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Have you heard the Tragedy of Werner Hartenstein the Kind?Werner HartensteinIt is not a tale the Allied history books would tell you.Hartenstein was the Captain of the U-156 when he found prey. After sinking the RMS Laconia, Hartenstein broadcast on open frequency to the Allies his location and that he had survivors on board, put Red Cross flags on deck, and called for backup. Now, mind you, he just gave away his position and had compromised his attack capabilities because his deck and interior were crammed with civilians. Backup came in the form of U-507. Naturally, an American B-24 finds two U-boats on the surface flying Red Cross flags that had civilians on deck, lines of lifeboats in tow, and that had broadcast the fact that they had survivors. For some demented reason the B-24 was ordered to attack by land based command. That B-24’s attack killed dozens of survivors, forcing the submarines to crash dive. The survivors suffered a weeks long ordeal.U-156 (foreground) with U-507.Hartenstein resides at 12° 38′ 0″ N, 54° 39′ 0″ W, under water, with U-156.After the Allies blatantly violated international law, and didn’t investigate the decisions, Karl Dönitz gave orders that U-boats weren’t to provide help for survivors.Albert Göring: I’ve already written about him, so I’ll just copy and paste my answer below.Albert Göring (9 March 1895–20 December 1966) was quite opposed to the NSDAP. Because his brother was a leading member of the NSDAP, Albert couldn’t be persecuted.Wikipedia says of Albert:“Göring intensified his anti-Nazi activity when he was made export director at the Škoda Works in Czechoslovakia. He encouraged minor acts of sabotage and had contact with the Czech resistance. On many occasions, he forged his brother's signature on transit documents to enable dissidents to escape. When he was caught, he used his brother's influence to gain his release. Göring also sent trucks to Nazi concentration camps with requests for labourers. The trucks would stop in an isolated area, and their passengers were then allowed to escape.”You’d expect that a guy like that would be immortalized right?He met a sad fate. He died unable to find work due to his last name. His last act of charity was to marry his housekeeper so she would inherit his house.Witold Pilecki: Again, I’ve written about him, the answer will be pasted below.Witold Pilecki in a colorized pre-1939 photograph.This man served in the Polish Army, fighting in the following battles, wars, and campaigns:Polish–Soviet WarWilno Offensive (1919)Kiev Offensive (1920)First Battle of Grodno (1920)Battle of Warsaw (1920)Polish-Lithuanian WarŻeligowski's Mutiny (1920)World War IISeptember Campaign (1939)Warsaw Uprising(1944)He then volunteered to be sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.His inmate pictureHe wrote a detailed report from inside Auschwitz-Birkenau during his two year stay before escaping, then sent Pilecki's Report to the Allies. Pretty good stuff he did right?He was executed by the Soviets in 1948, at the age of 47.In 2006, he posthumously received the Order of the White Eagle, Poland’s highest decoration. I bestowed upon him the highest honor I can give, being printed out, and being kept near my heart at all times in my jacket.Sabaton wrote the song Inmate 4859 about him.Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire,Ander Camps-McCaffrey

My IOCL interview was scheduled on 1st July, 2019 and the venue was Dhakuria, Kolkata.Department: ElectricalPost applied for: Officer/EngineerWe entered the building exactly at 8:00 a.m. and after sometime the presentation (or the pre-placement talk) started in a conference hall. After a beautiful presentation, we were given tags or sort of identity cards with numbers on them. Mine was Kolkata -1, 16.FYI, there were 27 candidates allotted for the day from electrical domain and atleast 7 of them were absent.After we all had our breakfast, document verification process started which took a lot of time.My GD/GT started at around 12:00 p.m. There were 2 moderators and 8 candidates in the group.The topic for GD was “Retirement room is the ultimate destination of the old age people”. 2 mins were given for jotting down the points( a board and a paper were given to us). It continued for around 10 minutes. Then the moderator asked each of us to conclude.The topic for GT was “Plan proper ways to make an ecologically sustainable city”. 3 mins were given to write down points. Everyone of us gave valuable points and after 10 mins, we were asked to conclude. As one member was mid-way concluding, another member intervened and added another point and then another member followed him. I guess this could have put a negative impact. Apart from that, everything was pretty smooth.After sometime, I was called for the interview. I entered and greeted them. There were 5 members- 2 female and 3 male. Fore ease of understanding, let’s denote them as F1, F2 and M1,M2,M3 and myself as V.F1 : Well Mr. Vivek, tell us something about yourself.V: I told everything including hobbies, strengths and weaknesses.M1: What was your final year project?V: Designing of Rotary-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle commonly known as DroneM1: What are the applications of drone?V: I told everything I prepared.F1: You said your hobby is watching Sci-fi movies, which sci-fi have you watched recently?V: InterstellarF1: Haven’t you watched Avengers Endgame?V: Yes mam, but I recently watched Interstellar again as it’s my favorite movie.