of Toronto Climatologist Kenneth Hare, a former president of the Royal Meteorological Society, believes that the continuing drought and the recent failure of the Russian harvest gave the world a grim premonition of what might happen. Warns Hare: "I don't believe that the world's present population is sustainable if there are more than three years like 1972 in a row." -Time magazine, June 24,1974In 1978 the NYT published an article describing the results of an international team of climate scientists who confirmed that global cooling was still in progress, as outlined in a Dec, 1977 article in Nature shown here: New data on climatic trends GJ Kukla, JK Angell, J Korshover, H Dronia, M Hoshiai… - Nature, 1977 - Nature: Indicators of large-scale climate developments show that the oscillatory cooling observed in the past 30 yr in the Northern Hemisphere has not yet reversed. This conclusion was reached by updating our data on the month-to-month, season-to-season, and year-to-year variations of selected zonally averaged meteorological parameters.The NYT article provided this synopsis: International Team of Specialists Finds No End in Sight to 30‐Year Cooling Trend in Northern Hemisphere By Walter Sullivan Jan. 5, 1978:“An international team of specialists has concluded from eight indexes of climate that there is no end in sight to the cooling trend of the last 30 years, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. In some, but not all cases, the data extend through last winter. They include sea surface temperatures in the northcentral Pacific and north Atlantic, air temperatures at the surface and at various elevations as well as the extent of snow and ice cover at different seasons. In almost all cases it has been found that the year‐to‐year variations in climate are far more marked than the long‐term trend. The long‐term trend often becomes evident only when data from a number of years are displayed. The report, prepared by German, Japanese and American specialists, appears in the Dec. 15 issue of Nature, the British journal.“The findings indicate that from 1950 to 1975 the cooling, per decade, of most climate indexes in the Northern Hemisphere was from 0.1 to 0.2 degrees Celsius, roughly 0.2 to 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Data from the Southern Hemisphere, particularly south of latitude 30 south, are so meager that reliable conclusions are not possible, the report says. [This fact greatly discredits any report claiming GLOBAL temperature changes.]“The 30th parallel of south latitude passes through South Africa, Chile and southern Australia. The cooling trend seems to‐extend at least part way into the Southern Hemisphere…A general cooling is evident with ‘an intensive cooling episode’ from 1961 to 1964.“Generally similar trends are evident in temperatures of the lower 18,000 feet of the atmosphere as charted by Dr. Horst Dronia of the Weather Office in Hannover, West Germany…A decrease, for example, of 20 meters (66 feet) was taken to mean atmospheric shrinking, indicating a cooling in that case of I degree Celsius (almost 2 degrees Fahrenheit). Observations extending higher into the atmosphere confirmed the trend. The authors were Drs. J. K. Angell and. 1. Korshover of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Laboratories. in Silver Spring, Md.“A similar study based on data from weather ships in the North Atlantic has been done by Dr. Martin Rodewald, former head of the Oceanic Division of the German Weather Service. Since the seven American weather ships were withdrawn in 1973 only two have remained, but observations of a cooling trend have continued. A gradual increase in area of the northern circumpolar vortex, the massive flow of frigid air around the Arctic, has been recorded by Drs. Angell and Korshover. In 1976 its southern’ extent was the greatest in 10 years and last winter it was 1 percent larger than in any previous winter observed.“Snow and ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere have varied greatly but there has been a net increase according to a satellite photograph analysis by Dr George J. Kukla of Columbia University's Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory.” International Team of Specialists Finds No End in Sight to 30‐Year Cooling Trend in Northern HemisphereIn 1979 NOAA agreed the world had cooled by 1 degree F since WWII:Lawrence Journal-World – Google News Archive SearchAnd, as stated previously, lots of people, including climatologists, formerly claimed that global cooling was causing all of the extreme weather events many now fallaciously blame on global warming! (Note that they were blaming global cooling as recently as 1981.):The presence of a global cooling consensus was even verified by a climatologist writing for Quora:“When I finished studies in geophysics in 1982 at the University I started as a junior climatologist and, yes, definitely, we believed that, based on the theory of Milankovics, we were heading to a new (ice) age at that time. That's what the general consensus between climatologists was.” - Luc Debontridder, Senior Climatologist, Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium: Luc Debontridder's answer to What happened to the New York Times team of specialists who predicted in 1978 that a never ending cooling trend in the northern hemisphere would take place?But there are many, many more similar predictions and actions published by climate scientists from the 1970s. Most individuals probably have not seen many or any of them because, 1. they weren’t looking for them, and 2. many have been removed from various internet sites because, as I said above, alarmists do not want the public to know about