(By this time, I became pretty comfortable)F1: So, you said you tend to fumble while speaking when you are nervous, why does it happen?V: I explained to them how my lack of confidence gets the better of me at certain situations. But then I said that I am working on it.F2: So, you like teaching, whom do you teach and which subject?V: Mostly, from 6th standard to 10th. I used to teach Mathematics and Computer earlier, now I teach only computer, mostly, the coding part.F2: Why don’t you teach higher secondary students?V: Mam, I prefer teaching the basics to the students than the advanced part because I feel if I can make them love this subject at this age then may be they will willingly pursue their career in it.She was pretty satisfied with my answer.F2: You have only one strength? (I have mentioned only one strength in my intro, that’s why). Any other strength?V: (I almost forgot my other strength and was speechless for few seconds then suddenly, I remembered)Mam, I always try to learn from my mistakes.F2: Ohh, so you learn after doing plunders. (She mumbled)Quickly, she went to the other question.F2: There are so many candidates out there, why should we hire you? What makes you different?V: I emphasized on my strengths (that I can adjust to any situation easily) and said that every firm likes to have this quality in their employees that they are flexible enough to work in any condition. I don’t know whether this makes me different or not but it does give me an upper-hand amongst another candidates.(She was satisfied with my answer and gestured the other interviewer to question me)M1: Being an Electrical Engineer, your technical knowledge will not be used in case you are selected in marketing division. How do you justify that?V: It’s true that my technical knowledge will be of no use in marketing division but as an engineer, the analytical skills we develop during the 4 years will definitely help me there.M1: What do you know about the job profile in marketing division?V: As far as I know, in marketing division further there are different departments like aviation, LPG, retail sales, lubes and others. We could be assigned in any one of them. We will be asked to deal with the consumers. I said I wasn’t so sure.M1: What are the different divisions in IOCL?V: I answered 6 of them, forgot one. He told me that I missed Petrochemicals.M1: Have you ever visited a retail outlet? If yes, what are the things that are sold there?V: I told all of them(Then another member started)M2: What is Auto-Gas?V: Auto-Gas is basically Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)M2: Which brand of IOCL is related to LPG?V: Indane(Kind of ‘Rapid fire round’)M2: And to lubricants?V: SERVOM2: To petrochemicals?V: PROPELM2: Okay, let’s start the technical part.(Me in my mind - Why!! This is going so good.. Why would you spoil it? Lol!!)Reason — I haven’t studied anything technical since March, that’s why.M2: What is a relay?V: AnsweredM2: What happens when fault occurs and there is no protection ?V: I answered but he wasn’t that satisfied.M2: What is electro-mechanical relay?V: AnsweredM2: Name some types of relayV: AnsweredM1 then started questioningM1: What is the supply voltage at home?V: 415V, sir.M1: What is it, RMS or average or peak value?V: RMSM1: What is definition of RMS? Why do we consider RMS and not Average value?V: Answered, wasn’t satisfactory enough.M1: What is Form Factor? Is F.F. infinite when Average value of sinusoidal wave is 0?V: I answered.Finally, M3 started. What a personality he had! He was the oldest in the room and was using his chair like a couch.M3: You said your weakness is Overthinking, tell us one instance where this affected you.V: I was prepared for this question and answered accordingly.M3: Okay, “Honesty is the best policy”. Justify it in 3 sentences.V: 1) I said about the feel good factor. 2) It's easy to say the truth.. when we lie .. in order to cover for it .. we need to continue lying.. 3) People will always come to you for an honest answer or review..No further counter questions from his end.F1: Who is the Minister of Petroleum and Gas?V: Respected Dharmendra PradhanF1: Finance MinisterV: Respected Nirmala Sitharaman.. She is the first female finance minister of India.F1: IOCL also deals with jet fuel. Do you know what is it?V: Yes, mam.. ATF.. Aviation Turbine FuelAfter this, they asked me to leave and conveyed their best.The whole interview took around 20 mins. By 2 p.m. it was over.Now the most important part .. LUNCH.. It was awesome. I was happy that I did not do any plunder in the interview like I did in ONGC. Although the technical part could have gone better.I might have forgotten some more questions. If I recall later, I will edit.After having lunch, we were asked to give feedbacks and return the tags given to us.

The assumption in the question is completely backwards. France and the USA were the first countries in the world to manufacture submarines, quickly followed by Britain. It was Germany that lacked the initiative and trailed behind.The first ever operational submarine is believed to have been built in England by an expatriate Dutchman in 1620; it was powered by oars. In 1776 a submarine named the Turtle, built by the American David Bushnell and powered by a hand-turned crank, carried out the first combat mission by a submarine when she unsuccessfully attempted to sink a British warship in New York Harbor.In 1800 another American, Robert Fulton, who was living in France, designed a submarine which he named the Nautilus. With a crew of four, this again had a hand-cranked propeller, was capable of diving to a depth of nine metres, and remaining underwater for an hour. Using a spar torpedo (an explosive charge on the end of a long pole) the Nautilus even blew up a ship provided for trial purposes by the French navy.In 1863 the Confederate submarine H L Hunley, again powered by a hand-turned crank, was the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel during a combat operation when she used a spar torpedo against the USS Housatonic. The Union ship sank, but the blast also destroyed the Confederate submarine.In 1870 the French author Jules Verne published his book Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, featuring a submarine displacing 1500 tons and capable of 50 knots. Verne gave his fictional submarine the name Nautilus, after Fulton's pioneering design from 1800.The French vessel Gymnôte launched in 1888 was effectively the first modern submarine. She was powered by an electric motor capable of 7 knots on the surface and 4 knots submerged, and was fitted with hydroplanes for underwater manoeuvring and ballast tanks which could be blown out by compressed air to allow the submarine to surface. She was armed with 14" torpedoes mounted externally. Gymnôte was highly successful and remained in service for 19 years, until 1907.Gymnôte (1888), the first modern submarineFrance constructed three more submarines during the 1890s, culminating in the Narval, launched in 1899, which was the first to feature a double hull, a conning tower, and a periscope. Narval had a speed of 10 knots and a range of 345 nautical miles on the surface. Following the success of these vessels, the French Navy committed to serial production, and on 20 May 1899 ordered four submarines of the Sirène class, based on an improved Narval design, followed by six more in September 1899. (Two of those were paid for by popular subscription organised by a newspaper.)Narval (1899), the model for submarine design for the next 50 yearsBy the beginning of 1904 the French Navy had 21 submarines in service.Although several of the earliest experimental muscle-powered submarines had been built by Americans, the US Navy was slower than the French in developing a submarine force. They ordered some trials and prototypes during the 1890s, but it was not until April 1900 that they purchased their first engine-powered submarine, the USS Holland (SS-1).John Holland was an Irish-American who had first experimented with submarines in the 1870s as a way of carrying out terrorist attacks on British ships, financed by the Fenian Brotherhood. By the 1890s he had gone respectable and founded a manufacturing company, and the USS Holland had actually been launched in 1897 (as the Holland VI) as a speculative venture to try and interest the US Navy. She featured an internal combustion engine giving 8 knots on the surface, and a separate electric engine for use underwater: a design which was copied by most subsequent submarines until the advent of nuclear power.USS Holland (1897/1900), the first powered US Navy submarineFollowing this, the US Navy asked Holland to supply an additional seven boats, of an improved design, which were called the 'A' class. These entered service between 1901 and 1903.By the beginning of 1904 the US Navy had 8 submarines in service.Britain had not expressed much interest in acquiring submarines prior to this, because they were seen primarily as a defensive weapon used to counter naval blockades of friendly ports. Since the Royal Navy expected to be the ones doing the blockading, they saw no need for submarines of their own; but they were concerned about how to defend their ships from enemy submarines. In 1899 the news of the French expansion of their submarine fleet, followed early in 1900 by news that the United States had also purchased a submarine, intensified these concerns.Therefore in the summer of 1900 the Admiralty decided to acquire submarines of their own, initially for testing purposes and to allow their surface fleet to practice anti-submarine techniques. An agreement was reached with the Electric Boat Company, which manufactured Holland's submarines, to licence the production of five vessels by the British shipbuilder Vickers.HMS Holland 1 (1901), Britain’s first submarineThese five submarines, named Holland 1 - 