the global cooling consensus in the 70s as it discredits their alarmism about CAGW.Here are just a few more references:A Non-Equilibrium Model of Hemispheric Mean Surface Temperature - Reid A. Bryson and Gerald J. Dittberner Center for Climatic Research, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1976: “A simple mean hemispheric temperature model has been constructed in the form of a differential equation which is a function of three independent variables: carbon dioxide content of the air, volcanic ejecta and anthropogenic particulate pollution…By more completely accounting for those anthropogenic processes which produce both lower tropospheric aerosols and carbon dioxide, such as fossil fuel burning and agricultural burning, we calculate an expected slight decrease in surface temperature with an increase in CO2 content.”https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-046...<2094:ANEMOH>[[http://2.0.co;2]http://2.0.co;2]A climatic model of solar radiation and temperature change- CH Reitan - Quaternary Research, 1974 - “Mean monthly temperatures for the Northern Hemisphere were determined for the years 1955 through 1968 following the same procedures used by HC Willett and JM Mitchell, Jr., in their studies of long-term trends. It was found that the downward trend they reported starting in the 1940s continued, though interrupted, into the 1960s.”Climate modification by atmospheric aerosols- RA McCormick, JH Ludwig - Science, 1967 - Science 156, 1358–1359 “Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence indicate that atmospheric turbidity, a function of aerosol loading, is an important factor in the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system. Turbidity increase over the past few decades may be primarily responsible for the decrease in worldwide air temperatures since the 1940s.”Increased Surface Albedo in the Northern Hemisphere- George J. Kukla, Helena J. Kukla Science 22 Feb 1974: Vol. 183, Issue 4126, pp. 709-714 DOI: 10.1126/science.183.4126.709 Abstract: “Routine mapping of snow and ice fields in the northern hemisphere was started by NOAA in 1967. Large year-to-year variations of the snow and pack-ice covers were observed. The annual mean coverage increased by 12 percent during 1971 and has remained high.”As I mentioned earlier, promoters of the theory of CAGW have tried to convince the public that there was no such global cooling scare in the 1970s. Obviously that effort has worked on quite a few people. Left of center sites such as Snopes and FactCheck.org make similar fallacious claims, as does the section about climate change in Wikipedia, which has been commandeered and edited by climate alarmists.Here’s another published example of the alarmist lie: Fake “global cooling” news persists and propagates.It’s quite astonishing how fallacious and mendacious these sources are- or they are incredibly ignorant of the facts and have no interest in searching for them. Either way, it is absolutely pathetic and disgusting that supposedly honest and responsible people would publish such garbage. It’s even worse if they are intentionally trying to fool the public in order to promote their spurious ideology.But diligent search reveals the truth. Alarmists try to discredit newspaper articles from the past like the ones I presented above by stating they are not “scientific articles”. But all include direct quotes from the climate scientists who were predicting catastrophic global cooling and possible ice age.And the following article presents a literature search of 1970s papers about climate change, revealing a majority were predicting global cooling, not warming as CAGW alarmists fallaciously claim:The 1970s Global Cooling Consensus was not a Myth -The author performs a literature review and finds 86 journal articles predicting ominous global cooling (including 30 which suggest the possibility of a coming ice age!) versus only 46 supporting global warming.So, it is indisputable that, not only the media, but large numbers of climate scientists believed the earth was in a prolonged global cooling period that could possibly lead to serious/existential problems and even a new ice age. Some scientists thought it was due to natural solar cycles. Others were blaming human-produced aerosol pollutants.Alarmists may argue about semantics, that it was not an “official” consensus in the sense that no official organization (like the IPCC, which didn’t exist at the time) claimed it was so. But when dozens of US and international climate scientists (including prominent scientists from NASA, NOAA, NCAR and the CRU) announce their serious concerns about global cooling, the President is notified by climate scientists of a possible coming ice age, the military and the CIA get involved and claim there is a “growing consensus among leading climatologists”, and policy-makers at the National Science Foundation are concerned that global cooling is going to continue to cause African drought severe enough to evacuate 6 million people, that’s plenty to be labeled a consensus.The 1970's Global Cooling Compilation – looks much like today“The world has been chilling sharply for about twenty years. If present trends continue, the world will be about four degrees colder for the global mean temperature in 1990, but eleven degrees colder in the year 2000. This is about twice what it would take to put us into an ice age.” -Kenneth Watt, 1970, (UC Davis) Ecologist on air pollution and global cooling. This and other quotes and articles about 1970s catastrophic global cooling scare can be found here: http://personal.psu.edu/lxv1/climate3.htmlMany of the above images come from: Fifty Years Of Failed Apocalyptic Forecasts