5, were launched between October 1901 and August 1902. However, concerns were expressed that the American Holland design was inferior to the submarines being produced in France, and so a series of modifications were introduced, including the addition of a conning tower. The result was the 'A' class of 13 vessels launched between 1902 and 1905.HMS A1 (1902), an improved designBy the beginning of 1904 the Royal Navy had 9 submarines in service.The Imperial German Navy did not show any interest in submarines until 1904, by which time over three dozen were in service with other navies. A prototype, the Forelle, had been built by a commercial company at Kiel in 1902 and demonstrated to the Navy, but they declined to purchase it and instead it was eventually sold to the Russian navy.In 1904, however, Admiral Tirpitz ordered the division of the German Navy responsible for designing torpedoes to develop a submarine as well. While working on this, the Torpedoinspektion also ordered a second submarine from the Krupp-owned shipyard Germaniawerft in Kiel, that had earlier built the Forelle, for testing and comparison purposes.The private shipyard completed its submarine, the U-1, in August 1906. The vessel being designed by the Navy, the U-2, was only ready in June 1908. Two more boats, U-3 and U-4, were built in 1909.Germany’s first submarine, the U-1Germany’s first submarine entered service in 1906; its second in 1908.This table lists the number of submarines operated by each major navy at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914:Britain: 73France: 70Germany: 31Italy: 23Russia: 22USA: 18Japan: 12Austria-Hungary: 5However, the naval powers in 1914 saw the submarine as a defensive weapon to be used against military targets. Either they would sortie out from a blockaded port to attack the enemy fleet offshore; or they would form an ambush line ahead of the presumed course of the enemy battlefleet, after friendly surface ships had lured it into their killing ground.The problem was that since the German and Austro-Hungarian fleets almost never left port, there were few to no targets for the Allied submarine fleets to engage. It must be remembered that certainly the French, and probably the American submarines had initially been ordered to fight against Britain, not Germany; and the British submarines likewise had first been ordered when France was seen as the most likely enemy. But now they were allies.The British did score a few dramatic successes by smuggling small numbers of submarines past the Dardanelles to attack Ottoman ships, and even more daringly into the Baltic to attack the Germans; but such actions were only small scale. The Germans also used their own submarines to attack Allied warships, most notably in September 1914 when a single submarine sank three British cruisers in just over an hour.However, the Germans also notoriously took the decision to use their submarines to attack unarmed civilian ships, not just warships. This decision was taken in February 1915, in response to the British announcement of a naval blockade of Germany. Over the next eight months German submarines sank an average of two ships per day: the RMS Lusitania, sunk on 7 May 1915 with the loss of 1,198 civilian lives, was only the most famous.The RMS LusitaniaOn 19 August another pasenger liner, the SS Arabic, was also sunk, this time with the loss of 44 lives -- but including three Americans. Nervous that this incident, coming in the wake of the Lusitania sinking, would be the final straw provoking the US to declare war, the German government ordered a halt to attacking passenger ships without warning. The German Navy responded by calling off the U-boat campaign entirely.In January 1917 the German government and military leaders reached the unpalatable conclusion that they were losing the war, and unless they came up with a radical new strategy soon, defeat was inevitable. Admiral von Holtzendorff of the Imperial Naval Staff suggested a return to unrestricted U-boat warfare. With many more submarines available than in 1915, he promised that he could reduce Britain to famine and surrender within six months.The Germans realised that returning to a strategy of attacking civilian ships without warning would almost certainly bring the USA into the war; but they deemed that an acceptable risk. They did not believe that the Americans would be able to send an army over to Europe before Britain was forced out of the war.Holtzendorff calculated that he would need to sink 600,000 tons of British merchant shipping per month in order for his plan to succeed. The Kaiser signed a decree authorising unrestricted U-boat warfare on 31 January 1917, and over the next seven months Allied shipping losses were over 500,000 tons each month, and in April hit 881,027 tons.However, Britain did not starve (though food stocks dropped dangerously low) and the introduction of the convoy system halved monthly losses to U-boats from September onwards. Also, of course, the US was indeed drawn into the war, and actually did manage to send an army to Europe.